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Dahmann, Judith, Bill Waite, and Mike Lightner. "The DoD High Level Architecture (HLA)." SIMULATION 70, no. 4 (1998): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979807000406.
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Lindenschmidt, K. E., F. B. Hesser, and M. Rode. "Integrating water quality models in the High Level Architecture (HLA) environment." Advances in Geosciences 4 (August 9, 2005): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-4-51-2005.
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Abstract. HLA (High Level Architecture) is a computer architecture for constructing distributed simulations. It facilitates interoperability among different simulations and simulation types and promotes reuse of simulation software modules. The core of the HLA is the Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI) that provides services to start and stop a simulation execution, to transfer data between interoperating simulations, to control the amount and routing of data that is passed, and to co-ordinate the passage of simulated time among the simulations. The authors are not aware of any HLA applications in the field of water resources management. The development of such a system is underway at the UFZ -Centre for Environmental Research, Germany, in which the simulations of a hydrodynamic model (DYNHYD), eutrophication model (EUTRO) and sediment and micro-pollutant transport model (TOXI) are interlinked and co-ordinated by the HLA RTI environment. This configuration enables extensions such as (i) "cross-model" uncertainty analysis with Monte Carlo Analysis: time synchronisation allows EUTRO and TOXI simulations to be made after each successive simulation time step in DYNHYD, (ii) information transfer from EUTRO to TOXI to compute organic carbon fractions of particulate matter in TOXI, (iii) information transfer from TOXI to EUTRO to compute extinction coefficients in EUTRO and (iv) feedback from water quality simulations to the hydrodynamic modeling.
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van den Berg, Tom, Barry Siegel, and Anthony Cramp. "Containerization of high level architecture-based simulations: A case study." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 14, no. 2 (2016): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512916662365.
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NATO and the nations use distributed simulation environments for various purposes, such as training, mission rehearsal, and decision support in acquisition processes. Consequently, modeling and simulation (M&S) has become a critical technology for the coalition and its nations. Achieving interoperability between participating simulation systems and ensuring credibility of results currently often requires enormous effort with regards to time, personnel, and budget. Recent technical developments in the area of cloud computing technology and service oriented architecture (SOA) may offer opportunities to better utilize M&S capabilities in order to satisfy NATO critical needs. A new concept that includes service orientation and the provision of M&S applications via the as-a-service model of cloud computing may enable composable simulation environments that can be deployed rapidly and on-demand. This new concept is known as M&S as a Service (MSaaS). There has also been the recent emergence of containerization as an alternative to virtualization. Containerization is the process of creating, packaging, distributing, deploying, and executing applications in a lightweight and standardized process execution environment known as a container. Because containers are, in principle, lightweight, they are suitable to serve as the vehicle for the provision of packaged (micro)services. Service orientation is an approach to the design of heterogeneous, distributed systems in which solution logic is structured in the form of interoperating services. This paper investigates various aspects of service orientation and containerization including simulation composition, networking, discovery, scalability, and overall performance. This investigation provides background information on the topics of service orientation, containerization, and Docker – a technology ecosystem for working with containers. A case study is presented for the use of Docker in support of a training simulation based on the high level architecture (HLA). The HLA is an IEEE standard architecture for distributed simulation environments that was originally developed for defense applications. The case study introduces a number of training use cases, and shows how Docker can be used to assist in their implementation. The performance impact of running a simulation within container technology is also investigated. The application of container technology to HLA-based simulations as presented in this paper is novel. The motivation for looking at this topic stems from the activity being conducted within NATO MSG-136.
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Kirov, Georgi. "An Object-Oriented HLA Simulation Study." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 5 (2015): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0022.
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Abstract The study is dedicated to High Level Architecture (HLA) standard for software architecture of interoperable distributed simulations. The paper discusses the differences between object-oriented programming and HLA. It presents an extended simulation architecture providing a mechanism for HLA data exchange through Object-Oriented (OO) objects. This eliminates the complex network programming for HLA distributed simulations. The paper shows a sample code that implements the architecture for OO HLA/RTI simulation.
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Rabelo, Luis, Serge Sala-Diakanda, John Pastrana, et al. "Simulation Modeling of Space Missions Using the High Level Architecture." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967483.
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This paper discusses an environment being developed to model a mission of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Multipurpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) being launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to the International Space Station (ISS). Several models representing different phases of the mission such as the ground operations processes, engineered systems, and range components such as failure tree, blast, gas dispersion, and debris modeling are explained. These models are built using different simulation paradigms such as continuous, system dynamics, discrete-event, and agent-based simulation modeling. The High Level Architecture (HLA) is the backbone of this distributed simulation. The different design decisions and the information fusion scheme of this unique environment are explained in detail for decision-making. This can also help in the development of exploration missions beyond the International Space Station.
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Lindenschmidt, Karl-Erich, Jan Rauberg, and Fred B. Hesser. "Extending Uncertainty Analysis of a Hydrodynamic-Water Quality Modelling System using High Level Architecture (HLA)." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 1 (2005): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.005.
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Abstract This paper illustrates the coupling of water quality model components in High Level Architecture (HLA), a computer architecture for constructing distributed simulations. HLA facilitates interoperability among different simulations and simulation types and promotes reuse of simulation software modules. It was originally developed for military applications but the platform is finding increasing applicability for civilian purposes. The models from the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP5) were implemented in HLA to extend its Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis capabilities. The models include DYNHYD (hydrodynamics), EUTRO (phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics) and TOXI (sediment and micropollutant transport). The uncertainty analysis investigated the impact of errors in the hydrodynamic parameters (weir discharge and roughness coefficients) and boundary conditions (upstream and tributary discharge) on the uncertainty in the water quality output variables. It was found that the contribution of the hydrodynamic parameter error to the water quality output uncertainty is comparable to that obtained from the error in the water quality parameters. The error in the boundary condition input data is also an important contributor to model uncertainty.
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Zhao, Xiang, Gang Chen, and Lu Gao. "System Design of the Equipment Support Efficiency Evaluation Simulation System Based on HLA." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1291.
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HLA (High Level Architecture) is a distributed simulation framework; it has the advantage of portability, and reusable. This paper introduces HLA in the field of the equipment support efficiency evaluation simulation. It analyzes the basic principles of HLA and federal development process. The operating work and function are analyzed. The paper designed 9 modules for the equipment support efficiency evaluation simulation system base on HLA. The physical structure and logical structure are designed at last.
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Alix, Thècle, and Gregory Zacharewicz. "Product-service systems scenarios simulation based on G-DEVS/HLA: Generalized discrete event specification/high level architecture." Computers in Industry 63, no. 4 (2012): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2012.02.011.
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Chen, Xiao Xu, Ya Bing Lu, Si Hong Zhao, and Qi Wang. "Simulation System of Flight Maneuver Based on HLA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 684 (October 2014): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.684.248.
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High Level Architecture is a software in 1995 USA DOD which is first introduced in the modeling and Simulation of the outline of the interoperability specification. based on which can generate the general technical framework of computer simulation system. The adhesive will complex the small simulation system into a requirements large one. In this paper, the technology framework based on the construction of aircraft, tactical maneuver simulation system has be built.
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Akram, Aamir, Muhammad Shahzad Sarfraz, and Umar Shoaib. "HLA Run Time Infrastructure: A Comparative Study." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 4 (2019): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1904.09.
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Distributed computer simulation systems use a general-purpose architecture known as HLA (High Level Architecture). HLA aims to provide common architecture for all types of distributed modeling and simulations by providing interoperability and reusability among simulations. A middleware known as RTI (Run Time Infrastructure) provides distributed simulation services under HLA. RTI offers a communication framework which is necessary for federates to interact during simulation process. Many RTI implementations are available commercially and are open source to achieve reusability and interoperability by implementing HLA. However, functionality and performance of RTI is based on its structure. This review presents the performance analysis of multiple RTI implementations, so that the best suitable RTI can be selected for a given simulation scenario and provides the structural comparison of central and service distributed RTI. It also presents the performance analysis of multiple RTI implementations and provides the structural comparison of CeRTI (Central Run Time Infrastructure) and SDRTI (Service Distributed Run Time Infrastructure). Many simulations use HLA, and RTI as basic part of these simulations. This comparative study describes characteristics of different RTIs, their comparisons and implementations that will help the reader to select suitable RTI according to environment and requirements.
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Zhou, Fan, Zhuang Zhi Han, and Ji Ping Feng. "Simulation of Airborne Electronic Reconnaissance System Based on HLA." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1614.
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Airborne electronic reconnaissance system is mainly used for the completion of the radar signal interception, sorting and identification process. According to the work process of the airborne electronic reconnaissance system, based on the technical characteristics of High Level Architecture (HLA), design and development of HLA-based airborne electronic reconnaissance simulation system. The simulation system is mainly achieved intercepted radar signals, signal sorting, parameter estimation, threat evaluation functions.
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Zhang, Bao Ding, and Yan Zhang. "A Kind of Design of Satellite Simulation System Based on HLA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.685.
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Satellite-based is a very complex system, including of many subsystems involving space, channel, ground, command and so on. The simulation system must rely on the joint co-simulation. Based on HLA (High-Level Architecture) system standard, from the perspective of distributed simulation, a simple satellite design schema was introduced in this article, which can achieve a joint multi-system co-simulation.
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Zhao, Ding Xuan, Ying Zhao, and Ying Jie Li. "Design of Towing Operation Training Simulation System with Multi-Channel Display." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1189.
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The construction of towing operation training simulation system based on HLA (High Level Architecture) and Vega Prime interface is analysed. Designed the detailed object model for distribute simulation, and analyzed the responsibility of federation and each federate. The flow chart of simulation program which runs HLA and Vega Prime simultaneously was designed. In the multi thread program, the rendering cycle of Vega Prime is main thread and HLA thread for time cycle is embedded in. A multi-channel display system was also used to improve the visual effort of training system.
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Oliveira, Helder F. A., Alisson V. Brito, Joseana M. F. R. Araujo, and Elmar U. K. Melcher. "An Approach for Power Estimation at Electronic System Level using Distributed Simulation." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 11, no. 3 (2016): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v11i3.440.
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The present research aims to develop an approach using HLA (High Level Architecture), enabling the cre-ation of a distributed and heterogeneous environment, composed by different tools and models to obtain a better trade-off between accuracy and run time in power estimation. These models can be described in different languages and/or abstraction levels, as well as use different power estimation approaches. The use of HLA enables the synchronized and distributed simulation of the elements that compose the simulation environment. The approach must allow the collecting and grouping of power estimation data in a centralized manner. As a case study, an MPSoC (MultiProcessor System-on-Chip) ESL/TLM model, described in C++/SystemC, and an ESL model, created on Ptolemy framework, have been used. The experimental results show the flexibility of the approach, which promotes an integrated view of power estimation data.
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Ye, Ji Hua, Qi Xie, and Yao Hong Xiahou. "Simulation and Implementation of HLA-Based Branch Predictor of Multi-Pipeline Processor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4952.
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Researched how the multi-pipeline processor accelerates the running of thread ,found that when the branch predictor facing the random branch instruction, the hit rate will become very low, so bring out a new method that using the free pipeline to accelerate the running of branch instruction. If the right prediction from branch predictor is less than 70% and there is a free pipeline, then using two pipelines to run the two sides of a branch instruction at the same time. In order to test the new method, the HLA (High Level architecture) architecture-based simulation system is established, the results show that the new method can really reduce the time when processing the random branch instructions.
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Dou, Zhi Wu, and Yu Hui Feng. "The Coalmine Industry Gas Safety System Simulation Based on HLA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.590.
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To solve the inherent safety problem puzzling the coal mining industry, analyzing the characteristic and the application of distributed interactive simulation based on high level architecture (DIS/HLA), a new method is proposed for developing coal mining industry inherent safety distributed interactive simulation adopting HLA technology. Researching the function and structure of the system, a simple coal mining industry inherent safety is modeled with HLA, the FOM and SOM are developed, and the math models are suggested. The results of the instance research show that HLA plays an important role in developing distributed interactive simulation of complicated distributed system and the method is valid to solve the problem puzzling coal mining industry. To the coal mining industry, the conclusions show that the simulation system with HLA plays an important role to identify the source of hazard, to make the measure for accident, and to improve the level of management.
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Liu, Gang, Song Yang Lao, Lv Lin Hou, and Can Yuan. "A Simulation System of Anti-Ship Missile Path Planning Oriented Ship Formation." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.645.
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According to analysis of relationship among fire distribution, area division and path planning, the thought of trinity tactical decision of surface ships formation missile path planning (SFMPP) is put forward. Expandable open simulation architecture is designed and established based on high level architecture HLA. In order to describe simulation requirement, the static structure model and dynamic behavior model were designed based on UML. Based on HLA/RTI specification, federation’s FOM/SOM is designed and developed. The implementation process of simulation system is expatiates, including simulation strategy, time management, modeling and the federates’ implementation process. The realization of SFMPP simulation system provides a reference trial platform for tactical application argumentation and armament development.
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Zhu, Jin Da, Li Bing Liu, and Ze Qing Yang. "Research of Collaborative Simulation Modeling of High-Speed Machine Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.31.
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Dynamic effects of machining processing could not be ignored with the increasing speed of CNC machine tools, the analysis of kinematic behavior related to the kinematics, dynamics and control system etc, and there were a lot of coupling relationship of these systems. A simulation of single discipline could not reflect the overall performance with having to the simplification of the other discipline. It proposed a collaborative simulation modeling method based HLA for CNC machine tools. The development process of HLA-based simulation mainly involved system design, high level modeling, domain modeling, transformation of domain models, federal integration. Finally, this paper described an open architecture of collaborative simulation modeling with RTI, and developed the dynamics and control system models using Matlab and Adams software respectively. It provided theoretical support to solve coupling and interaction of the multi domain models of machine tools products in the design and development.
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Zacharewicz, Gregory, Maâmar El-Amine Hamri, Claudia Frydman, and Norbert Giambiasi. "A Generalized Discrete Event System (G-DEVS) Flattened Simulation Structure: Application to High-Level Architecture (HLA) Compliant Simulation of Workflow." SIMULATION 86, no. 3 (2010): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549709359357.
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Liu, Li Xia, and Yi Qi Zhuang. "Research on Tactical Communication Simulation Training Federation Development." Key Engineering Materials 439-440 (June 2010): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.439-440.475.
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As a general-purpose simulation framework, HLA has been widely used in the field of distributed interactive simulations. Based on the systematical description of three major components of High Level Architecture (HLA) and using a combination way of theory and practice, the paper focused on the application of Federation Development and Execution Process Model (FEDEP) method in tactical communication simulation training federation. Combining with the FEDEP process model, key steps of federation target, conception model, development, integration and test and etc of tactical communication simulation training were designed, which lied good foundation for realization and federation-level reuse of tactical communication simulation training federation.
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Li, Xiang Ning, and Jing Ma. "Research on HLA Optimistic Time Advance Mechanism Based on FQR." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.56.
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With the widely application of High Level Architecture (HLA) standard that supports interoperability and reusability, correct understanding of time management and advance mechanism in HLA has been a concerning difficult problem in the field of distributed simulation. Aiming at the problem, the paper analyzed and compared difference between conservative time advance mechanism and optimistic time advance mechanism. The rollback manager was introduced to implement the optimistic time advance mechanism. The middleware was also applied to deal with the rollback process in simulation model. In order to make fully use of advantages of optimistic synchronization mechanism, Flash Queue Request (FQR) service that provided by HLA was used to arrive at an improved time advance algorithm.
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Kang, HyunSeo, YoonJe Sung, HyoungJun Kwon, SugJoon Yoon, and SangYeong Choi. "An Open Architecture Framework for Electronic Warfare Based Approach to HLA Federate Development." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5150730.
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A variety of electronic warfare models are developed in the Electronic Warfare Research Center. An Open Architecture Framework for Electronic Warfare (OAFEw) has been developed for reusability of various object models participating in the electronic warfare simulation and for extensibility of the electronic warfare simulator. OAFEw is a kind of component-based software (SW) lifecycle management support framework. This OAFEw is defined by six components and ten rules. The purpose of this study is to construct a Distributed Simulation Interface Model, according to the rules of OAFEw, and create Use Case Model of OAFEw Reference Conceptual Model version 1.0. This is embodied in the OAFEw-FOM (Federate Object Model) for High-Level Architecture (HLA) based distributed simulation. Therefore, we design and implement EW real-time distributed simulation that can work with a model in C++ and MATLAB API (Application Programming Interface). In addition, OAFEw-FOM, electronic component model, and scenario of the electronic warfare domain were designed through simple scenarios for verification, and real-time distributed simulation between C++ and MATLAB was performed through OAFEw-Distributed Simulation Interface.
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Lai, Yi Nan, Su Yan Liu, and Yong Qiu Chen. "Applications of HLA on Platform of Complex Product’s Cooperative Design & Simulation." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.269.
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Take “Research on minitype universal autonomous docking mechanism” as an example, the paper studied on the platform of complex product’s cooperative design and simulation of mechanical field. The process of mechanical component design was introduced. The paper put forward the bottleneck problem in the design process of data transmission and gave the solution. A new method that uses HLA/RTI (High Level Architecture/Runtime Infrastructure) for function module communication was given. By using component technology and integrating all the function module of current commercial software based on the design process, this platform expands easily and the simulation sub-system can plug and play.
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Hu, Pei, Qian Hao, and Yi Du. "The Submarine Rescue Command Simulation Training Information System Based on the HLA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.385.
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It is the key point which establishes a new rescue system for guarantee Chinese naval submarine operational capability. As new rescue vessel and various rescue equipment put into use in succession, and company with the military academies training reform, the author puts forward the construction of the new submarine rescue command simulation training information system based on the HLA(High Level Architecture) in this paper. It introduces the system construction situation, including system functions, constitutes and working principle, and analyses the key technology point. It is also given a virtual scene of submarine rescue command operation based on data driven.
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Qu, Chang Zheng, Hong Qiang Gu, Lu Gao, and Xue Zhi Lv. "Research of HLA Federate Automatically Generation Tool in Equipment Support Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1401.
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HLA (High Level Architecture) is a standard to promote the interoperation and the reuse of the simulation models. In the simulation federation development based on HLA/RTI, how to simplify the process of creating federate is an urgent job. This paper proposes an equipment support simulation federate automatically generation tool in order to solve equipment support concept evaluation on diverse level concept. The federate automatically generation tool can automatically generate federate in different number different function different interaction depending on universal federate code and federate initialization data. The tool not only automatically generates federate framework code, but also automatically generates federation inside function code. It can reduce the difficulties of federate development and increase the efficiency of equipment support concept evaluation. The application of joint operations equipment support concept evaluation is illustrated. It testifies the available and feasible of federate automatically generation tool in equipment support simulation.
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Hongbo, Sun, and Mi Zhang. "A reflective memory based framework for crowd network simulations." International Journal of Crowd Science 2, no. 1 (2018): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-01-2018-0004.
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Purpose As main mode of modern service industry and future economy society, the research on crowd network can greatly facilitate governances of economy society and make it more efficient, humane, sustainable and at the same time avoid disorders. However, because most results cannot be observed in real world, the research of crowd network cannot follow a traditional way. Simulation is the main means to put forward related research studies. Compared with other large-scale interactive simulations, simulation for crowd network has challenges of dynamic, diversification and massive participants. Fortunately, known as the most famous and widely accepted standard, high level architecture (HLA) has been widely used in large-scale simulations. But when it comes to crowd network, HLA has shortcomings like fixed federation, limited scale and agreement outside the software system. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a novel reflective memory-based framework for crowd network simulations. The proposed framework adopts a two-level federation-based architecture, which separates simulation-related environments into physical and logical aspect to enhance the flexibility of simulations. Simulation definition is introduced in this architecture to resolve the problem of outside agreements and share resources pool (constructed by reflective memory) is used to address the systemic emergence and scale problem. Findings With reference to HLA, this paper proposes a novel reflective memory-based framework toward crowd network simulations. The proposed framework adopts a two-level federation-based architecture, system-level simulation (system federation) and application-level simulation (application federations), which separates simulation-related environments into physical and logical aspect to enhance the flexibility of simulations. Simulation definition is introduced in this architecture to resolve the problem of outside agreements and share resources pool (constructed by reflective memory) is used to address the systemic emergence and scale problem. Originality/value Simulation syntax and semantic are all settled under this framework by templates, especially interface templates, as simulations are separated by two-level federations, physical and logical simulation environment are considered separately; the definition of simulation execution is flexible. When developing new simulations, recompile is not necessary, which can acquire much more reusability, because reflective memory is adopted as share memory within given simulation execution in this framework; population can be perceived by all federates, which greatly enhances the scalability of this kind of simulations; communication efficiency and capability has greatly improved by this share memory-based framework.
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Ma, Cheng, Tian Yuan Xiao, Wen Hui Fan, Hong Bo Sun, and Ying Chao Yue. "Two Novel Adams Model Encapsulation Methods in HLA Based Collaborative Product Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1085.
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As a well-known standard of distributed simulation, High Level Architecture (HLA) has adopted as basic framework in most distributed interactive simulation (DIS) systems. At the same time, DIS always involves multiple disciplinary simulation models which are supported by different software. And these software are not always compatible with HLA. For example, though widely used in mechanical kinetics and kinematics simulations, ADAMS, a multi-body kinetics simulation software cannot directly support HLA. To address this issue, this paper analyses redevelopment of legacy systems and models (such as Adams models) in DIS environment and proposes two encapsulation methods which is based on third-party software and user-defined subroutines respectively. A case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed methods. And a brief comparison is also given in conclusion section.
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Roth, Christoph, Joachim Meyer, Michael Rückauer, Oliver Sander, and Jürgen Becker. "Efficient Execution of Networked MPSoC Models by Exploiting Multiple Platform Levels." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/729786.
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Novel embedded applications are characterized by increasing requirements on processing performance as well as the demand for communication between several or many devices. Networked Multiprocessor System-on-Chips (MPSoCs) are a possible solution to cope with this increasing complexity. Such systems require a detailed exploration on both architectures and system design. An approach that allows investigating interdependencies between system and network domain is the cooperative execution of system design tools with a network simulator. Within previous work, synchronization mechanisms have been developed for parallel system simulation and system/network co-simulation using the high level architecture (HLA). Within this contribution, a methodology is presented that extends previous work with further building blocks towards a construction kit for system/network co-simulation. The methodology facilitates flexible assembly of components and adaptation to the specific needs of use cases in terms of performance and accuracy. Underlying concepts and made extensions are discussed in detail. Benefits are substantiated by means of various benchmarks.
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Hao, Yan Zhong, Fu Chun Zhang, Wang Hui, Shu Qiang Wang, and Yong Ji Lu. "Research on Warfare Simulation System of EW Aircraft Based on HLA." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4506.
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The current simulation research on military tactics operation of EW Aircraft mainly takes meatures of function simulation based on radar equation and jam equation, model on scout receiver and jam transmitter, which not only can not reach the precious and resembility of signal simulation. but it also construct system-system Simulation system. Aiming at such problems, adopting signal simulation, considering current development of simulation technique and the request of air battle to EW, the battle simulation system of EW Aircraft is presented based on high level architecture. And the key techniques of composition and development process of federation are studied. Simulation is carried out whose result verifies the efficiency. The successful exploitation of the system will supply the analyses evaluation of the whole EW Aircraft warfare simulation system efficiency with performance and basis, which has active sense for the tactics use of EW Aircraft.
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Zhang, Yuan, and Li Min Zhang. "The Viewable Distributed Simulation Linkage Development Tool Based on Factory Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1813.
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High level architecture (HLA) establishes a common simulation technology framework, which supports the linkage between different simulation models, and represents the latest development direction of the distributed simulated. Considering the unity and telescopic expandability of the network linkage interface, the simulation linkage engine development tool was designed and realized. Firstly, the basic characteristic of simulation linkage platform were analyzed, and then the solution of simulation linkage engine was provided during the design and development, finally, the viewable and general development tool supporting the distributed simulation linkage was designed, which provided a high-effective, flexible and shortcut integration platform.
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Bao, Jin Song, Hong Kui Feng, Dian Liang Wu, and Jin Ye. "Research on Hardware-in-the-Loop Missile Weapon System Simulation Based on HLA and Modelica." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.6.
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To improve the maintainability, scalability, and reusability of models in complicated Missile Weapon System simulation, the system of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system based on high Level Architecture (HLA) and Modelica is designed, which can satisfy the need of interoperability among federates, and the simulation model library of missile based on Modelica is developed. Simulation application of missile trajectory and scene simulation is devised and is introduced into the federation to achieve the interaction between them and other federates. New simulation application incorporated with latest simulation technology can easily be introduced into the existing simulation system if they are in accordance with the HLA standards. The scene simulation application provides developers with a visual method to assess the performance of the system, which works as a federation in the HLA-based system. The results of missile trajectory simulation and scene simulation are given. The reusability of Modelica-based missile model provides designers with great flexibility and reusability in developing new missile models.
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Bocciarelli, Paolo, Andrea D’Ambrogio, Alberto Falcone, Alfredo Garro, and Andrea Giglio. "A model-driven approach to enable the simulation of complex systems on distributed architectures." SIMULATION 95, no. 12 (2019): 1185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549719829828.
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The increasing complexity of modern systems makes their design, development, and operation extremely challenging and therefore new systems engineering and modeling and simulation (M&S) methods, techniques, and tools are emerging, also to benefit from distributed simulation environments. In this context, one of the most mature and popular standards for distributed simulation is the IEEE 1516-2010 - Standard for M&S high level architecture (HLA). However, building and maintaining distributed simulations components, based on the IEEE 1516-2010 standard, is still a challenging and effort-consuming task. To ease the development of full-fledged HLA-based simulations, the paper proposes the MONADS method (MOdel-driveN Architecture for Distributed Simulation), which relies on the model-driven systems engineering paradigm. The method takes as input system models specified in Systems Modeling Language, the reference modeling language in the systems engineering field, and produces as output the final code of the corresponding HLA-based distributed simulation through a chain of model-to-model and model-to-text transformations. The obtained simulation code is based on the HLA Development Kit software framework, which has been developed by the SMASH-Lab (System Modeling and Simulation Hub - Laboratory) of the University of Calabria (Italy), in cooperation with the Software, Robotics, and Simulation Division (ER) of NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston (TX, USA). The effectiveness of the method is shown through a case study that concerns a military patrol operation, in which a set of drones are engaged to patrol the border of a military area, in order to prevent both ground and flight attacks from entering the area.
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Awais, Muhammad Usman, Milos Cvetkovic, and Peter Palensky. "Hybrid simulation using implicit solver coupling with HLA and FMI." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 08, no. 04 (2017): 1750055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962317500556.
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Hybrid systems such as Cyber Physical System (CPS) are becoming increasingly popular, mainly due to the involvement of information technology in different aspects of life. For analysis and verification of hybrid system models, simulation is used extensively. As parts of a common hybrid system may belong to different domains of study, it is sometimes beneficial to use specialized simulation packages (SPs) for each domain. In this case, parts of a system are simulated in different SPs. The idea may seem simple, but coupling more than one simulation component presents challenges related to numerical stability. The presented article suggests an implicit solver coupling technique enhanced to facilitate simulation of hybrid models using multiple simulation components. The technique is developed using two of the most popular simulation interoperability standards, namely, the High Level Architecture and the Functional Mock-up Interface. By using these standards, the developed algorithm will be useful for a large number of practitioners and researchers. The developed algorithm is described using a generic distributed computation model, which makes it reproducible even without using the standards. For the verification of results, the algorithm is tested on two case studies. The results are compared to a monolithic simulator and the proximity of results initiates the validity of the developed algorithm.
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Tang, Jian Bing, Qi Gao Hu, and Ya Bing Zha. "Test of the Run-Time Infrastructure Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 1140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.1140.
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The run-time infrastructure (RTI) is a kind of software that is developed by the interface specification of high level architecture (HLA), which can offer a universal and comparatively independent service for simulation applications in the HLA simulation system. The RTI is the key underpinning software for the HLA simulation system. The quality of the RTI software is very important, and it will directly affect the system running. In order to guarantee the quality of the RTI software, it should be tested and evaluated roundly. The test and evaluation involve the functional and the performance aspects. The former can certify the RTI software correctness, and the latter can check the efficiency for the RTI software. Three editions of RTI software will be tested and evaluated in this paper. Both the function and the performance are tested, and the performance aspect is emphasized. The results show that the three editions of RTI software not only can meet software performance requirements, but can be used in generic real time simulation. Moreover, on the aspect of performance, the KD-RTI has some virtues, such as fast data-exchange velocity, low data loss and low latency.
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Gorecki, Simon, Jalal Possik, Gregory Zacharewicz, Yves Ducq, and Nicolas Perry. "Business Models for Distributed-Simulation Orchestration and Risk Management." Information 12, no. 2 (2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020071.
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Nowadays, industries are implementing heterogeneous systems from different domains, backgrounds, and operating systems. Manufacturing systems are becoming more and more complex, which forces engineers to manage the complexity in several aspects. Technical complexities bring interoperability, risk management, and hazards issues that must be taken into consideration, from the business model design to the technical implementation. To solve the complexities and the incompatibilities between heterogeneous components, several distributed and cosimulation standards and tools can be used for data exchange and interconnection. High-level architecture (HLA) and functional mockup interface (FMI) are the main international standards used for distributed and cosimulation. HLA is mainly used in academic and defense domains while FMI is mostly used in industry. In this article, we propose an HLA/FMI implementation with a connection to an external business process-modeling tool called Papyrus. Papyrus is configured as a master federate that orchestrates the subsimulations based on the above standards. The developed framework is integrated with external heterogeneous components through an FMI interface. This framework is developed with the aim of bringing interoperability to a system used in a power generation company.
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Jacobi, Thomas, Lucas Massier, Nora Klöting, et al. "HLA Class II Allele Analyses Implicate Common Genetic Components in Type 1 and Non–Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 3 (2020): e245-e254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa027.
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Abstract Context Common genetic susceptibility may underlie the frequently observed co-occurrence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in families. Given the role of HLA class II genes in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes, the aim of the present study was to test the association of high density imputed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes with type 2 diabetes. Objectives and Design Three cohorts (Ntotal = 10 413) from Leipzig, Germany were included in this study: LIFE-Adult (N = 4649), LIFE-Heart (N = 4815) and the Sorbs (N = 949) cohort. Detailed metabolic phenotyping and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were available for all subjects. Using 1000 Genome imputation data, HLA genotypes were imputed on 4-digit level and association tests for type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic traits were conducted. Results In a meta-analysis including all 3 cohorts, the absence of HLA-DRB5 was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.001). In contrast, HLA-DQB*06:02 and HLA-DQA*01:02 had a protective effect on type 2 diabetes (P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). Both alleles are part of the well-established type 1 diabetes protective haplotype DRB1*15:01~DQA1*01:02~DQB1*06:02, which was also associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.84; P = 0.005). On the contrary, the DRB1*07:01~DQA1*02:01~DQB1*03:03 was identified as a risk haplotype in non–insulin-treated diabetes (OR 1.37; P = 0.002). Conclusions Genetic variation in the HLA class II locus exerts risk and protective effects on non–insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Our data suggest that the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes might share common components on the HLA class II locus.
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Marin, Mario, Gene Lee, and Jaeho Kim. "Multiple Resolution Modeling: A Particular Case of Distributed Simulation." Information 11, no. 10 (2020): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11100469.
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Multiple resolution modeling (MRM) is the future of distributed simulation. This article describes different definitions and notions related to MRM. MRM is a relatively new research area, and there is a demand for simulator integration from a modeling complexity point of view. This article also analyzes a taxonomy based on the experience of the researchers in detail. Finally, an example that uses the high-level architecture (HLA) is explained to illustrate the above definitions and, in particular, to look at the problems that are common to these distributed simulation configurations. The steps required to build an MRM distributed simulation system are introduced. The conclusions describe the lessons learned for this unique form of distributed simulation.
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QUAGLIA, FRANCESCO. "SOFTWARE DIVERSITY-BASED ACTIVE REPLICATION AS AN APPROACH FOR ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED SIMULATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, no. 03 (2007): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107004802.
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Active replication has been widely explored to achieve fault tolerance and to improve system availability, especially in service oriented applications. In this paper we explore software diversity-based active replication in the context of advanced simulation systems, with the aim at improving the timeliness for the production of simulation output. Our proposal is framed by the High-Level-Architecture (HLA), namely a middleware based standard for simulation package interoperability, and results in the design and implementation of an Active Replication Management Layer (ARML) targeted to off-the-shelf SMP computing systems. This layer can be interposed in between each simulator instance and the underlying HLA middleware component, in order to support the execution of diversity-based active replicas of a same simulation package in a totally transparent manner. Beyond presenting the replication framework and the design/implementation of ARML, we also report the results of an experimental evaluation on a case study, quantifying the benefits from our proposal in terms of both simulation execution speed and performance guarantees vs tunable software parameters. (Free software releases of ARML can be found at the URL ).
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Liu, Yanbing, Hongbo Sun, Wenhui Fan, and Tianyuan Xiao. "A parallel matching algorithm based on order relation for HLA data distribution management." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 06, no. 02 (2015): 1540002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962315400024.
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In distribution simulation based on High-level architecture (HLA), data distribution management (DDM) is one of HLA services for the purpose of filtering the unnecessary data transferring over the network. DDM admits the sending federates and the receiving federates to express their interest using update regions and subscription regions in a multidimensional routing space. There are several matching algorithms to obtain overlap information between the update regions and subscription regions. When the number of regions increase sharply, the matching process is time consuming. However, the existing algorithms is hard to be parallelized to take advantage of the computing capabilities of multi-core processors. To reduce the computational overhead of region matching, we propose a parallel algorithm based on order relation to accelerate the matching process. The new matching algorithm adopts divide-and-conquer approach to divide the regions into multiple region bound sublists, each of which comprises parts of region bounds. To calculate the intersection inside and amongst the region bound sublists, two matching rules are presented. This approach has good performance since it performs region matching on the sublists parallel and does not require unnecessary comparisons within regions in different sublists. Theoretical analysis has been carried out for the proposed algorithm and experimental result shows that the proposed algorithm has better performance than major existing DDM matching algorithms.
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Liu, Ying, Jian Wang Hu, and Pei Zhang Cui. "A Kind of Distributed Simulation Runtime Infrastructure Based on Grid." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.200.
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Although high level architecture (HLA) is the mainstream of application in distributed simulation technology, poor interoperability, deficit reuse of the codes of the simulation applications and inferior expansibility of the simulation system had became the research focus of simulation community at home and broad. And Grid is able to manage a large number of heterogeneous resources of geographically and organizationally distributed. So a kind of Grid-based distribution simulation runtime infrastructure (GSRI) was put forward. Here with WSRF specification, GT4 tools was used to encapsulate the pRTI interfaces. And given the performance analysis, it is shown that despite the latency created by the transmission through wide area network (WAN), the GSRI may support the large-scare distributed simulation applications. It has a profound theoretical significance and great value of the engineering.
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Wu, You, Lijun Fu, Fan Ma, and Xiaoliang Hao. "Cyber-Physical Co-Simulation of Shipboard Integrated Power System Based on Optimized Event-Driven Synchronization." Electronics 9, no. 3 (2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030540.
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As the energy management system (EMS) participates in the closed-loop control of shipboard integrated power system (IPS), the information network of EMS is closely coupled with the power system and its characteristics affect power system performance significantly. To study the close-coupling relationship between the two systems, a cyber–physical co-simulation platform based on the high level architecture (HLA) framework is constructed in this paper. The proposed platform uses PSCAD and OPNET to simulate shipboard power system and information network respectively, and utilizes OPNET HLA nodes and PSCAD user-defined modules to implement co-simulation interfaces. In order to achieve a higher co-simulation precision without impairing efficiency, an optimized event-driven co-simulation synchronization method is also proposed. By pre-defining power system synchronization points and detecting information network synchronization points in the co-simulation process, both systems can be synchronized in time and the synchronization error is eliminated. Furthermore, the co-simulation efficiency is also improved by optimizing the data transmission in the synchronization process. A co-simulation model of shipboard power distribution network protection based on CAN bus communication is built and analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed co-simulation platform and synchronization method are feasible and effective.
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STRASSBURGER, STEFFEN, GÜNTER SCHMIDGALL, and SIEGMAR HAASIS. "DISTRIBUTED MANUFACTURING SIMULATION AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DIGITAL FACTORY." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 02, no. 01 (2003): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686703000253.
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In this article the technological possibilities offered by the interoperability standard High Level Architecture (HLA) are introduced and discussed. The main focus is hereby on manufacturing applications, but the same approach is applicable to a wide range of other scenarios, e.g. in the area of supply chains, logistics, product simulation etc. Especially for challenging objectives like the digital factory which many enterprises are currently facing, simulation applications are gaining growing importance. While simulations nowadays are often still applied for isolated problems, the consideration of the global context has a growing importance. A solution for solving this problem is offered by the distributed simulation paradigm: simulations are no longer single purpose applications. Rather, individual simulation models can be combined with each other for serving different purposes. Coupled simulations of different parts of a factory can be used to perform global optimizations. The same paradigm can be used for entire supply chains. For applying the distributed simulation paradigm, technological as well as organizational aspects have to be considered. On the technological side, it is necessary to integrate a certain interoperability standard into the tools which need to be coupled with each other. On the organizational level, an enterprise wide process has to be established, which defines how distributed modeling and simulation shall be applied. This article discusses solutions for both issues and illustrates them using a practical application scenario.
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Lindenschmidt, K. E., K. Poser, and M. Rode. "Impact of morphological parameters on water quality variables of a regulated lowland river." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 6 (2005): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0167.
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An efficient method to investigate which morphological changes have greatest impact on the water quality is to carry out a computer modelling exercise. In this study, three models, a hydrodynamic (DYNHYD), a eutrophication model (EUTRO), and a sediment and micro-pollutant transport model (TOXI), were coupled together in the High Level Architecture (HLA) platform. DYNHYD dynamically simulates the propagation of a wave through a river reach one-dimensionally by solving the full dynamic wave equation. Important parameters that describe the river morphology are the roughness coefficient and the weir discharge coefficient. EUTRO simulates the phytoplankton-nutrient dynamics in water bodies with variables and parameters that regulate the process in this cycle. Examples of some of the more important parameters are the oxygen reaeration, phytoplankton growth or nitrification rates. TOXI was implemented to simulate the transport of sediments and heavy metals in which the most important transformation process of the metals was sorption. It is the aim of this study to see the effect that hydrodynamic parameters such as weir discharge and roughness coefficients have on water quality constituents, such as chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and levels of ammonium and dissolved zinc.
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Dubaniowski, Mateusz Iwo, and Hans Rudolf Heinimann. "Time Granularity Impact on Propagation of Disruptions in a System-of-Systems Simulation of Infrastructure and Business Networks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (2021): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083922.
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A system-of-systems (SoS) approach is often used for simulating disruptions to business and infrastructure system networks allowing for integration of several models into one simulation. However, the integration is frequently challenging as each system is designed individually with different characteristics, such as time granularity. Understanding the impact of time granularity on propagation of disruptions between businesses and infrastructure systems and finding the appropriate granularity for the SoS simulation remain as major challenges. To tackle these, we explore how time granularity, recovery time, and disruption size affect the propagation of disruptions between constituent systems of an SoS simulation. To address this issue, we developed a high level architecture (HLA) simulation of three networks and performed a series of simulation experiments. Our results revealed that time granularity and especially recovery time have huge impact on propagation of disruptions. Consequently, we developed a model for selecting an appropriate time granularity for an SoS simulation based on expected recovery time. Our simulation experiments show that time granularity should be less than 1.13 of expected recovery time. We identified some areas for future research centered around extending the experimental factors space.
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Cotter, Shane E., Hye-Jeong Yeo, Twyla Juehne, and Joseph W. St. Geme. "Architecture and Adhesive Activity of the Haemophilus influenzae Hsf Adhesin." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 13 (2005): 4656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.13.4656-4664.2005.
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ABSTRACT Haemophilus influenzae type b is an important cause of meningitis and other serious invasive diseases and initiates infection by colonizing the upper respiratory tract. Among the major adhesins in H. influenzae type b is a nonpilus protein called Hsf, a large protein that forms fiber-like structures on the bacterial surface and shares significant sequence similarity with the nontypeable H. influenzae Hia autotransporter. In the present study, we characterized the structure and adhesive activity of Hsf. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of Hsf revealed three regions with high-level homology to the HiaBD1 and HiaBD2 binding domains in Hia. Based on examination of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins corresponding to these regions, two of the three had adhesive activity and one was nonadhesive in assays with cultured epithelial cells. Structural modeling demonstrated that only the two regions with adhesive activity harbored an acidic binding pocket like the binding pocket identified in the crystal structure of HiaBD1. Consistent with these results, disruption of the acidic binding pockets in the adhesive regions eliminated adhesive activity. These studies advance our understanding of the architecture of Hsf and the family of trimeric autotransporters and provide insight into the structural determinants of H. influenzae type b adherence.
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Marçais, Ambroise, Ludovic Lhermitte, Maria Artesi, et al. "Longitudinal Evolution and Clinical Impact of Subclonal Mutational Architecture in Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-115961.
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Abstract Introduction Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a rare mature T cell malignancy induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The prognosis is poor, especially in aggressive subtypes with a median overall survival (OS) of less than one year despite intensive treatment. Indolent forms also carry a relatively adverse outcome with a median OS of 36 and 56 months for chronic and smoldering types respectively, mainly due to a clonal evolution towards an aggressive subtype. Thus, the identification of indolent patients at high risk for progression to advanced disease remains a major challenge in the management of ATL patients. Patients and Methods We have performed an integrated genomic analysis of a retrospective cohort of 61 ATL patients originating from Africa and the Caribbean area. This was achieved by targeted deep sequencing (TDS), SNP array analysis, RNA sequencing and high throughput sequencing (HTS) based mapping of proviral integration sites. In order to explore the potential contribution of the temporal acquisition of driver mutations to progression, we analyzed 15 patients with longitudinal samples, who either relapsed after achieving complete remission or progressed from an indolent to an aggressive subtype. Results Sixty-one ATL patients were analyzed at diagnosis. Fifteen had an indolent (smoldering or chronic) subtype and 48 had an aggressive (39 acute and 9 lymphoma) subtype. A total of 248 somatic mutations in 48 genes were identified. The most commonly mutated genes were CCR4 (n=23, 38 %), PLCG1 (n=17, 28%), PRKCB (n=13, 21%), CARD11 (n=13, 21%), TBL1XR1 (n=11, 18%), TP53 (n=11, 18%), FAS (n=10, 16%), GATA3 (n=10, 16%), NOTCH1 (n=9, 15%), CSNK2B (n=9, 15%) , STAT3 (n=8, 13%), RHOA (n=7, 12%) and VAV1 (n=7, 12%). Genomic mutations were clustered in four main pathways. Forty-four (72%) patients harbored mutations affecting the TCR/NF-KB pathway (CD28, PLCG1, CARD11, PRKCB, CBLB, IRF4, CSNK1A1, FYN, RHOA, VAV1). Twenty-eight (46%) harbored mutations affecting the T-cell trafficking pathway (CCR4, CCR7, GP183). Eighteen (29%) showed mutations affecting genes involved in immune escape (FAS, HLA-B, B2M, CD58). Sixteen (26%) showed mutations in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation (TP53, POT1 and RB1). In addition, 31 (50%) showed mutations in genes involved in regulation of transcription and/or epigenetic and 13 (21%) in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. The mean number of mutations per sample at diagnosis was higher in aggressive subtypes than in indolent forms: 4.761 (IC95%=4.049-5.472) versus 1.800 (IC95%=0.9071-2.693). This difference was mainly due to a higher number of genetic alterations located in the TCR/NF-κB pathway: 39/46 (85%) patients showed at least one activating mutation in the TCR/NF-κB pathway in the aggressive group compared to 5/15 (33%) in the indolent group (p=0.003). The analysis of longitudinal samples from patients who relapsed after a remission period showed two different patterns: (i) relapse with an identical malignant clone in terms of proviral integration but with additional somatic alterations mainly in two main pathways (immune escape and TCR/NF-KB pathway) and (ii) relapse with a clone switch and systematic damaging somatic mutations in the TP53 locus. The analysis of longitudinal samples with a deep sequencing approach from patients who progressed from an indolent to an aggressive subtype revealed a subgroup of indolent forms that carried activating mutations in the TCR/κB pathway clustered in four genes (CARD11, PRKCB, PLCG1 and VAV1), not only at a clonal but also at a subclonal level, subsequently increasing to clonal level upon progression. Moreover, the presence of such mutations either at a clonal or at a subclonal level was associated with a shorter progression time to aggressive subtype compared to other indolent forms (median 18.2 months versus not reached; p=0.0005). Conclusion This study defines the genomic landscape of ATL in an Afro-Caribbean population, which is comparable to that of ATL in the Japanese population. Furthermore, the longitudinal study revealed a new indolent ATL subgroup based on a specific oncogenic architecture associated with a shorter progression time. Our findings may be useful for clinicians to identify patients with an indolent subtype at high risk for progression to an aggressive subtype. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Tag Gon Kim, Chang Ho Sung, Su-Youn Hong, et al. "DEVSim++ Toolset for Defense Modeling and Simulation and Interoperation." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 8, no. 3 (2010): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512910389203.
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Discrete Event Systems Specification (DEVS) formalism supports the specification of discrete event models in a hierarchical and modular manner. Efforts have been made to develop the simulation environments for the modeling and simulation (M&S) of systems using DEVS formalism, particularly in defense M&S domains. This paper introduces the DEVSim++ toolset and its applications. The Object-Analysis Index (OAI) matrix is a tabular form of objects and analysis indices for requirements analysis. DEVSim++ is a realization of DEVS formalism in C++ for M&S. VeriTool is a DEVS model verification tool. DEVSimHLA is a library to support High-level Architecture (HLA) in DEVSim++. Other tools, including KComLib, FOM2CPPClass, and KHLAAdaptor, are used to develop a smart adaptor that allows for the interoperation of simulators of any kind. PlugSim is a distributed simulation framework using plug-in methods. These tools are utilized in every stage of the M&S development process, as well as in every application of the M&S missions to the military domain. Accordingly, the applications implemented by the toolset are used in the training, analytic, and acquisition missions of the Republic of Korea military branches. We expect the DEVS applications to become more prolific as M&S demands grow, and our toolset is already proven as complete and efficient in the domain of defense M&S.
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Lanzola, Giordano, Paolo Bossi, Silvana Quaglini, and Elisa M. Zini. "An Environment for Guidelinebased Decision Support Systems for Outpatients Monitoring." Methods of Information in Medicine 56, no. 04 (2017): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me16-01-0142.
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SummaryObjectives: We propose an architecture for monitoring outpatients that relies on mobile technologies for acquiring data. The goal is to better control the onset of possible side effects between the scheduled visits at the clinic.Methods: We analyze the architectural components required to ensure a high level of abstraction from data. Clinical practice guidelines were formalized with Alium, an authoring tool based on the PROforma language, using SNOMED-CT as a terminology standard. The Alium engine is accessible through a set of APIs that may be leveraged for implementing an application based on standard web technologies to be used by doctors at the clinic. Data sent by patients using mobile devices need to be complemented with those already available in the Electronic Health Record to generate personalized recommendations. Thus a middleware pursuing data abstraction is required. To comply with current standards, we adopted the HL7 Virtual Medical Record for Clinical Decision Support Logical Model, Release 2.Results: The developed architecture for monitoring outpatients includes: (1) a guideline-based Decision Support System accessible through a web application that helps the doctors with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of therapy side effects; (2) an application for mobile devices, which allows patients to regularly send data to the clinic. In order to tailor the monitoring procedures to the specific patient, the Decision Support System also helps physicians with the configuration of the mobile application, suggesting the data to be collected and the associated collection frequency that may change over time, according to the individual patient’s conditions. A proof of concept has been developed with a system for monitoring the side effects of chemo-radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients.Conclusions: Our environment introduces two main innovation elements with respect to similar works available in the literature. First, in order to meet the specific patients’ needs, in our work the Decision Support System also helps the physicians in properly configuring the mobile application. Then the Decision Support System is also continuously fed by patient-reported outcomes.
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Handoko, Jarwa Prasetya Sih, and Ikaputra Ikaputra. "PRINSIP DESAIN ARSITEKTUR BIOKLIMATIK PADA IKLIM TROPIS." LANGKAU BETANG: JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 6, no. 2 (2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v6i2.34791.
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Arsitektur Bioklimatik adalah adalah suatu pendekatan desain yang mengarahkan arsitek untuk mendapatkan penyelesaian desain dengan mempertimbangkan hubungan antara bentuk arsitektur dengan lingkungan iklim daerah tersebut. Pendekatan ini menekankan pada aspek pemenuhan kesehatan dan kenyamanan ruangan bagi pengguna dan minimalisasi penggunaan energi pada bangunan. Sedangkan Tropis merujuk pada terminologi letak geografis daerah di sekitar equator diantara Garis Tropic of Cancer dan Tropic of Capricorn. Kajian ini membahas prinsip desain Arsitektur Bioklimatik pada iklim tropis. Dengan demikian dapat disusun theoritical framework terkait prinsip desain arsitektur pada iklim tropis. Metode yang digunakan pada kajian ini dengan menggunakan studi referensi. Dari kajian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Prinsip Desain Arsitektur Bioklimatik pada Iklim Tropis terdiri dari 2 (dua) tipe meliputi Prinsip desain untuk bangunan pada daerah Iklim Tropika Basah ( Hot humid Climate ) dan Prinsip desain untuk bangunan pada daerah iklim Tropika kering ( Hot Arid Climate ). Hal ini menyesuaikan kondisi iklim dimana bangunan tersebut didesain.PRINCIPLES OF BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE The growth of building construction that does not consider natural conditions causes the potential for environmental degradation due to energy consumption in buildings, which and results in the depletion of natural resource. In addition to the occurrence of global climate change phenomena that foster energy-intensive for buildings to fulfill the physical comfort. This condition raises awareness of the importance of architectural design based on local natural conditions including local climatic conditions or the utilization of bioclimatic potential. Bioclimatic Architecture is a design approach that directs architects to get a design finish by considering the relationship between architectural forms and the climate environment of the area. This study discusses the principles of Bioclimatic Architecture design in tropical climates. Thus the theoretical framework is expected to be arranged related to the principles of architectural design in tropical climates. Tropical climate refers to the terminology of the geographical location of the area around the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Lines. The method used in this study is a literature study or reference study. From this study it can be concluded that the principles of Bioclimatic Architectural Design in Tropical Climates consist of 2 (two) types, including design principles for buildings in the Hot Humid Climate area which has 2 seasons and design principles for buildings in dry tropical climate regions (Hot Arid Climate) with 4 seasons. These two design principles are influenced by several different climatic conditions between these two climatic regions. These two regions generally have high air temperatures; the difference is the diurnal temperature difference between the two climate regions. This condition requires a different response, especially in the design of the building envelope, where the design of the building envelope influences the level of heat gain and heat loss in the effort to create indoor thermal comfort in the building.
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Iashina, Ekaterina G., Mikhail V. Filatov, Rimma A. Pantina, et al. "Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and spin-echo SANS measurements reveal the logarithmic fractal structure of the large-scale chromatin organization in HeLa nuclei." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 4 (2019): 844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671900921x.
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This paper reports on the two-scale fractal structure of chromatin organization in the nucleus of the HeLa cell. Two neutron scattering methods, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and spin-echo SANS, are used to unambiguously identify the large-scale structure as being a logarithmic fractal with the correlation function γ(r) ∼ ln(r/ξ). The smaller-scale structural level is shown to be a volume fractal with dimension D F = 2.41. By definition, the volume fractal is self-similar at different scales, while the logarithmic fractal is hierarchically changed upon scaling. As a result, the logarithmic fractal is more compact than the volume fractal but still has a rather high surface area, which provides accessibility at all length scales. Apparently such bi-fractal chromatin organization is the result of an evolutionary process of optimizing the compactness and accessibility of gene packing. As they are in a water solution, the HeLa nuclei tend to agglomerate over time. The large-scale logarithmic fractal structure of chromatin provides the HeLa nucleus with the possibility of penetrating deeply into the adjacent nucleus during the agglomeration process. The interpenetration phenomenon of the HeLa nuclei shows that the chromatin-free space of one nucleus is not negligible but is as large as the volume occupied by chromatin itself. It is speculated that it is the logarithmic fractal architecture of chromatin that provides a comfortable compartment for this most important function of the cell.