Journal articles: 'Hokkien'

1

Chin, James K. "Junk Trade, Businesss Networks and Sojourning Communities: Hokkien Merchants in Early Maritime Asia." Journal of Chinese Overseas 6, no. 2 (2010): 157–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325410x526104.

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AbstractThe people of south Fujian, better known as “Hokkiens,” have a long seafaring tradition. Isolated on the remote southeastern periphery of China, they cast their eyes on the territories beyond the sea as early as the 10th century. Sporadic records suggest that Hokkien merchants were actively engaged in trading at emporia ranging from Korea in the north to Sumatra in the south. With the development of maritime trade, they started to sojourn overseas, and some of them even stayed abroad for a very long period. Hokkien merchants were known for their commercial acumen and ability to adapt to different environments abroad. Nevertheless, they still frequently relied on various institutional mechanisms to protect or advance their commercial interests. Invariably they were very creative in establishing business institutions and forming different ethnic networks. Apart from developing a wide spectrum of networks in their daily business practice, they showed various cultural characteristics that differentiated them from other Chinese merchants. As the most daring entrepreneurial group in early modern Asia, Hokkien merchants performed quite well in early maritime Asia. But as a marginal trade group, their status in overseas society was always subordinate despite their commercial success. This article examines the early Hokkien commercial activities in a number of the major port polities of Asia, with a focus on the Hokkien sojourning communities in Korea, Kyushu, Taiwan and Manila, and their unique networks and culture.

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2

Chen, Boyi. "The Hokkiens in early modern Hoi An, Batavia, and Manila: Political agendas and selective adaptations." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 52, no. 1 (March 2021): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463421000291.

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This article focuses on how political agendas and existing societal circumstances in three Southeast Asian regions impacted the early history of immigrant Hokkiens, one of the most prominent Chinese ethnic groups. The article argues that different Hokkien actions and their outcomes were shaped or highly influenced by the prevailing agenda and political struggles of local rulers and/or colonial powers, resulting in selective adaptive behaviour as ‘challengers’ or ‘cooperators’. There were prominent immigrant Hokkien challengers to the status quo in Manila and elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, but both cooperators with the prevailing status quo and challengers to it were common in Hoi An, Vietnam. By contrast, cooperators were conspicuous in Batavia and in the colonial Dutch East Indies.

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Aryanti, Uti. "Phonological Adaptation of Hokkien Loanwords in Indonesian." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.15887.

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Abstract. The Chinese loan words in Indonesian mainly come from the Hokkien. Many scholars have studied the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, but they analyzed from the perspective of semantics and culture, and there is still little research on phonological adaptation. This research attempts to answer three questions, namely, what phonological adaptation do the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian have in the process of being accepted? Are there sound correspondences between Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? What are the phonological rules for phonological adaptation of Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? This research is mainly based on the literature method and comparative research method. Data were collected through literature search and recording. The collected data were processed for natural hearing, a comparative analysis of two Indonesian Hokkien speakers' sound production, and four Indonesian speakers' sound production is conducted. The sound production of the speakers are segmented and coded manually using Praat Version 6.0 (Boersma & Weenink, 2015) focused on the measurements of the acoustic parameters of the sounds produced differently by the two groups of informants and, finally, summed up. Since Indonesian has a more uncomplicated vowel system and a different consonant inventory, when we look at the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, we will observe many substitution rules. To maintain the Indonesian syllable structure and phonological restrictions, the Indonesian phonological rules that appear in certain environments are considered to apply to Hokkien loanwords.Keywords: Language contact, Hokkien loanwords, Phonological adaptation

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Bualek, Punnee. "The Chinese Hokkien People and the Orchard Development in Bang Kho Laem in the Past." MANUSYA 17, no. 2 (2014): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01702005.

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In this article the writer attempts to provide the answers to two questions. These are: 1) Why did the Chinese Hokkien people come to practice orchard gardening in Bang Kho Laem? 2) How were these Chinese Hokkien people able to create these praiseworthy orchards? The researcher surveyed the total number of orchards belonging to the Chinese Hokkien people in this area and conducted in-depth interviews with five households of Chinese Hokkien orchard gardeners.

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Chen, Shixiong, and Guochen Dong. "Quangang Hokkien Opera." TDR: The Drama Review 65, no. 2 (June 2021): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1054204321000083.

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More than 80% of Chinese opera performances today are presented by privately run professional folk troupes, mostly in rural areas—Chinese theatre’s best kept secret. These performances are rarely noticed by Chinese theatre scholars. There are more than 30 such troupes in Quangang District, Fujian province, which has a population of 300,000.

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Wijaya, Linda, Amrin Saragih, and Zainuddin Zainuddin. "Maintenance of Hokkien Language by Its Speakers in Medan." SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 3, no. 1 (May 9, 2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v3i1.43.

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Indonesia is famous for various culture that attracts many tourists from several part of the world to have a visit. Besides having numerous culture, Indonesia is flourished with different ethnics, too, such as the Javanese, the Bataknese, the Indian and the Chinese. Every ethnic speak with different language, but formally the national language is Indonesian language. In this study, the researcher, who derives from Chinese ethnic and resides in Medan, has taken interest in preserving her mother tongue which is Hokkien language. Hokkien language is an informal language which is used by the Hokkien speakers to communicate with one another. In maintaining language, the researcher focuses on the phenomena that happens lately, the researcher feels that Hokkien language is not important for some of the young family in Medan, they teach their children the other language that develops immensely throughout people life. Even though some still maintain Hokkien language, the researcher feels that children do not put any interest in speaking their mother tongue. This will give negative impact to the language existence. The problem in this study is concerned with factors influencing the preservation of Hokkien language. The presentation of the data described in qualitative descriptive method and this study conducted through field survey with interviews and observation. The findings revealed that there are two kinds of language maintenance between young speakers and old speakers. The former has lesser effort in maintaining the language, while the latter has stronger effort. Despite the difference, all of Hokkien speakers still make use of the language in their daily activities. Other factors are the language status of Hokkien language as the mother tongue as well as the identity of Hokkien ethnic, the pride of the culture, and the solidary among Hokkien speakers.

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Sew, Jyh Wee. "Hokkien as a Heritage Language of Citizenry in Singapore." Issues in Language Studies 9, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.2393.2020.

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In examining Hokkien as a heritage language in Singapore, this discussion hopes to contribute to an enriching of the perception of citizenship in an ever-evolving national narrative towards one people (Mathew, 2017). The Singapore Census of Population statistics indicate that 11% of ethnic local Chinese households speak Hokkien. Singaporean television serials and movies that use Hokkien as the medium of narration achieve encouraging viewership and box office ratings, hinting that Hokkien is understood, or appreciated by a significant number of the local population as a language of prominence. Therefore, since Hokkien holds a key to common Chinese Singaporean cultural memories, this paper contemplates if learning Hokkien could cultivate a collective resilience when balancing professional, and personal challenges. To this end, 冰冰Show, a contemporary Taiwanese variety program available on YouTube, is used to evaluate the potential power of this language in nurturing citizenship.

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8

Ting, Su-Hie, and Yann-yann Puah. "Sociocultural traits and language attitudes of Chinese Foochow and Hokkien in Malaysia." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 25, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.25.1.07tin.

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This study examined the effect of age, gender and socio-economic status on attitudes of Malaysians of Chinese descent towards their Chinese dialect and Mandarin, the standard Chinese language. A survey of 300 Chinese (150 Foochow and 150 Hokkien) living in Kuching, Sarawak was conducted. Their Chinese dialect is valued as an ethnic marker but does not derive its importance from numerical dominance or status of ingroup members. The Foochow and Hokkien participants are significantly different in their attitudes on the importance of their Chinese dialect and Mandarin, and their pride in using these languages but are similar in doubting the instrumental value of their Chinese dialect and Mandarin, feeling embarrassed for not speaking the Chinese languages, and valuing their Chinese dialect as an ethnic marker. Factor analyses identified four and six factors which explained 75.85% and 77.32% of the variance for the Foochow and Hokkien participants’ attitudes respectively. The Foochow participants have more homogenous language attitudes than the Hokkien participants. Gender did not have a significant main effect on the language attitudes of both groups but age significantly influenced the Hokkien participants’ attitudes. Socio-economic status has significant main and interaction effects on attitudes of both the Foochow and Hokkien participants.

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9

Taylor, Jeremy. "“Our native place — our cinema”: Nation, State and Colony in the Amoy-Dialect Film Industry of the 1950s." Journal of Chinese Overseas 5, no. 2 (2009): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179303909x12489373182939.

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AbstractThis paper explores the origins, rise, and rapid decline of the Amoy-dialect film industry — an industry which was centered on the production of commercial Hokkien films in Hong Kong for mass consumption amongst Hokkien-speaking audiences throughout East and Southeast Asia in the 1950s. Building on recent research into “Diasporic Chinese film markets,” it examines this industry in light of the social and political changes (e.g. decolonization, the formation of new, postcolonial nation-states, etc.) that were occurring throughout the course of the 1950s in those areas in which substantial Hokkien-speaking communities existed. It also suggests that the very nature of the Amoy-dialect film industry should prompt us to rethink how we approach the study of “national” and “transnational” cinemas in Asia during the postwar period.

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Gapur, Abdul, Dina Shabrina Putri Siregar, and Mhd Pujiono. "LANGUAGE KINSHIP BETWEEN MANDARIN, HOKKIEN CHINESE AND JAPANESE (LEXICOSTATISTICS REVIEW)." Aksara 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v30i2.267.287-302.

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Mandarin and Hokkien Chinese are well known having a tight kinship in a language family. Beside, Japanese also has historical relation with China in the eld of language and cultural development. Japanese uses Chinese characters named kanji with certain phonemic vocabulary adjustment, which is adapted into Japanese. This phonemic adjustment of kanji is called Kango. This research discusses about the kinship of Mandarin, Hokkien Chinese in Indonesia and Japanese Kango with lexicostatistics review. The method used is quantitative with lexicostatistics technique. Quantitative method nds similar percentage of 100-200 Swadesh vocabularies. Quantitative method with lexicostatistics results in a tree diagram of the language genetics. From the lexicostatistics calculation to the lexicon level, it is found that Mandarin Chinese (MC) and Japanese Kango (JK) are two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (29%); (2) JK and Indonesian Hokkien Chinese (IHC) are also two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (24%); and (3) MC and IHC belong to the same language family (42%).

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Gapur, Abdul, Dina Shabrina Putri Siregar, and Mhd Pujiono. "LANGUAGE KINSHIP BETWEEN MANDARIN, HOKKIEN CHINESE AND JAPANESE (LEXICOSTATISTICS REVIEW)." Aksara 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v30i2.267.301-318.

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Mandarin and Hokkien Chinese are well known having a tight kinship in a language family. Beside, Japanese also has historical relation with China in the eld of language and cultural development. Japanese uses Chinese characters named kanji with certain phonemic vocabulary adjustment, which is adapted into Japanese. This phonemic adjustment of kanji is called Kango. This research discusses about the kinship of Mandarin, Hokkien Chinese in Indonesia and Japanese Kango with lexicostatistics review. The method used is quantitative with lexicostatistics technique. Quantitative method nds similar percentage of 100-200 Swadesh vocabularies. Quantitative method with lexicostatistics results in a tree diagram of the language genetics. From the lexicostatistics calculation to the lexicon level, it is found that Mandarin Chinese (MC) and Japanese Kango (JK) are two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (29%); (2) JK and Indonesian Hokkien Chinese (IHC) are also two different languages, because they are in a language group (stock) (24%); and (3) MC and IHC belong to the same language family (42%).

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12

Nasution, Vivi Adryani, and Niza Ayuningtyas. "THE LANGUAGE CHOICE OF CHINESE COMMUNITY IN MEDAN: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY." JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics & Literature) 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/joall.v5i1.9063.

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This study aims to describe the manifestation of language choice and the dominant factors of determining language choice among Chinese community inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic relations in Medan. This study used descriptive qualitative method emphasized on a multiethnic and multilingual Chinese community background. The sociolinguistic theory of language choice focused on the domain features involving family and occupation domains was used as the basis of this study. It applied Miles and Huberman technique for analyzing the data and the Bungin formula for calculating the data. Of the 80 respondents, the results of the questionnaire showed that the Hokkien sub-ethnic was the dominant sub-ethnic in Medan compared to other Chinese sub-ethnicities. The manifestation of language choice in the domain of family and occupation especially in inter-ethnic relation is dominated by vernacular language, especially Hokkien language although respondents come from non-Hokkien ethnic. However, Indonesia language becomes the main language used related to intra-ethnic relation. In addition, the dominant language choice factor is influenced by Chinese participant’s cultural backgrounds similarity.

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13

Gungwu, Wang. "Two new sources of Hokkien local history." Asian Studies Association of Australia. Review 8, no. 3 (April 1985): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147538508712368.

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14

Novita, Sherly, and Mulyadi . "A Semantic Analysis of Experiential Construction in Hokkien." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i1.14279.

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In this article the author discusses the analysis of the experience of construction and the subject of experiencer (dative) in Hokkien. In Semantic studies, experiential construction is a process or method used to form meaning that has experiencer as a human participant who accidentally experiences a mental or physical state. The concept of experience explains 5 subdomains of experiential verbs, namely bodily sensations (thirst, hunger, pain, itching), emotions (anger, pleasure, fear), desire (want), cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering), and perception (see, feel, hearing), as well as forms of experiential adjectives, namely curious, clever, forgetful, and confused. Each language has terms that are bad, good, and neutral emotions and can be described through symptoms outside the body, such as red and pale. This research is a qualitative descriptive study and was compiled using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory. The author analyzes the data in this article by using data collection methods from respondents with referring, engaging, and proficient techniques. The research data is taken from written and verbal sources. The experiential construction in Hokkien may use both transitive and intransitive experiential verbs in experiential assignment as object and or subject datives. In Hokkien, subject experiencer is taking the position of direct subject, while the object experiencer is taking the position as dative subject.

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Novita, Sherly, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "PEMBENTUKAN VERBA ERGATIF DALAM BAHASA HOKKIEN: KAJIAN MORFOSINTAKSIS." Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana 26, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ling.2019.v26.i01.p02.

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This article is discussing about the formation of ergative verb in Hokkien. A language can be called as ergative if the patient (P) of the transitive verb is treated equally or conferential with the subject (S) in the intransitive clause and is different from the agent (A) of the transitive verb. Ergative verb treats P equally with S. It is usually no indication for both. Accusative sentence is a sentence which has a system where A is equal with S and is different with P. However, active sentence is a type of sentence which shows a group of S which are acting the same with P and a group of S which are acting the same with A in a language. In Hokkien, most verbs can be used intransitively, but usually this does not change the subject’s role. For example, “? c?ak m?en pau” (He eats bread) (transitive) and “? c?ak” (He eats) (intransitive), where the only difference is that the latter does not determine what is eaten. By contrast, with ergative verbs, the subject’s role changes; such as “Jack ph?? phua pua” (Jack broke the plate) (transitive) dan “pua phua” (the broken plate) (intransitive).

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Nouri, Leila, Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi, and A. A. Karim. "Mechanical and Sensory Evaluation of Noodles Incorporated with Betel Leaf Extract." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0183.

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Abstract Noodles promote health as a source of essential nutrients and fiber. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating various levels of betel leaf extract on the quality and sensory acceptability of Hokkien noodles. Hokkien noodles incorporated with betel leaf extract (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% based on flour weight) were prepared from wheat flour with a moisture content of 14%. The hardness, elongation, adhesiveness, color, and sensory evaluation of the noodles were then determined. Results clearly show that the incorporation of betel leaf extract at various levels led to the structural modification of the noodles and to a soft product compare to the control. However, the product scores in all sensory attributes were higher than the control scores. The sample was incorporated 15% betel leaf extract had the best acceptance quality wherein the beneficial effects of betel leaf polyphenols can be utilized.

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Mawaddah, Alvy, and Laraiba Nasution. "Akulturasi Bahasa dalam Masyarakat di Kampung Aur Kecamatan Medan Maimun." Jurnal Linguistik Terapan 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jlt.v9i2.89.

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Tujuan tersebut antara lain untuk mengetahui akulturasi bahasa yang ada di dalam masyarakat di kampung aur dan mengetahui Bahasa yang mendominasi di dalam masyarakat kampung aur. Dari hasil analisis data di temukan akulturasi bahasa ditemukan dalam masyarakat Etnis India, Tionghoa dan Batak di Lingkungan IX Kelurahan Aur Kecamatan Medan Maimun dengan persentase yang paling kecil yaitu Bahasa Batak 5,4% dan yang paling besar 13,6% dalam Bahasa Hokkien. Persentasi Akulturasi yang ada tidak terlalu besar dikarenakan mayoritas masyarakat Etnis India, Tionghoa dan Batak di Lingkungan IX Kelurahan Aur Kecamatan Medan Maimun dapat berbahasa Indonesia dengan keterampilan berbahasa 80,4%. Bahasa Indonesia lebih dominan digunakan oleh masyarakat Lingkungan IX Kelurahan Aur Kecamatan Medan Maimun sebanyak 60%. Sedangkan untuk penggunaan bahasa daerah lebih sedikit. Penggunaan Bahasa India dan Batak sebanayak 14% sedangkan Bahasa Hokkien sebanyak 8%. Kemudian sebanyak 4% penggunaan bahasa lainnya seperti Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Minang dan lain-lain.

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Puah, Yann-Yann, and Su-Hie Ting. "Malaysian Chinese speakers' attitudes towards Foochow, Hokkien and Mandarin." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36, no. 5 (August 21, 2014): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.936875.

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19

Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong. "Language contact in the Philippines." Language Ecology 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.1.2.04gon.

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Abstract This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as English, Hokkien, Tagalog, and Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH). Following an exposition on how these varieties were introduced to the ecology is a discussion focused on contact that highlights potential theories as to how Philippine contact varieties like PHH emerged. How this account contributes to the overall language ecology forms the conclusion. Overall, this article delineates the socio-historical sources that intrinsically play a significant role in the (re)description of Philippine contact varieties. In its breadth, this article goes beyond providing second-hand information, and presents ideas that can be crucial for understanding how Philippine contact languages work.

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Tien, Adrian. "Offensive language and sociocultural homogeneity in Singapore." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.2.01tie.

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Offensive language use in Singapore’s languacultures appears to be underpinned by cultural norms and values embraced by most if not all Singaporeans. Interviews with local informants and perusal of Singapore’s linguistic and cultural resources led to the identification of eight offensive words and phrases deemed representative of Singaporean coarseness. This set was narrowed down to a smaller set of common words and phrases, all Chinese Hokkien, all culturally laden. The finding that, although originally Hokkien, all of them are accessible not only to the Chinese-speaking population but also to speakers of Singapore Malay, Singapore Tamil, and Singapore English is compelling. The words and phrases studied in this paper are full-fledged members of the lexicon of these local non-Chinese languages, without loss or distortion of meaning. They are accepted as part of the local linguistic scene and of local cultural knowledge. At least in certain situations, people of different ethnic backgrounds who live and work together can rely on them as a testament of common identity which, in a curious way, gives voice to the sociocultural homogeneity this society unrelentingly pursues.

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Al-Khowarizmi, Al-Khowarizmi, Fauzi Fauzi, Indah Purnama Sari, and Ajulio Padly Sembiring. "The Effect of Indonesian and Hokkien Mobile Learning Application Models." Journal of Computer Science, Information Technology and Telecommunication Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30596/jcositte.v1i1.4360.

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Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel, and Rebecca Lurie Starr. "Vowel system or vowel systems?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 253–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00061.won.

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Abstract The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages, suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.

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Elliott, J. M. "Forward Digit Span and Articulation Speed for Malay, English, and Two Chinese Dialects." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 1 (February 1992): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.1.291.

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157 children aged 10 years and 154 university students aged 22 to 25 years were divided into four groups based on their principal home language (Malay, English, Mandarin, or Hokkien). Each subject was tested on forward digit span and articulation speed for numbers in English and in one of the other three languages. Analysis suggested that both speed of articulation and fluency in language affected the digit span value.

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Ying-fen, Wang. "The transborder dissemination ofnanguanin the Hokkien Quadrangle before and after 1945." Ethnomusicology Forum 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 58–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2016.1151816.

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Sato, Yosuke. "Wh-Questions in Colloquial Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 2 (August 16, 2013): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.2.02sat.

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This paper discusses supplementary roles played by Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay in the genesis of wh-questions in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE). CSE has three options for wh-questions: (a) full wh-movement, (b) partial wh-movement, and (c) wh-in-situ, just like Bazaar Malay and Baba Malay. Whereas options (a) and (c) arose under pressure from English and Chinese, option (b) apparently challenges the Sinitic substrate hypothesis on CSE for two reasons. Firstly, neither Cantonese nor Hokkien possesses partial wh-movement. Secondly, it is mysterious how the apparent Malayic pattern could have entered the pool of CSE features within the predominantly Sinitic contact environment. This paper proposes that partial wh-movement was added onto the CSE grammar as an evolutionary ‘adaptive’ trait from Malay which survived selective Sinitic pressures due to congruence between Malay and Chinese. Both Cantonese and Hokkien possess a wh-topicalization structure, which is sufficiently similar to the partial structure in Malay. As a result, the former served as the template for Chinese speakers to analyze the latter as a congruence structure in the emerging variety. This result supports the recent view that typological congruence between Sinitic and Malay must be taken into account in any discussion of the origin/development of CSE grammar.

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TOMITA, Akira. "Ichinari Otoshige, Former Taiwanese Interpreter, and Hokkien During the Asia-Pacific War." Border Crossings: The Journal of Japanese-Language Literature Studies 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22628/bcjjl.2016.3.1.19.

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Khiun, Liew Kai, and Brenda Chan. "Vestigial Pop: Hokkien Popular Music and the Cultural Fossilization of Subalternity in Singapore." Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 28, no. 2 (2013): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/sj28-2d.

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Lee, Cher Leng. "Filling gaps or code choice? Code-switching across generations in colloquial Singapore Mandarin." Global Chinese 5, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2019-0001.

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AbstractSingapore is a multiracial, multicultural island nation; three quarters of its population is ethnic Chinese. This paper examines the phenomenon of code-switching between the younger generation and their parents, and grandparents, focusing on the English, Chinese dialect and Malay elements present in this variety of spoken Mandarin. The data is taken from university students who have recorded their conversations with their parents, grandparents, siblings and friends. Many of the older generation in their 70s still speak southern Chinese dialects such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese as well as Bazaar Malay (which was a lingua franca with Hokkien). Their spoken Mandarin consists of code-switching with these dialects. The middle generation in their 50s is the generation that is able to communicate both with the older generation and younger generation in the various languages. Their spoken Mandarin consists of English, dialects, and even some Malay. The younger generation in their 20s can hardly understand or speak these dialects as a result of the Speak Mandarin Campaign which was launched in 1979 to replace all dialects with Mandarin. As such, the younger generation’s spoken Mandarin consists mainly of English code-switched elements. This paper argues that code-switching takes place mainly due to convenience to fill in the gaps when younger speakers do not know the Mandarin equivalent of the words in certain domains, given the changes in language policies in the nation. In this case, it is not necessarily a choice of code but rather filling the gaps with the language that they know out of necessity.

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Stenberg, Josh. "Wayang potehi: Glove puppets in the expression of Sino-Indonesian identity." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 46, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463415000314.

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This article examines wayang potehi, a cloth glove puppet theatre of southern Fujian origin performed on Java. It outlines the genre's emergence in Fujian, its arrival in the archipelago, and historical and contemporary practice. This article seeks to respect potehi's Hokkien roots, Indonesian practice, and the place of its genre in a dynamic regional history as it traces the development, practice and uses of the genre. Contemporary potehi patronage often exhibits the strategies of the mixed-culture non-Chinese-speaking communities of East and Central Java to perform a streamlined, integrationist, and loyal Sino-Indonesian identity.

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Guingona (顧恒), Phillip B. "A Ghost and His Apparition Roam the South China Sea: Limahong and the Dream of a Hokkien Nation (南中國海上陰魂不散的鬼魅及其幻影：林鳳和一個閩南民族的夢)." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 11, no. 1 (February 17, 2017): 90–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01101006.

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Through an analysis of three “hauntings” that spanned the sixteenth to twenty-first centuries, this article highlights recurring instances of Hokkien political maneuvering when the possibility of an autonomous Fujian or maritime-based Hokkien empire threatened the contrasting imperial and national missions of Spanish, Chinese, and Filipinos in the region. The first haunting occurred in the Spanish-controlled Philippines from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries when the imagined threat of an invasion from China led to reactionary pogroms and a schizophrenic Spanish China-policy. The second haunting occurred in the early twentieth century when Chinese nation-makers were challenged by a nascent Hokkien nationalism that threatened to tear Fujian from China. The final haunting took place in the pages of novels and history books from the Philippines in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; Filipino authors attempted to create and reinforce a stereotyped image of Chinese as apolitical business-minded people.透過對十六世紀到二十一世紀的三波「著魔」現象的分析，本文強調每當以福建為主體或以海洋活動為基礎的閩南華人有可能發展成一政體，從而威脅到包括西班牙、中國和菲律賓等帝國和民族主義者的使命時，針對閩南認同的政治工作就會一次又一次地在這個地區出現。第一次著魔現象出現在十六到十九世紀、西班牙統治時期的菲律賓。當時一旦有任何可能來自中國的入侵，就會引起西班牙在與中國相關政策上極大的精神恐慌。第二次的著魔現象發生在二十世紀初期，當時中國民族建構者面對新興的閩南民族主義試圖將福建從中國分離出來的挑戰。最後一波的著魔現象呈現在菲律賓二十世紀及二十一世紀的小說和歷史書籍裡。菲律賓作者嘗試去創造並強化華人對政治冷感、只是在商言商的刻版印象。 (This article is in English).

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Taylor, Jeremy E. "From transnationalism to nativism? The rise, decline and reinvention of a regional Hokkien entertainment industry1." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (March 2008): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649370701789658.

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Budiman, M. A., D. Rachmawati, and Charity. "Implementation of Not So Naive and Burkhard-Keller Tree algorithms in Indonesian-Hokkien dictionary application." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1898, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1898/1/012028.

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Cushman, J. W. "The Khaw Group: Chinese Business in Early Twentieth-century Penang." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400005208.

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Khaw Sim Bee's premature death in 1913 at the hands of an assasin, allegedly torn by jealousy over Sim Bee's advances towards his wife, marked the end of an era in the family politics of peninsular Siam. Sim Bee was the youngest son of Khaw Soo Cheang (1797–1882), a Hokkien immigrant who rose to the governorship of Ranong and founded the Khaw dynasty in Siam. Through his position as High Commissioner of Monthon Phuket, Sim Bee came to dominate the political and commercial life of the region. The man who King Vajiravudh ranked “as a personal friend who will be sincerely mourned by me as a personal loss” headed a family that was equalled by few others in the kingdom.

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Bernhard Fuehrer. "Southern Hokkien: An Introduction: What We Did and Why We Did What We Did." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 166, no. 2 (2016): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.166.2.0425.

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Moorthv, Nataraia T., and Yap Ee Kei. "Study on fingerprint patterns relating sex and blood group among hokkien ethnics - A pilot study in Malaysia." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY & LEGAL MEDICINE 23, no. 3and4 (2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2020.00045.5.

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Liew, Kai Khiun, and Crystal Abidin. "“Si Geena” (Brat): Un-Social Digital Juveniles’ Episodic Resistance in Singapore." Asiascape: Digital Asia 7, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2019): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340118.

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Abstract This paper explores episodes of provocative online articulations and the accompanying angry public reactions as part of the cultural politics of juvenile online resistance in contemporary Singapore. Rather than viewing such delinquency as ‘youth deficits’, this paper seeks a literary-culturalist standpoint in exploring the uninhibited audacity of these public online displays. We perceive such performances as reflecting the critical and socially unrestrained emotional subjectivities of ‘youth mirroring deficits’ of the ‘Emperor’s new clothes’. The authors propose to appropriate the colloquial Singaporean Chinese Hokkien term of Si Geena (brat), a label commonly used to describe these offending personalities, to frame the dynamics of youth resistance, and new media in Singapore. Si Geena are often un-social digital juvenile provocateurs baiting moral outrage and public indignation. In turn, societal responses to the Si Geena’s episodic resistance reveal the contradictions, insecurities, and volatility of Singapore’s reactive public.

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Stenberg (石峻山), Josh. "Xiqu in the Philippines: From Church Suppression to MegaMall Shows." Journal of Chinese Overseas 16, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341413.

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Abstract Evidence of xiqu (“Chinese opera”) in the Philippines begins in the early 16th century, when the Catholic church sought to suppress it. Despite its longevity, Philippine xiqu has not featured much in the multidisciplinary study of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, nor as part of the global turn in xiqu research. This article, attending to the history and contemporary practice of xiqu, situates the Philippines and especially Manila firmly in the Hokkien network of Chinese theatre, especially in the period between the late nineteenth century and World War II. The Philippines were, and remain today, an important node in xiqu dissemination, transfer, and transnational evolution, as well as an integral part of the culture of the Chinese in the Philippines. The Philippine case helps break down fundamental linguistic, ethnic, and religious equations surrounding xiqu, given the genre’s syncretism, ethnic ambiguity, and non-Chinese language environment.

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Lim, Jason. "The Education Concerns and Political Outlook of Lim Keng Lian (1893–1968)." Journal of Chinese Overseas 3, no. 2 (2007): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325407788639740.

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AbstractLim Keng Lian (1893–1968) was a prominent tea merchant in Singapore from the mid-1920s until his death. He also concerned himself with the educational needs of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya. During the 1930s and 1940s, he worked tirelessly to raise overseas Chinese awareness of the plight of China. As a supporter of the Kuomintang, he made his mark as a leading overseas Chinese representative in the party, remaining loyal even after the KMT's defeat in 1949. Despite his dedication to the welfare of the overseas Chinese, his foray into Chinese politics and his success in the tea business, Lim remains largely neglected in overseas Chinese studies. This article mainly traces his attempts at reforming overseas Chinese education in the 1930s, his work as a community leader among the Hokkien community in Malaya, his entry into Chinese politics as a wartime parliamentarian, and his brief stint as Deputy Chairman of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission in China.

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Wu, Zhen. "Early Mandarin loanwords in contemporary English." English Today 36, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000208.

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English vocabulary has expanded over centuries by ‘borrowing’ lexical items from other languages (Katamba, 2005; Durkin, 2014). Compared with European languages, non-European languages are never major sources of word borrowing in English, with Chinese staying even more peripheral. Scholars have recorded no more than a few hundred English words of Chinese origin. This, however, does not make it easier to study the etymology and semantics of Chinese loanwords. The complication arises from the various source dialects from which Chinese words were borrowed (Mandarin, Cantonese, Amoy, Hokkien, etc.) and also from transcription processes, in which Chinese logograms are ‘romanised’ into phonetic representations so as to be readable for English speakers. It is a procedure easily affected by the transcribers' own cognition and the transcription systems employed, and the arbitrariness of the above variables contributes much to the fact that the orthography of Chinese loanwords, especially those entering the English language early, are prone to changes. This article aims to shed some light on how the ways of transcription may affect the spelling of Chinese loanwords.

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Liu, Oiyan. "Creolised Confucianism: Syncretism and Confucian revivalism at the turn of the twentieth century in Java." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 1-2 (June 2020): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000272.

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Confucian revivalism swept over China, the Straits Settlements and the Netherlands East Indies in the late nineteenth century. Rather than perceiving China as the single foundational centre for Confucian ideas, this article argues that pioneering Confucian revivalists who undertook to translate, interpret and spread Confucian knowledge in Java did not simply follow mainstream ideas that prevailed in China, or the lead of the Straits Settlements. Considered as the first Malay language translation of the ‘Great Learning’ and the ‘Doctrine of the Mean’, with accompanying commentaries, Yoe Tjai Siang and Tan Ging Tiong's Kitab Tai Hak–Tiong Iong (1900), contained an eclectic blend of Hokkien/Chinese, Malay, Javanese, Dutch/Christian and Arabic/Islamic concepts and vocabulary. Analysis of the translators’ aims and the work itself, shows that Java's peranakan Chinese initially developed a unique, creolised interpretation of Confucianism, while being connected to other reformers and revivalists in China and the Straits Settlements. As these connections and formal educational exchanges intensified, this creolised interpretation of Confucianism in Java would give way to a more orthodox version.

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Chan, Rachel Suet Kay, and Kartini Kartini Aboo Talib Khaild. "Chan See Shu Yuen: The Cantonese Ancestral Clan in Malaysia as Transnational Social Support Network." Social and Education History 9, no. 1 (February 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2020.4216.

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Chinese clan associations can be found in many parts of the world, due to the Chinese emigration from mainland China in the 1800s. This paper contextualises the study of Chinese clan associations within the Asian approach to cultural heritage preservation. In particular, it takes the case of Cantonese clan associations, a dialect group of the Chinese, whose clan associations have been studied less extensively in comparison to other dialects such as Hokkien and Hakka. The case study used is the Chan See Shu Yuen Clan Association Kuala Lumpur & Selangor (CSSY), which was originally set up by a founder of Cantonese origin, and now operates as a cultural centre as well as a tourist attraction in a strategic location in Malaysia’s capital Kuala Lumpur. Fieldwork consisted of participant observation which included photography, videography, and focus group discussions with the clan association’s board of trustees; and a content analysis of documents such as its yearbook, brochures, and the association’s website. We identified the condition of transnationalism as outlined by Vertovec (1997), in which the clan association had undergone an evolution of its original functions and therefore remained relevant.

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SATO, YOSUKE. "Argument ellipsis in Colloquial Singapore English and the Anti-Agreement Hypothesis." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 365–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000303.

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This paper provides new data from Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) showing a hitherto unnoticed subject–object asymmetry: empty objects, but not empty subjects, exhibit sloppy/quantificational readings. According to a recent theory of argument ellipsis in Japanese/Korean (Oku 1998; S. Kim 1999; Takahashi 2007, 2008a, b, 2010), these readings obtain as a result of the LF-Copy of an overt argument from a full-fledged clause onto the corresponding empty argument position in an elliptical clause. Şener & Takahashi (2010) and Takahashi (2010) hypothesize that this operation is blocked by ϕ-agreement. This hypothesis provides a principled explanation for the subject–object asymmetry in CSE, coupled with the new observation that primary substrates of CSE – Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien and Malay – exhibit the same asymmetry as CSE. My analysis has significant implications for the comparative syntax of argument ellipsis and for theories of contact genesis. Among others, the analysis supports the claim (Miyagawa 2010) that Chinese possesses ϕ-agreement despite the lack of morphological manifestations. The results in this paper also provide strong evidence for the general substratist explanation on the emerging grammar of CSE (Bao 2005).

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Jordan, David K. "Languages left behind." Language Problems and Language Planning 26, no. 2 (August 8, 2002): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.26.2.02jor.

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The Unicode standard is an enormous step toward realizing the goal of a single computer encoding scheme for virtually all of the world’s scripts. Although not all computers will necessarily have the type fonts to print all characters, at least all computers will be able to recognize what characters are required for proper display of text in almost any language. However the Unicode standard presupposes that each language has a script consisting of a finite number of agreed-upon characters. Some languages still lack such agreement. As planning has gone forward for Unicode, more and more code points are being assigned, leaving ever less conveniently accessed code points for future expansion. This article describes the Unicode project. Then it describes the special challenge of encoding Chinese characters. Finally it uses the example of Hokkien, a “dialect” of Chinese spoken by most people in Taiwan, to explore the problem of unorthodox, unstable, or unofficial scripts. Political forces and technical considerations make it difficult to include such scripts in Unicode. As Unicode becomes the “de facto” standard for writing human languages, script innovations will presumably become less and less likely to receive wide use.

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Lee, Nala H. "Baba Malay." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 33, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 136–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00004.lee.

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Abstract This article sheds light on the systematic differences between the variety of Baba Malay spoken in Malacca and that spoken in Singapore. In the literature, the creole is usually discussed as if it is a single homogeneous variety. Language documentation work conducted in both Malacca and Singapore shows that there are crucial differences between how Baba Malay is spoken in both places. These differences are systematic, and they pervade areas of morphology and syntax. All differences lead to the same conclusions. Evidence shows that the variety of Baba Malay in Malacca is much more heavily influenced by its lexifier, Malay, than the variety that is spoken in Singapore. Singapore Baba Malay is also more influenced by its substrate, Hokkien, than Malacca Baba Malay. This divergence between the two varieties is attributed to their specific ecologies. Crucially, the impetus for establishing two varieties of Baba Malay becomes even more vital than ever, given the fact that both varieties are highly endangered, and that researchers engaged in research on Baba Malay should be aware of both varieties and their social environments in order to fully represent the creole.

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Medrano, Anthony D. "The edible tide: How estuaries and migrants transformed the Straits of Melaka, 1870–1940." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (December 2020): 579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463421000035.

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The Straits of Melaka have long played a central role in the history of Southeast Asia, from facilitating the movement of people, ideas, and commodities to marking the salty edge of states, empires, and sultanates. Networks, circulations, and mobilities have shaped our vision and understanding of this waterway. This article charts a different kind of story, one that explores the Straits not as a space of passage but rather as a place of production. It shows how and why these waters became an industrial fishing zone — an industrial estuary, as it were — in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the case of Bagan Si Api Api, a Hokkien-built town at the mouth of Sumatra's Rokan River, it explains why estuaries and migrants were central to Southeast Asia's urban rise from 1870 to 1940. By looking at the Straits during this pivotal moment, the article reveals the ways in which ecologies, beliefs, technologies, and cultures all combined to shape not only the economic life of Southeast Asia's estuaries, but also, and more importantly, the place of these estuaries in the region's economic life.

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Liu, Hong. "Booknote - Epigraphic Inscriptions of Penang Hokkien Cemeteries. By Teoh Shiaw Kuan. Singapore: Singapore Society for Asian Studies, 1997. Pp. xiv, 235." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (September 1998): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007839.

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Alexandra, Louis, and Muhammar Khamdevi. "Kajian Karakteristik Rumah Kongsi Etnis Tionghoa Udik Di Tangerang Raya." MARKA (Media Arsitektur dan Kota) : Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian 4, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33510/marka.2020.4.1.43-58.

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Chinese migrants settled in Malay Archipelago in the 15th century. They carried their culture, especially their traditional houses (Kongsi). They come from Guangdong and Fujian, whose ethnicities are Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese, Teochew. In Tangerang Raya area there are still a number of these houses that have survived, but are threatened with extinction. Though this house is also one of Indonesia's architectural heritage. So it is important to conduct its architectural research as an initial effort for conservation. What are the architectural characteristics of Kongsi's house in Tangerang Raya? Are there changes and shifts in characteristics that are different from the origin? This study uses qualitative methods by conducting observations of primary data in the field and other secondary data sources. This study aims to examine the character of the space system, the shape-form system, and the stylistic system of Kongsi houses in Tangerang Raya in three locations, namely: Panongan, Sewan, and Teluk Naga. The results showed that Kongsi houses in Tangerang Raya followed the traditional Siheyuan type of Chinese house. But there are some changes and shifts in the form of adaptation to the local local environment; minor on the system of space, moderate on the system of shape, major on the stylistic system.

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Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, and Mie Hiramoto. "Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon.

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Abstract Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.

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Ben Said, Selim, and Teresa Ong. "Catering to Multiple Audiences: Language Diversity in Singapore’s Chinatown Food Stall Displays." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 43, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2019.43.4.31-48.

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<p>The visibility of bilingualism and multilingualism has increased in the urban landscape of major cities, a phenomenon commonly attributed to a globalized world economy, increasingly fluid national boundaries, and the subsequent contact between people, languages, and cultures. This is no truer than in countries such as Singapore, which has a history of cultural multilingualism driven by economic imperatives. Our study employs a mixed methods approach to present the diversity of language variation on signboards in Singapore’s Chinatown having resulted from the area’s culture and history, which dates back to the early 19th century. Following our examination of display practices, we observed that the dominant languages represented were Chinese and English, while the other official language (in this case, Tamil) was represented. Chinese dialects such as Hokkien and Cantonese, which were transliterated, were also widely represented. Reasons and explanations for the chosen languages on the signboards were elicited through consultations with hawkers. As a result, this study found that the exclusivist use of Chinese together with Chinese dialects is associated with an ethnic affiliation and territoriality commonly encountered in ethnically-marked neighborhoods, while the global language of English is used as a commodity catering to foreign and non-Chinese patrons.</p>

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Francis, Norbert. "Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance across National Borders by Picus Sizhi Ding." China Review International 21, no. 2 (2014): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2014.0008.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hokkien'

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