Academic literature on the topic 'Hold thy'

[From introduction]: In the cities of the global South elites are often desperate to repress the reality of the shack settlement. Maps are printed in which shack settlements appear as blank spaces, laws are passed that assume that everyone can afford to live formally and, in the name of order and development, the poor are beaten out of the cities. The great elite fantasy is the creation of 'world class cities' – shiny, securitised nowherevilles in which the poor understand that their place is to live in some peripheral ghetto and only come into the city as menial workers. But from City of God to Slum Dog Millionaire and now District 9 cinema has put the shack settlement in the mall and at the heart of how Rio, Bombay and Johannesburg feature in the global imagination.

Collecting is a fascinating area of human experience. Collections are used to express the collector’s knowledge and experience, as well as reveal their extended identity. The emergence of computing systems creates good opportunities for collectors to significantly increase the number of people they can share their collections with. Surprisingly, few tools exist that support the process of displaying and organizing collections and the stories they hold. This project is about discovering how collectors could further construct their collections in a virtualized version to preserve the rich experience behind their collections, share more knowledge and beauty with people, and present an image of their self in terms of their collections. A website is designed which allows collectors to track long-term collecting activities, create relevant metadata online, discover internal connections between items or sets, and share more information with a larger audience.

Magíster en Economía Aplicada<br>Ingeniero Civil Industrial<br>En este trabajo se estudia un modelo de negociación secuencial entre dos agentes a la Rubinstein. La principal innovación presentada es la endogenización del protocolo de negociación y del monto a repartir en cada ronda. En el modelo, al principio de cada periodo, los jugadores pueden esforzarse para incrementar el monto disponible, lo que si bien es privadamente costoso, aumenta la probabilidad de manejar la agenda de negociación en el periodo. Este trabajo caracteriza la dinámica de la negociación y las ineficiencias en equilibrio perfecto en subjuegos. Los principales resultados son los siguientes. Primero, se caracteriza la dinámica de la creación de los beneficios del proyecto. Se muestra que esta consiste de una fase de construcción pura del monto a repartir, en la cual los jugadores se esfuerzan aun cuando la negociación no llegará a su fin, y de una fase de repartición, en la cual los jugadores llegarán a acuerdo y el juego termina. Los agentes ejercen esfuerzo a pesar de que la negociación no terminará porque prefieren hacerlo crecer hasta un monto mayor para luego dividirlo y obtener una ganancia más grande. Segundo, conforme avanza la negociación, los jugadores van ejerciendo un esfuerzo mayor hasta llegar al máximo posible. Hay dos efectos que motivan la realización de esfuerzo, el primero es que no es rentable tener periodos en que no haya crecimiento del monto a repartir porque esto implica una ineficiencia causada por el costo temporal, la cual es mayor a medida que el monto a repartir es más grande. El segundo es la posibilidad de manejar la agenda de negociación, lo que entrega un beneficio mayor al hacerlo, el cual se va incrementando a medida que crece el monto a repartir. En los primeros periodos en que se llega a acuerdo domina el primer efecto porque el beneficio extra por manejar la agenda no es tan grande en comparación con el costo del esfuerzo, no obstante a medida que el monto a repartir aumenta, el beneficio de ser quién controla la negociación también se incrementa, lo que lleva a que el segundo efecto sea mayor. Por último, el tercer resultado es que el monto final que se reparte es menor que el deseable socialmente. La intuición es que el jugador que maneja la agenda sabe que en periodos futuros enfrentará competencia, lo que significa que para volver a ser quien controla la negociación tendrá que incurrir nuevamente en un costo. Además existe un problema de Hold-Up debido a que el jugador que maneja la agenda no puede asegurar que los beneficios por el esfuerzo realizado le pertenezcan en futuras rondas. Esto genera que el agente prefiera asegurar su pago periodos antes de lo socialmente deseable, decidiendo llegar a acuerdo.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University<br>Purpose: Clinicians commonly recommend the tongue-hold maneuver, also called the Masako, as an exercise to strengthen swallowing muscles. Although this exercise is widely used, limited empirical data support this maneuver as an effective exercise. The goal ofthe present study is to observe, over multiple sessions, the effects ofthe tongue- hold maneuver as a 6-week exercise in subjects with dysphagia. The results ofthis study will help to address whether the tongue-hold maneuver is beneficial and, if so, which muscle groups are strengthened by this exercise. Methods: Five subjects with dysphagia and one healthy adult performed a set oftongue- hold maneuvers 3 times a day, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks. The number o f repetitions per set was individually calculated based on 80% of the maximal repetitions until fatigue. At baseline and 6 weeks, 4 measures were observed: a subject-reported quality-of-life swallowing scale, lingual strength, the amount of residue in the valleculae, and the pressures generated by pharyngeal muscles during a normal swallow. Four healthy adults who did not perform the tongue-hold maneuver were used as controls for the lingual measures, completing the measures of lingual strength at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks. Results: No overt trends in the subject-reported swallowing scale were noted; after 6 weeks of exercise, about half ranked their swallowing as worse and half ranked their swallowing as better. The treatment group demonstrated a non-significant overall2.3% increase in anteromedian lingual strength and 8.4% increase in posteromedian lingual strength. These changes did not set the treatment group apart from the control group, who demonstrated an increase of3.8% and 6.3% in the anteromedian and posteromedian positions, respectively. Regarding pharyngeal residue, 2 subjects did not show any changes in residue scores. However, the other 3 subjects demonstrated reduced residue in the valleculae with a cracker bolus. Out ofthe 3 subjects who were measured with manometry, 2 demonstrated higher oropharyngeal pressures on normal swallows after 6 weeks of exercise, although great variability was present. These results are limited by the small sample size and heterogeneity of the treatment group, as well as high variability in instrumental measurements. Conclusion: This study investigated the tongue-hold maneuver as an exercise and provides preliminary support for its use, with caution. Specifically, clinicians should be sure to prescribe regimens that fatigue swallowing muscles and push them past normal use. When using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) as a tool, clinicians should also keep in mind that a learning effect is likely to occur over the first few trials. This pilot study suggests that clinicians should continue to prescribe the tongue-hold maneuver as an exercise with caution, as some patients may benefit from it while others may not. Further investigation is required.

The world is everchanging and alongside the world economy and present topics in society such as climatechange, production is affected. Instead of massproduction we are now seeing more tendencies towards masscustomization. Customers are increasingly demanding custom-made products and in order to meet the challenges of the future we are going to see more and more flexible solutions of production. Research and development is continuously being done however there are no guaranties that they will work in the industry or even be profitable to adopt. Currently there is a group of researchers lead by Professor Mauro Onori at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm who are testing and developing a new paradigm of production called Evolvable Production System, EPS. In this report we will investigate what the future for EPS holds and whether or not an “ideal” product for this paradigm can be identified. We start by describing EPS, what it is and how it works. After that we explore what the necessary steps are, towards a breakthrough on the market and in the future generally. We exemplify advantages and drawbacks for EPS. We also look at the pharmaceutical industry, foremost at manufacturing of pharmaceutical pills, and conclude whether or not it would be profitable to convert. Lastly we analyse all of the above and try to identify what we find to be an “ideal” product for EPS. The “ideal” product we have identified is fairly small (for examplea control unit for a truck), made in many different variations and is not mass-­produced. We are convinced EPS is well suited to live up to future demands on production systems, however it will take time and work to generate acceptance and understanding for this relatively new paradigm.<br>Världen är föränderlig, vilket påverkar förutsättningarna för produktion. Det optimala produktionssättet har gått ifrån att domineras av massproduktion mot att vara mer masskundanpassat. Detta innebär att produktionssystemen måste förändras och att högre krav på flexibilitet ställs. På Kungliga Tekniska högskolan (KTH) i Stockholm utvecklas ett system av Professor Mauro Onori och hans forskargrupp. Det heter Evolvable Production Systems, EPS och är ett projekt för att möta denna förändring i produktionstrenden. Syftet med detta arbete är att öka förståelsen för EPS, dels för hur det är uppbyggt och dels hur framtiden för EPS ser ut och om det finns någon ideal produkt anpassad försystemet. Vi börjar med att förklara vad EPS är, vad det består av och hur det fungerar. Därefter undersöker vi vilka steg som måste tas för att nå marknadspenetration och vad som bör göras i framtiden. Vi påvisar för‐ och nackdelar med systemet samt undersöker huruvida det kommer vara lönsamt att byta till ett EPS från det befintliga eller inte. Vi använder oss av läkemedelsbranschen, främst tillverkning av tabletter för att lättare exemplifiera ovanstående och drar slutsatser utifrån det. Till sist analyserar vi våra resultat och diskuterar kriterier för det som i våra ögon är en ideal produkt för EPS. Vi drar slutsatser utifrån det fakta vi har tillgängligt och kommer på så sätt fram till kriterier för en ideal produkt för EPS. Den optimala produkten är något som är förhållandevis litet (till exempel en styrenhet i en lastbil), tillverkas i många olika variationer och inte massproduceras. Vi menar att EPS är väl lämpat för att möta de framtida kriterierna på produktion, men att det kommer krävas mycket jobb för att få en acceptans och förståelse för paradigmet i industrin.