Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hole cleaning'

The work detailed in this thesis has formed a major part of an industry sponsored project entitled "Drilled Cuttings Transport in Deviated Wells" in the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University. The contributions by the author to the project form the basis of this thesis, which includes both the theoretical and experimental investigations into drilled cuttings transport at various hole angles. It is composed of the following major areas: [1] Annular flow of Herschel-Bulkley t1uids: The various flow equations including the fluid velocity profile, viscosity profile, shear stress/shear rate profile for fluid flow of Herschel-Bulkley fluids through concentric annuli without pipe rotation were derived and numerically solved by the author. [2] Theoretical modelling of the minimum transport velocity (MTV) required for adequate cuttings transport in deviated wells: Two classic concepts - fluid drag force and fluid lift force were successfully used to model the complicated cuttings transport process. Two MTV models were developed by the author for cuttings removal in concentric annuli without pipe rotation. One is the MTV model for cuttings rolling and the other is the MTV model for cuttings suspension. [3] Development of a new model for cuttings settling velocity in dynamic non- Newtonian drilling fluids: A new technique was proposed by the author to derive the cuttings settling velocity in dynamic non-Newtonian fluids based on the measured MTV for vertical hole cleaning. The cuttings settling velocity data were then used for the development of a new model for cuttings settling velocity at dynamic flow conditions. As well as the predictions of cuttings settling velocity profile and cuttings transport velocity profile across the annulus, this model was also used for the predictions of the MTV for vertical hole cleaning in concentric annuli without pipe rotation.[4] Cuttings transport/Annular now experiments: The author contributed to the design and the implementation of an extensive experimental programme to investigate cuttings transport at various hole angles. The experiments were designed to provide the data base required for the development and validation of the MTV models by the author. Annular flow experiments were also designed and conducted to validate the various annular flow equations derived by the author. [5] Extension of the MTV models: A new method was devised by the author so that the MTV models were able to be extended from concentric annuli without pipe rotation into concentric annuli with pipe rotation and eccentric annuli with/without pipe rotation using the annular flow modelling by Larrucia'f?'. The effect of drill pipe orbital motion on the MTV, which was from the team work(88), was also incorporated into the MTV models. [6] The development of the MTV package: The author has developed all the source codes for the development of a new MTV package for hole cleaning design and analysis and has also supervised the detailed development of the package. [7] Field guidelines: Field guidelines on how to improve drilled cuttings transport in actual drilling operations were developed by the author based on both the theoretical modelling and the experimental results.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 65 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60).

This study aims to investigate hydraulics and the flow characteristics of drilling fluids inside annulus and to understand the mechanism of cuttings transport in horizontal and deviated wellbores. For this purpose, initially, extensive experimental studies have been conducted at Middle East Technical University, Petroleum &amp<br>Natural Gas Engineering Flow Loop using water and numerous drilling fluids for hole inclinations from horizontal to 60 degrees, flow velocities from 0.64 m/s to 3.05 m/s, rate of penetrations from 0.00127 to 0.0038 m/s, and pipe rotations from 0 to 120 rpm. Pressure loss within the test section and stationary and/or moving bed thickness are recorded. New friction factor charts and correlations as a function of Reynolds number and cuttings bed thickness with the presence of pipe rotation for water and drilling fluids in horizontal and deviated wellbores are developed by using experimental data. Meanwhile empirical correlations that can be used easily at the field are proposed for predicting stationary bed thickness and frictional pressure loss using dimensional analysis and the effect of the drilling parameters on hole cleaning is discussed. It has been observed that, the major variable influencing cuttings transport is fluid velocity. Moreover, pipe rotation drastically decreases the critical fluid velocity that is required to prevent the stationary cuttings bed development, especially if the pipe is making an orbital motion. A decrease in the pressure loss is observed due to the bed erosion while rotating the pipe. Cuttings transport in horizontal annulus is modeled using a CFD software for different fluid velocities, pipe rotation speeds and rate of penetrations. The CFD model is verified by using cuttings transport experiments. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the flow characteristics of Newtonian fluids in concentric horizontal annulus with drillpipe rotation. The Navier-Stokes equations of turbulent flow are numerically solved using finite differences technique. A computer code is developed in Matlab 2007b for the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model is compared with the experimental data which were available in the literature and gathered at METU-PETE Flow Loop as well as Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) software. The results showed that the mechanistic model accurately predicts the frictional pressure loss and the velocity profile inside the annuli. The model&rsquo<br>s frictional pressure loss estimations are within an error range of &plusmn<br>10%.

Thesis (MSc )--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Washing and cleansing in an aqueous washing solution is a complex process involving the interaction of numerous physical and chemical processes. Investigations indicate that various factors present during repeated laundering might have an adverse effect on textile fabrics. Little is known, however, about the effect of the different mechanical wash actions on the deterioration of textiles. The automatic washing machines commonly used in South African households are often broadly classified as top loaders and front loaders. On closer inspection, however, it becomes clear that marked differences exist between the horizontal drum machines (H), vertical drum agitator type (V(A)) and vertical drum impeller type machines (V(/)). The effect of laundering on the wear life of textile fabrics has been extensively investigated, but a serious need for research on the effect of the different mechanical washing actions of the different washing machines on textile fabrics exists on both national and international level. A number of factors have an effect on textile deterioration during washing, e.g. number of washes, temperature of wash liquid, detergent type as well as fabric finishes and water quality. Fabric properties like changes in tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying, as well as electron microscope photographs, were used as indicators of mechanical deterioration to textiles. The broad aim of this exploratory study was firstly, to compare the effect of repeated washing in different domestic automatic washing machines (commonly used in South Africa) on the possible mechanical damage to textile fabrics and, secondly, to compare the soil removal efficiency of the mechanical wash actions of the different machines. An experimental study was therefore decided on. The washing of the test fabrics, as well as the testing, was carried out under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Apart from the different mechanical wash actions of the individual machines, the effect of the variables wash temperature, level of detergent and number of washes, was also investigated. This was done by measuring tensile strength, print deterioration and fraying propensity on samples laundered repeatedly at 40°C or 60°C, with and without detergent in the washing liquid, and comparing the colour change measured on laboratory-soiled test fabrics after washing. Analysis of the mechanical wash actions of the seven washing machines compared in this study indicated conspicuous differences among machines. It can be concluded that the mechanical wash action in the category V(A) machines is the most severe, and causes the highest reduction in tensile strength, the greatest print deterioration and the highest degree of fraying. These machines did not, however, exhibit greater soil removal efficiency than the other two categories of washing machines. The machines from category H did not exhibit a significantly different soil removal efficiency than those from category V(A), but their mechanical wash action proved to be less severe. Category V(/) machines seem to have the most delicate wash action and will probably cause the slightest fabric deterioration over the long term, but unfortunately produces poor soil removal efficiency results. This study also confirmed that washing fabrics in water alone causes more deterioration of tensile strength in fabrics than washing with detergent in the wash solution. Due to the limited scope and exploratory nature of this research/study, certain aspects of automatic washing machine processes could not be tested empirically. Recommendations for future research and implications for consumers were formulated.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Was en skoonmaak in 'n waterige oplossing is 'n komplekse proses wat 'n interaksie tussen verskeie fisiese en chemiese prosesse behels. Ondersoeke dui aan dat verskeie van die faktore teenwoordig tydens herhaalde wasprosesse 'n nadelige effek op tekstielstowwe mag he. Baie min is egter bekend oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies op die degenerasie van tekstiele. Die outomatiese wasmasjiene wat algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings gebruik word, word dikwels breedweg geklassifiseer as bolaaiers en voorlaaiers. By nadere ondersoek word dit egter duidelik dat daar opvallende verskille bestaan tussen die horisontale drom masjiene (H), die vertikale drom roerder tipe ((V)A)) en die vertikale drom stuwer tipe (V(/)) masjiene. Die effek van was op die draleeftyd van tekstielstowwe is uitvoerig ondersoek, maar daar bestaan op beide nasionale en internasionale vlak In ernstige behoefte aan navorsing oor die effek van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die verskillende wasmasjiene op tekstielstowwe. Faktore 5005 die aantal wasse, temperatuur van die wasoplossing, detergent tipe, water kwaliteit en tekstielstoftipe en -afwerking(s) het In effek of tekstieldegenerasie gedurende was. Tekstielstofeienskappe 5005 veranderinge in die breeksterkte van die tekstielstof of die tekstielstofmassa per eenheidsarea, agteruitgang van bedrukking, rafeling, sowel as elektronmikroskoop foto's word as aanduiding van meganiese degenerasie t.o.v. tekstiele beskou. Die oorkoepelende doe I van hierdie eksploratiewe studie was eerstens, om die effek te vergelyk van herhaalde was in verskillende outomatiese wasmasjiene (algemeen in gebruik in Suid-Afrika) op die moontlike meganiese beskadiging aan tekstielstowwe, en tweedens, om die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering op die wasaksies van die verskillende masjiene te vergelyk. Daar is gevolglik op In eksperimentele studie besluit. Die was van die tekstielstowwe, sowel as die laboratoriumtoetse, is onder gekontroleerde atmosferiese toestande in In laboratorium uitgevoer. Afgesien van die verskillende meganiese wasaksies van die individuele masjiene, is die effek van die veranderlikes westemperetuur, detergentv!ak en aanta! wasse ook ondersoek. Dit is gedoen deur die bepaling van breeksterkte en die meting van die mate van agteruitgang van bedrukking en mate van geneigdheid tot rafeling van kledingstowwe na herhaalde was by 40°C en 60°C, met en sonder detergent in die wasvloeistof. Die kleurverandering na was is ook gemeet op laboratorium gevlekte monsters. Die analise van die meganiese wasaksie van die sewe wasmasjiene wat in hierdie studie vergelyk is, het opvallende verskille tussen masjiene uitgewys. Daar kan tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat die meganiese wasaksie in kategorie V(A) masjiene die ergste is, wat gevolglik die grootste verlaging in breeksterkte en die meeste afieruitgang van bedrukking en rafeling veroorsaak het. Hierdie masjiene het egter nie meer doeltreffende vuilverwydering tot gevolg gehad in vergelyking met die ander kategoriee van wasmasjiene nie. Die masjiene in kategorie H het nie 'n betekenisvolle verskil in doeltreffenheid van vuilverwydering van die van kategorie V(A) getoon nie, maar die meganiese wasaksie was minder straf. Kategorie V(/) masjiene het blykbaar die mees delikate wasaksie en sal moontlik die minste tekstielstof degenerasie oor die langtermyn toon, maar ongelukkig is die resultate t.o. v. die doeltreffendheid van vuilverwydering swak. Die studie bevestig dat die was van tekstielstowwe in water aileen 'n groter verlaging in breeksterkte van tekstielstowwe veroorsaak as wat die geval is wanneer met 'n detergent in die wasvloeistof gewas word. Weens die beperkte omvang en eksploratiewe aard van die studie kon sekere aspekte van die outomatiese wasprosesse nie empiries getoets word nie. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing en implikasies vir verbruikers is geformuleer.

Exposure to pesticides has been associated with several adverse health effects. When workers who spray pesticides take contaminated Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and work clothes home, those items pose a risk of cross-contamination. Agriculture employers are recommended to make facilities available for workers to clean and store contaminated items at the workplace to reduce the risk of cross-contamination. However, little research has been conducted on forestry workers, for whom at-work cleaning and storage facilities may be less feasible. Working for Water (WfW) is a South African programme that focuses on removing invasive alien vegetation and alleviating poverty through providing job opportunities to unemployed individuals in low-income settings. WfW forestry workers use herbicides to remove the invasive vegetation. Unlike agricultural workers, WfW forestry workers undertake projects that are transient and tend to be on mountainous or steep terrain. The work environment poses challenges for at-work access to amenities or facilities to clean and store contaminated PPE. Workers have few alternatives but to take contaminated items home. WfW safety protocols do not currently address the risks associated with take-home residues or indicate how workers should clean and store contaminated items. This study is part of a larger project focusing on developing protocols to reduce the risks of cross-contamination and exposure to residues. This dissertation provides baseline data for improved WfW safety protocols through the exploration of workers’ at-home risks of cross-contamination, and the role that worker perceptions and access to amenities have on cleaning and storing behaviors for contaminated items. The Protocol (Part A) describes the methods used to collect and analyze the data. The Literature Review (Part B) presents the risks of take-home residues associated with cross-contamination and the importance of exploring workers’ perceptions and access to amenities to promote safety compliance. The Article (Part C) explores WfW workers’ cleaning and storing behaviors, what contaminated items are taken home, the workers’ access to amenities in the home, and the workers’ perceived risk of exposure. Questionnaires were administered to 27 WfW workers across three excavation sites (Tokai, Citrusdal and Hermanus) that were selected based on convenience sampling. Findings showed that most of the participants took contaminated items home daily. Many participants (55.2%) did not have access to running water. Access to running water and type of housing influenced whether the contaminated items were washed indoors or outdoors, and how they were washed. WfW participants who lived in a shack were more likely to leave contaminated items on the couch or bed or with other clothing items than those living in permanent dwellings. Those workers were more likely to keep them in a non-permeable transport bag, outside, or separate drawers away from clean items. The majority of subjects (65.5%) perceived exposure to herbicides as dangerous to their health. The participants’ perceived risk was associated with whether they took contaminated PPE items home, but not how they were cleaned or stored. WfW Safety protocols should emphasize the importance of keeping contaminated items contained and reducing contact with household surfaces or clean clothes. Workers’ cleaning and storing practices and their associated risk of crosscontamination are largely determined by the amenities they have access to. For new safety protocols to be effective, they need to be realistic and take into account the constraints workers face.

Det har blivit allt vanligare att sjukvården i Sverige flyttas ut till vårdtagarnas hem. De kan med hjälp av hemtjänst få bo kvar i sina egna hus längre men samtidigt få den hjälp de behöver. År 2007 använde sig totalt 153 723 personer av dessa tjänster runt om i Sverige. De plagg som personalen bär utsätts för många olika typer av yttre påfrestningar vid hembesök hos vårdtagarna. Smittspridning inom vården sker främst via personalens händer och kläder.Nanoteknologi är en framväxande teknik som gått på högvarv inom många olika områden under det senaste årtiondet. Forskning pågår som involverar nanoteknologi för att förbättra egenskaper eller för att skapa funktionella textilier som kan få egenskaper som antibakteriella, lättrengörliga, vatten- och fläckavvisande samt luktfria. Syftet är att underska om nanoteknik kan användas i det textila materialet i arbetskläder inom hemtjänsten för att bättre stå emot yttre påfrestningar. Det finns idag många problem inom området arbetskläder och hygien, vi vill därför undersöka om denna teknik kan vara en av lösningarna.Nanoteknik för textilier har två inriktningar. Den ena strävar främst efter att använda nanostorleken för att skapa nanostrukturer under själva tillverkningsprocessen, medan den andra är inriktad mot ytbehandlingsprocesser. I rapporten ligger fokus på beläggningsmetoden och de självrengörande och antibakteriella egenskaperna som kan skapas hos ett material.Vi kom fram till att det bästa alternativet för dessa typer av plagg skulle vara att tillföra antibakteriella egenskaper. De kan då beläggas med antingen titandioxid, zinkoxid eller silver då det är väl beprövade ämnen som är bevisade att fungera och ger just dessa egenskaper.Med hjälp av empiriska undersökningar kunde vi ge svar på vad arbetskläder utsätts för under en arbetsdag. Utifrån dessa resultat kunde vi rikta in vår teoretiska referensram på de områden som skulle kunna vara intressanta för att uppnå syftet. Tillslut kom vi fram till att nanoteknik kan bidra till att skapa kläder som bättre står emot yttre påfrestningar och ger bättre hygieniska förhållandeIt is increasingly common for healthcare in Sweden to move out to the residents&apos; homes. They can use homecare to continue living in their own house, but at the same time get the help they need. In 2007 the total of 153 723 people were in use of these services across Sweden.The garments that the staff is wearing get exposed to many different types of external shocks on home visits. Spread of infection in health care is primarily through the staff&apos;s hands and clothes.Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that has been booming in many areas over the past decade. Research is underway involving nanotechnology to improve properties or to create functional fabrics that can have antibacterial properties, easy to clean, water- and stain resistant and odor-free. The aim is to investigate whether nanotechnology can be used in the textile material in assisted living to better withstand external shocks. Today there are many problems in the field of workwear and hygiene, we therefore wish to consider whether this technology can be one of the solutions. Nanotechnology for textiles has two directions. On one striving primarily for the use of nanosize to create nanostructures during the manufacturing process, while the other is focused on finishing processes. The report focuses on the coating method and the self-cleaning and antibacterial properties that can be created in a material.We concluded that the best thing for these types of garments would be that they had antibacterial properties. They are then coated with either titaniumdioxide, zincoxide or silver when it is proven substances which are proven to work and provide these same qualities. With help from our empirical studies, we could provide answers to what the clothes get exposed to during a day of work. Based on these results, we could focus our theoretical framework in the areas that could be relevant to the objectives. Eventually, we concluded that nanotechnology could help to create cloths that better withstand external shocks and improves the hygienic conditions.<br>Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning

Errors in collections of data can cause significant problems when those data are used. Therefore the owners of data find themselves spending much time on data cleaning. This thesis is a theoretical work about one part of the broad subject of data cleaning - to be called the covering set method. More specifically, the covering set method deals with data records that have been assessed by the use of edits, which are rules that the data records are supposed to obey. The problem solved by the covering set method is the error localisation problem, which is the problem of determining the erroneous fields within data records that fail the edits. In this thesis I analyse the covering set method from the perspective of propositional logic. I demonstrate that the covering set method has strong parallels with well-known parts of propositional logic. The first aspect of the covering set method that I analyse is the edit generation function, which is the main function used in the covering set method. I demonstrate that the edit generation function can be formalised as a logical deduction function in propositional logic. I also demonstrate that the best-known edit generation function, written here as FH (standing for Fellegi-Holt), is essentially the same as propositional resolution deduction. Since there are many automated implementations of propositional resolution, the equivalence of FH with propositional resolution gives some hope that the covering set method might be implementable with automated logic tools. However, before any implementation, the other main aspect of the covering set method must also be formalised in terms of logic. This other aspect, to be called covering set correctibility, is the property that must be obeyed by the edit generation function if the covering set method is to successfully solve the error localisation problem. In this thesis I demonstrate that covering set correctibility is a strengthening of the well-known logical properties of soundness and refutation completeness. What is more, the proofs of the covering set correctibility of FH and of the soundness / completeness of resolution deduction have strong parallels: while the proof of soundness / completeness depends on the reduction property for counter-examples, the proof of covering set correctibility depends on the related lifting property. In this thesis I also use the lifting property to prove the covering set correctibility of the function defined by the Field Code Forest Algorithm. In so doing, I prove that the Field Code Forest Algorithm, whose correctness has been questioned, is indeed correct. The results about edit generation functions and covering set correctibility apply to both categorical edits (edits about discrete data) and arithmetic edits (edits expressible as linear inequalities). Thus this thesis gives the beginnings of a theoretical logical framework for error localisation, which might give new insights to the problem. In addition, the new insights will help develop new tools using automated logic tools. What is more, the strong parallels between the covering set method and aspects of logic are of aesthetic appeal.

I have been dealing with the themes of prefabricated houses and housing estates until recently. I was especially interested in their aesthetics. Order, grid and certain regularity and repeatability. At the same time, I was always interested in his social connotations, mainly because I live in these places. Gradually I became more interested in topics related to my own home. So I moved from the general themes to my own experience. But what is my home? Home is a place of utmost importance in our society. Home is made up of people, family. People have it associated with many rituals that accompany their lives often without actually being considered for them. Thanks to these rituals, we manage, among other things, the everyday influx of positive and negative influences of the surroundings and deal with them in various ways. Morning coffee, brushing your teeth, lighting a candle, wiping dust, filling a bath, scattering water on flowers, etc. Balance is the key to everything we do. And I would like to analyze, document and process these home and personal rituals in this work. The final thesis will consist of a free series of paintings with possible interventions and overlaps into video or installation, etc.

The following is a collection of original poetry. The manuscript consists of an introduction explaining influences and style, and four chapters of poems categorized by subject matter: object/nature, writing/creativity, relationships, and family/figures. INDEX WORDS: Poetry, Poem

During drilling operation, cuttings are produced downhole and must be removed to avoid issues which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT). Most of stuck pipe and then Bottom-Hole Assembly (BHA) lost events are hole cleaned related. There are many parameters which help determine hole cleaning conditions, but a proper selection of the key parameters will facilitate monitoring hole cleaning conditions and interventions. The aim of Hole Cleaning Monitoring is to keep track of borehole conditions including hole cleaning efficiency and wellbore stability issues during drilling operations. Adequate hole cleaning is the one of the main concerns in the underbalanced drilling operations especially for directional and horizontal wells. This dissertation addresses some hole cleaning fundamentals which will act as the basis for recommendation practice during drilling operations. Understand how parameters such as Flowrate, Rotation per Minute (RPM), Rate of Penetration (ROP) and Mud Weight are useful to improve the hole cleaning performance and how Equivalent Circulate Density (ECD), Torque & Drag (T&D) and Cuttings Volumes coming from downhole help to indicate how clean and stable the well is. For case study, hole cleaning performance or cuttings volume removal monitoring, will be based on real-time measurements of the cuttings volume removal from downhole at certain time, taking into account Flowrate, RPM, ROP and Drilling fluid or Mud properties, and then will be plotted and compared to the volume being drilled expected. ECD monitoring will dictate hole stability conditions and T&D and Cuttings Volume coming from downhole monitoring will dictate how clean the well is. T&D Modeling Software provide theoretical calculated T&D trends which will be plotted and compared to the real-time measurements. It will use the measured hookloads to perform a back-calculation of friction factors along the wellbore.

One of the technical challenges in deviated drilling is the transport of drill bit cuttings to the surface. The complexity arises due to the narrow settling clearance for the cuttings and the presence of a cuttings bed on the low side of the bore hole. Fluid rheology is the determining factor in the efficiency of this operation. Drilling fluid selection for possible field use is the focus of this dissertation. The problem has been treated with a two-pronged strategy: (i) macroscopic studies that involve numerical models for the prediction of effects of rheology on drilling fluid flow through deviated bore holes; and (ii) microscopic experimental studies that provide physical insights into the fluid forces and relevant rheological parameters in cuttings resuspension. The objective of this study is to propose guidelines for fluid selection and rheological characterization of drilling fluids for the industry. The numerical study demonstrates that power law index is a significant parameter in determining the local flow regime in the different regions of the annulus and hence accurate control of power law index is critical in optimizing bore hole flow. In laminar flow, the shear thinning nature of a fluid does not aid flow through the narrow regions. Turbulence in the wider regions of the annuli aids flow through the narrow regions. The wall shear stresses are dependent only on the pressure drop, gap width and the local flow regimes. Eccentricity is found to hinder flow through the narrow regions of the annuli and certain combinations of rheology and eccentricity can cause stationary 'plug like' zones inside the annuli. The experimental study combined with microscopic calculations identified lift force as the limiting force in particle mobilization and put in perspective the possible importance of normal stresses due to the viscoelastic behavior of the fluid. It is shown that viscous characterization of the fluid is inadequate to predict the particle mobilization velocities even for very simple situations. Characterization of the fluid viscoelastic properties can provide qualitative information on the importance of fluid rheology for particle mobilization. The parameters of interest identified are the magnitude and strain sensitivity of linear viscoelastic moduli.

碩士<br>高雄醫學院<br>口腔衛生科學研究所<br>86<br>As a result of medical progress,the average life-span of people in our country is longer,and the number of elderly people and patients suffering from chronic disease is also increasing. How to make them got a nice medical care and life quality is just the object of home care workers to strive for it. The aim of this study is going to draw up a set of easy and practical oral cleaning mehtod.Not only reduce the chances of oral infection and oral sickness of the home-care patierts,but make them have fresh mouth odour and the maincaretakers would be happy to look after initialively. The samples of this experiment were got from home-care patients of 3 hospitals in Kaohisung.We based ob sex,age,body function evaluation,the way of food taking hospitals,suffer from D.M.or not and tooth number to selcct samples and match them.In the one-month experimental period,the difference of oral mucosa and coating on the tongue before and after expe riment was judged by dentist;we also asked the main cares about the improve lerel of oral odour, htenanalysis ,then analysis and compare the data. The average rate of the samples is 63 years old,including 43.8% male and 56.2% female.In the respect of body function ,the rate of total dependent patients is 87.5% and the rate of gravely dependent patients is 12.5%.At the side of food taking method,the rate of patients that taking food by N-G tube is 87.5% and the rate of those by mouth is 12.5%.When asked the wishes to attend this experiment,the experimental group is obviously higher than the opposite broup,that means the caretakers alos want to improve patient''s oral health.The result shows that it''s no obvious improvance of patient''s oral mucosa between before and after the experiment,most of the patients remain invariable.But,the distribution of coated tongue and the odour of mouth of the experimental group are improved obviously,though the opposite group remains invariable.That means the cleansing method could remove the coating of the tongue and improve the halitosis effectively and be wouth to popularize it.

碩士<br>大同大學<br>生物工程學系(所)<br>104<br>In recent years, there are many domestic food and health problems. The cleaning products will be added the bactericides or preservatives. Some added ingredients, e.g. triclosan or parabens and other carcinogenic substances will cause the people’s worry. Therefore people trigged to pursuit the nature additives without adding any artificial substances. In the meantime, do-it-yourself (DIY) soap, the relevant personal studio or handmade soaps workshop had also been flourished. The present study was conducted to the economic assess of factory for the production of cleaning products of 75 kg soaps per day. The total annual production will be 19,875 kilograms of soaps. After deduction of the annual fixed operating costs and capital expenditure, the rate of return (ROI) will reach 43.5%, and it is expected 2.3 years for recovering the costs. If the marketing strategy is successful, this cleaning products factory is worthy of further development or investment.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程科學系碩博士班<br>93<br>With the advance of information technology, digital communication products have been used in our daily life vastly; with a perspective of all digital life. Robot appliances too have been extensively researched and developed. The main prospect is for the robots to do works automatically while the owners are busy at work. This thesis focuses on the complete coverage path planning of a robot home cleaner and proposes a new planning technique for more efficient coverage and dead lock escape. An algorithm for the home cleaning robots is written with the integration of both software and hardware systems. A mobile vehicle is used to simulate a robot cleaner engaging in the route planed with the new technique. 　We propose a set of home cleaning algorithms of complete coverage path planning, which guarantees the robot will clean all the corners of an environment. The algorithms performed include wall-following cleaning module, basic complete coverage clean rule, corner revision, deadlock escaping path transform, and recharging procedure, aiming at achieving the shortest cleaning path and minimum accumulation of turning angle. Finally, the cleaning robot is guided automatically through the wireless network and given the complete coverage path planned to simulate real navigations.

碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>生物醫學工程學系<br>103<br>Most patients with stroke, serious injury, disability or elderly need someone to take care their oral cleaning. There are oral cleaning products for caring on the market, but nobody considered about operation to design the device. If the oral cleaning device is difficult to use, it may cause oral clean incompletely even leading to complications. The purpose of this study is to develop the customization of the oral cleaning device, design in new brush head to fit patient's dental arch to improve operation and increase cleaning effect. The new design of the oral cleaning device structure consist of customization mouthpiece and toothbrush bristles, and special handle with opening-closing institution, and using the validated test to prove the performance of the cleaning effect. In order to make that customization mouthpiece would fit well, maxilla and mandible impression were taken to make a stone cast. The stone cast was the scanned using 3D surface laser scan system to make a digital 3D model for recording the teeth. According to Bass method of brushing, between the lateral and bottom side bristles (A-silicone) with 45 degrees. The handle mechanism can controlled mouthpiece close to put it into the mouth conveniently. The oral cleaning device need to use operating test to prove functional and effectiveness, and through the plaque check to prove plaque decrease. Results showed that, after patients used the oral cleaning device, the number of plaque in oral are significantly reduce.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>企業管理系碩士班<br>100<br>Due to widely divided opinions, there’s no exact definition and criteria for judgment regarding the business model, which is often reduced to a business strategy or marketing strategy, or a description of the revenue model, even the assessment results during the recovery. For corporate managers or entrepreneurs, however, the business model should be a blueprint of realizing the dream and achieve the business goal. This study adopt “9 Building Blocks”-- Value Proposition, Customer Segmentation, Channels, Customer Relationships, Key Partnerships, Key Activities, Key Resources, Cost Structure and Revenue Stream--to develop innovative business models and explore the following topics based on these nine elements, how to prioritize the key elements when building an innovative business model, and analyzing the case studies to explore implement ability of the innovative model. The cleaning industry, undergoing the ECFA impact, will be examined to discuss the nine elements and their relation. It is hoped that the innovative business model can help to target the right customers and clarify their needs. Also, the “Quality Function Deployment (QFD)” will be put the most emphasis in order to set up the new standards. The staff will be trained to held new attitude toward their work, and at the same time, the cleaning services diagnostic criteria and the 4M standard operating procedures will be set up, to establish a "innovative business model for home cleaning”, turning the cleaning industry from labor-intensity to technology-intensity. This is hoped to transform the "clean industry" into the “home health industry”.

碩士<br>南華大學<br>應用藝術與設計學系碩士班<br>97<br>Home cleaning equipments affect our lives deeply. Designers improved on products which contained inappropriate designs or inconvenient using ways in order to achieve a much better efficacy. The objective of this study is: 1. Collecting home cleaning equipments and then making classification and analysis. 2. Inquiring the significance of home cleaning equipments according to users'' needs. 3. Building up the principle of development and design based on the results of Design-concept intervening in home cleaning products. 　 　　In product-designing domains, what designers do is to improve those inconveniences in lives and to mend previous improper designs. The uses of home cleaning equipments are very frequent and the categories are various, too. In this study, lots of brooms and mops were collected and then classified and analyzed. Moreover, Housewives and career women were applied to observations by the experimental method. The research'' result showed that there was a strong relationship between design concept and home cleaning equipments. It could be inferred that design concept was important to women as they used home cleaning products. The result also proved that women showed low satisfactions when the purposeful design concept intervened in products. However, users showed higher satisfactions after the functional design concept intervened in products. Additionally, users indicated that they were satisfied with the structural design concept, but their satisfactions weren''t as great as the functional design concept. Housewives and career women can clean their surroundings with less strength and less time since the functional and structural design concepts intervened in products. Product designs just surround our lives all the time and bring positive innovations to our lives as well. Along with changes of consumer''s habits, more suitable products are created.

碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>衛生福利研究所<br>96<br>The aim of this study is to explore the subjective interpretation between the home care workers’ life experience and home care work with the interpretive interactionism approach which is developed by Denzin(1989). I captured three experienced home care workers’ life stories and tried to identify the major turning points from their life stories under the broader social context. Three women in home care work involved in this study. The in-depth interview method is adopted to collect data, and interpretive interactionism method as my framework is used to do data analysis. The four dimensions of their subjective experiences are included: their family life experience, their marriage ,their on-the-job working experience, and the experience of being home care worker. The results of this research are following: 1. The poverty and inequity of gender are main factors that make these women in an inferior position of the labour market. These women’s career are more interrupted than men by their sacrifice to family and the social expectation of their motherhoods, which results in less accumulated working experiences. The women with low educational level and low skills could only enter the secondary labour market and do the low skill jobs. Home care work is one of the better jobs that these women can choose in the inferior employment opportunities. 2. These women identify themselves as helpers, junior generations, and professional workers when they provide home care service to the disabled elderly. (1) Helpers: The women’s stories show that they take the home care work not only a job, but also a mutual help among people. (2) Junior generations: The women reverse the lower social status of the home care work by identifying themselves as junior generations to these elderly who receive the home care service. Furthermore, by identifying themselves as junior generations, they successfully convert the poor women image that the poor women have to do the lower jobs just for making money. They also break the gaps of the different gender between the recipients and service providers. (3) Professional workers: They think that every elderly is unique. So that makes the workers have to use different working techniques and working knowledge to meet the needs and demands from clients in the caring process. 3. They try their best to maintain the caring relationships with the clients on the basis of mutual trusts when they enter the formal caring system and provide paid caring services, Therefore they can feel the positive feedback from the elderly whom they care of. And they can reframe their value in doing home care work.. The conclusion of this study shows that the design of the community caring policy with the lower caring costs that underestimate the value of those home care work. These women’s invisible works in the caring process are excluded from counting the cost of caring work such as building the mutual trust relationship with the elderly, employing the different techniques and knowledge to complete their service, and providing the elderly emotional supports. These women’s work should be visible and get the reasonable workfare as feedback to maintain the qualities of home care service.

碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>經營管理研究所<br>107<br>With the changes in social patterns and demographics, such as aging, declining trends and the rise of women''s power, the demand for family services has gradually increased, which has led to an increase in household cleaning demand. Home cleaning has turned from a traditional industry to a burgeoning industry. The service is conservative in Taiwan. It is estimated that there are more than 10 billion markets (the website of the Executive Yuan''s website). In addition to the scale of the market, and the entry threshold is not high, the home cleaning market is hot and fiercely competitive. How does Home Cleaning A company do a good job in search marketing to improve visibility and business opportunities on search engines? The study explores whether there is a corresponding relationship between consumer response level and information search behavior. Consumers search for specific keywords and click into the website. Which types of keyword types are in the information search behavior, pointing to search orientation, information search guidance or transaction search. Orientation, do these types of different types of keywords affect post-click behavior, such as which types will stay longer? What is the higher target conversion rate after clicking? In the consumer response hierarchy, if the page shared via the community is longer than the search page, will the page stay longer? Will the willingness to fill out the form be higher? From the perspective of corporate marketing, Google analytics is used as an analysis tool to explore the impact of variables, to gain insight into each search result, to make the entire customer profile clearer and to meet potential business opportunities!

碩士<br>國立高雄科技大學<br>創業管理碩士學位學程<br>107<br>The trend of more elderlies and fewer children in Taiwan is going up. Family members usually spend more time working and studying leads to unable to care about home cleaning. Polluted environment hurts health. Those are key factors to robust the home industry. According to the statistics, the demand for home cleaning services in Taiwan has reached NT$10 billion, and it continue going up. The study take M Corporation as sample, which possesses over 20 years experience of operating and the largest scale in Taiwan, and includes its competitor J Corporation The result focused on the Business Model and the Key Success Factors(KSF). Referencing three steps of interview method for KSF, which mentioned by Bullen and Rockart （1984）,and combined with the In-depth interview and the structured interview. The Questionnaire Design is based on the framework of nine-element business model proposed by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010). The following is result of the study: The Value Proposition of M Corporation is focus on friendly environment and cleaning like your family . " Customer Segments " target audience of monthly income more than NT$100,000, and contacts customer from ”Channels” such as stores and customer service online. Keeping customer relationships by the service records. Paying "Cost" on training professional ways, and making" Revenue Streams " with Home cleaning service. Adding stores .Recruiting talents as the “key activity”, so it needs “key partners” like career fair and media, and combine the “key resources” customer service staff to make their business model work. The key success factors are: (1) professional staffs (2) precise target audience (3) good organization efficiency(4) continuous innovation.

碩士<br>高雄醫學大學<br>口腔衛生學系碩士班<br>106<br>Background: In recent years, the population of the elderly has increased. At present, the population structure in Taiwan has been transformed into aged society. Many long-term care institutions have been established throughout the country to provide care for the elderly or special needs. The elderly with long-term care institutions often have periodontal disease and dental caries, up to 90%, which has a great correlation with plaque accumulation, while domestic long-term institutions have different use of oral cleaning tools. Purpose: For the oral care of long-term bed-ridden residents in nursing homes, compare the difference in the average number of dental plaques and oral bacteria in toothbrushes and swabs, and provide reference for the caregiver in selecting the best oral cleaning tools. Methods: Quasi-experimental designs were conducted in the same institution, and the same resident''s one-group pretest-posttest was used to measure oral hygiene and bacterial counts, and the Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used to determine the difference between before and after. After the dinner, the control group cleaned the mouth according to the institution''s original use of the swabs, and performed oral cleaning for 7 consecutive days by the oral hygienist. In the recovery period of the experimental group at least one week after the end of the control group, the swabs were replaced with the soft toothbrushes as the intervention in the study. Results: The number of cases in this study was 11 residents, 6 males (54.5%) and 5 females (45.5%), the average age was 59.18±15.26 years old, and the average number of teeth in residents was 21.73±5.88 natural teeth. The average number of bacteria counts in the mouth measured on changing between the post-test of day7 and pre-test of day1 of the control group was 8.02x〖"10" 〗^7±8.31x〖"10" 〗^7 and the experimental group was 2.14x〖"10" 〗^8±3.20x〖"10" 〗^8 (p = 0.173). The average number of the dental plaque index (PI) measured on changing between the post-test of day7 and pre-test of day1 of the control group was 0.78±0.48 and the experimental group was 1.72±0.42 (p = 0.011).

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>管理學院高階經營碩士學程在職專班<br>106<br>The study would explore the factors influencing the house cleaning service employees of Mommyhappy House Service Company in entrepreneurship of the cleaning service industry. Population ageing would increase the need of house cleaning service, and the cleaning service industry have more opportunities to expand its market. The house cleaning service employees of Mommyhappy House Service Company who have high motivation to increase their incomes would more likely to be an entrepreneur of the cleaning service industry. However, the labor market in Taiwan has suffered significant decline in the decade, and the home cleaning industry has had the issue of the labor shortage. The home cleaning industry in Taiwan has not had credible professional certification agency to evaluate the qualifications of house cleaning service employees. The quality of employees in the market is uneven, and some evaluations of house cleaning service have not had the positive feedback from service clients, and the cleaning service industry has significant challenges in the upgrading industries. This study suggests that the training of professional skill is the main requirement of the certification of cleaning service, and the resource-assisted platform is important to entrepreneurship of the cleaning service industry.