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Journal articles on the topic 'Hollow conductor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Dong, Hai Hong, and Lin Ruan. "Research on the Flow Characteristics of Forced Circulation Evaporative Cooling System of Stator in Turbo-Generator." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1618.

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The forced circulation evaporative cooling system of stator in turbo-generator is a new cooling system under study, with the advantages of high-security, high efficiency and energy-saving. In this paper, an experiment table of this new cooling system with single hollow conductor was established. The flow characteristics of coolant in hollow conductor were analyzed and discussed by theoretical simulating and experimental researching. The results show that with the volume flow of coolant increasing, the variation tendencies of total flow resistance in hollow conductor and Xe are not monotonic and the prediction precision of total flow resistance in hollow conductor is satisfying with maximum relative error less than 10%. The length of subcooled flow boiling region in hollow conductor is relative long and can not be ignored. The conclusions in this paper can provide the theoretical and experimental basis for the further study of this new cooling system.

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2

Swaminathan, M., T. K. Sarkar, P. Petre, and T. Roy. "Conductor loss in hollow waveguides using surface integral formulation." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40, no. 11 (November 1992): 2034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.168760.

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3

Aguirregabiria, J. M., A. Hernández, and M. Rivas. "Shielding of an oscillating electric field by a hollow conductor." American Journal of Physics 64, no. 8 (August 1996): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18319.

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4

Sugimoto, M., T. Isono, N. Koizumi, K. Yoshida, Y. Takahashi, M. Nishi, T. Ando, et al. "Development of hollow cooling monolithic conductor for ITER TF coil." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 1 (1992): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.119849.

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5

Hosono, F., M. Sugimoto, H. Tsukamoto, M. Oshikiri, H. Hanawa, S. Seki, T. Sasaki, et al. "AC losses of the toroidal model pancake (hollow conductor type)." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.233763.

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6

Wu, Peng Yue, Yu Cai Wu, Shui Sheng Xie, Guo Jie Huang, and Lei Cheng. "Numerical Simulation on Conform Process of Aluminum Alloy Rectangular Hollow Conductor." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.735.

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In the investigation, the continuous extrusion forming (CONFORM) process of aluminum alloy rectangular hollow conductor has been studied by three-dimensional finite-element method based on Software DEFORM-3D. The rigid-viscoplastic constitutive equation was employed in the model. Distributions of velocity field, strain field, stress field and temperature field were obtained in the forming process. The results will give effective guidelines to optimize the processing parameters and to select, the die structure and die materials.

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7

Daywitt, W. C. "Complex Admittance of a Lossy Coaxial Open Circuit with a Hollow Center Conductor." Metrologia 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/24/1/003.

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8

LIN, RUAN, GU GUOBIAO, and TIAN XINDONG. "Research of the Temperature Distribution of the Hollow Conductor in the Evaporative Cooling Hydro-Generators." Electric Power Components and Systems 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000590462639.

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9

Gong, Feilong, Yixiao Wang, Lihua Gong, Yan Sun, Peiyuan Wang, Yonghui Zhang, and Feng Li. "An in situ “detector/conductor” strategy to construct hollow MoO3/MoO2 nanoreactor for aniline detection." Materials Letters 304 (December 2021): 130636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130636.

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10

He, Tianhu, Jintao Ma, and Yan Li. "The generalized electromagnetic-thermoelastic coupling problem of hollow cylindrical conductor based on the memory-dependent derivative." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 61, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-180124.

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11

Kaliberda, M. E., S. A. Pogarsky, and Ye Ye Ulyankin. "ELECTRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A COAXIAL HOLLOW INNER CONDUCTOR WAVEGUIDE WITH A SYSTEM OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC NONPERIODICALLY ARRANGED INHOMOGENEITIES." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 74, no. 7 (2015): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v74.i7.20.

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12

PAN, Ling, Qianqian HAN, Xuenong XIE, Xuejun XIE, and Peng XIAO. "Corrosion Prevention of the Generator Stator Hollow Copper Conductor and Water Quality Adjustment of Its Internal Cooling Water." Energy and Power Engineering 01, no. 01 (2009): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2009.11003.

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13

Chen, S. C., and K. Vafai. "An Experimental Investigation of Free Surface Transport, Bifurcation, and Adhesion Phenomena as Related to a Hollow Glass Ampule and a Metallic Conductor." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911343.

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An experimental investigation of free surface transport and subsequent bifurcation and adhesion for a hollow glass ampule is presented in this work. Detailed phenomenological features of the process are displayed and discussed. This experimental investigation, which is generic in nature, provides the much needed phenomenological information on free surface transport, glass processing as related to optical fiber production, and glass-to-metal sealing processes. Detailed images of the actual sealing process provide valuable information on identifying and isolating the key regimes in the process and mapping out process defects, and contribute to a basic understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in the sealing process.

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14

TAKAYAMA, Yoshihisa, Atsuo SUEOKA, Takahiro KONDOU, and Kensuke NAKAMURA. "443 A Magnetic Damper Based on Lorentz Force : Magnetic Damper Consisting of Hollow-Cylindrical Conductor and Ring-Shaped Magnet." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2007 (2007): _443–1_—_443–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2007._443-1_.

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15

Um, Evan Schankee, Jihoon Kim, and Michael Wilt. "3D borehole-to-surface and surface electromagnetic modeling and inversion in the presence of steel infrastructure." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (July 6, 2020): E139—E152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0034.1.

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The borehole-to-surface electromagnetic (EM) method is a viable imaging and monitoring tool for energy reservoirs, geologic storage, geothermal exploration, fault zones, and other subsurface targets. Data interpretation typically requires considering steel-casing effects, but it is difficult and impractical to directly discretize arbitrarily oriented hollow steel-cased wells in a 3D reservoir-scale earth model because of their extremely high electrical conductivity and long hollow geometry. We have considered a borehole-to-surface EM configuration in which an electric dipole source is placed below the bottom of a steel-cased well. To practically simulate the casing effects on EM measurements, we develop a novel 3D finite-element EM algorithm using an unstructured tetrahedral mesh. To avoid excessive use of fine grids for modeling a steel-cased well, the well is replaced with the combination of a short solid conductive prism and a long linewise perfect electric conductor. We find that this combined structure can approximate casing effects at a small fraction of the computational cost required for modeling a complete hollow casing because the linewise structure is volumeless and does not require an excessive number of small elements. We also find that steel-cased wells distant from sources and receivers can be modeled as simple linewise perfect electric conductors, further improving the computational efficiency. Using this approximation, the 3D EM algorithm presented here is well-suited to modeling many arbitrarily oriented steel-cased wells. After verifying the accuracy and efficiency of this approach using various examples, we performed a 3D borehole-to-surface/surface-to-borehole and surface EM inversion and determine that the inversion can image a deep localized target in the presence of steel infrastructure.

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16

Balamurugan, N., and S. Selvaperumal. "Experimental Analysis of Performance and Thermal Capability of Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Plastered Composite Conductors." Current Nanomaterials 4, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461504666190912144746.

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Background: This article deals with the analysis on improved performance and efficiency of induction motor by using nano composites for stator winding. Methods: The nanocomposites are added with different enamel. Enamel is mostly preferred for induction motors’ winding, due to three main reasons: adhesion, infusion and plaster. To predetermine the plaster and nanocomposite conductor’s behavior when they are used for transmitting AC currents and developing AC magnetic field, a numerical analysis is performed. The total heat losses are determined by the heat run test. Open circuit and short circuit tests are used to analyze the performance and efficiency of the proposed induction motor. Results: The AC losses of composite and plaster conductors having good accord are compared with previous solid and hollow conductors. Analysis of the coil by a composite and plaster conductor shows that the AC losses in low current are lower than the coil, which is wrapped by a solid, and hallow conductors. Due to this reason, composite and plaster conductors are considered advantageous for low and medium power motors. Conclusion: Adding nano composites with the plaster material will help to improve electrical, thermal and mechanical characteristics. The property of enamel can change the lifetime of induction motor. The induction motor winding makes use of nano composites SiO2 and TiO2 with enamel coated.

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17

Li, Quan Lin, Yong Hua Ding, and Bo Rao. "Design, Installation, Analysis and Testing of In-Vessel Magnetic Coils on J-TEXT Tokamak." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.180.

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In this paper, a set of 12 in-vessel resonant magnetic perturbation coils are designed for the J-TEXT to investigate the interactions between external resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) and a tokamak plasma. Since the coils will be fed with AC 10kA/10kHz and mounted inside the vacuum vessel where the pressure is E-7 Pa and the center-line field reaches 3 T, the coils design adopted and installed is a water-cooled hollow copper conductor insulated with polyamide and cured epoxy resin, and then housed inside a welded stainless steel jacket that forms a vacuum boundary. A solution of how the coils are connected to the power supply outside the vacuum in a limited space is also given in this paper. The primary challenge in the design of these coils is dressing the copper conductor with stainless steel jacket by welding without overheating the polyamide and cured epoxy resin insulator.

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18

Goldingay, Ross L. "Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats." Wildlife Research 36, no. 5 (2009): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08172.

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Many hundreds of species of wildlife worldwide are dependent on tree hollows (cavities) for their survival. I reviewed the published literature for hollow-using Australian birds and microbats to document their tree-hollow requirements and to guide future research and management. Such information is vital to the conservation of these species. The hollow requirements of only 35 of 114 hollow-using bird species and 15 of 42 hollow-using microbat species were documented in some detail. This overall paucity of information limits the ability to manage for the future requirements of species. However, some generalisations can guide management until further studies are conducted. Most species used a variety of available tree species, and the extensive use of dead trees probably reflects the high likelihood of these trees containing hollows. Birds (other than large parrots) and bats chose hollow entrances of a size close to body width. Large parrots require large hollows, with a preference for large vertical spouts and trunk hollows. Few birds or bats demonstrated an absolute requirement for high (>10 m) tree hollows, with most (70%) using some hollows with entrances ≤5 m above ground. Temperature has been postulated to influence roost selection among microbats because it enables passive rewarming from torpor and there is some evidence from Australian bats to support this. Many studies suggest a future shortage of hollow-bearing trees. Currently, artificial hollows appear to be the most likely interim solution to address this. Knowledge of the natural hollow requirements of species can be used to refine artificial-hollow designs. An increase in research effort is needed to address the many gaps in knowledge that currently exist. Priorities for research include (1) many additional studies to document the characteristics of the hollow-bearing trees used by species of microbat, (2) the need to conduct long-term bioregional studies of hollow-bearing tree attrition to help identify where management responses are most needed and (3) investigating whether fire plays a significant role in the creation of tree hollows of a range of size classes and therefore may have a management use. Such information has broad relevance because it will provide ecological insight that can be applied to the management of hollow-using birds and bats elsewhere in the world.

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Goldingay, Ross L., and Jane R. Stevens. "Use of artificial tree hollows by Australian birds and bats." Wildlife Research 36, no. 2 (2009): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08064.

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Artificial tree hollows (nest or roost boxes) may be of considerable importance to the conservation and management of Australian hollow-using birds and microbats. This is suggested by recognition that the rate of collapse of hollow-bearing trees may exceed replacement in some landscapes. We review the published literature to synthesise current information on the use of artificial hollows by Australian birds and bats, and to provide guidance to future research and management. The use of artificial hollows has been documented in some detail for 15 native bird and eight microbat species. A range of hollow designs has been employed but there is a limited understanding of favoured designs. General designs (e.g. front-entry plywood boxes) have been used extensively by some species and should continue to be used until more effective designs are identified. Species tend to use artificial hollows that have entrance sizes just sufficient for their body size, and this should guide hollow design. Competitive interactions with a range of non-target species (native and non-native) may have a pronounced influence on artificial hollow use and must be considered in any management program involving artificial hollows. We highlight some design elements that may reduce interference by non-target species. Temperature inside artificial hollows may have a particular influence on their use by bats due to the role of microclimate in bat thermoregulation. Trials are needed to investigate this factor and to inform general approaches to positioning of artificial hollows. Several distinct management uses exist for artificial hollows, including assisting threatened species recovery, e.g. Kangaroo Island glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus) and orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). Artificial hollows offer an interim solution to hollow shortage but their full potential will only be realised when preferences for different designs are better understood. This will require a commitment to monitoring and should be conducted in an adaptive management context. Increased knowledge of the use of artificial hollows by Australian birds and bats should be of global relevance to the management of hollow-using species because it provides an independent test of ideas and strengthens any generalisations.

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20

J. Eyre, Teresa. "Hollow-bearing trees in large glider habitat in south-east Queensland, Australia: Abundance, spatial distribution and management." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050023.

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This study examined factors influencing the distribution of live and dead trees with large diameter hollows (>10 cm) in a productive coastal lowland forest of south-east Queensland. Forest age and type, historic logging rules and topographic position influenced the distribution of live hollow-bearing trees across the landscape. Also, some tree species (Eucalyptus acmenoides, Corymbia intermedia and C. trachyphloia) contained hollows at smaller diameters than others (C. citriodora, E. siderophloia and E. fibrosa), suggesting variation in rates of hollow formation among species. The average number of live hollow-bearing trees throughout the forest was 3.4 � 0.4 per ha (mean � s.e.), which is lower than the number of hollow-bearing trees to be retained during logging operations as specified by the Queensland Code of Practice for Native Forest Timber Production. The dead hollow-bearing tree resource is therefore important, and made up 42.3% of the total hollow-bearing tree resource. Dead hollow-bearing trees were available predominantly due to intensive silvicultural treatment conducted throughout the forest >50 years ago. However, the abundance of dead hollow-bearing trees appears to be influenced by fire management. If current management practices persist, it is predicted that in 50 years the dead hollow-bearing tree resource will be depleted. If so, the hollow-bearing tree resource for the Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis and in particular, the Greater Glider Petauroides vofans, will be critically limited in the study area.

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21

Reader, R. J. "Relationship between seedling emergence and species frequency on a gradient of ground cover density in an abandoned pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-179.

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Seedling emergence may be suppressed by dense ground cover causing species frequency to vary where ground cover ranges from moderate to dense. An experiment was conducted to determine how many community members showed matching patterns of variation in seedling emergence and frequency on a gradient of ground cover density in an abandoned pasture. Seedling emergence and species frequency were recorded on ridges, where ground cover was moderately dense, and in hollows, where ground cover was much denser. Eight of the 10 species examined showed ridge-hollow variation in seedling emergence and seven of the eight species showed a matching pattern of ridge-hollow variation in their frequency. When ground cover was removed experimentally, seedling emergence increased more in hollows than on ridges for all but one of the eight species. This suggests that ridge-hollow variation in seedling emergence resulted from greater suppression of seedling emergence by ground cover in hollows than on ridges. The close relationship between ridge-hollow variation in seedling emergence and species frequency in the community studied here indicates that models of spatial variation in community structure need to include spatial variation in seedling emergence as well as plant survival. Key words: ground cover, old field, seedling emergence.

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Usman, Fadly, Agus Dwi Wicaksono, and Eko Setiawan. "Evaluation of the Reduction of Tsunami Damages Based on Local Wisdom Contermeasures in Indonesia." Review of European Studies 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n1p157.

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<p>Local wisdoms such as a traditional ethics, land-use system and others had sometimes mitigated tsunami damages in Indonesia. The effective use of those local wisdoms is strongly desired especially in developing countries, because it is quite difficult for those countries to allocate enough budgets for constructing hard type of countermeasures against tsunami. Among local wisdoms against tsunami hazard, this study evaluates the efficiency of a hollow topography which can be seen on the beach along Lampon village in Indonesia. Artificial hollows are arrayed on the beach as one of the local wisdoms in Lampon village to reduce the intensity of inundated tsunami flow. The numerical simulation of tsunami inundation is conducted to evaluate the efficiency of this hollow topography. Furthermore, this study evaluates the efficiency of some contrivances, such a combination of vegetation area and a multiple-use of hollow and embankment topography, in order to enhance the performance of countermeasure based on the local wisdom.</p>

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23

Dy, Goulwen, and Serge Payette. "Frost hollows of the boreal forest as extreme environments for black spruce tree growth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 2 (February 2007): 492–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-235.

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An extensive survey of spruce growth forms was conducted in frost hollows of the Parc national des Grands-Jardins located in the highlands of the Charlevoix region (Quebec). Frost hollows studied were situated within lichen woodlands, which are a favourable environment for the formation of cold air masses. The mean number of frosts recorded 1 m aboveground during the growing seasons of 1997–2002 indicates that there is no frost-free period in frost hollows. Based on the records of minimum temperature in two frost hollows, the critical threshold for frost-ring formation is a nocturnal temperature below 0 °C for 6.4 h with a climax at around –5.7 °C, i.e., at a cooling rate of 1.78 °C/h under the freezing point for at least 3.2 h. Frequent and severe nocturnal frosts slow down the colonization of black spruce in frost hollows, and are at the origin of the inverted tree line that surrounds frost hollows. Mean stem height of black spruce in frost hollows is 1.97 m ± 2.15. A comparative analysis of aerial photographs between 1950 and 1996 showed a 34% reduction in frost hollow area due to the progressive colonization of black spruce. Massive tree establishment occurred in frost hollows between 1970 and 1980 because of the reduced frequency of freezing temperatures during the growing season.

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El-Shaarawi, Maged A. I., and Esmail Mokheimer. "Transient conduction in eccentrically hollow cylinders." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 38, no. 11 (July 1995): 2001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(94)00316-n.

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25

Kryshchuk, R. S. "INFLUENCE OF WINDING ENDS ON THE PARAMETERS OF PULSE INDUCTOR WITH U-SHAPED CORE." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2020, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.06.069.

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It is known from the scientific literature that magnetic pulse processing of electrically conductive non-magnetic sheet materials helps to reduce residual stresses, especially in welded joints. This is due to magnetoplastic and electroplastic effects. To create such effects in non-magnetic electrically conductive materials with welded joints, an inductor with pulsed magnetic field, U-shaped magnetic circuit and hollow conductor for possibility of active cooling of the winding is proposed. Such inductor allows inducing high-density pulsed currents in electrically conductive non-magnetic sheet materials with welded joints. It studies the parameters of the inductor - active resistance and inductance in the frequency-domain mode. The parameters calculated in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are compared. The electromagnetic field is calculated using Maxwell equations and finite element method. Parameters of an ends of winding are determined by the difference in the parameters of the three-dimensional and two-dimensional models of the induction system. Resistance is calculated separately in the groove`s part of the winding, the outer part and on the frontal parts. The parameters of the induction system with a ferromagnetic core and non-magnetic thin-sheet alloy AMg6 are calculated for various values of complex amplitude of current in winding. Additionally, the parameters are calculated both without the magnetic core and without the non-magnetic metal. The quantitative comparison of the parameters of the three-dimensional model with the two-dimensional one is performed. The active resistance and inductance of end parts of the inductor are investigated by well-known analytical expressions from handbooks of electric machines. References 11, figures 3, tables 6.

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Tripathi, Shankar, and Yojana Adhikari. "Wood Loss Assessment in Forest of Sal (Shorea robusta) by Heart Rot of Central Terai of Nepal." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (April 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6673832.

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A significant volume of wood was lost due to wood defects; however, few studies were done to quantify wood loss by wood defects. This study was focused on quantifying wood loss by heart rot, especially hollowness in Shorea robusta. The study was conducted in Tileswornath community forest of Rautahat district. The data were collected from the felling site of the regeneration felling block of Tileswornath community forest. 44 trees were selected randomly, and tree diameter, total height, and volume were measured. The destructive method was followed as heart rot cannot be visible from the surface. Felled trees were sanctioned into 285 logs and separated based on the hollowness. Hollow diameters at both thin end and mid and thick end, as well as length, were measured on the hollow log, and Smalian’s formula was used to calculate the volume of hollowed portion, and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. For the solid logs, mid diameter and length of the log were measured and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relation of total height and diameter with the probability of hollowness presence. The study showed that 59% of sampled trees and 34.39% of logs were found to be hollowed due to heart rot. 41.79% volume was occupied by hollow on the hollowed log. Logistic regression discards the relation of height to the hollowness but signified the relation of diameter to the probability of hollowness presence. Before implementation of scientific forest management modality, the timber retained in stump per tree was found as 0.18 cubic feet.

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Ortuño, M., A. Márquez, S. Gallego, C. Neipp, and A. Beléndez. "An experiment in heat conduction using hollow cylinders." European Journal of Physics 32, no. 4 (June 16, 2011): 1065–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/32/4/019.

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Hsu, Quang Cherng, Kun Hong Kuo, and Chi Peng Hsu. "Solid Welding Conditions for Seam and Hollow Extrusion Process of 7075 Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 479 (April 2011): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.479.62.

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Direct extrusion by porthole – bridge die configuration has been successfully used to fabricate products with hollow cross sections for 6000 series aluminum alloys. However, if for 7000 series aluminum alloys, this situation alerts since different alloy composition such as Cu causing hollow extrusion failed due to not enough welding strength in seam. In order to determine the solid welding conditions during hollow extrusion with porthole die structure for high strength aluminum alloy, an easy tooling configuration has been designed. The proposed method is easy and cheap because there is no necessary to conduct experiment in controlled environment such as in vacuum chamber of Gleeble test or in a protective atmosphere. A seam and hollow extrusion for square tube has been conducted to obtain the welding strength comparison to the proposed solid welding method which shows good agreement.

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S.O.Adepo, K.A.Imoukhuede, and S.S.James. "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH HOLLOW BUILDING BLOCKS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i5.2018.239.

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Experimental investigation of heat transfer for solid and hollow concrete blocks with 2, and 3 evenly spaced cavities in them is explored to determine the most appropriate number of cavity in building blocks for effective energy consumption in building without compromising the strength of the blocks and building. The samples were tested based on their crushing strength and heat flow resistance. The results show that for the same block size, increasing the number of holes leads to a corresponding increase in the heat resistant value of the block without compromising it’s physical strength greatly.

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Babaei, M. H., and Z. T. Chen. "Hyperbolic Heat Conduction in a Functionally Graded Hollow Sphere." International Journal of Thermophysics 29, no. 4 (August 2008): 1457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0502-1.

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31

Chen, Xiao, Jiabin Wang, Antonio Griffo, and Aristide Spagnolo. "Thermal Modeling of Hollow Conductors for Direct Cooling of Electrical Machines." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 2 (February 2020): 895–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2899542.

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32

Jin, Zhengya, Jian Chen, Xiujun Wen, and Cai Wang. "Effects of clay materials and moisture levels on habitat preference and survivorship of Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)." PeerJ 8 (October 28, 2020): e10243. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10243.

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Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, usually transport clay materials into tree hollows and bait stations. Our previous research showed that C. formosanus preferred to aggregate in the locations containing field-collected clay samples, but it was not clear whether this preference was influenced by clay types and/or moisture. In the present study, we conducted multiple-choice tests under low-moisture (25% moisture) or moderate-moisture (50% moisture) conditions to evaluate the aggregation and wood-feeding preferences of C. formosanus responding to hollow wooden cylinders (simulation of tree hollows) or baiting containers (simulation of bait stations) filled with different clay materials (bentonite , kaolin, chlorite, illite, or attapulgite), soil, or unfilled. Under low-moisture conditions, the majority of termites were found in the wooden cylinders or baiting containers filled with bentonite. Under moderate-moisture conditions, however, termites preferred to aggregate in wooden cylinders filled with chlorite or attapulgite; the percentages of termites that stayed in baiting containers filled with chlorite, attapulgite or soil were similar, which were significantly higher than those that filled with kaolin, illite, or unfilled. We then conducted no-choice tests to study the effect of clay materials on termites. Under low-moisture conditions, clay filled in the baiting containers significantly increased survivorship and body water percentage (an indicator of termite vigor) of termites, whereas no similar effect was detected under moderate-moisture conditions. This study demonstrated that both clay type and moisture affect termites’ preference.

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Kukla, Stanisław, and Urszula Siedlecka. "A Fractional Single-Phase-Lag Model of Heat Conduction for Describing Propagation of the Maximum Temperature in a Finite Medium." Entropy 20, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110876.

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In this paper, an investigation of the maximum temperature propagation in a finite medium is presented. The heat conduction in the medium was modelled by using a single-phase-lag equation with fractional Caputo derivatives. The formulation and solution of the problem concern the heat conduction in a slab, a hollow cylinder, and a hollow sphere, which are subjected to a heat source represented by the Robotnov function and a harmonically varying ambient temperature. The problem with time-dependent Robin and homogenous Neumann boundary conditions has been solved by using an eigenfunction expansion method and the Laplace transform technique. The solution of the heat conduction problem was used for determination of the maximum temperature trajectories. The trajectories and propagation speeds of the temperature maxima in the medium depend on the order of fractional derivatives occurring in the heat conduction model. These dependencies for the heat conduction in the hollow cylinder have been numerically investigated.

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34

Jiang, Fangming, and Antonio C. M. Sousa. "Analytical Solution for Hyperbolic Heat Conduction in a Hollow Sphere." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 19, no. 4 (October 2005): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.13472.

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35

Babaei, M. H., and Zengtao Chen. "Transient Hyperbolic Heat Conduction in a Functionally Graded Hollow Cylinder." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 24, no. 2 (April 2010): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.41368.

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36

AKBARZADEH, A. H., and Z. T. CHEN. "DUAL PHASE LAG HEAT CONDUCTION IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED HOLLOW SPHERES." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 06, no. 01 (February 2014): 1450002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825114500021.

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In the present work, the dual phase lag heat conduction in functionally graded hollow spheres is investigated under spherically symmetric and axisymmetric thermal loading. The heat conduction equation is given based on the dual phase lag theory to consider the details of energy transport in the material in comparison with the non-Fourier hyperbolic heat conduction. All the material properties of the sphere are taken to vary continuously along the radial direction following a power-law with arbitrary non-homogeneity indices except the phase lags which are assumed to be constant for simplicity. The specified spherically symmetric and axisymmetric boundary conditions of the sphere lead to a 1D and 2D heat conduction problem, respectively. Employing the Laplace transform to eliminate the time dependency of the problem, analytical solutions are obtained for the temperature and heat flux. The final results in the time domain are obtained by a numerical Laplace inversion method. The speed of thermal wave in the functionally graded sphere based on the dual phase lag is compared with that of the hyperbolic heat conduction. Furthermore, the numerical results are shown to clarify the effects of phase lags and non-homogeneity indices on the thermal response. The current results are verified with those reported in the literature.

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37

Cui, Z. M., J. P. Kong, X. P. Yang, and Lei Du. "The Experimental Study on Characteristics of Low-Temperature Grinding of Ceramic Hollow Ball Super-Hard Composite Abrasive." Key Engineering Materials 487 (July 2011): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.487.113.

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Ceramic hollow ball Super hard composite abrasive has spherical hollow Mini-bore structure, This article introduced the structure of hollow spherical super hard abrasive, grinding model and the experimental investigations were conducted, It is found that the grinding wheel with hollow ball Super hard composite abrasive has more holes in the working layer of grinding wheel and can carrying more cooling fluid into the grinding area for heat exchanges, thus reducing the grinding temperature.

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38

Li, Dan, Jun Lin Tao, and Jiang Yu. "Research on the Thermal Property of Lightweight-Aggregate-Concrete Hollow-Block Wall." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2970.

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The Theoretical calculation and the finite element method (FEM) are used for studying the thermal property of hollow-block and hollow-masonry. The method of appendix in the standard for Thermal Design of Civil Buildings is adopted to calculate the thermal resistance and the average thermal conductivity of hollow-block and hollow-masonry. ANSYS is used for simulating temperature distribution and heat flux law under connective loads. The conduction and convection phenomena are taking into account in this study for four different values of the mortar conductivity and four different values for the bricks. The thermal resistance and the average thermal conductivity of hollow-block and hollow-masonry is the key factor for reference.

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39

Zhang, Xiaohui, Chao Zhang, and Pibo Ma. "Mechanical properties of hollow polyester monofilament: Compression and tension behaviors." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501983753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019837537.

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Comparative analysis has been performed on the mechanical properties of hollow and solid polyester monofilament with identical external diameter. Tensile test of hollow polyester monofilament was conducted to study the influence of hollow core and the manufacturing method on the tensile fracture mechanism of hollow monofilament. The compressive properties of hollow monofilament were determined to provide a bundle-compression method to study the behavior of hollow polyester monofilament under axial compressive loading and compare with solid one. The results show that the tensile property of the hollow monofilament has smaller breaking force and higher breaking elongation than solid monofilament in case of identical external diameter. Under compression loading, the solid monofilament show better compressive properties than hollow one with identical diameter. The hollow core only affects the values of compressive strain and stress, but it has no effect on the compression and deformation mechanism. The study results also show that the polyester monofilament can show better mechanical properties than the solid polyester monofilament for the same weight. This study can help to design the lighter textile materials with the hollow polyester monofilament.

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40

Teertstra, Peter M., M. Michael Yovanovich, and J. Richard Culham. "Conduction Shape Factor Models for Hollow Cylinders with Nonuniform Gap Spacing." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.35572.

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41

Akbarzadeh, Abdolhamid, Jiawei Fu, and Zengtao Chen. "THREE-PHASE-LAG HEAT CONDUCTION IN A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED HOLLOW CYLINDER." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 38, no. 1 (March 2014): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2014-0010.

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Heat conduction in a functionally graded, infinitely-long hollow cylinder is studied based on the three-phase-lag model. Material properties except the phase-lags vary according to a power-law within the cylinder. The phase-lag heat conduction equation is written in a form in which various models of heat conduction theories can be generated. The governing differential equations in the Laplace domain are solved exactly and a numerical Laplace inversion technique is employed for restoring results in the time domain. The effects of different heat conduction theories, phase-lags, geometries, and non-homogeneity indices are studied on the spatial distribution and time-history of temperature.

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42

Vieiraalves, Paulo Roberto, Norberto Aranha, Edson Alfredo, Melissaandréia Marchesan, Aldo Brugnera Junior, and Manoel D. Sousa-Neto. "Evaluation of Hollow Fiberoptic Tips for the Conduction of Er:YAG Laser." Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2005.23.410.

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43

Antar, Mohamed A., and Hasan Baig. "Conjugate conduction-natural convection heat transfer in a hollow building block." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 17-18 (December 2009): 3716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.04.033.

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44

Liu, Yutie, Xiaoyao Tan, and K. Li. "SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3-α hollow-fiber membrane and its property in proton conduction." AIChE Journal 52, no. 4 (2006): 1577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10738.

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45

Pang, Rui, Longji Dang, Hongmei Ni, Shuting Liang, and Qianqian Li. "Experimental study on punching shear behavior of hollow floor slab-column reinforced connection." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 7 (December 21, 2018): 1531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218819565.

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This article presents an experimental study on hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections, which are enhanced by installing locally solid zone of slab around the column and hidden beam in the floor. To investigate the punching-shear behavior of hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections, six hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections under vertical load were conducted on three types of connections with different thickness, namely, two hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections without punching component, two hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections with bent-up steel bars, and two hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections with welding section steel cross bridging. Meanwhile, the strength, stiffness, failure mode, and ductility of hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections with punching components were obtained and compared with the hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections without punching component. The results showed that hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections had the double failure characteristics including punching shear and flexural failure, and flexural failure was the main failure mode as a result of installing hidden beam. The hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections with punching components exhibited higher initial stiffness and higher loading capacity than hollow floor slab-column-reinforced connections without punching components, but welding section steel cross bridging have a better on improving the connections’ punching-shear capacity than bent-up steel bars.

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Jamal, B., M. Boukendil, A. Abdelbaki, and Z. Zrikem. "Numerical simulation of coupeld heat transfer through a concrete hollow brick." MATEC Web of Conferences 286 (2019): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928608004.

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The present study aims to investigate coupled heat transfer by natural convection and conduction through a concrete hollow brick. The governing equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy are discretized by the finite volume approach and solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effect of Rayleigh number (103≤ Ra ≤ 107) on the heat transfer and fluid flow within the structure.

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47

Wu, Fan, Ayman EL-Refaie, and Ali Al-Qarni. "Additively Manufactured Hollow Conductors Integrated With Heat Pipes: Design Tradeoffs and Hardware Demonstration." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 4 (July 2021): 3632–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3076423.

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48

Tu, Te-Wen, and Sen-Yung Lee. "Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction for Hollow Cylinders with Time-Dependent Boundary Condition and Time-Dependent Heat Transfer Coefficient." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/203404.

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An analytical solution for the heat transfer in hollow cylinders with time-dependent boundary condition and time-dependent heat transfer coefficient at different surfaces is developed for the first time. The methodology is an extension of the shifting function method. By dividing the Biot function into a constant plus a function and introducing two specially chosen shifting functions, the system is transformed into a partial differential equation with homogenous boundary conditions only. The transformed system is thus solved by series expansion theorem. Limiting cases of the solution are studied and numerical results are compared with those in the literature. The convergence rate of the present solution is fast and the analytical solution is simple and accurate. Also, the influence of physical parameters on the temperature distribution of a hollow cylinder along the radial direction is investigated.

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49

Steau, Edward, Poologanathan Keerthan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Web crippling study of rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 7 (October 20, 2016): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216670172.

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Thin-walled steel hollow flange channel beams are commonly used as joists and bearers in various flooring systems in buildings. A new rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beam was proposed using an intermittently rivet fastening process as an alternative to welded beams. This flexible fastening process allows rectangular hollow flange channel beams to have greater section optimisation, by configuring web and flange widths and thicknesses. In the industrial applications of rectangular hollow flange channel beams as flooring, roofing or modular building systems, their flanges will be fastened to supports, which will provide increased capacities. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports under two-flange load cases. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the web crippling behaviour and capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams based on the new American Iron and Steel Institute S909 standard test method. The web crippling capacities were compared with the predictions from the design equations in Australia/New Zealand Standard 4600 and American Iron and Steel Institute S100 to determine their accuracy in predicting the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams. Test results showed that these design equations are considerably conservative for the end two-flange load case while being unconservative for the interior two-flange load case. New equations are proposed to determine the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports. Test results showed that web crippling capacities increased by 78% and 65% on average for the end two-flange and interior two-flange load cases when flanges were fastened to supports. This article presents the details of this web crippling experimental study of rectangular hollow flange channel beam sections and the results.

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50

Yang, Weijun, Yongda Yang, Jihua Yin, and Yushuang Ni. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Property of Stiffening-ribbed-hollowpipe Reinforced Concrete Girderless Floor with Four Clamped Edges Supported." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010170.

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In order to study the basic mechanical property of cast-in-place stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe reinforced concrete girderless floor, and similarities and differences of the structural performance compared with traditional floor, we carried out the destructive stage loading test on the short-term load test of floor model with four clamped edges supported in large scale, and conducted the long-term static load test. Also, the thesis conducted finite element analysis in virtue of ANSYS software for solid slab floor, stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor and tubular floor. The experiment indicates that the developing process of cracks, distribution and failure mode in stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor are similar to that of solid girderless floor, and that this kind of floor has higher bearing capacity and better plastic deformation capacity. The finite element analysis manifests that, compared with solid slab floor, the deadweight of stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe floor decreases on greater level while deformation increases little, and that compared with tubular floor, this floor has higher rigidity. So stiffening-ribbed-hollow-pipe reinforced concrete girderless floor is particularly suitable for long-span and large-bay building structure.

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