Academic literature on the topic 'Hollow schaft'

This 27-chapter volume arose from a symposium held in Lyon, France, in June of 1999, that sought to integrate information from academic scientific studies of olfaction, largely psychological in nature, with knowledge derived from the perfume industry. It is dedicated to the French perfumer Edmond Roudnitska, known for creating such classic fragrances as “Femme” (1944, Rochas), “Diorama” (1948, Dior), L'Eau” (1951, Hermès), “Diorissimo” (1956, Dior), “Eau Savage” (1966, Dior), and “Diorella” (1972, Dior), and addresses such topics as odor classification, odor memory, odor conditioning, and the plasticity of chemosensation.

In September 1997, wilted 4-week-old tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were observed in a commercial production field in St. Lucie County, FL. Closer inspection of affected plants revealed hollow stems and petioles with dark, water-soaked lesions. Diseased tissue was macerated and streaked onto nutrient agar (NA) and crystal violet pectate (CVP) agar. After incubation for 2 days at 30°C, isolates produced pits on the CVP agar. Isolates were transferred onto NA and the incubation and transfer procedure was performed two additional times to obtain pure cultures. Suspensions of bacterial cells were injected into tomato and tobacco leaves to test for a hypersensitive or pathogenic reaction. Isolates produced collapsed necrotic tissue on tomato while no reaction was observed on tobacco. Tests for differentiating species and subspecies in the ‘carotovora’ group of Erwinia were conducted following the protocol of Dickey and Kelman (1). With known cultures of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi as controls, the isolate from tomato was determined to function as a facultative anaerobe, utilize asparagine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, and give positive reactions for pectate degradation, phosphatase, and growth at 37°C. Known cultures of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, and the tomato isolate were grown on trypticase soy broth agar for 24 h at 28°C and their cellular fatty acids derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Statistical analyses of FAME profile data (MIDI Microbial Identification System, Newark, DE, version 3.60) identified the tomato isolate as Erwinia chrysanthemi. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating 50-day-old tomato plants (cv. SunPride) with a suspension of E. chrysanthemi obtained from nutrient broth plates incubated at 24°C for 60 h. Three plants each were inoculated with the E. chrysanthemi identified from tomato, sterile water, and known cultures of E. chrysanthemi and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora by placing a drop at the junction of the petiole and stem and passing a sterile needle through the drop into the stem. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse. Dark, water-soaked cankers were observed on the stems of plants inoculated with E. chrysanthemi, including the tomato isolate and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, after 7 days. No symptoms were observed on plants inoculated with sterile water. Reisolation of the pathogen and identification was performed with tissue from one of the symptomatic inoculated plants. Analyses of FAMEs confirmed E. chrysanthemi as the causal agent. This is the first report of E. chrysanthemi causing a vascular disease of field-grown tomato in Florida. Reference: (1) R. S. Dickey and A. Kelman. 1988. Pages 44–59 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. N. W. Schaad, ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Potato blackleg is frequently observed on the production fields in the Bačka region of Vojvodina province, which is one of the largest potato-growing areas in Serbia. This disease usually occurs during June and July. In July 2020, blackleg symptoms in the form of stem necrotic lesions, vascular discoloration, hollow stems, and wilting of whole plants were noted on potato cultivar VR808 on a field 28 ha in size located in Maglić village (GPS coordinates 45.349325 N, 19.542768 E). Disease incidence was estimated at 20−25%. Isolations were performed from 12 potato samples on Crystal Violet Pectate medium (CVP). Stem sections consisted of brown lesions and healthy tissue (c.10 cm) were surface sterilized with ethyl alcohol 70% (w/v) and rinsed with sterile distilled water. Small pieces of tissue were taken at the edges of stem lesions (between healthy and diseased tissue) were soaked in phosphate buffer saline for 20 min and plated using a standard procedure (Klement et al. 1990). Single colonies that formed pits after 48 hours at 26 °C were re-streaked onto Nutrient Agar (NA) where creamy white colonies with smooth surfaces were formed. A total of 30 isolates were selected and DNA isolated from the colonies was further analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the partial dnaX gene (DNA polymerase subunit III gamma/tau) with primer pair dnaXf/dnaXr for Pectobacterium and Dickeya species identification (Slawiak et al. 2009). A single characteristic band of 535 bp was amplified in all isolates (Slawiak et al. 2009). DNA sequence alignment showed two distinct groups of isolates (Fig.S1), which were genetically uniform within each group. Using BLASTn search, it was established that the dnaX sequence of the first group (consisting of 19 Serbian potato isolates) had 99.79% identity with NCBI-deposited Pectobacterium versatile strains 14A and 3-2 from potato from Belarus (Acc. No. CP034276 and CP024842, respectively) as well as SCC1 from Finland (Acc. No. CP021894). The remaining 11 dnaX sequences had 100% identity with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain CFBP7081 originating from water in Spain (Acc. No. MK516961). The partial dnaX sequences of three Serbian P. versatile isolates (Pv1320, Pv1520, and Pv1620) and one P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc2520) were deposited in GenBank under Acc. No. MW839571, MW805306, MW839572, and MW805307, respectively. These results, indicating combined infection in the observed field, signify the first identification of P. versatile in Serbia. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) performed with proA (proAF1/ proAR1) and mdh (mdh2/mdh4) genes (Ma et al. 2007; Moleleki et al. 2013) grouped three tested Serbian potato P. versatile isolates together with P. versatile strains from NCBI (Fig.S2). For both tested genes, BLASTn search revealed 100% homology with P. versatile strain SCC1 from Finland. Three Serbian P. versatile potato isolates were deposited under Acc. Nos. MZ682623-25 for proA and MZ682620-22 for mdh genes. According to the routine tests suggested for Pectobacteriaceae (Schaad et al. 2001), Serbian isolates possessed microbiological traits identical to P. versatile description (Portier et al. 2019). Pathogenicity was performed on potato cultivar VR808 with three selected P. versatile isolates (Pv1320, Pv1520, and Pv1620) in the following assays: (i) surface-sterilized tuber slices with holes in the center filled with 100 µL of bacterial suspensions (adjusted to 109 CFU mL-1) to test the isolates’ ability to cause soft rot, and (ii) young, four-week old plants with developed 3rd true leaf (c. 30 cm tall) were inoculated by injecting stems with bacterial suspension adjusted to 107 - 108 CFU mL-1 at a height 5 cm above the soil line. Negative controls were treated with sterile distilled water. Inoculated plants were kept under controlled conditions (25 °C temperature and >70% relative humidity). Each assay was replicated twice. Soft rot appeared on tuber slices 24 h after inoculation. On inoculated stems, initial symptoms manifested as greasy elongated spots at inoculation sites two days after inoculation (DAI), and subsequently extended along the vascular tissue and became necrotic. Whole plant's decay was recorded in five DAI, while negative controls remained healthy. To complete Koch's postulates, bacteria were re-isolated from symptomatic potato plants and confirmed by PCR and sequencing of dnaX. This first report of P. versatile in potato indicates that blackleg currently present in Serbia is caused by a diverse bacterial population. This pathogen was first identified in genome comparison as ‘Candidatus Pectobacterium maceratum’ (Shirshikov et al. 2018) and was later renamed as Pectobacterium versatile sp. nov. (Portier et al. 2019). Thus far, bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis has been recognized as dominant pathogen on most of the infected fields in Vojvodina province, and was recently noted on one plot subjected to a combined infection with Dickeya dianthicola (Marković et al. 2021). Findings achieved in this study are highly relevant, as they point to the diversity in potato blackleg pathogens, likely due to the increasingly widespread distribution of imported seed potatoes.

The aim of this master's thesis are the engineering design of solutions for vertical elevator drive storage systém LLH – Schwerlast. The project is composed of technical report ans drawing documentation. The Technical report deals with storage and handling bar material, methods of control and manipulation of storage systems and structural design. In the structural part are designed draft drive and its main parts. The main parts of drive are checked using structural analysis. The drawing documentation is composed of assembly drawing, manufacturing dravings and welded frame drawing.