Academic literature on the topic 'Hollow sections'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Gardner, L., and T. M. Chan. "Cross-section classification of elliptical hollow sections." Steel and Composite Structures 7, no. 3 (2007): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.185.

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Hamedon, Zamzuri, Ken Ichiro Mori, and Yohei Abe. "Fatigue Strength of High Strength Steel Sheets Joined by Hemming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.282.

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It is strongly desirable for the vehicle to improve passenger safety and at the same time to reduce the weight of the vehicles. A hollow section for the body structure of automobiles is studied. A high strength steel sheet is used to make the hollow sections in this studied, which are typically joined by resistance spot welding have insufficient energy absorption because the joins are not continuous. Thus, to overcome this problem, the hollow section is joined using the hemming process. The high strength steel hollow sections joined by hemming and resistance spot welding were then examined by
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Hong, Hyemin, Sungwon Kim, and Taek Hee Han. "Section Design of 3MW Wind Turbine Tower Applied by GFRP DSCT Structure." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 5 (2020): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.175.

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In this study, cross-sections of GFRP DSCT (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Double-Skinned Composite Tubular) column applicable to a 3 MW wind power tower were designed and performance evaluations of the designed sections were conducted. Forty sections, which satisfied the required axial load and bending moment, were designed according to the corresponding hollow ratio using the AutoDSCT program. Each section was analyzed using the CoWiTA program with consideration of the nonlinearity of the material, concrete confinement effect, and large displacement effect. Consequently, for a section with a
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Ritchie, Cameron B., Matthew I. Gow, Jeffrey A. Packer, and Amin Heidarpour. "Influence of elevated strain rate on the mechanical properties of hollow structural sections." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 3 (2017): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617721530.

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As protective design engineering becomes more prevalent, cold-formed steel hollow structural sections are often desired design components. As such, it is necessary to understand the behavior of hollow structural sections subject to air-blast loading, including the material response under elevated strain rates. Dynamic tensile tests have hence been performed on subsize tensile coupons taken from the flats and corners of cold-formed rectangular hollow section members. Dynamic yield stresses were obtained at strain rates from 0.1 to 18 s−1, which encompasses and exceeds the range recorded during
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Tu'ma, Nasser Hakeem, and Mustafa Raad Aziz. "Flexural Performance of Composite Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-Encased Steel Hollow Beams." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (2019): 1289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091332.

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Composite members have been widely used in the construction of medium- and high-rise buildings. The results of the development of a new structural member by experimental investigation of the flexural behavior of hollow composite beams are presented in this paper. This research aims to exploit the properties of composite sections and their strength in developing a new approach for overcoming the problems of service pipes in buildings. A hollow steel section encased fully in concrete is used to form a composite hollow beam. The structural benefit provided by the steel section (composite part) is
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Broniewicz, Miroslaw, and Filip Broniewicz. "Welds Assessment in K-Type Joints of Hollow Section Trusses with I or H Section Chords." Buildings 10, no. 3 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030043.

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The use of hollow section structures has received considerable attention in recent years. Since the first publication of CIDECT (International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Structures), additional research results became available, especially concerning the design of welds between members of trusses joints. To assess the capacity of welded joints of trusses between braces made of hollow sections and I-beam chords, the effective lengths of the welds should be estimated and their location around the braces and the forces acting on individual weld’s sections. The objective of
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Zhou, Feng, and Ben Young. "Compressive strengths of concrete-filled double-skin (circular hollow section outer and square hollow section inner) aluminium tubular sections." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (2019): 2418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219842381.

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Experimental and numerical investigations of concrete-filled double-skin aluminium stub column with a circular hollow section as the outer skin and a square hollow section as the inner skin are presented in this article. A test program was carried out to study the influences of aluminium tube geometric dimensions and concrete strength on structural performance and strength of composite columns. A series of composite columns was tested on outer circular hollow section tubes and inner square hollow section tubes; the spaces between them had been filled with concrete of different nominal cylinder
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Ummenhofer, Thomas. "Structural hollow sections - recent developments." Steel Construction 7, no. 2 (2014): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201490015.

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Queiroz Junior, F. O., and B. Horowitz. "Shear strength of hollow circular sections." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 2 (2016): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000200004.

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ABSTRACT The number of buildings higher than 30 floors has shown remarkable growth; many of them are supported on foundations of hollow circular piles. This increasing of height of constructions causes an increment of the shear stresses that are transmitted to their foundations, however these elements are more shear critical due to the hollow core. Most of the existing codes are based on shear models for rectangular sections, and guidelines for assessment of shear strength of members with hollow circular cross sections are practically non-existent. This study evaluates, on a comparative basis,
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WU, C., X. L. ZHAO, W. H. DUAN, and P. PHIPAT. "IMPROVED END BEARING CAPACITIES OF SHARP-CORNER ALUMINUM TUBULAR SECTIONS WITH CFRP STRENGTHENING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 12, no. 01 (2012): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455412004616.

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Web crippling is the major failure mode of thin-walled members when they are subjected to concentrated loading. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is found to be promising for strengthening metallic structural members. This paper reports improved web-crippling capacity of sharp-corner aluminum tubular sections: rectangular hollow section (RHS) and square hollow section (SHS), by attaching CFRP to their webs. Twenty four specimens were tested with four CFRP strengthening configurations applied on each of six different aluminum RHS and SHS sections. Significant increase in load-carrying capa
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Chan, Tak Ming. "Structural behaviour of elliptical hollow sections." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11975.

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Elliptical hollow sections (EHS) represent the recent addition to the range of tubular structural products. Their distinct closed nature brings structural efficiency by offering differing flexible rigidities about each of the principal axes as well as high torsional stiffness. It also offers an interesting and unusual smooth streamlined appearance which can be utilised to fulfil contemporary streamlined appearance which can be utilised to fulfil contemporary design visions. The varying radius of curvature around the circumference characterises the distinctive structural behaviour of EHS from o
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Bauer, Dominique. "Triangular trusses fabricated from rectangular hollow sections." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75364.

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This thesis deals with the behaviour and design of triangular trusses fabricated from Hollow Structural Sections (HSS), with two Warren-type web planes and a single tension chord. Experimental programs are described in which triangular truss segments and simplified joints were tested in order to investigate the behaviour of compression web members and tension-chord welded joints. The mechanics of joint deformations are analysed in relation to the yield line theory, and simple models are shown to give a good prediction of the joint stiffnesses and strengths. Complex yield line models are invest
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Ozkan, Istemi Faruk. "Plastic interaction relations for hollow structural steel sections." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6088.

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The first part of this study reports an experimental program consisting of six full-scale tests on pipe sections under load combinations of shearing forces, bending moments, and twisting moments. The experimental results agree very well with the predicted failure loads based on recently developed interaction relations. The experimental program establishes the validity of the analytical techniques used to derive the interaction relations for pipe sections. The verified methodology is extended to derive interaction relations for square hollow structural sections under combinations of normal forc
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Wilkinson, Timothy James. "The Plastic Behaviour of Cold-Formed Rectangular Hollow Sections." University of Sydney. Department of Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/843.

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The aim of this thesis is to assess the suitability of cold-formed rectangular hollow sections (RHS) for plastic design. The project involved an extensive range of tests on cold-formed Grade C350 and Grade C450 (DuraGal) RHS beams, joints and frames. A large number of finite element analyses was also carried out on models of RHS beams. The conclusion is that cold- formed RHS can be used in plastic design, but stricter element slenderness (b/t) limits and consideration of the connections, are required. Further research, particularly into the effect of axial compression on element slendernes
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Qiu, Wei. "Beam-column behaviour of concrete-filled elliptical hollow sections." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/48035.

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Concrete filled elliptical hollow sections (CFEHS) are a relatively new addition to the range of composite cross-sections available to structural engineers. The European design code EN 1994-1-1 (BSI, 2004) provides design rules for composite cross-sections, including concrete filled circular hollow sections (CFCHS) and concrete filled rectangular sections (CFRHS), but CFEHS are not considered in the present design code. In order to contribute to the development of design provisions for CFEHS, a comprehensive experimental and numerical study of their column and beam-column behaviour has been ca
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Nowzartash, Farhood. "Plastic Interaction Relations for Elliptical and Semi-Elliptical Hollow Sections." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20042.

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The advancement of the structural steel manufacturing industry has led to the recent emergence of steel members with Elliptical Hollow Sections (EHS) and Semi Elliptical Hollow Sections (SEHS). Although these sections are gaining popularity among architects, the lack of design guidelines specifically tailored towards these sections inhibits their efficient structural use. Within this context, this thesis provides several steps towards the development of such guidelines. A review of the manufacturing process of hot-rolled steel sections is conducted with emphasis on hollow structural sections.
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Ian, Ferreira. "Designing power line towers using circular hollow sections / Ian Ferreira." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8737.

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It has become a challenging exercise to obtain land in order to further develop the electrical infrastructure in South Africa. The reason for this is that high voltage transmission towers visually impacts the surroundings and require a large servitude in order to accommodate these structures. The requirements for low visible towers with small foundation footprints may be achieved with double circuit power line towers. However, the structural loading in tower member's increase drastically as a result of large conductor bundles, higher reliability, smaller foundation footprints and a increase in
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Roodbaraky, K. "Finite element modelling of tubular cross joints in rectangular hollow sections." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384702.

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Rush, David Ian. "Fire performance of unprotected and protected concrete filled steel hollow structural sections." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8298.

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Concrete filled steel hollow structural (CFS) sections are increasingly used to support large compressive loads in buildings, with the concrete infill and the steel tube working together to yield several benefits both at ambient temperature and during a fire. These members are now widely applied in the design of highly optimized multi-storey and high rise buildings where fire resistance ratings of two or more hours may be required. Whilst the response and design of these sections at ambient temperatures is reasonably well understood, their response in fire, and thus their fire resistance desig
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Buchanan, Craig. "Testing and design of conventional and novel stainless steel hollow structural sections." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/49208.

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The topic of this thesis is the testing and design of conventionally formed and additive manufactured stainless steel hollow structural sections. Although design codes currently exist for stainless steel hollow structural elements, the provisions are based on limited structural data and therefore require further evaluation for their suitability, and are not intended to apply to additive manufactured elements. Focussing on conventionally formed circular hollow sections (CHS), the existing design provisions have been carefully reappraised based on a dataset of tests and finite element results ge
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Books on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Meegan, Kieran James. Circular hollow structural sections at transmission line poles. National Library of Canada, 1994.

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a-Hassan, Nabil Karim. Shear transfer in concrete-filled steel hollow sections. Universityof Manchester, 1993.

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Lu, Yue Qing. The flexural behaviour of concrete-filled hollow structural sections. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1992.

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Fumagalli, F. Development of design recommendations for welded joints of steel constructions, made with structural hollow sections and with structural hollow and H-sections. Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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Soininen, Raimo. Fracture behaviour and assessment of design requirements against fracture in welded steel structures made of cold formed rectangular hollow sections. Lappeeranta University of Technology, 1996.

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Packer, J. A. Design guide for hollow section connections. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, 1992.

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Noor, Nauman. Feasibility of concrete-filled hollow structural section trusses. National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Packer, J. A. Hollow structural section connections and trusses: A design guide. 2nd ed. Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, 1997.

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Björk, Timo. Ductility and ultimate strength of cold-formed rectangular hollow section joints at subzero temperatures. Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2005.

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Dutta, Dipak. Structures With Hollow Sections. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Krampen, Jürgen. "Economical structures with hollow sections." In Tubular Structures VI. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735015-5.

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Grundy, Paul. "Incremental collapse of hollow sections." In Tubular Structures VI. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735015-73.

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Hall, Wayne, and Zia Javanbakht. "Hollow Sections—How to Make Composite Tubes." In Advanced Structured Materials. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78807-0_7.

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Lindner, J. "Equivalent initial bow imperfections for hollow sections." In Tubular Structures VI. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735015-24.

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Hancock, Gregory J., Raef M. Sully, and Xiao-Ling Zhao. "Hollow flange beams and rectangular hollow sections under combined bending and bearing." In Tubular Structures VI. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735015-9.

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Su, Meini, and Ben Young. "Web bearing design of aluminium alloy hollow sections." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-180.

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Bach, Friedrich Wilhelm, D. Bormann, and T. Plorin. "Developments for the Production of Local Foamed Hollow Sections." In Creation of High-Strength Structures and Joints by Setting up Local Material Properties. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-455-3.37.

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McCann, F., C. Fang, L. Gardner, and N. Silvestre. "Postbuckling strength of slender elliptical hollow sections in compression." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-116.

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van Wingerde, A. M., J. A. Packer, and J. Wardenier. "Stress concentration factors for K-connections between square hollow sections." In Tubular Structures VII. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735008-48.

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van Wingerde, A. M., J. A. Packer, and J. Wardenier. "Stress concentration factors for K-connections between square hollow sections." In Tubular Structures VII. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203735008-48.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Womack, Wesley J., and Christian M. Puttlitz. "Diametral Compression of Hollow Non-Circular Bone Sections." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176445.

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Many research endeavors involve strength testing of long bones from human or animal sources. Whole-bone four-point bending is appropriate for many applications, but recently diametral compression of short sections has been used to quantify local mechanical parameters [1, 2]. ASME standard WK88 covers strength testing of circular rings for brittle materials [3]. Testing of biologically-derived samples, however, entails a number of added complications, such as the non-circularity of bone sections, ambiguity of load orientation, thickness variation in a section, and size and shape variation betwe
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Zhou, Feng, and Ben Young. "Web Crippling Tests of Aluminum Rectangular Hollow Sections." In 7th International Conference on Tall Buildings. Research Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/9789628014194_0031.

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Meng, Xin, and Leroy Gardner. "Improved Structural Design Rules for Circular Hollow Sections." In Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Tubular Structures(ISTS17). Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-0745-0_074-cd.

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F., Zhou, and Young B. "Web Crippling of Aluminium Alloy Square Hollow Sections." In 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures. Research Publishing Services, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-6218-3_ss-we041.

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Ghosh, Indrajit. "Dual-Purpose Hollow Structural Sections for Building Slab Construction." In Architectural Engineering Conference (AEI) 2006. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40798(190)27.

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Kleissl, Kenneth C., and J. L. Domingues Costa. "General Design of Hollow RC Sections under Combined Actions." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0591.

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<p>Hollow reinforced concrete sections are consistently considered the preferred solution for medium to large sized bridge projects due to its structural efficiency and the large material savings associated with it.</p><p>To fully harvest the structural capacity of hollow sections exposed to combined actions it is necessary to leave behind the simplicity of treating the verification of structural adequacy for normal stresses (beam theory) separately from that of shear stresses (diagonal truss model) and instead fully exploit the advantages of choosing more efficient stress di
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Lam, Dennis, and Nicola Testo. "Structural Design of Concrete Filled Steel Elliptical Hollow Sections." In International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete 2008. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41142(396)21.

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Kobir, Md Humaun, Xin Liu, Yiran Yang, and Fang Jiang. "Additive Manufacturing of Novel Beam Lattice Metamaterials With Hollow Cross-Sections Towards High Stiffness/Strength-to-Weight Ratio." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85627.

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Abstract Metamaterials have emerged as a group of promising materials with potential applications in a wide range of industries such as aerospace and automobile, owing to their unconventional properties. The state-of-the-art suggests that lattice metamaterials offer lightweight structures while ensuring good mechanical properties, and hollow lattices can be leveraged to achieve ultra-lightweight metamaterials to further broaden the application horizons. In this research, hollow cross-sections are designed for lattice-based metamaterials in order to achieve a high stiffness/strength-to-weight r
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Hosking, Nathan S., and Zahra Sotoudeh. "Converting Helicopter Rotor Blades From D-Spar to C-Spar: Allowing for Aeromorphing Structures." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36966.

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Modern helicopter blades are designed as thin-walled hollow structures in form of either C-spar or D-spar cross-sections. With the advent of new materials hollow designs have been implemented to reduce the overall weight of the structure. A D-spar is a rotor blade cross-section that is hollow in nature with a single vertical spar used to carry a large portion of the stresses otherwise carried by the skin [1]. The vertical spar is normally located between the leading edge and half of the chord length. The remaining volume aft of the vertical spar can either be hollow or filled with a honeycomb
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Porsch, Markus, and Gerhard Hanswille. "Load Introduction in Composite Columns with Concrete Filled Hollow Sections." In Fifth International Conference on Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40826(186)38.

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Reports on the topic "Hollow sections"

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Yang, Ziye, Hongzhou Deng, Chao Li, and Xing Ma. STRENGTH OF MULTIPLANAR LONGITUDINAL PLATE-TO-CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION (CHS) CONNECTIONS REINFORCED BY EXTERNAL RING STIFFENERS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.104.

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COMPRESSION BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE-FILLED COLD-FORMED HIGH STRENGTH STEEL CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.011.

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LOCAL BUCKLING BEHAVIORS OF COLD-FORMED CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS HIGH STRENGTH STEEL STUB COLUMNS BASED ON A HIGH-FIDELITY NUMERICAL MODEL (ICASS’2022). The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.337.

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This paper establishes a high-fidelity numerical model to systematically investigate the local buckling behaviors of cold-formed circular hollow section (CHS) high-strength steel stub columns. Material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity are carefully accounted for in the FE model. Based on the Menegotto-Point model, the material constitutive of cold-formed CHS is calibrated considering the characteristics of the curvature of the stress-strain curve. The mesh is uniformly patterned according to the cross-section of the CHSs steel under compression. Subsequently, parametric studies are carr
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TESTING OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED STAINLESS STEEL MATERIAL AND CROSS-SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.175.

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Powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing has the potential for significant impact on the construction industry due to its ability to produce complex and free-form components with high-precision. However, the size of components is limited by the build envelope of PBF machines. Laser welding offers a means of joining small individual PBF parts together to create larger-scale parts. This paper investigates the microstructure and material properties of stainless steel coupons with and without laser-welded joints, in conjunction with the structural performance of stainless steel circular holl
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PREDICTION OF ULTRALOW CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE OF THIN-WALLED STEEL BRIDGE PIERS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.9.

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Ultralow cycle fatigue (ULCF) failure was first observed on steel bridge piers in the Kobe earthquake, and the ultimate strength and ductility evaluation formulas of thin-walled steel bridge piers were established. In this study, parametric analysis of steel piers was carried out to study the influence of the structural parameters on the ULCF damage evolution. The evolution of the ULCF damage of the base metal, the deposited metal, and the heat-affected zones was studied based on two types of steel piers with hollow box and pipe sections. Then, practical formulas to predict the ULCF damage lev
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INVESTIGATION OF CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF FULL-SCALE TREE-LIKE HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION COLUMNS WITH INFILLED CONCRETE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.287.

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The cyclic behavior of tree-like hollow structural section (HSS) columns with infilled concrete was experimentally and numerically investigated. A full-scale column, with the height of 3.2 m and the treetop plan dimension of 4 m×3 m, was designed and manufactured according to a practical engineering prototype. The column with a capacity protected reinforced concrete foundation was tested under combined constant axial compression and cyclic lateral loading through a specifically designed setup. The cracking and spalling of the reinforced concrete foundation were observed initially, followed by
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OVERHANG EFFECT ON WEB CRIPPLING CAPACITY OF COLDFORMED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL SHS MEMBERS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.343.

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This paper studies the overhang effects on ultimate bearing capacities of cold-formed austenitic stainless steel square hollow section (SHS) members undergoing web crippling between EndTwo-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. A total of 16 web crippling tests were conducted with specimens covering various overhang lengths. Tensile coupon tests were performed to obtain the material properties of the test specimens. The web crippling capacities obtained from the tests were compared with the nominal capacities predicted by the SEI/ASCE 8-22 Specification for the design o
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