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Journal articles on the topic 'Hollow sections'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Gardner, L., and T. M. Chan. "Cross-section classification of elliptical hollow sections." Steel and Composite Structures 7, no. 3 (2007): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2007.7.3.185.

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2

Hamedon, Zamzuri, Ken Ichiro Mori, and Yohei Abe. "Fatigue Strength of High Strength Steel Sheets Joined by Hemming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.282.

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It is strongly desirable for the vehicle to improve passenger safety and at the same time to reduce the weight of the vehicles. A hollow section for the body structure of automobiles is studied. A high strength steel sheet is used to make the hollow sections in this studied, which are typically joined by resistance spot welding have insufficient energy absorption because the joins are not continuous. Thus, to overcome this problem, the hollow section is joined using the hemming process. The high strength steel hollow sections joined by hemming and resistance spot welding were then examined by

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3

Hong, Hyemin, Sungwon Kim, and Taek Hee Han. "Section Design of 3MW Wind Turbine Tower Applied by GFRP DSCT Structure." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 5 (2020): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.175.

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In this study, cross-sections of GFRP DSCT (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Double-Skinned Composite Tubular) column applicable to a 3 MW wind power tower were designed and performance evaluations of the designed sections were conducted. Forty sections, which satisfied the required axial load and bending moment, were designed according to the corresponding hollow ratio using the AutoDSCT program. Each section was analyzed using the CoWiTA program with consideration of the nonlinearity of the material, concrete confinement effect, and large displacement effect. Consequently, for a section with a

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4

Ritchie, Cameron B., Matthew I. Gow, Jeffrey A. Packer, and Amin Heidarpour. "Influence of elevated strain rate on the mechanical properties of hollow structural sections." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 3 (2017): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617721530.

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As protective design engineering becomes more prevalent, cold-formed steel hollow structural sections are often desired design components. As such, it is necessary to understand the behavior of hollow structural sections subject to air-blast loading, including the material response under elevated strain rates. Dynamic tensile tests have hence been performed on subsize tensile coupons taken from the flats and corners of cold-formed rectangular hollow section members. Dynamic yield stresses were obtained at strain rates from 0.1 to 18 s−1, which encompasses and exceeds the range recorded during

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5

Tu'ma, Nasser Hakeem, and Mustafa Raad Aziz. "Flexural Performance of Composite Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-Encased Steel Hollow Beams." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (2019): 1289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091332.

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Composite members have been widely used in the construction of medium- and high-rise buildings. The results of the development of a new structural member by experimental investigation of the flexural behavior of hollow composite beams are presented in this paper. This research aims to exploit the properties of composite sections and their strength in developing a new approach for overcoming the problems of service pipes in buildings. A hollow steel section encased fully in concrete is used to form a composite hollow beam. The structural benefit provided by the steel section (composite part) is

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6

Broniewicz, Miroslaw, and Filip Broniewicz. "Welds Assessment in K-Type Joints of Hollow Section Trusses with I or H Section Chords." Buildings 10, no. 3 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030043.

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The use of hollow section structures has received considerable attention in recent years. Since the first publication of CIDECT (International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Structures), additional research results became available, especially concerning the design of welds between members of trusses joints. To assess the capacity of welded joints of trusses between braces made of hollow sections and I-beam chords, the effective lengths of the welds should be estimated and their location around the braces and the forces acting on individual weld’s sections. The objective of

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7

Zhou, Feng, and Ben Young. "Compressive strengths of concrete-filled double-skin (circular hollow section outer and square hollow section inner) aluminium tubular sections." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (2019): 2418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219842381.

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Experimental and numerical investigations of concrete-filled double-skin aluminium stub column with a circular hollow section as the outer skin and a square hollow section as the inner skin are presented in this article. A test program was carried out to study the influences of aluminium tube geometric dimensions and concrete strength on structural performance and strength of composite columns. A series of composite columns was tested on outer circular hollow section tubes and inner square hollow section tubes; the spaces between them had been filled with concrete of different nominal cylinder

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8

Ummenhofer, Thomas. "Structural hollow sections - recent developments." Steel Construction 7, no. 2 (2014): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201490015.

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9

Queiroz Junior, F. O., and B. Horowitz. "Shear strength of hollow circular sections." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 2 (2016): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000200004.

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ABSTRACT The number of buildings higher than 30 floors has shown remarkable growth; many of them are supported on foundations of hollow circular piles. This increasing of height of constructions causes an increment of the shear stresses that are transmitted to their foundations, however these elements are more shear critical due to the hollow core. Most of the existing codes are based on shear models for rectangular sections, and guidelines for assessment of shear strength of members with hollow circular cross sections are practically non-existent. This study evaluates, on a comparative basis,

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10

WU, C., X. L. ZHAO, W. H. DUAN, and P. PHIPAT. "IMPROVED END BEARING CAPACITIES OF SHARP-CORNER ALUMINUM TUBULAR SECTIONS WITH CFRP STRENGTHENING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 12, no. 01 (2012): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455412004616.

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Web crippling is the major failure mode of thin-walled members when they are subjected to concentrated loading. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is found to be promising for strengthening metallic structural members. This paper reports improved web-crippling capacity of sharp-corner aluminum tubular sections: rectangular hollow section (RHS) and square hollow section (SHS), by attaching CFRP to their webs. Twenty four specimens were tested with four CFRP strengthening configurations applied on each of six different aluminum RHS and SHS sections. Significant increase in load-carrying capa

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11

Kwon, In Kyu, Heung Youl Kim, and Hyung Jun Kim. "Experimental Study on Limiting Temperatures of Circular Hollow Sections." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1206.

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Fire resistance is required to sustain the structural stability when building elements are exposed to a severe fire condition. To evaluate the fire resistance of structural members such as columns and beams, fire engineers can apply either prescriptive methods or performance-based fire design. These two kinds of fire resistance evaluation methods have been developed independently and performance fire design consists mainly of an advanced and simple methods. The simple method stipulated in New Zealand and the U.K. use the limiting temperature. The values of the limiting temperatures of structur

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12

Chen, T., and Y. J. Kung. "A Closed Contour With No Warping: A Common Feature in all Confocally Elliptical Hollow Sections." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 6 (2002): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1504095.

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We show that for a confocally elliptical hollow section under Saint-Venant’s torsion, there always exists a confocally elliptical closed contour inside the section that exhibits no warping. This property is generally true without any regard to the thickness or the aspect ratio of the hollow section, as long as the inner and the outer ellipses are confocal. This property allows us to apply Packham and Shail’s (Packham, B. A, and Shail, R., 1978, “St. Venant Torsion of Composite Cylinders,” J. Elast., 8, pp. 393–407) superposition method for the torsion solutions of a two-phase elliptical hollow

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13

Abedin, Mohammad, Nafiseh Kiani, Esmail Shahrokhinasab, and Sohrab Mokhtari. "Net Section Fracture Assessment of Welded Rectangular Hollow Structural Sections." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 7 (2020): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091544.

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Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) because of their high resistance to tension, as well as compression, are commonly used as a bracing member with slotted gusset plate connections in steel structures. Since in this type of connection only part of the section contributes in transferring the tensile load to the gusset plate, shear lag failure may occur in the connection. The AISC specification decreases the effective section net area by a factor to consider the effect of shear lag for a limited connection configuration. This study investigates the effective parameters on the shear lag phenomenon

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14

Han, Cong, Shi Jian Yuan, and L. N. Sun. "Reduction of Friction and Calibration Pressure by Section Preform during Hydroforming of Tubular Automotive Structural Components." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.143.

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In the past decade, hydroformed structural components have been widely used in industrial areas in North American and Europe and there is a large potential market in Asia with the development of automotive industry. An extraordinary feature of tube hydroforming is that a hollow component with a three dimension axis and variable closed-sections can be integrally formed, so that the number of component parts is minimized, weight is reduced and stiffness of the part is increased. The section shapes in many automotive hollow components are complex and it is usually difficult or impossible to hydro

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15

Mayor, Iara Souto, Gabriel Vieira Nunes, Arlene M. S. Freitas, João A. V. Requena, and Afonso H. Araújo. "Theoretical and experimental analysis of RHS/CHS K gap joints." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 3 (2013): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000300005.

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This work presents a study of welded K joints with gap, formed by a structural steel hot rolled hollow section, having rectangular hollow sections at the chords and circular hollow sections in the others members. The study developed theoretical and numerical analyses for the joints, experimental tests in full scale prototypes. Theoretical analyses were performed using code standards for K joints. The results in terms of behavior, ultimate load and collapse mode were analyzed and compared with numerical (finite elements) and theoretical models. The theoretical analysis was carried out from the

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16

Murad, Nurul ‘Adilah Anati, Norashidah Abd Rahman, Ahmad Hazim Ahmad Firdaus, and Siti Amirah Azra Khairuddin. "Strength of Modified Foam Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Using Fly Ash as Sand Replacement." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1200, no. 1 (2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1200/1/012016.

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Abstract Hollow sections for columns, beams and trusses have been used in the steel construction industry for a decade. Concrete-filled hollow section (CFHS) has been widely used due to its aesthetic efficiency and to improve the load-carrying capacity. However, the use of normal concrete as infilled in steel hollow section has increased the dead load of structures. A modified foam concrete filled hollow section using fly ash as sand replacement (FCFHS-FA) is proposed to reduce the structure’s dead weight. This study aims to determine the strength performance of FCFHS-FA structure by using two

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17

Kong, Sih Ying, Leong Sing Wong, Suvash Chandra Paul, and Md Jihad Miah. "Shear Response of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Built-Up Hollow and Lightweight Concrete Filled Beams: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102270.

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This paper investigated the static behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) built-up hollow and concrete filled built-up beams tested under four-point bending with a span-to-depth ratio of 1.67, therefore focusing their shear performance. Two parameters considered for hollow sections were longitudinal web stiffener and strengthening at the web–flange junction. The experimental results indicated that the GFRP hollow beams failed by web crushing at supports; therefore, the longitudinal web stiffener has an insignificant effect on improving the maximum load. Strengthening web–flange jun

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18

Lu, Yue Qing, and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "The flexural behaviour of concrete-filled hollow structural sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 1 (1994): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-011.

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In Standard CAN/CSA S16.1-M89, the contribution of the concrete to the flexural capacity of concrete-filled hollow structural sections is acknowledged as an alternative approach, but no method of assessing it is given. Preliminary studies had indicated that the concrete increased the ultimate moment capacity, the initial flexural stiffness, and the ductility, and delayed local buckling of the steel, thus enhancing the behaviour considerably. A series of four flexural tests on rectangular and square cold-formed hollow structural steel sections and twelve on concrete-filled sections were underta

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19

Gardner, L., T. M. Chan, and M. A. Wadee. "Shear response of elliptical hollow sections." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 161, no. 6 (2008): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2008.161.6.301.

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20

Dawe, John L., Adel A. Elgabty, and Gilbert Y. Grondin. "Local Buckling of Hollow Structural Sections." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 5 (1985): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:5(1101).

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21

Ridley-Ellis, D. J., J. S. Owen, and G. Davies. "Torsional behaviour of rectangular hollow sections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59, no. 5 (2003): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(02)00060-3.

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22

Packer, Jeffrey A. "Moment connections between rectangular hollow sections." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 25, no. 1-2 (1993): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(93)90052-t.

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23

Tousignant, Kyle, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Fillet welds around circular hollow sections." Welding in the World 63, no. 2 (2018): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00679-9.

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24

Liu, Dajin. "Torsional Stiffness of Multicell Hollow Sections." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 6, no. 2 (2001): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2001)6:2(70).

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25

Ahmed, Shameem, Mahmud Ashraf, and Mohammad Anwar-Us-Saadat. "Buckling Behaviour of Stainless Steel Square Hollow Sections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.301.

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Structural stainless steel design guidelines should appropriately recognise its characteristic beneficial properties such as material nonlinearity and significant strain hardening. The Continuous Strength Method (CSM) exploits those through a strain based approach for both stocky and slender cross-sections. In this paper, a new design method is proposed that combines the CSM with Perry type buckling curves. Numerical models were developed to investigate effects of various parameters on column strength and to develop full column curves. It was observed that material nonlinearity significantly i

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26

KALA, Zdeněk, Jan VALEŠ, and Jeppe JÖNSSON. "RANDOM FIELDS OF INITIAL OUT OF STRAIGHTNESS LEADING TO COLUMN BUCKLING." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23, no. 7 (2017): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1341957.

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The elastic load-carrying capacity and buckling trajectory of steel columns under compression with open and hollow cross-sections, whose axis is curved by spatial random fields, are studied in the article. As a result of the spatial curvature of the axis the cross-sections are subjected to compression, bending and torsion from the onset of loading. Numerical simulations are performed using the geometrically non-linear model created using the ANSYS software package. Each simulation run has input random realizations of yield strength and the random field generated using the Latin Hypercube Samp

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27

Bambach, M. R., H. Jama, X. L. Zhao, and R. H. Grzebieta. "Hollow and concrete filled steel hollow sections under transverse impact loads." Engineering Structures 30, no. 10 (2008): 2859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.04.003.

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28

Siswanto, Waluyo Adi, Badrul Omar, and Shamsir Shukri. "Numerical Investigation of Hollow Metal Cross Section Profiles on Impact." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3241.

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A front bumper of a car is attached to the main vehicle structure by using hollow metals. This paper investigates various cross section profiles that can be used as bumper attachments. Several cross section profiles with the same circumscribe are firstly selected, i.e. round, square, triangular and hexagonal shape cross sections. Each model is then numerically impacted in an axial mode as if it is crashed into a rigid wall with an impacting velocity of 10 m/s or equivalent to 36 m/s. A dynamic-explicit open source software Impact is employed to do the simulation. The displacement results are m

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29

Packer, J. A., and J. Wardenier. "Stress concentration factors for non-90° X-connections made of square hollow sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (1998): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-085.

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A number of fatigue experiments and stress concentration factor measurements on non-90°, square hollow section X-connections have been carried out. Comparison of the measured stress concentration factors with those derived from existing parametric formulae for 90° T- and X-connections showed a strong influence of the brace angle. A tentative extension of the range of validity of the parametric formulae for 90° T- and X-connections for other brace angles has been derived.Key words: steel structures, connections, fatigue, hollow structural sections, hot spot stress, stress concentration factors.

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30

Chen, Man-Tai, and Ben Young. "Cross-sectional behavior of cold-formed steel semi-oval hollow sections." Engineering Structures 177 (December 2018): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.057.

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31

Key, Peter W., Syed Waqar Hasan, and Gregory J. Hancock. "Column Behavior of Cold‐Formed Hollow Sections." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 2 (1988): 390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:2(390).

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32

Nowzartash, Farhood, and Magdi Mohareb. "Plastic interaction relations for elliptical hollow sections." Thin-Walled Structures 47, no. 6-7 (2009): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.11.010.

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33

Picard, A., and D. Beaulieu. "Resistance of concrete-filled hollow structural sections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 5 (1997): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-027.

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34

Puthli, Ram, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Structural design using cold-formed hollow sections." Steel Construction 6, no. 2 (2013): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201310013.

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35

Samimi, Razieh, and Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi. "Buckling Behavior of Through-Plates under Gravity Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2183.

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Due to the development in the construction and building industry in recent years, numerous methods for safer, easier and more economical design of structures have been studied.Because of the high bi-axial bending capacity and high compressive strength of hollow structural sections, these sections are considered as a popular alternative by designers. Supporting the panel zone demands in the columns and occurring the moment hinge at the ends of beam are too available in column with hollow section. One of the major problems in the way of using these sections is lack of appropriate load path to co

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36

Korol, R. M. "Shear lag in slotted HSS tension members." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 6 (1996): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-943.

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A research program was undertaken to study the shear-lag phenomenon for slotted hollow structural section (HSS) tension members having gusset plates welded at the ends, a commonly employed detail in braced frame construction. The purpose of this study was to establish whether the shear-lag reduction factor indeed involves only the weld length to weld distance ratio, or if other parameters also influence connection strength and behaviour. Key words: shear lag, slotted members, reduction factor, design, experiments, hollow structural sections.

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37

Dawe, J. L., and S. J. Guravich. "Branch plate to reinforced HSS connections in tension and compression." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 4 (1993): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-080.

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The tension and compression zones of moment plate connections were studied separately by testing branch plate and hollow structural section connections under each type of loading. Square hollow section flanges were reinforced by doubler plates fillet-welded all around. The results from 13 specimens tested in tension indicate that branch plate to reinforcing plate width ratio is an important parameter in joint behaviour. The dominant failure mode was punching shear of the reinforcing plate. The importance of reinforcing plate and HSS wall thicknesses was apparent from the results of 13 specimen

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38

Liaghat, F., MR Hematiyan, and A. Khosravifard. "Material tailoring in functionally graded rods under torsion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 18 (2014): 3283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214529557.

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Material tailoring in functionally graded isotropic hollow rods of arbitrary cross section under torsion is studied. The purposes of material tailoring pursued in this paper are divided into two categories. In the first category, we find the variation of the volume fractions of constituents of a functionally graded member under torsion to obtain an appropriate distribution of shear stress over the cross section. In the second category, the torsional rigidity of a rod with a pre-defined mass is maximized by appropriate determination of the variation of constituents of the functionally graded ma

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39

Pavlovic, Marko, and Milan Veljkovic. "Compact cross-sections of mild and high-strength steel hollow-section beams." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 170, no. 11 (2017): 825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.16.00124.

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40

Haque, Tarana, and Jeffrey A. Packer. "Elliptical hollow section T and X connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 8 (2012): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-081.

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Elliptical hollow sections (EHS) are the newest steel shape to have emerged in the construction industry. They have been incorporated in a variety of structures around the world, including Canada, without structural design guidelines. To date, EHS are completely absent from Canadian codes and guides. A possible application of EHS is within truss-systems and, as such, a research project has been undertaken to investigate the behaviour of EHS-to-EHS welded connections. Twelve T and X connection tests have been performed to study the effect of connection angle, orientation type, and loading sense

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41

Muhammad, Naseem Baig, Jian Sheng Fan, and Jian Guo Nie. "Effects of Hollowness on Strength of Double Skinned Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns of Different Geometries under Axial Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1746–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1746.

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Concrete filled tubular columns (CFT) have been used in buildings and bridges since long in history, and research reported in china is since 1970s. It has become popular as structural members due to their excellent structural performance characteristics, which include high strength, stiffness and high ductility. In modern building construction, steel rectangular hollow sections (RHS), square hollow sections (SHS) and circular hollow sections (CHS) are often filled with concrete to form a composite column. Such composite columns are well recognized in view of their high load carrying capacity,

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42

Bejan, M. "Hollow Structure." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-011.

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Some present requirements of the mechanical structures are high strength and lightweight. A solution is to adopt the hollow structure design. In mechanical engineering industry are commonly using hollow structural sections, surface – type and even three dimensional hollow parts. The final shape is usually the result of structural optimization in which smallest material quantity fulfil the strength requirements. In this paper the study considers a different distribution of the same mass, more exactly starting with a single whole and “splitting” its surface in smaller and smaller holes each iter

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43

Soundararajan, Arivalagan, and Kandasamy Shanmugasundaram. "FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE‐FILLED STEEL HOLLOW SECTIONS BEAMS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (2008): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.5.

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This paper presents an experimental study of normal mix, fly ash, quarry waste and low strength concrete (brick‐bat lime concrete) contribution to the ultimate moment capacity of square steel hollow sections. Fifteen simply supported beam specimens of 1200‐mm long steel hollow sections filled with normal mix, fly ash, quarry waste and low‐strength concrete and identical dimensions of hollow sections were experimented. Extensive measurements of such material properties, strain and deflection were carried out. Theoretical studies of ultimate moment capacity of a beam specimen were also calculate

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44

Kuchta, Krzysztof, and Izabela Tylek. "Rational application of hot finished rectangular hollow sections in steel structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816307005.

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Steel hollow sections are manufactured as both welded and seamless elements. The influence of manufacturing technology causes tubes made from the same carbon-manganese steel to differ significantly in terms of their mechanical properties. The cold-formed welded tubes are produced from a steel strip that is roll formed and welded; both technological processes take place at room temperature. This profile type is characterised by less favourable mechanical properties and by much higher inhomogeneity within the cross-section than the seamless tube. However, due to the lower cost of manufacturing,

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45

Meng, Xin, and Leroy Gardner. "Cross-sectional behaviour of cold-formed high strength steel circular hollow sections." Thin-Walled Structures 156 (November 2020): 106822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106822.

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46

Paulsen, Frode, and Torgeir Welo. "Cross-sectional deformations of rectangular hollow sections in bending: Part I — experiments." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43, no. 1 (2001): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(99)00106-x.

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Shaker, Fattouh M. F., Kyrolos Zarzor, Sameh Gaawan, Ahmed Deifalla, and Mohamed Salem. "Evaluation of Axial Compression Slenderness Limits of High and Ultra-High-Strength Steel Circular Hollow Sections." Buildings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081093.

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Despite significant advances in metallurgy and the potential to create high and ultra-high-strength steel, all international specifications for steel design provide little information about the limits of slenderness for high-strength steel sections (HSSs) and don’t provide anything about the design of ultra-high-strength steel sections (UHSSs). The current international steel codes such as AISC 360-16 and EC3 can be applied only to steel grades up to S690 and S460, respectively, according to their limitations. These approaches for normal-strength steel are used for HSSs and UHSSs without exten

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Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, and Ali Karrech. "Interaction Diagram of Rubberised Concrete Filled Circular Hollow Sections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 8, no. 1 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2019.8.1.1.

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Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) is increasingly used in engineering construction as columns and beams. CFST is known to absorb large amounts of energy as a result of the composite effect. Internationally, there are increasing amounts of waste rubber. In this study recycled rubber is used as aggregate supplement in concrete. Rubberised concrete is known to be more ductile than conventional concrete however has a lower compressive strength. This study investigated the performance of thirty rubberised concrete-filled single-skin steel tubes under combined loading conditions and compared the res

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Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, and Ali Karrech. "Interaction Diagram of Rubberised Concrete Filled Square Hollow Sections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 8, no. 2 (2019): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2019.8.2.55.

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Rubberised concrete utilises waste material, prevents resource extraction and improves concrete ductility, however at the cost of reduced strength and stiffness. The performance of thirty rubberised concrete-filled single-skin steel tubes under combined loading conditions were systematically investigated and comparisons against six steel hollow tubular columns and beams were made. The experimental program consisted of three rubber replacement ratios, 0%, 15% and 30%, three load eccentricities and four tube sections with section slenderness (b/t, width/thickness) of 18 to 50. The results showed

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Lie, T. T., and D. C. Stringer. "Calculation of the fire resistance of steel hollow structural section columns filled with plain concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 3 (1994): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-041.

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Experimental studies were conducted to determine the fire resistance of circular and square hollow structural section columns filled with plain concrete. Mathematical models were developed and used to investigate the influence of important parameters that determine the fire resistance of these columns. The experimental and parametric studies provide information for the development of formulas for the calculation of the fire resistance of circular and square concentrically loaded columns filled with plain carbonate or siliceous aggregate concrete. Such formulas are suitable for incorporation in

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