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Journal articles on the topic 'Holocaust, 1939-1945 in literature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

McKie, Andrew. "‘The Demolition of a Man’: Lessons From holocaust literature for the teaching of nursing ethics." Nursing Ethics 11, no. 2 (March 2004): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733004ne679oa.

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The events of the Holocaust of European Jews (and others) by the Nazi state between 1939 and 1945 deserve to be remembered and studied by the nursing profession. By approaching literary texts written by Holocaust ‘survivors’ from an interpersonal dimension, a reading of such works can develop an ‘ethic of responsibility’. By focusing on such themes as rationality, duty, witness and the virtues, potential lessons for nurses working with people in a variety of settings can be drawn. Implications for the teaching of nursing ethics are made in the areas of the virtues, relationships, professional ethics and the moral community of nursing.

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2

Wichert, Wojciech. "„Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 2 (August 16, 2018): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4.

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The aim of the article is the analysis of German policy in Reichsgau Wartheland, an area of western Poland annexed to Germany in the years 1939–1945. In scientific literature German rule in Warthegau with its capital in Poznań is often defined as ,,experimental training area of National Socialism”, where the regime could test its genocidal and racial practices, which were an emanation of the German occupation of Poland. The Nazi authorities wanted to accomplish its ideological goals in Wartheland in a variety of cruel ways, including the ethnic cleansing, annihilation of Polish intelligentsia, destruction of cultural institutions, forced resettlement and expulsion, segregation Germans from Poles combined with wide-ranging racial discrimination against the Polish population, mass incarceration in prisons and concentration camps, systematic roundups of prisoners, as well as genocide of Poles and Jews within the scope of radical Germanization policy and Holocaust. The aim of Arthur Greiser, the territorial leader of the Wartheland Gauleiter and at the same time one of the most powerful local Nazi administrators in Hitler‘s empire, was to change the demographic structure and colonisation of the area by the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans Volksdeutschen from the Baltic and other regions in order to make it a ,,blond province” and a racial laboratory for the breeding of the ,,German master race”. The largest forced labour program, the first and longest standing ghetto in Łódź, which the Nazis renamed later Litzmannstadt and the first experimental mass gassings of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe carried out from autumn 1941 in gas vans in Chełmno extermination camp were all initiated in Warthegau, even before the implementation of the Final Solution. Furthermore, some of the first major deportations of the Jewish population took place here. Therefore in the genesis of the of the Nazi extermination policy of European Jewry Wartheland plays a pivotal role, as well as an important part of ruthless German occupation of Polish territories.

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3

Tumblety, Joan. "Post-Holocaust France and the Jews, 1945–1955." Journal of Jewish Studies 68, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3339/jjs-2017.

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4

Bellos, David. "Post-Holocaust France and the Jews, 1945–1955." French Studies 70, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knw044.

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5

Colborn, Emily. "Japanese Americans at Dachau: Intercultural Exchange in the US Tour of The Gate of Heaven." Theatre Research International 27, no. 2 (June 18, 2002): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883302000275.

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The Gate of Heaven, which toured the United States for two years marking the 50th anniversary of the Dachau concentration camp liberation and commemorating the heroism of Japanese-American soldiers in World War II, imagines the friendship between a Japanese-American veteran and the Holocaust survivor he saves at the gates of Dachau in 1945. While the playwright-performers set out simply to celebrate their family histories – Lane Nishikawa is a third-generation Japanese American and Victor Talmadge lost many relatives in the Holocaust – the commemorative politics they encountered at each stop on the tour transformed the meaning of their play. A reconstruction of the social framework the play encountered at four venues, including the US Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Old Globe Theatre in southern California, demonstrates the malleable nature of race relations in America and the instability of Holocaust representation.

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6

Cohen, G. Daniel. "Ruth Gay. Safe Among The Germans: Liberated Jews After World War Two. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 330 pp.; Zeev Mankowitz. Life Between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 348 pp." AJS Review 28, no. 2 (November 2004): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009404320210.

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In the last decade or so, new research on Jewish displaced persons in occupied Germany has pushed the traditional boundaries of “Holocaust studies” (1933–1945) toward the postwar period. Indeed, the displaced persons or “DP” experience—the temporary settlement in Germany of the Sheءerith Hapleitah (“Surviving Remnant”) from the liberation of concentration camps in the spring of 1945 to the late 1940s—provides important insights into post-Holocaust Jewish life. The impact of trauma and loss, the final divorce between Jews and East-Central Europe through migration to Israel and the New World, the rise of Zionist consciousness, the shaping of a Jewish national collective in transit, the regeneration of Jewish demography and culture in the DP camps, and the relationships between Jews and Germans in occupied Germany are some of the many themes explored by recent DP historiography—by now a subfield of postwar Jewish history.

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7

KOLJANIN, MILAN. "ESCAPE FROM THE HOLOCAUST. YUGOSLAV JEWS IN SWITZERLAND (1941-1945)." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 26 (January 6, 2016): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2015.26.167-177.

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The destruction of the Yugoslav state in April 1941 implied it joining the ‘new European order’ under the domination of the National Socialist Germany in which the Jewish people were exposed to total annihilation. The greatest number of Yugoslav Jews saved their lives by escaping to the areas under the Italian rule. After Italy capitulated in September 1943, a larger number of refugees found refuge in neutral Switzerland. Jewish refugees, like other Yugoslav refugees, enjoyed the help of the Yugoslav government in exile through its diplomatic missions. The conflict of two resistance movements in the country caused a division among the Jewish refugees in Switzerland. Ideological, political and social differences among the refugees were also reflected in the issue of returning to the country after the war. The paper was written on the basis of archival research and relevant historiographical literature.

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8

Raphael, Marc Lee. "Yehudah Bauer. American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980. 522 pp." AJS Review 10, no. 2 (1985): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400001410.

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9

Pietrzykowski, Szymon. "Złudne nieuwikłanie. III Rzesza w interpretacji antyfaszystowskiej — casus NRD." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, no. 3 (July 11, 2017): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.3.5.

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ILLUSORY NON-ENTANGLEMENT: THIRD REICH IN ANTIFASCIST NARRATIVE THE CASE OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAntifascism, a historiographical doctrine formulated in the 30s of the twentieth century by G. Dimitrov, as aresult of the Soviet victory over the Third Reich acquired the status of official narrative in countries of the Communist Bloc. It played aparticular role in GDR as a primary source of state’s legitimization, especially in the early postwar years. Relating on selected historical sources and extensive literature on this subject to mention, among others, D. Diner, J. Herf, S. Kattago, A. Wolff-Powęska, K. Wóycicki, J. McLellan, M. Fulbrook Iintend to capture the disingenuousness of East German antifascism. Making use of lies, illusion or denial, applying selectiveness on facts or specific way of their interpretation, the GDR authorities managed to integrate the society around apositive yet erroneous myth of victorious mass resistance of the German working class against fascism. What is more, such antifascism played adefensive supervisory function: „universalizing” the period of 1939–1945 as another stage of long-term rivalry between the proletariat and capitalists it discursively blurred the historical continuity between the GDR and the Third Reich, and sustained the illusion of lack of guilt for the Holocaust which actual i.e. Jewish specificity remained unrecognized.

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10

Ducey, Corinne. "The Representation of the Holocaust in the Soviet Press, 1941–1945." Slavonica 14, no. 2 (November 2008): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581408x340708.

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11

Kabalek, Kobi. "Commemorating Failure: Unsuccessful Rescue of Jews in German Film and Literature, 1945–1960*." German History 38, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz021.

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Abstract Scholars have so far interpreted postwar depictions of Germans saving Jews from Nazi persecution mainly as apologetic references that allowed Germans to avoid addressing problematic aspects of their history. Yet although such portrayals appear in many postwar German accounts, depictions of successful rescues of Jews are relatively rare in literary and filmic works produced between 1945 and the early 1960s. This article argues that in presenting failed rescue of Jews, several German authors aimed to contribute to the re-education and moral transformation of the German population. The article’s first part shows that narratives of failed rescue were considered particularly useful for arousing Germans’ empathy with the Nazis’ Jewish victims. The article’s second part examines those works that went further and tailored stories of unsuccessful rescue to criticize Germans for not doing more to resist the regime. Although these works presented Germans as victims, as was common in many contemporaneous depictions, it would be misleading to view them merely as apologetic accounts. Rather, the widespread reluctance to commemorate the persecution of Jews urged several authors to retain the common image of Germans as victims in order to avoid alienating their audience. At the same time, using narratives of failed rescue, these writers and filmmakers explored new ways to allow Germans to speak about the Holocaust and reflect on their conduct. Attempts to both arouse a moral debate and avoid directly speaking about Germans’ collective responsibility might seem irreconcilable from today’s perspective, but not for Germans of the 1940s and 1950s.

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12

Mielhorski, Robert. "The Topos of Childhood in Modern Poetry (1939–1989)." Tematy i Konteksty specjalny 1(2020) (2020): 364–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.spec.eng.2020.19.

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The paper problematises the literary image of childhood in poetry in relation to external historical and socio-political events. The material analysed covers Polish poetry from 1939 – 1989 (a clearly distinguished segment of the historical-literary process). The choice and ordering of the case studies results from the application of two research paradigms: (i) the paradigm concerned with autobiographical motifs, which refers to such topics of 20th century writings as exile (poetry of return by Łobodowski, Wierzyński etc.) immigration (nostalgic [pansentimentalism] and emotionally neutral motifs), Holocaust (motifs of fear, division between now and then, the role of imagination) and (ii) a generation-related paradigm, which allows us to follow the topos of childhood viewed from the perspective of history according to the order of generations entering Polish literature (from the 1920 Generation to the New Wave Groups) up to the succession of consecutive literary trends in the second half of the 20th century (e.g. soc-realism and soc-plans). Poetic texts concerning childhood in the light of history are viewed as records of “rites of passage” operating from the child’s phase of the pre-personalisation area – the child’s sense of being one with the world, experiencing the harmony of being – to the period of personalisation – when history leaves its mark on this period; characterised by the sense of one’s distinctiveness from reality, individual alienation, the need for rationalisation of one’s own existence and the existence of the surrounding reality. The role of history is to lead the child from the pre-personalistic period to the experience of personalisation.

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Ruta, Magdalena. "The Gulag of Poets: The Experience of Exile, Forced Labour Camps, and Wandering in the USSR in the Works of Polish-Yiddish Writers (1939–1949)." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.010.13878.

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The literary output of the Polish-Yiddish writers who survived WWII in the Soviet Union is mostly a literary mirror of the times of exile and wartime wandering. The two major themes that reverberate through these writings are: the refugees’ reflection on their stay in the USSR, and the Holocaust of Polish Jews. After the war, some of them described that period in their memoirs and autobiographical fiction, however, due to censorship, such accounts could only be published abroad, following the authors’ emigration from Poland. These writings significantly complement the texts produced during the war, offering plentiful details about life in Poland’s Eastern borderlands under Soviet rule as it was perceived by the refugees, or about the fate of specific persons in the subsequent wartime years. This literature, written in – and about – exile is not only an account of what was happening to Polish-Jewish refugees in the USSR, but also a testimony to their coping with an enormous psychological burden caused by the awareness (or the lack thereof) of the fate of Jews under Nazi German occupation. What emerges from all the literary texts published in post-war Poland, even despite the cuts and omissions caused by (self)-censorship, is an image of a postwar Jewish community affected by deep trauma, hurt and – so it seems – split into two groups: survivors in the East (vicarious witnesses), and survivors in Nazi-occupied Poland (direct victim witnesses). The article discusses on samples the necessity of extending and broadening of that image by adding to the reflection on Holocaust literature (which has been underway for many years) the reflection on the accounts of the experience of exile, Soviet forced labour camps, and wandering in the USSR contained in the entire corpus of literary works and memoirs written by Polish-Yiddish writers.

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14

Szabó, Alexandra M. "The Changing Memories of Jewish Budapest: Pre- and Post-Holocaust Representations of a City." Cultural History 10, no. 1 (April 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2021.0234.

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Budapest was the home to one of the largest Jewish communities in the central European region before the Holocaust, and the history of the city becoming a metropolis at the turn of the twentieth century cannot be told without its Jewish inhabitants. This paper examines the scholarly established notion of the Jewish Budapest by including its modern history, literature, and the city's cultural heritage of architecture. The intersection of the several aspects establishes a conceptual framework that shows how the Jewish Budapest is considered a lively home before the Shoah, and remembered after the Shoah in a new light. The perception of Jewish Budapest presents itself as visible and invisible, and my line of investigation regards both as long as they are conveyed in the writings of Ernő Szép, Tamás Kóbor, Ferenc Molnár, Imre Kertész, and Susan Robin Suleiman. The memory of Budapest might be a colorful image turned into gray, yet eventually the artistic utterances after 1945 present the mnemonic device of a dual image of Budapest, resulting in a more complex vision.

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15

Radchenko, Iryna Gennadiivna. "The Philanthropic Organizations' Assistance to Jews of Romania and "Transnistria" during the World War II." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261714.

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The article is devoted to assistance, rescue to the Jewish people in Romanian territory, including "Transnistria" in 1939–1945. Using the archival document from different institutions (USHMM, Franklyn D. Roosevelt Library) and newest literature, the author shows the scale of the assistance, its mechanism and kinds. It was determined some of existed charitable organizations and analyzed its mechanism of cooperation between each other. Before the war, the Romanian Jewish Community was the one of largest in Europe (after USSR and Poland) and felt all tragedy of Holocaust. Romania was the one of the Axis states; the anti-Semitic policy has become a feature of Marshal Antonescu policy. It consisted of deportations from some regions of Romania to newly-created region "Transnistria", mass exterminations, death due to some infectious disease, hunger, etc. At the same moment, Romania became an example of cooperation of the international organizations, foreign governments on providing aid. The scale of this assistance was significant: thanks to it, many of Romanian Jews (primarily, children) could survive the Holocaust: some of them were come back to Romanian regions, others decide to emigrate to Palestine. The emphasis is placed on the personalities, who played important (if not decisive) role: W. Filderman, S. Mayer, Ch. Colb, J. Schwarzenberg, R. Mac Clelland and many others. It was found that the main part of assistance to Romanian Jews was began to give from the end of 1943, when the West States, World Jewish community obtained numerous proofs of Nazi crimes against the Jews (and, particularly, Romanian Jews). It is worth noting that the assistance was provided, mostly, for Romanian Jews, deported from Regat; some local (Ukrainian) Jews also had the possibility to receive a lot of needful things. But before the winter 1942, most of Ukrainian Jews was exterminated in ghettos and concentration camps. The main kinds of the assistance were financial (donations, which was given by JDC through the ICRC and Romanian Jewish Community), food parcels, clothes, medicaments, and emigrations from "Transnistria" to Romania, Palestine (after 1943). Considering the status of Romania (as Nazi Germany's ally in World War II), the international financial transactions dealt with some difficulties, which delayed the relief, but it was changed after the Romania's joining to Allies. The further research on the topic raises new problem for scholars. Particularly, it deals with using of memoirs. There is one other important point is inclusion of national (Ukrainian) historiography on the topic, concerning the rescue of Romanian Jews, to European and world history context.

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16

Lederhendler, Eli. "Michael E. Staub. Torn at the Roots. The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. 386 pp." AJS Review 29, no. 1 (April 2005): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405450096.

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This is a uniquely informed and informative work on the vicissitudes of the radical Jewish left in America, post-1945, and the losing battle it has waged against more conservative impulses within American Jewry. It is also notably uninformative about the liberalism of American Jews that ostensibly forms the focal point of its discussion. It ably documents a variety of topics: the persistent intra-Jewish strife over political dissent, the overfree use by both sides of Holocaust rhetoric, the penchant for Jewish political discourse to indulge in citing so-called “prophetic” and “Talmudic” models to legitimize or delegitimize controversial contemporary positions, and the recent demise of an organized, active Jewish left wing. In contrast, the author displays little interest, if any, in survey data on Jewish opinion, and he is similarly unconcerned with comparing Jews and other ethnic or religious groups or otherwise contextualizing the phenomena he discusses in general American political terms. The result is a book that possesses many merits save one: it is not a well-rounded or convincing treatment of postwar American Jewish liberalism.

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17

Livneh, Anat. "“The Cry of the Desperate and the Fortitude of the Remaining will Suffice”: Commemorative Literature, Documentation and the Study of the Holocaust, 1945–1961." Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 177–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23256249.2010.10744401.

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18

Zuccotti, S. "L'Osservatore Romano and the Holocaust, 1939-1945." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17, no. 2 (September 1, 2003): 249–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcg001.

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19

Oziewicz, Marek. "Bloodlands Fiction: Cultural Trauma Politics and the Memory of Soviet Atrocities inBreaking Stalin's Nose,A Winter's Day in 1939andBetween Shades of Gray." International Research in Children's Literature 9, no. 2 (December 2016): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2016.0199.

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The field of trauma theory emerged in the 1990s out of the confluence of psychoanalysis, deconstruction and Holocaust studies. It soon consolidated into a trauma paradigm with hegemonic pretensions, which was ill-equipped to recognise traumatic experiences of non-Western and postcolonial groups or nations. It likewise tended to dismiss from trauma fiction any narratives that deviated from the aporetic model of normative trauma aesthetic. These limitations were exposed by the postcolonial turn in history and memory studies, which made it incumbent upon trauma theory to expand its focus to other literatures that bear witness to the so-far neglected, minoritarian trauma traditions. This essay introduces one such tradition, which is the recently emerged body of historical fiction about Soviet deportations, atrocities, genocide and other forms of persecution meant to subdue or eliminate entire ethnic or national groups in Eastern Europe between 1930 and the late 1950s. The genre of Bloodlands fiction, as I have called it elsewhere,1first exploded in national literatures of Eastern Europe in the mid-1990s, after fifty years of suppression of cultural memory under the Communist regimes. About a decade later works of Bloodlands fiction became available in English, often written by diaspora authors. Starting with a challenge to the conventional definition of trauma fiction, this essay argues for a wider model that accommodates genres including Bloodlands fiction. Readings of Breaking Stalin's Nose (2013) by Russian American Eugene Yelchin, A Winter's Day in 1939 (2013) by Polish New Zealander Melinda Szymanik and Between Shades of Gray (2011) by Lithuanian American Ruta Sepetys are used to illustrate some of the key features, textual strategies and cognitive effects of Bloodlands fiction as a genre of global trauma fiction.

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20

Brown, John L., Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, and J. Hervier. "Journal, 1939-1945." World Literature Today 67, no. 2 (1993): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149097.

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21

Torbus, Tomasz. "Krössinsee (zachodniopomorski Złocieniec-Budowo) i inne narodowosocjalistyczne „zamki zakonne”. Budowa – funkcja – kostium stylowy." Porta Aurea, no. 17 (November 27, 2018): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2018.17.05.

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In 1934, construction began on training centers for the upper echelons of future NS leadership: the Vogelsang in the Eifel, Krössinsee (Polish Złocieniec-Budowo) in western Pomerania, and Sonthofen in Allgäu. Through the enormous efforts of the German Labor Front (DAF) the training centres, called Ordensburgen (literally: ‘castles of the orders’), were completed in 1936. In the meantime, much literature has been published on all of the NS Ordenburgen, yet an investigation of the genesis and analysis of their form is still lacking, which this essay partially attempts to address. The intention was undoubtedly to build Ordensburgen on the southern, western and eastern fringes of the Reich distanced less than 60 kilometres from the border. Rosenberg, who had made a statement to this effect in a speech in 1934, coined the name ‘Ordensburg’ in connection with the Teutonic Order – the proud champion of ‘Germanness’. The name evoked other echoes from history: young men who were trained for warfare and administration and who lived a life closed of from outside influences. The name also recalled the medieval orders of knights who exercised their power as a military authority along the frontiers of Christianity from Spain to Palestine. If we go beyond a formal interpretation of the Ordensburgen, what can be seen in all the three structures is the important symbolic function of towers (two rectangular brick towers were erected in Kroessinsee in 1939). In all of them so-called Tingplätze were built, a kind of open-air theatre for political rallies. Moreover, the architect Clemens Klotz embraced the modern age. In adhering to contemporary thought, he blended the cosiness of the Heimatstil with the monumentality and pathos of Neoclassicism. Other forms are also found, such as oval risalites derived from ‘Neues Bauen’ or the protruding window reveal, or the use of unworked stone blocks, something that was particularly characteristic of NS architecture. Yet despite the name ’Ordensburg’, formal references to medieval architecture are sparse. The most apparent examples are seen in the Sonthofen architecture of Herman Giesler in the proportions of the main tower or the vaulted ceilings of the tavern (the so-called Fuchsbau). After 1945, the Ordensburgen became the military barracks of the victors: Vogelsang was British until 1950, then Belgian; Sonthofen was American until 1956 and then turned over to the German Bundeswehr; Krössinsee was used by the Soviet army from 1947 or 1948, and afterward became the Polish Budowo. Vogelsang was opened to the public in 2006. Today, we face ongoing questions about the preservation and new uses of the Ordensburg structures and facilities. The designation of the former NS training centres as memorial sites, in which the juncture between Ordensburgen and the NS crimes finds physical expression, will presumably be the sole way to ensure their continued existence. Between 1939 and 1940, approximately 260 Ordensjunkers (the name derived from ‘Junker’: a nobleman from the landed class) were sent from Krössinsee on military assignment to the area of Poznań (‘Warthegau’), from where up to a half a million Poles and Jews were expelled to the Government General. Further documentation shows the involvement of the Ordensjunkers in the Holocaust during 1941 in the occupied Soviet territories. In making the buildings of the Ordensburgen accessible to the public, while at the same time laying bare the reality behind the mystique, it seems necessary to proceed on a different path than that which has been taken up to now. ‘Domesticating’ the testimonies of a terror regime has been expressed in ways such as the oversized colourful pillows for visitor seating at the Wewelsburg Castle or the garish plastic forms in Vogelsang. Tus, in addition to taking stock of the buildings and making a case for their preservation, the serious question that must be asked is how to deal with this kind of legacy. (translated by Sharon Nemeth)

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22

Whitfield, Stephen J. "Hasia R. Diner. We Remember with Reverence and Love: American Jews and the Myth of Silence after the Holocaust, 1945–1962. New York: New York University Press, 2009. xii, 528 pp." AJS Review 34, no. 1 (April 2010): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009410000152.

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23

Levy, Avigdor. "Stanford J. Shaw. Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey′s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945. New York: New York University Press, 1993. xiii, 424 pp." AJS Review 20, no. 2 (November 1995): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400007261.

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24

Andersson, Pentti Kalevi. "Quality of the relationship between origin of childhood perception of attachment and outcome of attachment associated with diagnosis of PTSD in adult Finnish war children and Finnish combat veterans from World War II (1939–1945) – DSM-IV applications of the attachment theory." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 6 (February 11, 2015): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215000101.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Using diagnoses exclusively, comparable evaluations of the empirical evidence relevant to the content can be made. The term holocaust survivor syndrome according to the DSM-IV classification encompasses people with diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorders and psychopathological symptoms exposed to the Nazi genocide from 1933–1945 identified by Natan Kellermann, AMCHA, Israel (1999).Methods:The relationships between disorders of affectionate parenting and the development of dysfunctional models on one hand, and various psychopathological disorders on the other hand were investigated. Multi-axial assessment based on PTSD diagnosis (APA, 2000) with DSM-IV classification criteria of holocaust survivor syndrome and child survivor syndrome earlier found in holocaust survivors was used as criteria for comparison among Finnish sub-populations.Results:Symptoms similar to those previously described in association with holocaust survivor syndrome and child survivor syndrome were found in the population of Finnish people who had been displaced as children between 1939–1945.Conclusions:Complex PTSD syndrome is found among survivors of prolonged or repeated trauma who have coping strategies intended to assist their mental survival. Surviving Finnish child evacuees had symptoms at similar level to those reported among holocaust survivors, though Finnish combat veterans exhibited good mental adjustment with secure attachment.

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25

Fritzsche, Peter. "The Ethics of Witnessing: The Holocaust in Polish Writers’ Diaries from Warsaw, 1939–1945." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 29, no. 3 (December 2015): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcv059.

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26

Haba, Myroslava I., Nataliia I. Dnistrianska, Halyna Ya Ilnytska-Hykavchuk, Oksana P. Makar, and Mariana I. Senkiv. "Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast as a tourism resource." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 3 (October 9, 2020): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112045.

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The article describes the theoretical and methodical foundations of the study of the Jewish cultural heritage as a modern tourism resource. It turned out that in both foreign and domestic literature studies are not enough. The historical background of the formation of the cultural heritage of the Jewish ethnic group in the territory of the modern Lviv Oblast, which for many centuries has been the center of Jewish life, is considered. The dynamics of the ethnical composition of the population of the Lviv Oblast in 19312001 is studied and a significant reduction in the share of the Jewish community is found. The dynamics of the share of the Jewish population in urban settlements of the Lviv Oblast is studied, and it is found that it sharply decreased after the events of the World War II, primarily as a result of the Holocaust. A map of the share of the Jewish population in the urban settlements of the Oblast in 1939 is developed. The existing objects of Jewish cultural heritage (in particular, synagogues and cemeteries) in Lviv and other cities of the Lviv Oblast are characterized, and a map of these objects is developed. The main centers of Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: Lviv, Brody, Busk, Zhovkva, Rava-Ruska, Uhniv, Velyki Mosty, Sokal, Belz, Stryi, Drohobych, Staryi Sambir, Turka. It found that the main problems of the Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: neglected state of the objects, insufficient funding for the rehabilitation and restoration of these objects, the absence of tourist routes involving these objects, etc. The tourist route “By places of the Jewish sacred heritage of the Lviv Oblast” is developed and a map of this route is created. Measures for the restoration and popularization of Jewish cultural heritage of the Oblast are identified: allocation of budgetary funds, attraction of private investors, international organizations and Jewish communities; development of new tourist routes; determination of places by information stands; publication of information materials about objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals; training of guides on the topic of Jewish cultural heritage, etc.

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Bower, Herbert. "The Concentration Camp Syndrome." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679409075864.

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A psychiatric syndrome following overwhelming stress after an interval of more than thirty years is described in holocaust survivors who had claimed compensation for persecution between 1939 and 1945. Five nuclear symptom complexes emerge: depressive reactions; anxiety states; somatic complaints; subjective intellectual impairment; and contact abnormalities. Subjects who had experienced persecution during their childhood exhibited contact abnormalities of an aggressive type three times as often as survivors who had suffered an identical trauma as adults.

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Kristensen, Lars, and Christo Burman. "Painful Neutrality: Screening the Extradition of the Balts from Sweden." Baltic Screen Media Review 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmr-2018-0005.

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Abstract The article deals with the extradition of Baltic soldiers from Sweden in 1946 as represented in Per Olov Enquist’s novel The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel (Legionärerna. En roman om baltutlämningen, 1968) and Johan Bergenstråhle’s film A Baltic Tragedy (Baltutlämningen. En film om ett politiskt beslut Sverige 1945, Sweden, 1970). The theoretical framework is taken from trauma studies and its equivalent within film studies, where trauma is seen as a repeated occurrence of a past event. In this regard, literature and moving images become the means of reaching the traumatic event, a way to relive it. What separates the extradition of the Baltic soldiers from other traumas, such as the Holocaust, is that it functions as a guilt complex related to the failure to prevent the tragedy, which is connected to Sweden’s position of neutrality during World War II and the appeasement of all the warring nations. It is argued that this is a collective trauma created by Enquist’s novel, which blew it into national proportions. However, Bergenstråhle’s film changes the focus of the trauma by downplaying the bad conscience of the Swedes. In this way, the film aims to create new witnesses to the extradition affair. The analysis looks at the reception of both the novel and film in order to explain the two different approaches to the historical event, as well as the two different time periods in which they were produced. The authors argue that the two years that separate the appearance of the novel and the film explain the swing undergone by the political mood of the late 1960s towards a deflated revolution of the early 1970s, when the film arrived on screens nationwide. However, in terms of creating witnesses to the traumatic event, the book and film manage to stir public opinion to the extent that the trauma changes from being slowly effacing to being collectively ‘experienced’ through remembrance. The paradox is that, while the novel still functions as a vivid reminder of the painful aftermath caused by Swedish neutrality during World War II, the film is almost completely forgotten today. The film’s mode of attacking the viewers with an I-witness account, the juxtaposition and misconduct led to a rejection of the narrative by Swedish audiences.

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Mihálová, Lucia. "Theatrical Reflections of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in the 21st Century." Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0011.

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Abstract The study deals with forms of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in Slovak theatre after the year 2000. We currently observe a strong dramaturgical tendency to bring to the stages the reflection of historical events from various historical periods, one of the most depicted being the period of World War II. Its thematics are found in the productions of the original theatrical plays as well as in the dramatisations of literary works. The first part of the study is devoted to delineation of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945) in the productions after 2000 (Tiso [Tiso], Stalo sa prvého septembra [It Happened on 1st September], Rabínka [The Female Rabbi], Holokaust [Holocaust], Povstanie [Uprising], Obchod na korze [The Shop on the Parade], Polnočná omša [Midnight Mass], Tichý bič [The Silent Whip], Kým kohút nezaspieva [Until the Cock Sings]). The second part is focused on the analysis of the selected thematic elements offered by the productions falling within this circle and which appear in the new optics of the so-called second generation.

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Taylor, Robert S. "Scientific literature in wartime: The allied-German rivalry, 1939-1945." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 46, no. 3 (April 1995): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199504)46:3<241::aid-asi10>3.0.co;2-s.

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31

Gerwarth, Robert, and Stephan Malinowski. "Hannah Arendt's Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz." Central European History 42, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909000314.

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Historians on both sides of the Atlantic are currently engaged in a controversy about the allegedly genocidal nature of western colonialism and its connections with the mass violence unleashed by Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1945. The debate touches upon some of the most “sensitive” issues of twentieth-century history: the violent “dark side” of modern western civilization, the impact of colonial massacres on the European societies that generated this violence and, perhaps most controversially, the origins and uniqueness of the Holocaust.

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32

Leociak, Jacek. "Rachel Brenner, The Ethics of Witnessing. The Holocaust in Polish Writers’ Diaries from Warsaw, 1939–1945." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 11 (December 1, 2015): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.501.

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Leff, Laurel. "When the Facts Didn't Speak for Themselves: The Holocaust in the New York Times, 1939-1945." Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108118000569100.

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34

Verma, Neil. "Writing the radio war: Literature, radio and the BBC, 1939–1945." Journal of Radio & Audio Media 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2019.1570658.

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35

Hamrin-Dahl, Tina. "This-worldly and other-worldly: a holocaust pilgrimage." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (January 1, 2010): 122–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67365.

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This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau) had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, 3 September 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot deadby the Germans. On 9 April 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II about 45,000 of the Częstochowa Jews were killed by the Germans; almost the entire Jewish community living there.The late Swedish Professor of Oncology, Jerzy Einhorn (1925–2000), lived in the borderhouse Aleja 14, and heard of the terrible horrors; a ghastliness that was elucidated and concretized by all the stories told around him. Jerzy Einhorn survived the ghetto, but was detained at the Hasag-Palcery concentration camp between June 1943 and January 1945. In June 2009, his son Stefan made a bus tour between former camps, together with Jewish men and women, who were on this pilgrimage for a variety of reasons. The trip took place on 22–28 June 2009 and was named ‘A journey in the tracks of the Holocaust’. Those on the Holocaust tour represented different ‘pilgrim-modes’. The focus in this article is on two distinct differences when it comes to creed, or conceptions of the world: ‘this-worldliness’ and ‘other- worldliness’. And for the pilgrims maybe such distinctions are over-schematic, though, since ‘sacral fulfilment’ can be seen ‘at work in all modern constructions of travel, including anthropology and tourism’.

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36

Naliwajek-Mazurek, Katarzyna. "Music in Nazi-Occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945." Musicology Today 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2016-0006.

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Abstract The paper is a survey of research on music in territories of occupied Poland conducted by the author in recent years, as well as a review of selected existing literature on this topic. A case study illustrates a principal thesis of this essay according to which music was used by the German Nazis in the General Government as a key elements of propaganda and in appropriation of conquered territories as both physical and symbolic spaces.

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Mueller, Mary-Catherine. "The Ethics of Witnessing: The Holocaust in Polish Writers’ Diaries from Warsaw, 1939-1945 by Rachel Feldhay Brenner." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 33, no. 3 (2015): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.2015.0015.

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38

Atack, Margaret, and Colin W. Nettelbeck. "Forever French: Exile in the United States 1939-1945." Modern Language Review 89, no. 3 (July 1994): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735203.

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39

Leff, L. "YOSEF GORNY. The Jewish Press and the Holocaust, 1939-1945: Palestine, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union." American Historical Review 117, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 1655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.5.1655a.

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40

DAVIDSON, LAWRENCE. "MONTY NOAM PENKOWER, Decision on Palestine Deferred: America, Britain and Wartime Diplomacy 1939–1945, Cass Series: Israeli History, Politics and Society (London: Frank Cass, 2002). Pp. 397. $62.50 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, no. 4 (November 2003): 648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803310268.

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Monty Noam Penkower has written a detailed and documented account of the diplomatic relations of American, British, and Palestine-based Zionists with the American and British governments from 1939 to 1945. His theme is that these governments showed a callous disregard for the suffering of Jews in the Holocaust because they refused free immigration into Palestine. The author's scholarship is sound in terms of the people and diplomacy with which he deals. The probable audience for the book is scholars and researchers who are interested in the history of the Holocaust and the response to it by both the Allied powers and Zionist leaders, as well as those interested in the origins of the Israeli state. However, the events covered in this work are explicitly tied to Palestine and its fate, and in that regard the author has produced only a “half history.” Penkower's treatment of Palestine is incomplete because the subject of the Palestinian Arabs, who bear the consequences of the negotiations, planning, and conspiring that the work details are mentioned only in passing and then almost always in negative terms. It is as if one were to write the history of Nazi planning for the Holocaust and only rarely and disapprovingly mention Jews.

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41

Stasi, Daniele. "Listy z lagrów i więzień jako skrót rzeczywistości obozowej." Fabrica Litterarum Polono-Italica, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/flpi.2020.02.15.

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The article discusses Lucyna Sadzikowska’s book entitled Listy z lagrów i więzień 1939–1945. Wybrane zagadnienia (Letters from the Concentration Camps and Prisons 1939–1945. Selected Issues. Katowice 2019). According to the author of the article, the published letters of the inmates kept in concentration and labour camps remain interesting descriptions of the camp reality that redirect the reader towards literature of the personal document. The purpose of Sadzikowska’s book is to describe and codify the prison and camp letter with regard to its theoretical and practical aspects. She analyses and elaborates on official and unofficial camp and prison correspondence (e.g. secret messages, letters smuggled in or out of camps and prisons), and presents a peculiar supplement to this epistolography, that is, the literary letters of Gustaw Morcinek. The reviewed work not only presents the author’s commitment to elaborate on camp and prison epistolography written in the period between 1939 and 1945, but also points out the inspiring potential of personal documents.

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42

Luchkanyn, Serhii. "Romania in the Second World War 1939–1945: unknown facts and new views on the problem." European Historical Studies, no. 9 (2018): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.09.79-95.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of different views in Romanian historiography on the participation of I. Antonescu, along with Germany, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia and Finland, in the war against the USSR, starting from June 22, 1941. It is known that the decision to join the anti-Soviet war was taken by I. Antonescu alone, without any consultation with any political group, or even with the king Mihai, who has learned from the BBC radio that Romania had entered the war with the USSR. First, the war was proclaimed as a “sacred war” against Bolshevism for the return of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, received full support from the king and from the leaders of the “historical parties”, as well as from a wide range of the population. However, in August 1941, at the request of Hitler, having already military rank of Marshal, Ion Antonescu decided to continue the war in the East, which has been completely unfounded (the territory to the East of the Dniester never belonged to Romania). The modern Romanian historiographers emphasize that the continuation of the anti-Soviet war on the other side of the Dniester, which led to large (and useless) human losses, has become one of Antonescu’s greatest mistakes. The article also raises the issue of the Holocaust in Romania during the Second World War (suppressed during the communist years), the decline in the scale of the tragedy in that period. It is noted that the arrest of I. Antonescu on August 23, 1944 was the merit of the young king, Mihai I, and his entourage, and not the Communist Party of Romania represented by Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu.

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43

Dinsman, Melissa. "Writing the Radio War: Literature, Politics, and the BBC. 1939–1945 by Ian Whittington." Modernism/modernity 28, no. 1 (2021): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2021.0005.

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44

Feingold, Henry L. "The Blue and the Yellow Star of David: The Zionist Leadership in Palestine and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (review)." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 9, no. 3 (1991): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.1991.0097.

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45

Siefken, Hinrich. "The Diarist Theodor Haecker: Tag- und Nachtbücher. 1939–1945." Oxford German Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/007871988793323302.

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46

Bougeard, Christian. "Fichou, Jean-Christophe, Les pêcheurs bretons durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1939-1945)." Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest, no. 118-1 (April 10, 2011): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abpo.1973.

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47

Lostec, Fabien. "Un lycée dans la guerre. Le lycée de garçons de Rennes, 1939-1945." Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest, no. 125 (December 18, 2018): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abpo.4308.

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48

Lorenz, Dagmar C. G., and Ingrid Strobl. "Die Angst kam erst danach. Judische Frauen im Widerstand 1939-1945." German Quarterly 72, no. 3 (1999): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/408576.

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49

Luconi, Stefano. "Book Review: Crusade of Charity: Pius XII and POWs (1939–1945)." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 40, no. 2 (September 2006): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580604000240.

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50

Nedeljkovich, Misha, and Lucjan Dobroszycki. "Reptile Journalism: The Official Polish-Language Press under the Nazis, 1939-1945." Slavic and East European Journal 40, no. 1 (1996): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308531.

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