Academic literature on the topic 'Holocène – Mali'

Paleoenvironnements du Sahara: Lacs holocenes a Taoudenni (Mali). Diffusion, Presses du CNRS, 1991.

"Landmines, drugs and justice. The recent history of two Saharan mountains (Adrar des Iforas/Mali and Air Mts./Niger)." In Holocene Palaeoenvironmental History of the Central Sahara. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203874899-18.

Ousseïni, Issa, Aboubacar Adamou, and Erhard Schulz. "Landmines, drugs and justice. The recent history of two Saharan mountains (Adrar des Iforas/Mali and Air Mts./Niger)." In Holocene Palaeoenvironmental History of the Central Sahara. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203874899.ch13.

"Given the sample bias towards Sicilian sites, it is difficult to see any consistent regional differences expressed in burial practices. The start of burial and occupation at the three north Sicilian sites at around the beginning of the Holocene however, suggests that the appearance of these practices (in the archaeological record) may be related to particular circumstances of changed mobility within, and use of, the changing landscape in this area; earlier burials are known from peninsular Italy (Mussi 1986; 1987). Although the list is necessarily incomplete and the dating is uncertainly biassed, there is a suggestion in the figures as presented that burial in caves may have been confined to, or more common in, the final LUP and earlier Mesolithic; burial practice, at least in terms of place, may have been changing by the later Mesolithic. Interestingly, caves with Epipalaeolithic burials do not show continuity of use for the same practice into the Neolithic: different sites are chosen (see below). Arguments against marked regional differentiation are the generally similar burial position, and the occurrence of identical types of perforated deer teeth from Puglia and Sicilia. The perforated tooth from the Grotta del Cavallo in Puglia probably relates to the late Romanellian, perhaps at circa 10000-8000 cal.BC; those from the Grotta Romanelli to a similar date. Equivalence of practice, of course, does not necessarily correlate with equivalence of meaning, as is suggested by the different faunal contexts of these finds. The main hunted animals in Puglia were generally equids and bovines, but deer and pig in Sicilia. Discussion Italian Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic burials have been discussed by Mussi (1986; 1987), Mussi et al. (1989) and Zampetti & Mussi (1991). Although most of the burials are from outside the study area (mostly in Liguria), Mussi (1987) includes the Grotta di San Teodoro and Grotta delPUzzo (SIC), and the Grotta del Romito (CAL). She considers differences to reflect different emphases and conditions of social reproduction (1987: 45ff). In scheme A only certain sex-age individuals were buried, perhaps related to the circumstances of their death. She suggests that male hunters are represented at the Grotta di San Teodoro (although revision now suggests three tentatively identified females: Mussi 1987: 46; Fabbri 1993). In contrast, the burials at the Grotta del Romito represent scheme C, with both males and females, reflecting increased emphasis on social reproduction through exogamy (Mussi 1987: 47-8). She also notes the apparent contemporaneity of the first occupation and burials at the Grotta di San Teodoro, and argues that this represents the "colonisation" of Sicilia at a time when it was still "almost deserted" (Mussi 1987: 47-8). A similar argument is expanded by Zampetti & Mussi (1991), in which they also consider the evidence of 'art'. They argue that in the early Late Upper Palaeolithic there were burials of high-status individuals, perhaps related to control of information and partner exchange in a sparsely-populated landscape (Mussi 1987: 156). By the final Late Upper Palaeolithic they argue that there is more evidence of concern with descent, perhaps more stabilised (partner) exchange networks, and less evidence of pre-eminent individuals in the burials (Mussi 1987: 157). Stimulating though their interpretations are, in attempting to relate burial modes to changing social organisation and mapping of the social landscape, one might criticise some of the work in detail: for example, the burials from the Grotta del Romito are difficult to visualise as partners (see below). Any interpretation must be preceded by the realisation that the sample is extremely small and is already uncertainly biassed by accidents of excavation. Only certain people may have been buried; and the survival and excavation of burial (or other disposal sites) may be skewed. Thirdly, the representation of remains within those sites may be biassed, for example by the lower survival rates of infant and child remains. However, assuming that the sample is at least partly representative of the practices surrounding the dead, the following suggestions may be made." In Gender & Italian Archaeology. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315428178-17.