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Journal articles on the topic 'Holometabola'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Haug, Joachim T., Mario Schädel, Viktor A. Baranov, and Carolin Haug. "An unusual 100-million-year old holometabolan larva with a piercing mouth cone." PeerJ 8 (April 3, 2020): e8661. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8661.

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Holometabola is a hyperdiverse group characterised by a strong morphological differentiation between early post-embryonic stages (= larvae) and adults. Adult forms of Holometabola, such as wasps, bees, beetles, butterflies, mosquitoes or flies, are strongly differentiated concerning their mouth parts. The larvae most often seem to retain rather plesiomorphic-appearing cutting-grinding mouth parts. Here we report a new unusual larva preserved in Burmese amber. Its mouth parts appear beak-like, forming a distinct piercing mouth cone. Such a morphology is extremely rare among larval forms, restricted to those of some beetles and lacewings. The mouth parts of the new fossil are forward oriented (prognathous). Additionally, the larva has distinct subdivisions of tergites and sternites into several sclerites. Also, the abdomen segments bear prominent protrusions. We discuss this unusual combination of characters in comparison to the many different types of holometabolan larvae. The here reported larva is a new addition to the ‘unusual zoo’ of the Cretaceous fauna including numerous, very unusual appearing forms that have gone extinct at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.

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2

Béthoux, Olivier. "The earliest beetle identified." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 6 (November 2009): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/08-158.1.

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Holometabolan insects, including beetles (Coleoptera), represent about half of all living organisms. Their development cycle, allowing larvae and adults to exploit distinct ecological niches, is traditionally advocated as a critical adaptation resulting in this extraordinary diversity. Herein I report the occurrence of a beetle from the Pennsylvanian deposit of Mazon Creek (IL, USA). It predates the diversification of Coleoptera by at least 65 million years. This identification supports the view that, early in their history, hyper-diverse extant holometabolan lineages were dominated by Palaeozoic lineages, mostly extinct. End-Permian environmental perturbations might have played an important role in the Triassic radiation of holometabolans. However, it is hypothesized that ecological preferences of holometabolans might have resulted in an earlier diversification of moderate importance, correlating to that of seed plants, their putative host plants. The evolutionary success of ‘holometaboly’ might be the result of a sequence of favorable events.

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3

Wang, Yuyu, Xiaofan Zhou, Liming Wang, Xingyue Liu, Ding Yang, and Antonis Rokas. "Gene Selection and Evolutionary Modeling Affect Phylogenomic Inference of Neuropterida Based on Transcriptome Data." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051072.

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Neuropterida is a super order of Holometabola that consists of the orders Megaloptera (dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies), Neuroptera (lacewings) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies). Several proposed higher-level relationships within Neuropterida, such as the relationships between the orders or between the families, have been extensively debated. To further understand the evolutionary history of Neuropterida, we conducted phylogenomic analyses of all 13 published transcriptomes of the neuropterid species, as well as of a new transcriptome of the fishfly species Ctenochauliodes similis of Liu and Yang, 2006 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) that we sequenced. Our phylogenomic data matrix contained 1392 ortholog genes from 22 holometabolan species representing six families from Neuroptera, two families from Raphidioptera, and two families from Megaloptera as the ingroup taxa, and nine orders of Holometabola as outgroups. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using both concatenation and coalescent-based approaches under a site-homogeneous model as well as under a site-heterogeneous model. Surprisingly, analyses using the site-homogeneous model strongly supported a paraphyletic Neuroptera, with Coniopterygidae assigned as the sister group of all other Neuropterida. In contrast, analyses using the site-heterogeneous model recovered Neuroptera as monophyletic. The monophyly of Neuroptera was also recovered in concatenation and coalescent-based analyses using genes with stronger phylogenetic signals [i.e., higher average bootstrap support (ABS) values and higher relative tree certainty including all conflicting bipartitions (RTCA) values] under the site-homogeneous model. The present study illustrated how both data selection and model selection influence phylogenomic analyses of large-scale data matrices comprehensively.

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4

Aspock, Ulrike. "Phylogeny of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola)." Zoologica Scripta 31, no. 1 (February 2002): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00087.x.

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5

Letsch, Harald O., Karen Meusemann, Benjamin Wipfler, Kai Schütte, Rolf Beutel, and Bernhard Misof. "Insect phylogenomics: results, problems and the impact of matrix composition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (May 23, 2012): 3282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0744.

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In this study, we investigated the relationships among insect orders with a main focus on Polyneoptera (lower Neoptera: roaches, mantids, earwigs, grasshoppers, etc.), and Paraneoptera (thrips, lice, bugs in the wide sense). The relationships between and within these groups of insects are difficult to resolve because only few informative molecular and morphological characters are available. Here, we provide the first phylogenomic expressed sequence tags data (‘EST’: short sub-sequences from a c(opy) DNA sequence encoding for proteins) for stick insects (Phasmatodea) and webspinners (Embioptera) to complete published EST data. As recent EST datasets are characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of available genes across taxa, we use different rationales to optimize the data matrix composition. Our results suggest a monophyletic origin of Polyneoptera and Eumetabola (Paraneoptera + Holometabola). However, we identified artefacts of tree reconstruction (human louse Pediculus humanus assigned to Odonata (damselflies and dragonflies) or Holometabola (insects with a complete metamorphosis); mayfly genus Baetis nested within Neoptera), which were most probably rooted in a data matrix composition bias due to the inclusion of sequence data of entire proteomes. Until entire proteomes are available for each species in phylogenomic analyses, this potential pitfall should be carefully considered.

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6

Terra, Walter R. "Evolution of holometabola insect digestive systems: physiological and biochemical aspects." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82, suppl 3 (1987): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761987000700007.

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7

Hornschemeyer, Thomas. "Phylogenetic significance of the wing-base of the Holometabola (Insecta)." Zoologica Scripta 31, no. 1 (February 2002): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00086.x.

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8

ASPÖCK, ULRIKE, and HORST ASPÖCK. "Phylogenetic relevance of the genital sclerites of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola)." Systematic Entomology 33, no. 1 (January 2008): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00396.x.

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9

Nicholson, David B., Andrew J. Ross, and Peter J. Mayhew. "Fossil evidence for key innovations in the evolution of insect diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1793 (October 22, 2014): 20141823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1823.

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Explaining the taxonomic richness of the insects, comprising over half of all described species, is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Previously, several evolutionary novelties (key innovations) have been posited to contribute to that richness, including the insect bauplan , wings, wing folding and complete metamorphosis, but evidence over their relative importance and modes of action is sparse and equivocal. Here, a new dataset on the first and last occurrences of fossil hexapod (insects and close relatives) families is used to show that basal families of winged insects (Palaeoptera, e.g. dragonflies) show higher origination and extinction rates in the fossil record than basal wingless groups (Apterygota, e.g. silverfish). Origination and extinction rates were maintained at levels similar to Palaeoptera in the more derived Polyneoptera (e.g. cockroaches) and Paraneoptera (e.g. true bugs), but extinction rates subsequently reduced in the very rich group of insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola, e.g. beetles). Holometabola show evidence of a recent slow-down in their high net diversification rate, whereas other winged taxa continue to diversify at constant but low rates. These data suggest that wings and complete metamorphosis have had the most effect on family-level insect macroevolution, and point to specific mechanisms by which they have influenced insect diversity through time.

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10

Beutel, Rolf G., Evgeny V. Yan, and Jarmila Kukalová-Peck. "Is †Skleroptera (†Stephanastus) an order in the stemgroup of Coleopterida (Insecta)?" Insect Systematics & Evolution 50, no. 5 (October 10, 2019): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002187.

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The Carboniferous insect taxon †Stephanastus polinae was assigned to a monotypic new order †Skleroptera, which was postulated as the sister group of the clade Strepsiptera + Coleoptera (= Coleopterida). The placement of †Stephanastus in Holometabola and the proposed relationship with Coleopterida are very likely unjustified. Suggested shared derived features of Skleroptera + Coleopterida are vague, insufficiently documented (characters of proximal leg segments) or likely based on misinterpretation (wing veins). Based on the wing venation we suggest a position in the extinct hemimetabolous order †Protelytroptera.

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11

Aspöck, Ulrike. "Male Genital Sclerites of Neuropterida: an Attempt at Homologisation (Insecta: Holometabola)." Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology 241, no. 2 (January 2002): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/s0044-5231(04)70071-6.

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12

Garbiec, Arnold, and Janusz Kubrakiewicz. "Differentiation of follicular cells in polytrophic ovaries of Neuroptera (Insecta: Holometabola)." Arthropod Structure & Development 41, no. 2 (March 2012): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2011.12.003.

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13

Hünefeld, Frank, Christine Mißbach, and Rolf Georg Beutel. "The morphology and evolution of the female postabdomen of Holometabola (Insecta)." Arthropod Structure & Development 41, no. 4 (July 2012): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.05.002.

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14

Willmann, Rainer. "Raphidiodea aus dem Lias und die Phylogenie der Kamelhalsfliegen (Insecta: Holometabola)." PalZ 68, no. 1-2 (March 1994): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989439.

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15

Aspöck, Horst, Viktoria Abbt, Ulrike Aspöck, and Axel Gruppe. "The Phenomenon of Metathetely, formerly known as Prothetely, in Raphidioptera (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida)**." Entomologia Generalis 37, no. 3-4 (August 10, 2018): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2018/0646.

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16

Song, Nan, Shi-Heng An, Xin-Ming Yin, Te Zhao, and Xin-Yu Wang. "Insufficient resolving power of mitogenome data in deciphering deep phylogeny of Holometabola." Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12214.

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17

Labandeira, C. C., and T. L. Phillips. "A Carboniferous insect gall: insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93, no. 16 (August 6, 1996): 8470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.16.8470.

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18

SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS, and CHARLES MITTER. "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world." Zootaxa 3286, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.

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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.

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19

Beutel, Rolf G., Frank Friedrich, Thomas Hörnschemeyer, Hans Pohl, Frank Hünefeld, Felix Beckmann, Rudolf Meier, Bernhard Misof, Michael F. Whiting, and Lars Vilhelmsen. "Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola." Cladistics 27, no. 4 (September 30, 2010): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00338.x.

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20

Provataris, Panagiotis, Karen Meusemann, Oliver Niehuis, Sonja Grath, and Bernhard Misof. "Signatures of DNA Methylation across Insects Suggest Reduced DNA Methylation Levels in Holometabola." Genome Biology and Evolution 10, no. 4 (March 19, 2018): 1185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy066.

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21

Aspöck, Ulrike, John D. Plant, and Hans L. Nemeschkal. "Cladistic analysis of Neuroptera and their systematic position within Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida: Neuroptera)." Systematic Entomology 26, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00136.x.

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22

SCHUBNEL, THOMAS, PATRICK ROQUES, JACQUES OUDARD, ROMAIN GARROUSTE, and ANDRÉ NEL. "A new paleopteran genus and species from the late Carboniferous of Avion France, (Insecta: Palaeodictyopterida: ?Diaphanopterodea)." Palaeoentomology 3, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.1.3.

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The Carboniferous outcrop near Avion, in the Department of Pas-de-Calais, northern France, is very rich in fossil insect wings, which are preserved alongside thousands of plant fragments. Its entomofauna is very diverse, including representatives of the Palaeodictyoptera, Odonatoptera, Archaeorthoptera, Caloneurodea, Paoliida, Dictyoptera, Plecoptera, and the oldest representatives of the clades Acercaria and Holometabola (Nel et al., 2013, Prokop et al., 2013, 2014; Coty et al., 2014; Schubnel et al., 2019a, b). The fossil insects were found in ‘Terril N 7’, a slag heap located in the Avion area comprising Moscovian-aged sediments derived from Liévin coal mines 3 and 4, specifically the Bolsovian or Westphalian C (311–308 Ma) ‘faisceaux de Ernestine’, and the Asturian or Westphalian D (308–306 Ma) ‘veines Arago, Dusouich, Marthe’ informal beds (Bruno Vallois, 2013, pers. comm.).

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23

Aspöck, Ulrike, Horst Aspöck, and Xingyue Liu. "The Nevrorthidae, mistaken at all times: phylogeny and review of present knowledge (Holometabola, Neuropterida, Neuroptera)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64, no. 2 (August 3, 2017): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.13028.

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24

Song, Fan, Hu Li, Pei Jiang, Xuguo Zhou, Jinpeng Liu, Changhai Sun, Alfried P. Vogler, and Wanzhi Cai. "Capturing the Phylogeny of Holometabola with Mitochondrial Genome Data and Bayesian Site-Heterogeneous Mixture Models." Genome Biology and Evolution 8, no. 5 (April 22, 2016): 1411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw086.

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25

S̆vácha, Petr. "What are and what are not imaginal discs: Reevaluation of some basic concepts (insecta, holometabola)." Developmental Biology 154, no. 1 (November 1992): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(92)90052-i.

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26

LIU, XINGYUE, and JÖRG ANSORGE. "A new fishfly species (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) from Eocene Baltic amber." Palaeoentomology 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.8.

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The fossil record of Megaloptera (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida) is very limited. Both megalopteran families, i.e., Corydalidae and Sialidae, have been found in the Eocene Baltic amber, comprising two named species in one genus of Corydalidae (Chauliodinae) and four named species in two genera of Sialidae. Here we report a new species of Chauliodinae from the Baltic amber, namely Nigronia prussia sp. nov.. The new species possesses a spotted hind wing with broad band-like marking, a well-developed stem of hind wing MA subdistally with a short crossvein to MP, a single straight RP branch separated between 1ra-rp and 2ra-rp in hind wing, and the hind wing A3 with anterior branch proximally touching A2. A tentative placement of the new species in Nigronia Banks, 1908, which is an extant genus endemic to eastern North America, is discussed in detail. Our finding provides new evidence indicating that the fishflies related to the extant species from eastern North America had occurred in Europe during the Early Tertiary.

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27

McKenna, Duane D., and Brian D. Farrell. "9-Genes Reinforce the Phylogeny of Holometabola and Yield Alternate Views on the Phylogenetic Placement of Strepsiptera." PLoS ONE 5, no. 7 (July 29, 2010): e11887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011887.

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28

Whiting, Michael F. "XXI International Congress of Entomology, Iguassu Falls, Brazil, August, 2000. Phylogeny of Holometabola: state of the art." Zoologica Scripta 31, no. 1 (February 2002): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00094.x.

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29

Chalwatzis, Nicolas, Jörg Hauf, Yves Van De Peer, Ragnar Kinzelbach, and Friedrich K. Zimmermann. "18S Ribosomal Rna Genes of Insects: Primary Structure of the Genes and Molecular Phylogeny of the Holometabola." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 788–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.6.788.

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30

Johnston, Paul R., Véronique Paris, and Jens Rolff. "Immune gene regulation in the gut during metamorphosis in a holo- versus a hemimetabolous insect." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0073.

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During metamorphosis, holometabolous insects completely replace the larval gut and must control the microbiota to avoid septicaemia. Rapid induction of bactericidal activity in the insect gut at the onset of pupation has been described in numerous orders of the Holometabola and is best-studied in the Lepidoptera where it is under control of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) moulting pathway. Here, using RNAseq, we compare the expression of immune effector genes in the gut during metamorphosis in a holometabolous ( Galleria mellonella ) and a hemimetabolous insect ( Gryllus bimaculatus ). We find that in G. mellonella , the expression of numerous immune effectors and the transcription factor GmEts are upregulated, with peak expression of three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and a lysozyme coinciding with delamination of the larval gut. By contrast, no such upregulation was detectable in the hemimetabolous Gr. bimaculatus . These findings support the idea that the upregulation of immune effectors at the onset of complete metamorphosis is an adaptive response, which controls the microbiota during gut replacement. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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31

Wali, Martini, Noor Farikhah Haneda, and Nina Maryana. "Biologi Moduza procris Cramer pada Jabon Putih (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.)." JUSTE (Journal of Science and Technology) 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51135/justevol1issue2page165-174.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek biologi hama Moduza procris sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan penerapan pengendalian hama yang tepat. Ada dua tahap penelitian yang dilakukan, yaitu pemeliharaan inang jabon putih (Anthocephalus cadamba). Tahapan kedua adalah pemeliharaan dan pengamatan serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa M. procris termasuk serangga yang melakukan metamorfosis lengkap (holometabola), yang dimulai dari fase telur, larva, pupa dan imago. Fase larva terjadi dalam 5 instar yang ditandai dengan proses ganti kulit pada tiap instarnya. Stadia larva berlangsung selama 16 hari, stadia pupa selama 8,10 hari sedangkan imago betina selama 15,25 hari dan imago jantan 14,50 hari. Telur berukuran 1,32 mm, sedangkan ukuran larva dari instar 1 sampai 5 secara berturut-turut yaitu 7,80, 10,70, 16,30, 24,70 dan 38,80 mm. Lebar kepala larva secara berurutan yaitu 0,94, 1,94, 2,93, 3,93, dan 4,92 mm. Lebar pupa betina yakni 10,25 mm dengan panjang tubuh 30 mm, sedangkan jantan mempunyai lebar 8,50 mm dengan panjang tubuh 28 mm. Rentang sayap imago betina yakni 67,63 mm dan panjang tubuh 20,88 mm. Sedangkan jantan memiliki rentang sayap 55,50 mm dengan panjang tubuh 16 mm.

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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages." Entomologica Americana 117, no. 1 & 2 (January 2011): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1664/10-ra-011.1.

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33

Saltin, Brian D. "Further Evidence for Pre-metamorphosis Larval Eye Reduction in the Holometabola (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpa vulgaris Imhoff & Labram, 1836)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 65, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.65.1.105-111.

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Die Larven der Gattung Panorpa weisen eine ungewöhnliche Augenentwicklung auf. Sie besitzen ein aus vielen Linsen bestehendes, komplexaugenähnliches Organ, welches nicht zu einem Teil des späteren Adultauges wird. Die einzelnen Larvenstadien unterscheiden sich hochsignifikant in der Anzahl der Ommatidien: das dritte von vier Larvenstadien besitzt die meisten Ommatidien.StichwörterEye, Mecoptera, Panorpa, Metamorphosis, Development.

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34

Smith, Frank W., David R. Angelini, and Elizabeth L. Jockusch. "A functional genetic analysis in flour beetles (Tenebrionidae) reveals an antennal identity specification mechanism active during metamorphosis in Holometabola." Mechanisms of Development 132 (May 2014): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2014.02.002.

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35

Rivera-Gasperín, Sara, Adrian Ardila-Camacho, and Atilano Contreras-Ramos. "Bionomics and Ecological Services of Megaloptera Larvae (Dobsonflies, Fishflies, Alderflies)." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040086.

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Megaloptera belong to a large monophyletic group, the Neuropteroidea, together with Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Raphidioptera, and Neuroptera. With the latter two, this order constitutes the Neuropterida, a smaller monophyletic subset among which it is the only entirely aquatic group, with larvae of all species requiring submersion in freshwater. Megaloptera is arguably the oldest extant clade of Holometabola with aquatic representatives, having originated during the Permian before the fragmentation of Pangea, since about 230 Ma. It includes 54 genera (35 extant and 19 extinct genera), with 397 extant described species and subspecies. Recent Megaloptera are divided into two families: Corydalidae (with subfamilies Corydalinae—dobsonflies and Chauliodinae—fishflies) and Sialidae (alderflies), both widely yet disjunctively distributed among zoogeographical realms. All species of Megaloptera have aquatic larvae, whereas eggs, pupae, and adults are terrestrial. The anatomy, physiology, and behavior of megalopteran larvae are specialized for an aquatic predatory habit, yet their ecological significance might still be underappreciated, as their role in food webs of benthic communities of many temperate and tropical streams and rivers is still understudied and largely unquantified. In many freshwater ecosystems, Megaloptera larvae are a conspicuous benthic component, important in energy flow, recycling of materials, and food web dynamics.

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Castro, Lyda Raquel, and Mark Dowton. "The position of the Hymenoptera within the Holometabola as inferred from the mitochondrial genome of Perga condei (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pergidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34, no. 3 (March 2005): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.005.

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Talsania, Keyur, Monika Mehta, Castle Raley, Yuliya Kriga, Sujatha Gowda, Carissa Grose, Matthew Drew, et al. "Genome Assembly and Annotation of the Trichoplusia ni Tni-FNL Insect Cell Line Enabled by Long-Read Technologies." Genes 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10020079.

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Background: Trichoplusia ni derived cell lines are commonly used to enable recombinant protein expression via baculovirus infection to generate materials approved for clinical use and in clinical trials. In order to develop systems biology and genome engineering tools to improve protein expression in this host, we performed de novo genome assembly of the Trichoplusia ni-derived cell line Tni-FNL. Methods: By integration of PacBio single-molecule sequencing, Bionano optical mapping, and 10X Genomics linked-reads data, we have produced a draft genome assembly of Tni-FNL. Results: Our assembly contains 280 scaffolds, with a N50 scaffold size of 2.3 Mb and a total length of 359 Mb. Annotation of the Tni-FNL genome resulted in 14,101 predicted genes and 93.2% of the predicted proteome contained recognizable protein domains. Ortholog searches within the superorder Holometabola provided further evidence of high accuracy and completeness of the Tni-FNL genome assembly. Conclusions: This first draft Tni-FNL genome assembly was enabled by complementary long-read technologies and represents a high-quality, well-annotated genome that provides novel insight into the complexity of this insect cell line and can serve as a reference for future large-scale genome engineering work in this and other similar recombinant protein production hosts.

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Hammer, Tobin J., and Nancy A. Moran. "Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0068.

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Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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DeCamillis, Mark A., David L. Lewis, Susan J. Brown, Richard W. Beeman, and Robin E. Denell. "Interactions of the TriboliumSex combs reducedandproboscipediaOrthologs in Embryonic Labial Development." Genetics 159, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.4.1643.

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AbstractThe role of Hox genes in the development of insect gnathal appendages has been examined in three insects: the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster; the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus; and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In each of these organisms, the identity of the labium depends on the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced (Scr) and proboscipedia (pb). Loss of pb function in each of the three insects results in homeotic transformation of the labial appendages to legs. In contrast, loss of Scr function yields a different transformation in each species. Interestingly, mutations in Cephalothorax (Cx), the Tribolium ortholog of Scr, transform the labial appendages to antennae, a result seen in the other insects only when both pb and Scr are removed. We show here that the Tribolium labial appendages also develop as antennae in double mutants. Further, we demonstrate that expression of the Tribolium proboscipedia ortholog maxillopedia (mxp) is greatly reduced or absent in the labium of Cx mutant larvae. Thus, in the wild-type labial segment, Cx function is required (directly or indirectly) for mxp transcription. A similar interaction between Scr and pb during Drosophila embryogenesis has been described recently. Thus, this regulatory paradigm appears to be conserved at least within the Holometabola.

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Hinton, H. E. "ON THE REDUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL SPIRACLES IN THE AQUATIC LARVAE OF THE HOLOMETABOLA, WITH NOTES ON THE MOULTING PROCESS OF SPIRACLES." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 98, no. 10 (April 24, 2009): 449–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1947.tb01222.x.

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Truman, James W., and Lynn M. Riddiford. "The evolution of insect metamorphosis: a developmental and endocrine view." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0070.

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Developmental, genetic and endocrine data from diverse taxa provide insight into the evolution of insect metamorphosis. We equate the larva–pupa–adult of the Holometabola to the pronymph–nymph–adult of hemimetabolous insects. The hemimetabolous pronymph is a cryptic embryonic stage with unique endocrinology and behavioural modifications that probably served as preadaptations for the larva. It develops in the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) as embryonic primordia undergo patterning and morphogenesis, the processes that were arrested for the evolution of the larva. Embryonic JH then drives tissue differentiation and nymph formation. Experimental treatment of pronymphs with JH terminates patterning and induces differentiation, mimicking the processes that occurred during the evolution of the larva. Unpatterned portions of primordia persist in the larva, becoming imaginal discs that form pupal and adult structures. Key transcription factors are associated with the holometabolous life stages: Krüppel-homolog 1 ( Kr-h1 ) in the larva, broad in the pupa and E93 in the adult. Kr-h1 mediates JH action and is found whenever JH acts, while the other two genes direct the formation of their corresponding stages. In hemimetabolous forms, the pronymph has low Broad expression, followed by Broad expression through the nymphal moults, then a switch to E93 to form the adult. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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Haug, Carolin, Gideon T. Haug, Viktor A. Baranov, Mónica M. Solórzano-Kraemer, and Joachim T. Haug. "An owlfly larva preserved in Mexican amber and the Miocene record of lacewing larvae." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 73, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): A271220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2021v73n3a271220.

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Neuroptera (lacewings) is today a rather small lineage of Holometabola. These representatives of Insecta have mostly predatory larvae with prominent venom-injecting stylets formed by upper and lower jaws. These impressive larvae can be found not only in the modern fauna, but sometimes also as fossils, predominantly preserved in amber. Here we report a new specimen of a lacewing larva from Miocene Mexican amber, most likely a larva of an owlfly (Ascalaphidae) with large prominent stylets, each with three teeth. These stylets arise from a more or less square-shaped head (in dorsal view) that has distinct eye hills with at least three simple eyes (stemmata) each. The trunk is rather short. Trunk segments possess finger-like protrusions carrying numerous setae, which could have been used to attach camouflaging debris to it. Remarkably, the specimen represents only the second report of a lacewing from Miocene Mexican amber, and the first larva. Additionally, we review the Miocene record of lacewing larvae. It includes otherwise only fossils preserved in Dominican amber and remains rather scarce, with only eight specimens in the literature so far. While there seem to be additional specimens in private collections, the overall number is astonishingly low compared to the numbers in Eocene and Cretaceous ambers. Ecological and taphonomic factors possibly explaining the rarity of lacewing larvae in Miocene amber are discussed here.

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Larkina, E. A., U. Kh Akilov, U. T. Daniyarov, and N. K. Abdikayumova. "Motor activity of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) as a factor of synchronization of population development." Agrarian science, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-355-1-12-64-68.

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Natural silk was and remains the most elite and luxurious material. Silk is made from cocoons of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The silkworm is part of the Holometabola group (insects with complete transformation). This means that the silkworm goes through several stages of development: egg, larva with four molts, pupa, butterfly. Each stage, depending on the breed and conditions of maintenance, is characterized by a certain duration and the so-called amity of development. In Uzbekistan, it is customary to carry out one feeding per year, timed to the beginning of the mulberry vegetation, therefore, tens of billions of caterpillars are simultaneously subjected to reproduction for 28–30 days. Changing the duration of any of the stages of development of the silkworm leads to destabilization of the feeding process and, as a result, to large material losses. Selection by motor activity, which implies the selection of the most active, and therefore the most viable individuals, leads to an acceleration of the metabоlism of the silkworm, synchronizes the development of a huge number of organisms at all stages of development, allows to coordinate with accuracy up to 1 day the work of all departments of the silk industry, accurately calculate time, human resources, the use of technical means and monetary costs for each stage and the entire cycle of reproduction of the silkworm.

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Beckemeyer, Roy J., and Joseph D. Hall. "Permopanorpa inaequalis Tillyard, 1926 (Insecta: Holometabola: Panorpida: Permopanorpidae): A fossil mecopteroid newly reported for the Lower Permian Wellington Formation of Noble County, Oklahoma." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 110, no. 1 & 2 (April 2007): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2007)110[23:pitihp]2.0.co;2.

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Lynch, Jeremy A., Orhan Özüak, Abderrahman Khila, Ehab Abouheif, Claude Desplan, and Siegfried Roth. "The Phylogenetic Origin of oskar Coincided with the Origin of Maternally Provisioned Germ Plasm and Pole Cells at the Base of the Holometabola." PLoS Genetics 7, no. 4 (April 28, 2011): e1002029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002029.

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Smýkal, Vlastimil, Martin Pivarči, Jan Provazník, Olga Bazalová, Pavel Jedlička, Ondřej Lukšan, Aleš Horák, et al. "Complex Evolution of Insect Insulin Receptors and Homologous Decoy Receptors, and Functional Significance of Their Multiplicity." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 6 (February 26, 2020): 1775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa048.

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Abstract Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.

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Filanti, Beatrice, Giovanni Piccinini, Simone Bettini, Maurizio Lazzari, Valeria Franceschini, Maria Gabriella Maurizii, and Liliana Milani. "Early germline differentiation in bivalves: TDRD7 as a candidate investigational unit for Ruditapes philippinarum germ granule assembly." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 156, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-021-01983-0.

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AbstractThe germline is a key feature of sexual animals and the ways in which it separates from the soma differ widely across Metazoa. However, at least at some point during germline differentiation, some cytoplasmic supramolecular structures (collectively called germ plasm-related structures) are present and involved in its specification and/or differentiation. The factors involved in the assembly of these granular structures are various and non-ubiquitous among animals, even if some functional patterns and the presence of certain domains appear to be shared among some. For instance, the LOTUS domain is shared by Oskar, the Holometabola germ plasm master regulator, and some Tudor-family proteins assessed as being involved in the proper assembly of germ granules of different animals. Here, we looked for the presence of LOTUS-containing proteins in the transcriptome of Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia). Such species is of particular interest because it displays annual renewal of gonads, sided by the renewal of germline differentiation pathways. Moreover, previous works have identified in its early germ cells cytoplasmic granules containing germline determinants. We selected the orthologue of TDRD7 as a candidate involved in the early steps of germline differentiation through bioinformatic predictions and immunohistological patterning (immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence). We observed the expression of the protein in putative precursors of germline cells, upstream to the germline marker Vasa. This, added to the fact that orthologues of this protein are involved in the assembly of germ granules in mouse, zebrafish, and fly, makes it a worthy study unit for investigations on the formation of such structures in bivalves.

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Belles, Xavier. "The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20180415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0415.

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The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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Tapanila, Leif, and Eric M. Roberts. "The Earliest Evidence of Holometabolan Insect Pupation in Conifer Wood." PLoS ONE 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): e31668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031668.

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Hall, Martin J. R., and Daniel Martín-Vega. "Visualization of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0071.

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Metamorphosis and, in particular, holometaboly, the development of organisms through a series of discrete stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) that hardly resemble one another but are finely adapted to specific roles in the life cycle of the organism, has fascinated and mystified humans throughout history. However, it can be difficult to visualize the dramatic changes that occur during holometaboly without destructive sampling, traditionally through histology. However, advances in imaging technologies developed mainly for medical sciences have been applied to studies of insect metamorphosis over the past couple of decades. These include micro-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. A major advantage of these techniques is that they are rapid and non-destructive, enabling virtual dissection of an organism in any plane by anyone who has access to the image files and the necessary software. They can also be applied in some cases to visualize metamorphosis in vivo , including the periods of most rapid and dramatic morphological change. This review focusses on visualizing the intra-puparial holometabolous metamorphosis of cyclorraphous flies (Diptera), including the primary model organism for all genetic investigations, Drosophila melanogaster , and the blow flies of medical, veterinary and forensic importance, but also discusses similar studies on other insect orders. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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