Relevant bibliographies by topics / Holoparasites

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Academic literature on the topic 'Holoparasites'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Holoparasites"

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Gu, Xi, Ing-Gin Chen, Scott A. Harding, Batbayar Nyamdari, Maria A. Ortega, Kristen Clermont, James H. Westwood, and Chung-Jui Tsai. "Plasma membrane phylloquinone biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants." Plant Physiology 185, no. 4 (January 30, 2021): 1443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab031.

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Abstract Nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit flexible targeting of phylloquinone biosynthesis to facilitate plasma membrane redox signaling. Phylloquinone is a lipophilic naphthoquinone found predominantly in chloroplasts and best known for its function in photosystem I electron transport and disulfide bridge formation of photosystem II subunits. Phylloquinone has also been detected in plasma membrane (PM) preparations of heterotrophic tissues with potential transmembrane redox function, but the molecular basis for this noncanonical pathway is unknown. Here, we provide evidence of PM phylloquinone biosynthesis in a nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. A nonphotosynthetic and nonplastidial role for phylloquinone is supported by transcription of phylloquinone biosynthetic genes during seed germination and haustorium development, by PM-localization of alternative terminal enzymes, and by detection of phylloquinone in germinated seeds. Comparative gene network analysis with photosynthetically competent parasites revealed a bias of P. aegyptiaca phylloquinone genes toward coexpression with oxidoreductases involved in PM electron transport. Genes encoding the PM phylloquinone pathway are also present in several photoautotrophic taxa of Asterids, suggesting an ancient origin of multifunctionality. Our findings suggest that nonphotosynthetic holoparasites exploit alternative targeting of phylloquinone for transmembrane redox signaling associated with parasitism.
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Evans, Bethany A., and Victoria A. Borowicz. "The plant vigor hypothesis applies to a holoparasitic plant on a drought-stressed host." Botany 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0099.

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Parasitic plants extract resources from host vascular tissues but their responses to environmental fluctuation experienced by the host are poorly studied. Three frequently-cited hypotheses for effects of environmental stress on plant resistance to herbivores predict decreased, increased, or fluctuation in herbivore performance in response to drought stress. We tested which hypothesis best accounts for how drought stress applied to a perennial herb affects growth of the holoparasite, Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (common dodder), an obligate shoot parasite. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney (wingstem) supporting single, young C. gronovii were exposed to continuous, pulsed, or no water stress for 32 days and then dry mass of each parasite was determined. Consistent with the plant vigor hypothesis, C. gronovii grew significantly better on well-watered hosts. Continuous and pulsed drought stress of the host resulted in similar growth reduction relative to no drought stress. In addition to reducing absolute growth of the holoparasite, continuous and pulsed drought stress reduced the growth of the holoparasite relative to host growth. Although functionally similar to insect phloem feeders, growth of holoparasites such as C. gronovii is constrained by source–sink relations. Our results suggest drought stress experienced by a host weakens source strength and reduces uptake by the holoparasite acting as a sink.
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Piwowarczyk, Renata, Adam C. Schneider, Grzegorz Góralski, Dagmara Kwolek, Magdalena Denysenko-Bennett, Anna Burda, Karolina Ruraż, Andrzej J. Joachimiak, and Óscar Sánchez Pedraja. "Phylogeny and historical biogeography analysis support Caucasian and Mediterranean centres of origin of key holoparasitic Orobancheae (Orobanchaceae) lineages." PhytoKeys 174 (March 12, 2021): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.62524.

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The extensive diversity of the tribe Orobancheae, the most species-rich lineage of holoparasitic Orobanchaceae, is concentrated in the Caucasus and Mediterranean regions of the Old World. This extant diversity has inspired hypotheses that these regions are also centres of origin of its key lineages, however the ability to test hypotheses has been limited by a lack of sampling and phylogenetic information about the species, especially in the Caucasus region. First, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of several poorly known, problematic, or newly described species and host-races of four genera of Orobancheae occurring in the Caucasus region–Cistanche, Phelypaea, Phelipanche and Orobanche–using nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and plastid (trnL–trnF) sequence data. Then we applied a probablistic dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model of historical biogeography across a more inclusive clade of holoparasites, to explicitly test hypotheses of Orobancheae diversification and historical biogeography shifts. In sum, we sampled 548 sequences (including 196 newly generated) from 13 genera, 140 species, and 175 taxa across 44 countries. We find that the Western Asia (particularly the Caucasus) and the Mediterranean are the centre of origin for large clades of holoparasitic Orobancheae within the last 6 million years. In the Caucasus, the centres of diversity are composed both of long-branch taxa and shallow, recently diversified clades, while Orobancheae diversity in the Mediterranean appears to represent mainly recent diversification.
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Gonzalez, Ana, Héctor Sato, and Brigitte Marazzi. "Embryology in Helosis cayennensis (Balanophoraceae): Structure of Female Flowers, Fruit, Endosperm and Embryo." Plants 8, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8030074.

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Helosis cayennensis (Balanophoraceae s.str.) is a holoparasite characterised by aberrant vegetative bodies and tiny, reduced unisexual flowers. Here, we analysed the development of female flowers to elucidate their morpho-anatomy and the historical controversy on embryo sac formation. We also studied the developmental origin of inflorescences and the ontogeny of fruits, embryo and endosperm and discussed in a phylogenetic framework. Inflorescences were analysed by optical, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Inflorescences of H. cayennensis arise endogenously. Female flowers lack perianth organs, thus only consist of the ovary, two styles and stigmata. Ovules are undifferentiated; two megaspore mother cells develop inside a nucellar complex. The female gametophyte, named Helosis-type, is a bisporic four-celled embryo sac, provided with a typical egg apparatus and a uni-nucleated central cell. Fertilization was not observed, yet a few-celled embryo and cellular endosperm developed. In sum, results confirm that, among Santalales holoparasites, Helosis is intermediate in the reduction series of its floral organs. Although perianth absence best supports the Balanophoraceae s.str. clade, our literature survey on female flower developmental data across Balanophoraceae s.l. highlights the many gaps that need to be filled to really understand these features in the light of new phylogenetic relationships.
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Piwowarczyk, Renata, Ireneusz Ochmian, Sabina Lachowicz, Ireneusz Kapusta, and Zofia Sotek. "Phytochemical and Bioactive Properties of Phelypaea Tournefortii – Effect of Parasitic Lifestyle and Environmental Factors." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2020-0010.

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AbstractSome holoparasitic species can become cultivated plants due to their unique chemical composition. A lot of bioactive contents are characteristic for them. Holoparasites of the family Orobanchaceae are known to be an important and rich source of polyphenols, especially metabolites of the phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) group. However, only a minority of the species in this family have been phytochemically tested. They are reported to have multiple biological and therapeutic effects and have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. This is the first study to present phytochemical profiling for a representative of genus Phelypaea. The chemical composition and biological activity in particular organs of the parasite, P. tournefortii, were determined. The interaction with its host, Tanacetum polycephalum (Asteraceae), from different places and altitudes was also studied. We presented the determination of polyphenolic compounds with the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method, antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities, polyphenols, and nitrates content, ABTS•+, DPPH, FRAP, as well as colour parameters. The polyphenols profile of the parasite and host were different in quality and quantity. Identification of polyphenolic compounds revealed 41 compounds, 15 in the parasite (12 phenylethanoids and 3 anthocyanins), and 26 in the host (mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids). The amount and biological activity of polyphenolic compounds present in Phelypaea was very diverse and depended on the host plant and the parasite’s organs, as well as on population altitude. The results show that P. tournefortii is a potential source of functional and pro-health components. They also direct researchers’ attention to the parasite’s organs, host, and environmental influence.
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Jost, Matthias, Julia Naumann, Nicolás Rocamundi, Andrea A. Cocucci, and Stefan Wanke. "The First Plastid Genome of the Holoparasitic Genus Prosopanche (Hydnoraceae)." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030306.

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Plastomes of parasitic and mycoheterotrophic plants show different degrees of reduction depending on the plants’ level of heterotrophy and host dependence in comparison to photoautotrophic sister species, and the amount of time since heterotrophic dependence was established. In all but the most recent heterotrophic lineages, this reduction involves substantial decrease in genome size and gene content and sometimes alterations of genome structure. Here, we present the first plastid genome of the holoparasitic genus Prosopanche, which shows clear signs of functionality. The plastome of Prosopanche americana has a length of 28,191 bp and contains only 24 unique genes, i.e., 14 ribosomal protein genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, five genes coding for tRNAs and three genes with other or unknown function (accD, ycf1, ycf2). The inverted repeat has been lost. Despite the split of Prosopanche and Hydnora about 54 MYA ago, the level of genome reduction is strikingly congruent between the two holoparasites although highly dissimilar nucleotide sequences are observed. Our results lead to two possible evolutionary scenarios that will be tested in the future with a larger sampling: 1) a Hydnoraceae plastome, similar to those of Hydnora and Prosopanche today, existed already in the most recent common ancestor and has not changed much with respect to gene content and structure, or 2) the genome similarities we observe today are the result of two independent evolutionary trajectories leading to almost the same endpoint. The first hypothesis would be most parsimonious whereas the second would point to taxon dependent essential gene sets for plants released from photosynthetic constraints.
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Kawakita, A., and M. Kato. "Floral biology and unique pollination system of root holoparasites, Balanophora kuroiwai and B. tobiracola (Balanophoraceae)." American Journal of Botany 89, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.7.1164.

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Sanjust, Enrico, and Andrea C. Rinaldi. "Cytinus under the Microscope: Disclosing the Secrets of a Parasitic Plant." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010146.

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Well over 1% of all flowering plants are parasites, obtaining all or part of the nutrients they need from other plants. Among this extremely heterogeneous assemblage, the Cytinaceae form a small group of holoparasites, with Cytinus as the main representative genus. Despite the small number of known species and the fact that it doesn’t attack crops or plants of economic importance, Cytinus is paradigmatic among parasitic plants. Recent research has indeed disclosed many aspects of host–parasite interactions and reproductive biology, the latter displaying a vast array of adaptive traits to lure a range of animal pollinators. Furthermore, analysis of biological activities of extracts of the most common species of Cytinus has provided evidence that this plant could be a valuable source of compounds with high potential in key applicative areas, namely food production (nutraceuticals) and the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. This article offers a complete overview of our current knowledge of Cytinus.
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Torres, Carola A., Cristina M. Perez Zamora, Hector A. Sato, Maria B. Nuñez, and Ana M. Gonzalez. "Phytochemical composition and biological screening of two Lophophytum species." Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 20, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 598–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.21.20.6.43.

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Lophophytum species are holoparasites that grow on tree roots. The objectives of the work were to explore the chemical composition of the tubers of two Lophophytum species and to analyze the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antilithiatic activity of their extracts using in vitro methods. The chemical composition was determined by histochemical, phytochemical and TLC tests. In addition, the profile of phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-MS. The presence of secondary metabolites of recognized activity was demonstrated. The results of the HPLC-MS/MS allowed the tentative identification of catechin, luteolin and glycosides of eriodictyol, naringenin and luteolin in the extract of Lophophytum leandri and eriodictyol, naringenin, luteolin and their glycosylated derivatives in Lophophytum mirabile. The extracts showed promising antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene-linoleic acid), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of 5-LOX) and anti-urolytic (by bioautographic TLC) activity. It is noteworthy that these are the first results of the phytochemical composition and biological activity of L. mirabile. However, in vivo studies are required to corroborate these activities.
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Chen, Xiaoli, Dongming Fang, Chenyu Wu, Bing Liu, Yang Liu, Sunil Kumar Sahu, Bo Song, et al. "Comparative Plastome Analysis of Root- and Stem-Feeding Parasites of Santalales Untangle the Footprints of Feeding Mode and Lifestyle Transitions." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 3663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz271.

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Abstract In plants, parasitism triggers the reductive evolution of plastid genomes (plastomes). To disentangle the molecular evolutionary associations between feeding on other plants below- or aboveground and general transitions from facultative to obligate parasitism, we analyzed 34 complete plastomes of autotrophic, root- and stem-feeding hemiparasitic, and holoparasitic Santalales. We observed inexplicable losses of housekeeping genes and tRNAs in hemiparasites and dramatic genomic reconfiguration in holoparasitic Balanophoraceae, whose plastomes have exceptionally low GC contents. Genomic changes are related primarily to the evolution of hemi- or holoparasitism, whereas the transition from a root- to a stem-feeding mode plays no major role. In contrast, the rate of molecular evolution accelerates in a stepwise manner from autotrophs to root- and then stem-feeding parasites. Already the ancestral transition to root-parasitism coincides with a relaxation of selection in plastomes. Another significant selectional shift in plastid genes occurs as stem-feeders evolve, suggesting that this derived form coincides with trophic specialization despite the retention of photosynthetic capacity. Parasitic Santalales fill a gap in our understanding of parasitism-associated plastome degeneration. We reveal that lifestyle-genome associations unfold interdependently over trophic specialization and feeding mode transitions, where holoparasitic Balanophoraceae provide a system for exploring the functional realms of plastomes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Holoparasites"

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LUSSON, NATHALIE. "Etude du systeme genetique plastidial de la scrophulariacee holoparasite lathraea clandestina." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT2090.

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Lathraea clandestina est une holoparasite de racine appartenant a la famille des scrophulariacees qui sevit uniquement en europe. L'etude de l'organisation du genome plastidial a revele que celui-ci correspondait a une molecule d'environ 110kb soit approximativement les deux tiers de celui du tabac. L'utilisation de sondes heterologues correspondant aux regions portant les genes du systeme genetique a mis en evidence des deletions plus ou moins importantes. Neanmoins la technique d'amplification par pcr montre que les quatre genes de l'arn polymerase chloroplastique (rpoa, b, c1 et c2) ainsi que les genes rps7 et rpl20 codant pour des proteines du plastoribosome et celui pour l'arn 16s sont maintenus. La transcription des genes pour l'arn 16s et la proteine ribosomale l20 demontre la presence d'un systeme d'expression fonctionnel dans les amyloplastes de lathraea. Cependant le sequencage total du gene rpoa et partiel des genes rpob et rpoc1 montre la presence de mutations qui ont fait evoluer les genes des sous-unites de l'arn polymerase vers l'etat de pseudogenes. Par consequent les sous-unites ne sont plus codees par le genome plastidial et aucune arn polymerase chloroplastique n'existe dans les plastes de lathraea. Puisque le systeme d'expression de certains genes est neanmoins possible, il faut envisager qu'une arn polymerase entierement codee par le genome nucleaire est importee dans les plastes de lathraea pour compenser la perte de l'arn polymerase chloroplastique
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Birschwilks, Mandy. "Untersuchungen zum Stofftransfer zwischen dem phanerogamen Holoparasiten Cuscuta spec. und seinen Wirtspflanzen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972494820.

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BOUHATOUS, BRAHIM. "Etude des relations hote-parasite : cas d'une phanerogame holoparasite (orobanche crenata forsk) sur legumineuses." Montpellier, ENSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENSA0004.

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Phanerogame holoparasite trict orobanche crenata forsk est l'une des cinq especes d'orobanche causant de dramatiques degats, dans plusieurs regions du monde, sur des especes cultivees hotes dont notamment les legumineuses. Des etudes au champ, pendant deux annees, ont montre l'importance preponderante des facteurs biotiques (hotes, date de semis) et abiotiques (climat de l'annee) sur le systeme parasite-legumineuses-rhizobium. Des effets depressifs et/ou stimulants du parasite sur le microsymbiote, et vice versa, sont observes. Les manifestations du parasitisme sont egalement etudiees, en pots, pour des populations d'o. Crenata forsk recoltees dans les conditions precedentes. Elles sont comparees a celles induites par la competition intraspecifique chez l'hote. Les resultats ont montre le double role trophique, et genetique de l'hote, et des reponses plastiques variees selon l'hote et le parasite. L'effet du voisinage sur la sensibilite a l'infection chez l'hote est observe. La presence d'un hote a forte sensibilite a l'infection (feve) augmente l'infection par le parasite chez un partenaire s'infectant peu (pois chiche). Il peut meme y avoir infection d'un partenaire ne s'infectant jamais seul (soja). Chez le parasite l'etude electrophoretique a montre une importante variabilite isozymique sur la base de quelques systemes (pgm, adh, est, idh, ppo, skdh). Une approche synthetique de l'holoparasitisme, en terme de cout de production du parasite, est tentee
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Thorogood, Christopher John. "Host Specificity and Speciation in the Holoparasitic Angiosperm Orobanche Minor sm. (Orobanchaceae)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499944.

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Gibot-Leclerc, Stéphanie. "Etude épidémiologique, écophysiologique et agronomique du couple Orobanche ramosa L. /Brassica napus L." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066133.

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Randle, Christopher P. "The evolution and expression of rbcL in holoparasitic sister genera, harveya hook. and hyobanche l. (orobanchaceae) and systematics and taxonomic revision of southern African species of harveya." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1085582568.

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Naumann, Julia, Joshua P. Der, Eric K. Wafula, Samuel S. Jones, Sarah T. Wagner, Loren A. Honaas, Paula E. Ralph, et al. "Detecting and characterizing the highly divergent plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant Hydnora visseri (Hydnoraceae)." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203345.

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Plastid genomes of photosynthetic flowering plants are usually highly conserved in both structure and gene content. However, the plastomes of parasitic and mycoheterotrophic plants may be released from selective constraint due to the reduction or loss of photosynthetic ability. Here we present the greatly reduced and highly divergent, yet functional, plastome of the nonphotosynthetic holoparasite Hydnora visseri (Hydnoraceae, Piperales). The plastome is 27 kb in length, with 24 genes encoding ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNAs, tRNAs and a few non-bioenergetic genes, but no genes related to photosynthesis. The inverted repeat and the small single copy region are only ~1.5 kb, and intergenic regions have been drastically reduced. Despite extreme reduction, gene order and orientation are highly similar to the plastome of Piper cenocladum, a related photosynthetic plant in Piperales. Gene sequences in Hydnora are highly divergent and several complementary approaches using the highest possible sensitivity were required for identification and annotation of this plastome. Active transcription is detected for all of the protein coding genes in the plastid genome, and one of two introns is appropriately spliced out of rps12 transcripts. The whole genome shotgun read depth is 1,400X coverage for the plastome, while the mitochondrial genome is covered at 40X and the nuclear genome at 2X. Despite the extreme reduction of the genome and high sequence divergence, the presence of syntenic, long transcriptionally-active open reading frames with distant similarity to other plastid genomes and a high plastome stoichiometry relative to the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes suggests that the plastome remains functional in Hydnora visseri. A four stage model of gene reduction, including the potential for complete plastome loss, is proposed to account for the range of plastid genomes in nonphotosynthetic plants.
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Shyu, Shin-Yi, and 徐馨怡. "Evolutionary Studies of Plastid Genome of Holoparasitic Mitrastemon kanehirai." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18571542242994738137.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
101
Non-photosynthetic plants only retain remnant plastids and their plastome is highly reduced. Mitrastemon kanehirai, a root holoparasite, is endemic to Taiwan and considered an endangered species. Mitrastemon kanehirai has only one plastid sequence has been reported, and the sequence, pt16S rDNA, shows increased substitution rate. In this dissertation, the performance of six DNA extraction procedures for two non-photosynthetic plants, Balanophora japonica and M. kanehirai, were compared. All six procedures yielded DNA of sufficient quality for PCR, and the method described by Barnwell et al. (1998) performed well in isolating DNA from both species for restriction enzyme digestion. Meanwhile, enrichment of M. kanehirai plastid DNA content was achieved by using the ‘high salt’ methods based on protocol presented by Milligan (1989). High rate of nucleotide substitution in three subcellular SSU rDNAs have been reported in heterotrophic plants, and the rate heterogeneity among these sequences are presented in this dissertation. Mt19S, pt16S and nr18S rDNA sequences from nine heterotrophic plants, including one hemiparasitic, five holoparasitic and three mycoheterotrophic plants, were examined. Rate heterogeneity among various rDNA sequences was evaluated by relative rate tests and phylogenetic analysis. Both pt16S and nr18S rDNA sequences of non-photosynthetic species show significant increases of substitution rate, but the phenomenon was not found in mt19S rDNA. The extreme divergent pt16S and nr18S rDNA sequences were found in B. japonica and M. kanehirai, and accompanied by a decrease in GC content of the sequences. Mitrastemon kanehieai plastome was sequenced by using next generation sequencing technology. The genome is smallest plastome that have been described with size of 25,740 bp. Only 26 genes were retained in the plastome, which include 4 rRNAs, 4 tRNAs and 18 protein-coding genes. These retained genes are mostly involved in translation machinery. All photosynthesis-related genes were lost, and the inverted repeat region is absent. Despite the enormous reduction, the M. kanehirai plastome is a functional gene expression system. DNA transfer from plastid to nucleus and horizontal transfer from the host to the parasite were also observed in M. kanehirai.
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Birschwilks, Mandy [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zum Stofftransfer zwischen dem phanerogamen Holoparasiten Cuscuta spec. und seinen Wirtspflanzen / von Mandy Birschwilks." 2003. http://d-nb.info/972494820/34.

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Wang, Yi-Min, and 王譯泯. "A study on nutrient relationships between five holoparasitic plants and their hosts in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b2p4yf.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
105
Holoparasitic plants lack chlorophylls and gain all the nutrients only from host plants. The absorption mechanism and nutrient status of the holoparasitic plants in Taiwan have not been studied. This research investigated the nutrient relationship between five holoparasites (Aeginetia indica, Balanophora laxiflora, Mitrastemon kanehirai, Mitrastemon kawasasakii, Cuscuta campestris) and their hosts. These studied parasitic plants differ in degree of host-specificity, parasitic location on host (root or stem/leaf) and parasitic forms (endoparasite or ectoparasite). Tissue sections were made and investigated to confirm whether there are connecting tissues between holoparasites and their hosts. Subsequently, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) contents and carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes of the parasitic plants and their hosts were analyzed. The following objectives were studied: 1) to investigate the nutrient contents of holoparasites, and to compare whether the holoparasites of different degree of host-specificity are different in nutrient contents; 2) to investigate whether the holoparasites and their hosts have identical δ13C and δ15N values, and to evaluate the possibility of using the stable isotope ratio for tracing the hosts of holoparasites. The structures of haustoria of A. indica and C. campestris revealed that these two parasitic plants invaded hosts by the parenchyma cells and had xylem connection with their hosts. In the tuber of B. laxiflora, there were composite bundle consisting both the holoparasite and the host tissues and the transfer cells were found in the center. The two Mitrastemon spp., belonging to endoparasite, formed large masses between cortex and phloem of host roots. The results showed that the studied holoparasites had significantly higher C, P, K, lower Ca contents and higher K/Ca ratio than their hosts. Accordingly, by accumulation of K for lowering the osmatic and water potential, the holoparasites might gain water and solute from their hosts. Besides, the high K/Ca ratio indicated that these holoparasites obtained nutrient mainly from host phloem. The two Mitrastemon spp. had significantly higher C but lower K contents than other three holoparasites which might be related to their high degree of host-specificity and being endoparasitic. The holoparasites had significantly higher δ13C and δ15N values than their hosts. In addition, there were positive correlations in δ13C and δ15N values between holoparasites and their hosts. Thus, it is possible to use the ratio of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes ratio as an indicator for tracing the hosts of the holoparasites.
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Books on the topic "Holoparasites"

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Hyatt, Keith H. Mites of the genus Holoparasitus Oudemans, 1936 (Mesostigmata : Parasitidae) in the British Isles. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1987.

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Mites of the Genus Holoparasitus Oudemans, 1936 (Mesostigmata (Zoology Bulletins). Intercept Ltd, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Holoparasites"

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Mescher, Mark C., Jordan Smith, and Consuelo M. De Moraes. "Host Location and Selection by Holoparasitic Plants." In Plant-Environment Interactions, 101–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4_6.

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Arnaldo Sato, Hector, and Ana Maria Gonzalez. "Anatomy, Embryology and Life Cycle of Lophophytum, a Root-Holoparasitic Plant." In Parasitic Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99981.

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Abstract:
The most extreme manifestation of parasitism occurs in holoparasites, plants that are totally achlorophyllous. Among them, the genus Lophophytum (Balanophoraceae) is characterized by an aberrant vegetative body called a tuber, devoid of stems and leaves. The genus is exclusively South American, comprising five taxa, which parasitize the roots of trees or shrubs. This review focuses on the Argentine species of the genus: L. leandri and L. mirabile subsp. bolivianum. Topics covered include: morphology and anatomy of the vegetative body and host–parasite connection; structure, anatomy and development of the staminate and pistillate flowers; sporogenesis and gametogenesis, embryo sac inversion; endospermogenesis, embryogenesis and fruit development. The evolutionary trend in the gynoecium and embryo sac of the Balanophoraceae is also discussed to reflect the variability. Finally, observations were made on the synchronization of the life cycles of the parasites and hosts to infer possible ways by which parasitism has evolved, until now unknown.
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"Chapter 4. Holoparasitic Families." In Parasitic flowering plants, 189–262. BRILL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004167506.i-438.29.

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