Journal articles: 'Holothurians – Reproduction'

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Dolmatov, Igor Yu. "Asexual Reproduction in Holothurians." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/527234.

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Aspects of asexual reproduction in holothurians are discussed. Holothurians are significant as fishery and aquaculture items and have high commercial value. The last review on holothurian asexual reproduction was published 18 years ago and included only 8 species. An analysis of the available literature shows that asexual reproduction has now been confirmed in 16 holothurian species. Five additional species are also most likely capable of fission. The recent discovery of new fissiparous holothurian species indicates that this reproduction mode is more widespread in Holothuroidea than previously believed. New data about the history of the discovery of asexual reproduction in holothurians, features of fission, and regeneration of anterior and posterior fragments are described here. Asexual reproduction is obviously controlled by the integrated systems of the organism, primarily the nervous system. Special molecular mechanisms appear to determine the location where fission occurs along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Alteration of the connective tissue strength of the body wall may play an important role during fission of holothurians. The basic mechanism of fission is the interaction of matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors, and enzymes forming cross-link complexes between fibrils of collagen. The population dynamics of fissiparous holothurians are discussed.

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Dolmatov, Igor Yu. "Molecular Aspects of Regeneration Mechanisms in Holothurians." Genes 12, no. 2 (2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020250.

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Holothurians, or sea cucumbers, belong to the phylum Echinodermata. They show good regenerative abilities. The present review provides an analysis of available data on the molecular aspects of regeneration mechanisms in holothurians. The genes and signaling pathways activated during the asexual reproduction and the formation of the anterior and posterior parts of the body, as well as the molecular mechanisms that provide regeneration of the nervous and digestive systems, are considered here. Damage causes a strong stress response, the signs of which are recorded even at late regeneration stages. In holothurian tissues, the concentrations of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes increase. Furthermore, the cellular and humoral components of the immune system are activated. Extracellular matrix remodeling and Wnt signaling play a major role in the regeneration in holothurians. All available morphological and molecular data show that the dedifferentiation of specialized cells in the remnant of the organ and the epithelial morphogenesis constitute the basis of regeneration in holothurians. However, depending on the type of damage, the mechanisms of regeneration may differ significantly in the spatial organization of regeneration process, the involvement of different cell types, and the depth of reprogramming of their genome (dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation).

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Tyler, P. A., K. Eckelbarger, and D. S. M. Billett. "Reproduction in Bathyplotes natans (Holothurioidea: Synallactidae) from bathyal depths in the north-east and western Atlantic." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 2 (1994): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039400.

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The gross morphology, histology, ultrastructure and periodicity of gonad development of the bathyal aspidochirote holothurian Bathyplotes natans is described and compared with the ‘tubule recruitment model’ proposed for aspidochirote holothurians. As B. natans grows, additional gonad tubules develop at the anterior end of the gonad basis. Oocyte development in these tubules is non-seasonal and the population of oocytes consists of both pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes as well as some large oocytes undergoing phagocytic breakdown. Vitellogenesis is similar to that described previously for holothurians, although the follicular inner epithelium cells surrounding the developing oocytes are different from those previously reported. In males the unique acrosomal complex consists of three depressions with the acrosome lying in the central depression. The tubule recruitment model of Smiley does not apply to B. natans. We do not feel this model has widespread applicability in the Aspidochirotida or the Holothurioidea in general.

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Kazanidis, Georgios, Paul A. Tyler, and David S. M. Billett. "On the reproduction of the simultaneous hermaphrodite Paroriza prouhoi (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae) in the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, north-east Atlantic." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 4 (2013): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413001537.

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Long-term studies in the abyssal north-east Atlantic (1989–2005) have revealed large-scale changes in the benthic ecosystem and especially in some megafaunal invertebrate taxa over the period 1996–2002, termed the ‘Amperima Event’. Holothurians dominated the megafaunal samples. Temporal patterns in the abundance of holothurians showed a wide spectrum of responses, possibly related to the feeding and reproductive characteristics of the various species. One of the holothurians, the synallactid Paroriza prouhoi, is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, providing a distinct comparison with dioecious reproductive patterns more typical of deep-sea holothurian species. The reproductive biology and abundance/biomass patterns of P. prouhoi were investigated over the period 1989–2005. Paroriza prouhoi produces oocytes with a maximum diameter of ~370 µm. It has asynchronous patterns of gametogenesis both at the individual and population levels. Mean oocyte diameter and the ratio between previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes showed no significant differences between the periods prior to and after the Amperima Event. There were no significant differences in abundance or biomass over the time series. We conclude that the energy investment into gamete production by this hermaphrodite did not change over the 16 years examined. It is hypothesized that the feeding characteristics of P. prouhoi lead to a slow, steady and consistent production of gametes despite large-scale changes in organic matter supply to the seabed evident at the time series locality.

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Kazanidis, Georgios, Chryssanthi Antoniadou, Alexios P. Lolas, et al. "Population dynamics and reproduction of Holothuria tubulosa (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the Aegean Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 5 (2010): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000251.

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The Atlanto-Mediterranean holothurian Holothuria tubulosa is among the conspicuous benthic invertebrates in the shallow sublittoral zone. It is an edible species, harvested at the Aegean Sea and utilized as fishing bait. Considering the lack of information for the Aegean populations, a one-year survey, based on monthly or semimonthly samples, was carried out focusing on population structure, allometric relationships and reproductive status of H. tubulosa stocks in Pagasitikos Gulf. Population density varied around 9.93 individuals/100 m2. This value was rather low compared with other studied Mediterranean populations of the species, possibly due to the scarcity of seagrass meadows in the area studied. All measured biometric characters showed high plasticity, and all the examined morphometric relationships followed negative allometry indicating a change to the shape of the animal's body as it grows. Holothurians’ length was a moderate predictor of biomass since r values reached 60%; in contrast a very strong relation was observed between drained and gutted weight. Size–frequency distribution analysis was unimodal with the exception of spring where a second mode of larger sized individuals appeared. The gonadosomatic index showed a single spawning season per year, in late summer; accordingly the reproductive cycle of the species showed a clear annual pattern which was highly correlated with the seasonal variations of temperature.

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Indriana, Lisa Fajar, Muhammad Firdaus, Supono, and Fawzan Bhakti Soffa. "FISSIPAROUS SEA CUCUMBER (Holothuria atra) POPULATION IN NORTH LOMBOK, INDONESIA." Marine Research in Indonesia 43, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v43i1.242.

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Sea cucumbers belonged to the species of Holothuria atra are one of the holothurians that could reproduce asexually through fission particularly when their ambient environments are not optimum to reproduce sexually. The reproductive pattern of H. atra has been shown to correlate with to the condition of H. atra population as well as their habitats and environments. This study aims to investigate the asexual reproduction and fission rate of H. atra in Tanjung, North Lombok, Indonesia. We conducted surveys in February, May, July, August, September and December 2016 by applying the free collection method. A total of 1,383 individual H. atra were collected consisting of 931 intact or normal individuals, 174 anterior individuals, 261 posterior individuals and 17 uncategorized individuals. Fissioned H. atra were found in every sampling conducted in the six different months with fission rates range from 5.53 to 30.40%. This research shows that the population of H. atra in Tanjung, North Lombok, are susceptible to asexual reproduction (fission). Fission rate value of > 5% is associated with an adaptation mechanism of H. atra to maintain their population in the wild. Further investigation on the environmental conditions stimulating H. atra fission is needed to understand the reproduction and population dynamic of this species in Tanjung waters.

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Tyler, P. A., C. M. Young, D. S. M. Billett, and L. A. Giles. "Pairing behaviour, reproduction and diet in the deep-sea holothurian genus Paroriza (Holothurioidea: Synallactidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 2 (1992): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400037814.

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Deep-sea holothurians of the genus Paroriza (Family Synallactidae) have often been observed or photographed in pairs or triplets. Observations of tracks on the sea floor suggest that pairs may remain together for some time. We explored the reasons for pairing in a study of reproductive condition and diet, using animals collected by trawl from the bathyal and abyssal north-east Atlantic and by manned submersible from the bathyal slope of the Bahamas. Both species of Paroriza studied were found to be simultaneous hermaphrodites producing yolky oocytes. Oocytes of Paroriza pollens were about 350μm in diameter, whereas those of P. prouhoi were up to 450μm. Examination of oocyte size-frequency distributions suggests that reproduction is continuous for both species. Neither mean oocyte size, nor shape of the oocyte size-frequency distribution differed significantly between paired and unpaired P. pallens collected during the same season. These deposit-feeding holothurians appear to take food from the nutrient-rich phytodetrital layers on the surface of the sediment. Because their food resources are probably not patchy on small scales, the observed pairs are not likely to be feeding aggregations. We hypothesize that pairing increases the likelihood of external fertilization and that spawning in these species may be induced at any time by the presence of a conspecific rather than by seasonal cues.

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Uthicke, S. "Influence of asexual reproduction on the structure and dynamics of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus populations of the Great Barrier Reef." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00064.

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To determine the effect of asexual reproduction by transverse fission on the population structure of holothurians, ensities and individual weights of Holothuria atra (JÄÄger,1833)and Stichopus chloronotus (Brandt, 1835)were measured over a 26-month period on near-shore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Densities of H.atra (0.01—0.69 individuals m –2 )and S. chloronotus (0.11—1.67) did not increase during periods of intense asexual reproduction, and the density on each reef remained relatively stable.The effect of fission was clearly visible in the weight —frequency distributions of both species. The average individual wet weight in each population declined (H. atra from 105/134 g to 64/94 g in two respective populations;S. chloronotus from 128/302 g to 82/190 g in two respective populations) with the onset of fission in early winter, and more individuals in the weight range of fission products were found. The biomass followed the seasonal trend of the average weights for both species, with minimum values in winter. A conceptual model based on these and previous findings identified five possible factors (mortality, habitat stability, optimum individual size, food availability, larval supply) involved in promoting or repressing transverse fission, and the model indicated the consequences for the population.

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Dolmatov, I. Yu. "New data on asexual reproduction, autotomy, and regeneration in holothurians of the Order Dendrochirotida." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 40, no. 3 (2014): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074014030031.

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Kremenetskaia, Antonina, Olga Ezhova, Anatoliy L. Drozdov, Elena Rybakova, and Andrey Gebruk. "On the reproduction of two deep-sea Arctic holothurians, Elpidia heckeri and Kolga hyalina (Holothuroidea:Elpidiidae)." Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 64, no. 1 (2019): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2019.1692915.

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Dolmatov, I. Yu, Nguyen An Khang, and Ya O. Kamenev. "Asexual reproduction, evisceration, and regeneration in holothurians (Holothuroidea) from Nha Trang Bay of the South China Sea." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 38, no. 3 (2012): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074012030042.

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Purwati, P. "REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF HOLOTHURIA SCABRA (ECHINODERMATA: HOLOTHUROIDEA) IN INDONESIAN WATERS." Marine Research in Indonesia 30 (May 11, 2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v30i0.423.

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During 1993 to 1996, reproductive aspects of Holothuria scabra, one of the commercially important holothurian species in Indonesian waters were studied, which involved populations of Ambon Bay (eastern Indonesian waters), Saugi Island (central Indonesian waters) and Lampung Bay (western Indonesian waters). Those studies were reviewed in this paper, not only to reveal general patterns of reproductive seasons of populations throughout Indonesian waters, but also to provide more knowledge on gonadaltubule-development that has been rarely investigated on Indonesian holothurians. The review showed that the development of gonadal tubules amongst populations of Indonesian H. scabra were similar. Those included that: tubules across a gonad grew for one single reproductive cycle, and each tubule had equal opportunity to release their gametes in the same spawning event. These features conformed to general characteristics of this species throughout the world, and were different from the proposed tubule recruitment model of Smiley (1988). Each observed population showed fluctuation on gonad index, and individuals with fecund and/or post spawning gonads were recorded in most sampling occasions, resulting in fluctuation of gonad index. This attribute gave clue to through-year spawning activity with more intense during one or two periods in a year.

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Tyler, P. A. "Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 88 (1986): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000004541.

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SynopsisThe reproductive biology of a wide variety of deep-sea echinoderms from the northeast Atlantic has been examined. Time series samples of asteroids, ophiuroids, echinoids and holothurians are available from Station “M” and the Scottish Marine Biological Association's Permanent Station in the Rockall Trough and from opportunistic sampling in other areas of the northern Rockall Trough. Examination of these time series samples has established three main reproductive patterns in these taxa and one example of protandric hermaphroditism. The dominant reproductive pattern is the aperiodic production of relatively few large eggs usually in excess of 600μm diameter. Although the oogenic pattern is similar in most of these species, the follicle cell distribution and breakdown of relict oocytes vary considerably, particularly at family level. A second reproductive pattern is the production of numerous small eggs c. 100μm diameter, indicative of planktotrophic development. The five species exhibiting this pattern show intra- and interspecific synchrony of egg production with a proliferation of young oocytes in February to April of each year, vitellogenesis during summer and autumn and a synchronous spawnout in January–April of each year. In the apparent constant conditions of the deep sea, this synchrony of reproduction is related to the rapid descent of surface primary production. Two rarer reproductive patterns observed are the production of intermediate sized eggs (c. 300–400μm diameter) suggesting the formation of a lecithotrophic larva, and lastly a single case of protandric hermaphroditism, and the subsequent production of a large egg. In none of the species examined have we found any evidence of brooding. The variation in the reproductive pattern of individual species is discussed in relation to the constancy of the physico-chemical environment of the deep-sea.

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Tuwo, Ambo, and Chantal Conand. "Reproductive biology of the holothurian Holothuria forskali (Echinodermata)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 4 (1992): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400060021.

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The aspidochirote Holothuria forskali is a large common species found in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Its reproductive cycle has been determined in a population from Brittany using histological observations of the different classes of gonadal tubules, oocyte size frequencies and evolution of gonad indices. The cycle is annual and synchronous in both sexes. The different phases are well marked and are characterized by a long maturation during summer and autumn followed by a pre-spawning period during winter. Spawning is probably related to the increase in temperature. Most of the mature gametes are released. The resorption of the relict and spent tubules continues during the onset of the next vitellogenesis in the secondary tubules, without a rest period. The reproductive effort, documented from the gonad indices, is very high in this population which is composed of adult individuals.

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Despalatović, Marija, Ivana Grubelić, Ante šimunović, Boris Antolić, and Ante Žuljević. "Reproductive biology of the holothurian Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) in the Adriatic Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 2 (2004): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009361h.

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The reproductive cycle of a local population the aspidochirote Holothuria tubulosa in Kaštela Bay (Adriatic Sea) was analysed from July 1994 to August 1995 by histological examination and observations of macroscopic features of the gonads. Five gonadal stages were described: recovery stage, growing stage, mature stage, spawning stage, and post-spawning stage. The distinguishing features used to describe gonad stages in both sexes included the main features of reproductive cells and gonad wall. The reproductive cycle showed a clear annual pattern and was synchronous in both sexes. Spawning occurred during the warm season, from July to September, when the surface water temperature ranged from about 22°C to 26°C. From October to January individuals were in resting phase and had no gonads. In both sexes, variations in maturity indices were related to the seasonal changes in temperature.

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Dwiono, Sigit Anggoro Putro, Pradina Purwati, Varian Fahmi, and Lisa F. Indriana. "REPRODUKSI ASEKSUAL PADA Holothuria atra (ECHINODERMATA) DI TELUK MEDANA, LOMBOK BARAT." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 14, no. 4 (2017): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.14.4.2008.415-521.

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Beberapa jenis timun laut secara alamiah memiliki kemampuan untuk berkembang biak secara aseksual melalui pembelahan (fission). Penelitian ini merupakan studi pertama tentang reproduksi aseksual alamiah timun laut di perairan Indonesia. Di Teluk Medana, Lombok Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat fenomena reproduksi aseksual ini ditunjukkan oleh populasi Holothuria atra. Untuk mengetahui intensitas, musim, dan peran reproduksi ini dalam memelihara populasi, dilakukan monitoring bulanan mulai bulan Pebruari 2007 sampai Pebruari 2008. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa reproduksi aseksual pada populasi Holothuria atra ini terjadi sepanjang tahun. Intensitas pembelahan (fission intensity) maksimum mencapai 32,69%, yang berarti bahwa 1/3 dari populasi melakukan pembelahan. Variasi laju pembelahan (fission rate) berkisar antara 1,79 dan 23,68%. Pada bulan Mei 2007, komponen individu hasil pembelahan hampir mencapai separuh (47,4%) dari jumlah individu keseluruhan. Ketiga indikator ini cukup untuk menyimpulkan bahwa reproduksi aseksual pada Holothuria atra di Medana berperan dalam memelihara populasi di habitat tersebut. Topik ini sangat penting diteliti mengingat peran reproduksi aseksual ini dalam mempertahankan keberadaan di alam. Several species of sea cucumbers are able to reproduce asexually through fission. This study is the first report on fission of holothurian populations in Indonesian waters. At Medana Bay,West Lombok, fission was demonstrated by Holothuria atra population. To determine the intensity, season, and the role of fission on the population maintenance, monitoring was conducted on monthly basis, from February 2007 until February 2008. This study revealed that fission occurred throughout the year. Maximum fission intensity was 32,69%, implying that one third of the population underwent fission. Fission rate which was illustrated by the frequency of fission products during 13 month of observations, varied between 1.79 and 23.68%. In May 2007, fission products composed nearly half (47.4%) of the population. These three indicators may be sufficient to conclude that asexual reproduction in Holothuria atra population at Medana Bay might contribute significantly in maintaining its population size. This research topic seems important to be carried out considering the role of asexual reproduction in maintaining its natural population.

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Tolon, Mustafa Tolga, and Serhat Engin. "Gonadal development of the holothurian Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje, 1823) in spawning period at the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea)." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 36, no. 4 (2019): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.36.4.09.

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The Mediterranean sea cucumbers including Holothuria polii has become commercially important in international trade due to the high demand of consumers from Far East countries. Sea cucumbers fisheries is a valuable income for the regional fishermen but natural stocks endangered by overfishing in recent years. Fisheries regulations and aquaculture studies are important precautions for preserving natural stocks. All these efforts are based on reproduction biology of this species which slightly differed among regions. In this study, the reproduction biology including morphological characteristics, gonadosomatic index and gonadal development stages of H.polii at the eastern coast of Aegean Sea (Izmir, Turkey) were investigated during the reproduction (spawning) period from July to October 2018. Gonads and gonad sections of 60 sea cucumbers (120.60 ± 19.56 g) have been observed by macroscopic and microscopic inspections. Three gonadal development stages have been identified by histologic observations as mature (III), spawning (IV) and post-spawning stage (V) in gonadal tubules. Results indicate that both female and male gonads are at mature and spawning stage in July and all gonads are at post-spawning stage in October. The mean gonad weight was 12.53 ± 1.33 g at the beginning of the spawning period (July) and 1.87 ± 0.58 g at the end of the spawning period (October). Gonadosomatic index decreased from 17.53 ± 0.02% (July) to 3.37 ± 0.01% (October) after spawning. The gonadosomatic index, gonad weight, and spawning were related to the seawater temperature. According to this study, the spawning period of H.polii at the eastern coasts of the Aegean Sea starts in July and completely ends in October. As a result, the data related to the reproduction biology in spawning period of H.polii would guide stock management and artificial breeding of this species under controlled conditions.

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Harriott, VJ. "Reproductive biology of three congeneric sea cucumber species, Holothuria atra, H. impatiens and H. edulis, at Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 1 (1985): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850051.

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Three Holothuria species at Heron Reef showed considerable variation in reproductive seasonality, magnitude of gonad index, egg size and numbers, and frequency of asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission. H. atra from the shallow lagoon spawned biannually (in summer and winter), females produced a large number of small ova, and asexual reproduction was frequent. H. impatiens from the reef flat spawned annually in late spring or summer, with females producing a small number of large ova; signs of asexual reproduction were never observed. H. edulis from the deep lagoon showed no annual reproductive pattern, produced an intermediate size and number of eggs, and reproduced asexually moderately frequently. Preliminary results indicated that reproductive maturation and magnitude of gonad index might vary between sites for H. atra. There was little temporal overlap in spawning by the three species at the sites sampled, and this may be a factor in the maintenance of their genetic isolation.

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Bronsdon, S. K., P. A. Tyler, A. L. Rice, and J. D. Gage. "Reproductive biology of two epizoic anemones from the deep north-eastern Atlantic Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 3 (1993): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400033087.

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The reproductive biology of two epizoic deep-sea anemones reveals contrasting reproductive strategies. Amphianthus inornata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) lives attached to the bathyal gorgonian Acanella arbuscula (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Females of A. inornata increase in wet body weight as a result of increased oocyte production until 40% of the body weight is reproductive tissue. The anemone reproduces on a seasonal basis, releasing eggs in the early spring of each year. By contrast, Kadosactis commensalis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) lives attached to the body wall of the abyssal holothurian Paroriza prouhoi (Echinodermata: Holothurioidea). This anemone is a protandric hermaphrodite, females being found only at the anterior end of the holothurian, whilst males are found at any point on the host. Females have a significantly higher wet weight than males and neither sex shows any reproductive seasonality.

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Sembiring, Sari Budi Moria, Gigih Setia Wibawa, I. Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, Jhon Harianto Hutapea, and Haryanti. "REPRODUCTION AND LARVAL REARING OF SANDFISH (Holothuria scabra)." Marine Research in Indonesia 43, no. 1 (2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v43i1.267.

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The natural stock of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (known as sandfish) has been declining in both population and size, making it difficult to collect broodstock and juvenile sandfishes for aquaculture. This research aims to evaluate the reproduction of domesticated broodstock (F-1) and performance of the juveniles (F-2). Broodstock were reared in two rectangular concrete tanks with a dimension of 190 x 290 x 70 cm3. There were 12 individuals (7 males and 5 females) of broodstock (F-1) with total length and mean body weight of 12.0 ± 1.21 cm and 122.6 ± 32.37 g, respectively. Six broodstock were put in each tank and fed with compressed benthos at 4% biomass daily in the afternoon. During our experiment, domesticated sandfish broodstock successfully spawned twice. The first spawning (occurred in January 2017) had one female spawned that released 1,350,000 eggs with a hatching rate of 57.4%. Another broodstock spawned in April 2017 and produced 3,280,000 eggs with a hatching rate of 78.66%. The growth performance of 170 days-old juveniles (F-2) shows a total length of 5.66 ± 0.90 cm and a mean body weight of 10.08 ± 2.07 g. The survival rates are 5.19% and 8.68% for juveniles spawned in January and April, respectively. We conclude by showing that sandfish could be domesticated to produce seeds for further aquaculture development.

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DERELİ, H., S. TÜRK ÇULHA, M. ÇULHA, B. H. ÖZALP, and A. A. TEKİNAY. "Reproduction and population structure of the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa in the Dardanelles Strait, Turkey." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 1 (2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1360.

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In this study, Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin 1791 was investigated from April 2013 to March 2014 in the Dardanelles Strait, to outline the morphological characteristics, reproductive patterns and the relationship between population characteristics and environmental parameters. Between 15 and 30 individuals of this species were sampled monthly from three stations. There was a negative allometry between length and weight, being gutted weight the most reliable measurement for this species. Reproductive patterns of the species were identified the first time for Turkish coasts. By macroscopic examination of the gonads, smallest sizes (gutted length) were measured as 8.4 and 8.1 cm for female and male, respectively. Sex ratio was calculated as 1: 1.1 with differences between seasons. The reproduction of sea cucumbers occurred between August and September after Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) values reached their maximum in July. The species was found down to 10 m depth with a population density of 0.21 / m2, which was rather low compared to previously reported values for Mediterranean populations of this species. There was a high positive correlation between population density and GSI of the species. The highest population density was observed where the largest sea grass meadows are found.

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Ballesteros, Tania, Ana Tubío, Rosana Rodríguez, Alba Hernández, Damián Costas, and Jesús Troncoso. "Reproductive cycle of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali (Holothuriida: Holothuriidae) in the Ría de Vigo (NW of Spain)." Revista de Biología Tropical 69, Suppl.1 (2021): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69isuppl.1.46331.

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Introduction: The exploitation of the sea cucumber (Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali) in Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) is recent (2015) and it has been done until now with scarce or no information about some key biological aspects as reproduction, recruitment or growth. Objective: To describe the reproductive cycle of H. forskali in Ría de Vigo. Methods: We sampled fortnightly throughout 2018. We calculated gonadal condition indices (GCI) and gametogenic stages by classic histological methods. Results: The reproductive cycle of H. forskali in the Ría de Vigo is characterized by a sexual resting stage during spring, when temperature and daylight hours are lower; the beginning of gametogenesis during summer, when temperature is higher, daylight hours longer and the sea bottom is rich in nutrients; then, a period of spawns interspersed with a gonadal restoration during autumn and winter, when temperature is lower and food is scarce. Sex ratio is 1:1, however, the studied population is not synchronized, because females initiate maturation earlier. The comparison of the histological results with GCI indices suggest that GCI is a good indicator for gonadal stage. Fishery management strategies, such as a closure period, must be adapted to the reproductive stage. We recommend avoiding fishing between November and February to increase spawning potential ratio and, consequently, recruitment.

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Catalan, Maria Antonina B., and Masamichi Yamamoto. "Annual reproductive cycle of the Japanese holothurian Eupentacta chronhjelmi." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (1994): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-055.

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The reproductive cycle of the small temperate dendrochirote holothurian Eupentacta chronhjelmi was studied in the intertidal zone of Aoshima Island, in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan, from July 1989 to January 1991. Reproductive status was assessed by the gonadal index method and histological analysis of the largest (tertiary) gonadal tubules. The primary and secondary tubules are cryptic and difficult to find, so no reference to the animal's annual cycle in terms of gametogenesis is made. The gonad wall was thickest in September for females and October for males, when the gonadal index was at its peak the rapid final stages of vitellogenesis in females (and completion of spermatogenesis in males) depleted reserves in the gonad wall, producing gametes that were spawned in October to December. When gametes were spawned in December the gonadal index and gonad wall thickness decreased. We suggest that the gonadal index reflects gonadal growth by oocyte production and an increase in gonad wall thickness. In the laboratory, spawning occurred from midnight to 04:00, at ambient seawater temperature (12 °C). Individuals elevated their anterior, oral end, waved their tentacles, and released gametes for about an hour. Based on its large egg size (300 ± 5 μm (mean ± SE) diameter) and low fecundity (1500 ± 10 ripe oocytes per individual), we infer lecithotropic development with an abbreviated larval stage.

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Rakaj, Arnold, Alessandra Fianchini, Paola Boncagni, Michele Scardi, and Stefano Cataudella. "Artificial reproduction of Holothuria polii: A new candidate for aquaculture." Aquaculture 498 (January 2019): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.060.

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Costelloe, J. "The annual reproductive cycle of the holothurian Aslia lefevrei (Dendrochirota: Echinodermata)." Marine Biology 88, no. 2 (1985): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397163.

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Tyler, PA, A. Muirhead, DSM Billett, and JD Gage. "Reproductive biology of the deep-sea holothurians Laetmogone violacea and Benthogone rosea (Elasipoda: Holothurioidea)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 23 (1985): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps023269.

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Conand, C. "Reproductive biology of the holothurians from the major communities of the New Caledonian Lagoon." Marine Biology 116, no. 3 (1993): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00350061.

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28

Benítez-Villalobos, F., OH Avila-Poveda, and IS Gutiérrez-Méndez. "Reproductive biology of Holothuria fuscocinerea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Oaxaca, Mexico." Sexuality and Early Development in Aquatic Organisms 1, no. 1 (2013): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/sedao00003.

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29

Tahri, Yamina, Saliha Dermeche, Fayçal Chahrour, and Mohammed Bouderbala. "The reproduction cycle of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1791 (Echinodermata Holo-thuroidea Holothuriidae) in Oran coast, Algeria." Biodiversity Journal 10, no. 2 (2019): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31396/biodiv.jour.2019.10.2.159.172.

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Hudson, Ian R., Benjamin D. Wigham, David S. M. Billett, and Paul A. Tyler. "Seasonality and selectivity in the feeding ecology and reproductive biology of deep-sea bathyal holothurians." Progress in Oceanography 59, no. 4 (2003): 381–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.11.002.

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Pattinasarany, M. M., and B. J. Pattiasina. "Application of asexual reproduction techniques and grow ability of the sandfish Holothuria scabra." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 584 (October 16, 2020): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/584/1/012061.

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Tyler, P. A., D. S. M. Billett, and J. D. Gage. "The ecology and reproductive biology of Cherbonniera utriculus and Molpadia blakei from the N.E. Atlantic." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67, no. 2 (1987): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400026680.

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The Molpadiida is an order of sea cucumbers identified by their stout body, the posterior region narrowing to simulate a tail and the absence of tubefeet. Typically they inhabit muddy environments from shallow water to abyssal depths. In the past the great variability in the taxonomic characters of this order has led to the formation of many genera and species (Heding, 1931, 1935), but more recently it has become apparent that many diagnostic characters change markedly during the life history of these holothurians and as a result fewer species are now recognised (Deichmann, 1940; Pawson, 1977). In a revision of the Atlantic molpadiids Deichmann (1940) recorded just three species from the north-east Atlantic (Molpadia blakei, M. musculus and Hedingia albicans) with a further three species from the Arctic Ocean and Norwegian Sea (M. arctica, M. borealis and Eupyrgus scaber). To these Sibuet (1974) added the new genus and species Cherbonniera utriculus found in the Bay of Biscay.

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33

Purwati, Pradina, and Sigit A. P. Dwiono. "EXPERIMENT ON FISSION STIMULATION OF HOLOTHURIA ARTA (HOLOTHUROIDEA, ECHINODERMATA): CHANGING IN BODY WEIGHT AND MORPHOLOGY." Marine Research in Indonesia 32, no. 1 (2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v32i1.426.

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Experiment on Holothuria atra provided evidence that asexual reproduction by fission was possible to be stimulated at laboratory. The success of the experiment was determined based on the high survival of stimulated individuals that grew into intact. After being tightened, induced individuals divided into anterior- and posteriorend individuals. During regenerating into intact individuals, the body weight decreased to relatively minimum weight. Developing of new tentacles in posterior-end individuals and anal aperture in anterior-end individuals required 7-8 weeks after fission. These indicators may lead to anatomical recovery which may be a sign of feeding necessity.

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Hartati, Retno, Muhammad Zainuri, Ambariyanto Ambariyanto, et al. "Aseksual Reproduction of Black Sea Cucumber from Jepara Waters." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 24, no. 3 (2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.24.3.121-126.

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Black sea cucumber or Lollyfish are trade name for Holothuria atra, one species of family Holothuriidae abundance in Jepara waters, especially in Panjang Island. They inhabit on the seabed, in shallow waters on reefs and sand flats or in Seagrass meadows. Beside reproduce sexually, H. atra also do fission (biology), i.e. able to reproduce asexually by transverse fission. Monthly survey has been conducted for three months to determine frequency of fission among H. atra population in Panjang Island waters. In total 891 individu of H. atra inhabit in seagrass meadow mixed with rubble were examimed. In fissiparous sea cucumber, transverse fission are followed by regeneration and in this research identified from external observations. The fission state was divided into three category, i.e. closed wound (Category 1), little regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 2), moderate regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 3). The result showed that the fission frequency was highest during end of rainy season in April (13,21%) and decreased during May (4,61%) and June (4,86%). Body regeneration seem happened fast, since the new individu sea cucumber at category 1 was low but high as category 3. The regeneration were related with the condition of environment.

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35

Ramofafia, C., M. Byrne, and C. Battaglene. "Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Solomon Islands." Marine Biology 142, no. 2 (2003): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0947-x.

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Zhu, Fang-Chao, Chun-Ang Lian, and Li-Sheng He. "Genomic Characterization of a Novel Tenericutes Bacterium from Deep-Sea Holothurian Intestine." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121874.

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Intestinal bacterial communities are highly relevant to the digestion, nutrition, growth, reproduction, and immunity of animals, but little is known about the composition and function of intestinal microbiota in deep-sea invertebrates. In this study, the intestinal microbiota of six holothurian Molpadia musculus were investigated, showing that their midguts were predominantly occupied by Izemoplasmatales bacteria. Using metagenomic sequencing, a draft genome of 1,822,181 bp was successfully recovered. After comparison with phylogenetically related bacteria, genes involved in saccharide usage and de novo nucleotide biosynthesis were reduced. However, a set of genes responsible for extracellular nucleoside utilization and 14 of 20 amino acid synthesis pathways were completely retained. Under oligotrophic condition, the gut-associated bacterium may make use of extracellular DNA for carbon and energy supplement, and may provide essential amino acids to the host. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and restriction–modification (RM) systems presented in the genome may provide protection against invading viruses. A linear azol(in)e-containing peptide gene cluster for bacteriocin synthesize was also identified, which may inhibit the colonization and growth of harmful bacteria. Known virulence factors were not found by database searching. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and metabolic characteristics, we proposed that the bacterium represented a novel genus and a novel family within the Izemoplasmatales order and suggested it be named “Candidatus Bathyoplasma sp. NZ”. This was the first time describing host-associated Izemoplasmatales.

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Chao, S. M., C. P. Chen, and P. S. Alexander. "Reproduction and growth of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at two contrasting sites in southern Taiwan." Marine Biology 119, no. 4 (1994): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00354319.

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Ramofafia, C., S. C. Battaglene, J. D. Bell, and M. Byrne. "Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogilva in the Solomon Islands." Marine Biology 136, no. 6 (2000): 1045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000310.

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39

Costelloe, J. "Reproductive cycle, development and recruitment of two geographically separated populations of the dendrochirote holothurian Aslia lefevrei." Marine Biology 99, no. 4 (1988): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392561.

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40

Arakaki, Seiji, Kazunori Yamahira, and Mutsunori Tokeshi. "Sex change and spatial distribution pattern in an intertidal holothurian Polycheira rufescens in the reproductive season." Population Ecology 41, no. 3 (1999): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101440050027.

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41

Ramirez-Llodra, E., W. D. K. Reid, and D. S. M. Billett. "Long-term changes in reproductive patterns of the holothurian Oneirophanta mutabilis from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain." Marine Biology 146, no. 4 (2004): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1470-z.

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42

Ramos-Miranda, Julia, Rodolfo del Río-Rodríguez, Domingo Flores-Hernández, et al. "Reproductive cycle of the sea cucumber Holothuria floridana in the littorals of Campeche, Mexico." Fisheries Science 83, no. 5 (2017): 699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-017-1100-6.

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43

Brand, GW, GJ Fabris, and GH Arnott. "Reduction of population growth in Tisbe holothuriae Humes (Copepoda : Harpacticoida) exposed to low cadmium concentrations." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860475.

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Replicate laboratory populations of T. holothuriae initiated by founder females standardized in terms of reproductive status, age and environmental background were exposed to three levels of cadmium for 24 days and compared with untreated controls. At a cadmium concentration of 159 �g l-1 populations failed to increase and became virtually extinct, probably because of larval impairment. At concentrations of 2.3 and 40 �g l-1 population growth occurred but total population size (males plus females plus copepodids) and both male and female numbers were significantly reduced relative to controls. Knowledge of the response of harpacticoids to low levels of toxic metals therefore appears to be significant in developing an understanding of the effects of metals on marine ecosystems.

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de Gier, Werner, and Carola Becker. "A Review of the Ecomorphology of Pinnotherine Pea Crabs (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with an Updated List of Symbiont-Host Associations." Diversity 12, no. 11 (2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12110431.

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Almost all pea crab species in the subfamily Pinnotherinae (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) are considered obligatory endo- or ectosymbionts, living in a mutualistic or parasitic relationship with a wide variety of invertebrate hosts, including bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, holothurians, and ascidians. While the subfamily is regarded as one of the most morphologically adapted groups of symbiotic crabs, the functionality of these adaptations in relation to their lifestyles has not been reviewed before. Available information on the ecomorphological adaptations of various pinnotherine crab species and their functionality was compiled in order to clarify their ecological diversity. These include the size, shape, and ornamentations of the carapace, the frontal appendages and mouthparts, the cheliped morphology, the ambulatory legs, and the reproductive anatomy and larval characters. The phylogenetic relevance of the adaptations is also reviewed and suggestions for future studies are made. Based on an updated list of all known pinnotherine symbiont–host associations and the available phylogenetic reconstructions, it is concluded that, due to convergent evolution, unrelated species with a similar host interaction might display the same morphological adaptations.

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Furqon, A. D. C., F. Maulana, E. T. Prihantari, and R. E. Prabowo. "The Induction of Asexual Reproduction on Holothuria scabra and Bohadschia marmorata: The Conservation Effort inTanimbar Archipelago, Maluku." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 550 (September 17, 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/550/1/012025.

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46

Galley, E. A., P. A. Tyler, C. R. Smith, and A. Clarke. "Reproductive biology of two species of holothurian from the deep-sea order Elasipoda, on the Antarctic continental shelf." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55, no. 22-23 (2008): 2515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.002.

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Wigham, B. D., P. A. Tyler, and D. S. M. Billett. "Reproductive biology of the abyssal holothurian Amperima rosea: an opportunistic response to variable flux of surface derived organic matter?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 1 (2003): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403006957h.

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A radical change in the abundance of invertebrate megafauna has occurred over a vast area of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, north-east Atlantic, in recent years. In particular, the holothurian Amperima rosea has increased in abundance by three orders of magnitude. The sudden increase in abundance of A. rosea appears to be the result of environmental forcing rather than localized stochastic population variations. Amperima rosea produces small eggs ([les ]200 μm) indicating (1) planktotrophic larval development or (2) lecithotrophic larval development with an abbreviated larval stage. It also reaches maturity at a very small size. The reproductive biology of A. rosea indicates that it can increase rapidly in population size and can colonize large areas quickly. It has high fecundity, as predicted by gonad indices and observed in histological studies. Fecundity was greater in winter than in summer months, but there was no clear evidence of seasonal or episodic reproductive events. All males, irrespective of sample season or year, were mature with spermatozoa. Most oocytes were of an intermediate size (70 to 120 μm), either at the late previtellogenic (70–90 μm) or early vitellogenic (100–120 μm) stage of development. It is postulated that development of full vitellogenesis, leading to episodic spawning, might be dependent on certain environmental stimuli. The most likely stimulus is food supply. Amperima rosea has been shown to feed preferentially on phytodetritus and to have a requirement for certain sterols in its diet. Qualitative changes in the flux of organic matter to the sea-floor may control vitellogenesis and fecundity, and hence have an effect on the population dynamics of the species.

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Asha, P. S., and P. Muthiah. "Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India." Aquaculture International 16, no. 3 (2007): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9140-z.

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Muthiga, N. A., J. A. Kawaka, and S. Ndirangu. "The timing and reproductive output of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria scabra on the Kenyan coast." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 84, no. 3 (2009): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.04.011.

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Shiell, Glenn R., and Sven Uthicke. "Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei [Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida] in the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions of Australia." Marine Biology 148, no. 5 (2005): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0113-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Holothurians – Reproduction'

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