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Journal articles on the topic 'Home Owners' Loan Corporation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Hillier, Amy E. "Redlining and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation." Journal of Urban History 29, no. 4 (2003): 394–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144203029004002.

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2

Crossney, Kristen B., and David W. Bartelt. "The legacy of the home owners’ loan corporation." Housing Policy Debate 16, no. 3-4 (2005): 547–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555.

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3

Huang, Shuo Jim, and Neil Jay Sehgal. "Association of historic redlining and present-day health in Baltimore." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0261028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261028.

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Background In the 1930s, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation categorized neighborhoods by investment grade along racially discriminatory lines, a process known as redlining. Although other authors have found associations between Home Owners’ Loan Corporation categories and current impacts on racial segregation, analysis of current health impacts rarely use these maps. Objective To study whether historical redlining in Baltimore is associated with health impacts today. Approach Fifty-four present-day planning board-defined community statistical areas are assigned historical Home Owners’ Loan Corp

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4

Hillier, Amy E. "Who Received Loans? Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Lending and Discrimination in Philadelphia in the 1930s." Journal of Planning History 2, no. 1 (2003): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513202239694.

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5

Hillier, Amy E. "Residential Security Maps and Neighborhood Appraisals." Social Science History 29, no. 2 (2005): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001292x.

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At the request of the Home Loan Bank Board, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) created color-coded maps for cities across the country between 1935 and 1940 that indicated risk levels for long-term real estate investment. Involvement in this City Survey Program marked a departure from the original mission of HOLC to provide new mortgages on an emergency basis to homeowners at risk of losing their homes during the Depression. This article considers why HOLC made these maps, how HOLC created them, and what the basis was for the grades on the maps. Geographic information systems and spatial

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Greer, James. "The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and the Development of the Residential Security Maps." Journal of Urban History 39, no. 2 (2013): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144212436724.

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7

Jacoby, Sara F. "Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Maps and Place-Based Injury Risks: A Complex History." American Journal of Public Health 113, no. 4 (2023): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307242.

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8

Michney, Todd M., and LaDale Winling. "New Perspectives on New Deal Housing Policy: Explicating and Mapping HOLC Loans to African Americans." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 1 (2019): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218819429.

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Scholarship on the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has typically focused on this New Deal housing agency’s invention of redlining, with dire effects from this legacy of racial, ethnic, and class bias for the trajectories of urban, and especially African American neighborhoods. However, HOLC did not embark on its now infamous mapping project until after it had issued all its emergency refinancing loans to the nation’s struggling homeowners. We examine the racial logic of HOLC’s local operations and its lending record to black applicants during the agency’s initial 1933-1935 “rescue” phase,

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Fishback, Price V., Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, William C. Horrace, Shawn Kantor, and Jaret Treber. "The Influence of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation on Housing Markets During the 1930s." Review of Financial Studies 24, no. 6 (2010): 1782–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq144.

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10

Aaronson, Daniel, Daniel Hartley, and Bhashkar Mazumder. "The Effects of the 1930s HOLC “Redlining” Maps." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (2021): 355–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190414.

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This study uses a boundary design and propensity score methods to study the effects of the 1930s-era Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) “redlining” maps on the long-run trajectories of urban neighborhoods. The maps led to reduced home ownership rates, house values, and rents and increased racial segregation in later decades. A comparison on either side of a city-level population cutoff that determined whether maps were drawn finds broadly similar conclusions. These results suggest the HOLC maps had meaningful and lasting effects on the development of urban neighborhoods through reduced credit

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Crossney, Kristen B., and David W. Bartelt. "Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities." Urban Geography 26, no. 8 (2005): 707–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.8.707.

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Hillier, A. E. "Residential Security Maps and Neighborhood Appraisals: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the Case of Philadelphia." Social Science History 29, no. 2 (2005): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-29-2-207.

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Courtemanche, Charles, and Kenneth Snowden. "Repairing a Mortgage Crisis: HOLC Lending and Its Impact on Local Housing Markets." Journal of Economic History 71, no. 2 (2011): 307–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711001549.

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Between 1933 and 1936 the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation purchased more than a million delinquent mortgages from private lenders and refinanced those loans for the borrowers. Its primary goal was to break the cycle of foreclosure, forced property sales and decreases in home values that was affecting local housing markets throughout the nation. We find that the volume of HOLC lending was related to measures of distress in local (county-level) housing markets and that these interventions increased 1940 median home values and homeownership rates, but not new home building.“[A] tremendous surge of

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Fishback, Price V., Jessica LaVoice, Allison Shertzer, and Randall P. Walsh. "The HOLC Maps: How Race and Poverty Influenced Real Estate Professionals’ Evaluation of Lending Risk in the 1930s." Journal of Economic History 83, no. 4 (2023): 1019–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050723000475.

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During the late 1930s, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) developed a series of area descriptions with color-coded maps of cities that summarized mortgage lending risk. We analyze the maps to explain the oft-noted fact that black neighborhoods overwhelmingly received the lowest rating. Our results suggest that racial bias in the construction of the HOLC maps can explain at most 4 to 20 percent of the observed concentration of black households in the lowest-rated zones. We also provide evidence that the Federal Housing Administration had its own mapping strategies when evaluating mortgage

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I. Comendador, Ma Lourdes. "THE EFFECTS OF THE GOVERNMENT-OWNED AND CONTROLLED CORPORATION (GOCC) HOME FINANCING ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF HOUSING LOAN BORROWERS." Business and Economics in Developing Countries 1, no. 2 (2023): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bedc.02.2023.91.96.

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The main purpose of this study is to determine the effects of GOCC home financing on the quality of life of their housing loan borrowers. The study assessed the level of quality of life of the housing loan borrowers of a GOCC in Calamba City, Laguna by comparing their present housing living conditions after they borrowed and their housing living conditions before they borrowed from the GOCC home financing. The results were evaluated using the five dimensions of quality of life. It also identified the factors influencing members to apply for GOCC housing loans. The study utilized the descriptiv

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Adhyaksa, Muhamad Reynaldi. "Financing Strategy to Execute Business Opportunity in Supplying Building Material in Real Estate." Journal of World Science 1, no. 6 (2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jws.v1i6.46.

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Concerns about distribution and supplier quality are common among developer business owners. In the future, the cost of material transportation could prevent housing developer business owners from making a decision, not to mention the risk of goods availability when housing demand is high, or housing developers lose money when housing demand is high. Delivery damage. Adhyaksa Precast may be the answer, but before establishing a business, the founder must conduct analysis. Before starting, especially in the financial industry, the founder must determine the firm's long-term viability. The initi

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Adhyaksa, Muhamad Reynaldi. "Financing Strategy to Execute Business Opportunity in Supplying Building Material in Real Estate." Journal of World Science 1, no. 6 (2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.58344/jws.v1i6.46.

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Concerns about distribution and supplier quality are common among developer business owners. In the future, the cost of material transportation could prevent housing developer business owners from making a decision, not to mention the risk of goods availability when housing demand is high, or housing developers lose money when housing demand is high. Delivery damage. Adhyaksa Precast may be the answer, but before establishing a business, the founder must conduct analysis. Before starting, especially in the financial industry, the founder must determine the firm's long-term viability. The initi

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18

Namin, S., W. Xu, Y. Zhou, and K. Beyer. "The legacy of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and the political ecology of urban trees and air pollution in the United States." Social Science & Medicine 246 (February 2020): 112758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112758.

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(Michael) Lyu, Buyu. "The Invisible Ink of Redlining - An Unhealing Wound of Detroit." Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science 13, no. 2 (2025): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.35629/9467-13023542.

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This paper examines the lasting impact of Redlining on Detroit, a policy introduced in 1939 that systematically enforced racial segregation and deepened economic inequality. Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), Redlining denied African American communities access to homeownership and financial resources, creating barriers that shaped the city’s economic and social landscape for generations. While much research has explored Redlining’s immediate effects, its long-term consequences remain less understood. Using historical maps, demograp

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Fishback, Price. "How Successful Was the New Deal? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s." Journal of Economic Literature 55, no. 4 (2017): 1435–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161054.

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The New Deal during the 1930s was arguably the largest peace-time expansion in federal government activity in American history. Until recently, there had been very little quantitative testing of the microeconomic impact of the wide variety of New Deal programs. Over the past decade scholars have developed new panel databases for counties, cities, and states and then used panel data methods on them to examine the impact of New Deal spending and lending policies for the major New Deal programs. In most cases, the identification of the effect comes from changes across time within the same geograp

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Faber, Jacob W. "We Built This: Consequences of New Deal Era Intervention in America’s Racial Geography." American Sociological Review 85, no. 5 (2020): 739–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420948464.

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The contemporary practice of homeownership in the United States was born out of government programs adopted during the New Deal. The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)—and later the Federal Housing Administration and GI Bill—expanded home buying opportunity, although in segregationist fashion. Through mechanisms such as redlining, these policies fueled white suburbanization and black ghettoization, while laying the foundation for the racial wealth gap. This is the first article to investigate the long-term consequences of these policies on the segregation of cities. I combine a full century o

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Aaronson, Daniel, Daniel Hartley, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Martha Stinson. "The Long-Run Effects of the 1930s Redlining Maps on Children." Journal of Economic Literature 61, no. 3 (2023): 846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221702.

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We estimate the long-run effects of the 1930s Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining maps by linking children in the full count 1940 census to 1) the universe of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax data in 1974 and 1979 and 2) the long form 2000 census. We use two identification strategies to estimate the potential long-run effects of differential access to credit along HOLC boundaries. The first strategy compares cross-boundary differences along HOLC boundaries to a comparison group of boundaries that had statistically similar preexisting differences as the actual boundaries. A second a

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23

Serafinelli, Lorenzo. "Spatial Injustice and the Informal Housing Market in the United States: How Predatory Practices Impact upon Geographies." Legalities 4, no. 1 (2024): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/legal.2024.0066.

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A large share of the African American population in the U.S. lives in poor areas characterized by high unemployment, low housing quality, and unhealthy living conditions, thus making low socioeconomic status a critical risk factor. Consequently, the higher Covid-19 death toll paid by Black Americans has been linked to the Redlining policies introduced by the Home Owners Loan Corporation in the 1930s. These policies are believed to have contributed to the development of segregated neighborhoods and ghettoization. Nowadays, we implicitly support a new form of Redlining, which comes in the differ

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Krieger, Nancy, Gretchen Van Wye, Mary Huynh, et al. "Structural Racism, Historical Redlining, and Risk of Preterm Birth in New York City, 2013–2017." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 7 (2020): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305656.

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Objectives. To assess if historical redlining, the US government’s 1930s racially discriminatory grading of neighborhoods’ mortgage credit-worthiness, implemented via the federally sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) color-coded maps, is associated with contemporary risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation). Methods. We analyzed 2013–2017 birth certificate data for all singleton births in New York City (n = 528 096) linked by maternal residence at time of birth to (1) HOLC grade and (2) current census tract social characteristics. Results. The proportion of preterm births rang

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Taylor, Nandi L., Jamila M. Porter, Shenee Bryan, Katherine J. Harmon, and Laura S. Sandt. "Structural Racism and Pedestrian Safety: Measuring the Association Between Historical Redlining and Contemporary Pedestrian Fatalities Across the United States, 2010‒2019." American Journal of Public Health 113, no. 4 (2023): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307192.

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Objectives. To examine the association between historical redlining and contemporary pedestrian fatalities across the United States. Methods. We analyzed 2010–2019 traffic fatality data, obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, for all US pedestrian fatalities linked by location of crash to 1930s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) grades and current sociodemographic factors at the census tract level. We applied generalized estimating equation models to assess the relationship between the count of pedestrian fatalities and redlining. Results. In an adjusted multivariable analysis

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Krieger, Nancy, Emily Wright, Jarvis T. Chen, Pamela D. Waterman, Eric R. Huntley, and Mariana Arcaya. "Cancer Stage at Diagnosis, Historical Redlining, and Current Neighborhood Characteristics: Breast, Cervical, Lung, and Colorectal Cancers, Massachusetts, 2001–2015." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 10 (2020): 1065–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa045.

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Abstract In the 1930s, maps created by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) nationalized residential racial segregation via “redlining,” whereby HOLC designated and colored in red areas they deemed to be unsuitable for mortgage lending on account of their Black, foreign-born, or low-income residents. We used the recently digitized HOLC redlining maps for 28 municipalities in Massachusetts to analyze Massachusetts Cancer Registry data for late stage at diagnosis for cervical, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer (2001–2015). Multivariable analyses indicated that, net of age, sex/gend

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Noelke, Clemens, Michael Outrich, Mikyung Baek, et al. "Connecting past to present: Examining different approaches to linking historical redlining to present day health inequities." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (2022): e0267606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267606.

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In the 1930’s, the Home Owner Loan Corporation (HOLC) drafted maps to quantify variation in real estate credit risk across US city neighborhoods. The letter grades and associated risk ratings assigned to neighborhoods discriminated against those with black, lower class, or immigrant residents and benefitted affluent white neighborhoods. An emerging literature has begun linking current individual and community health effects to government redlining, but each study faces the same measurement problem: HOLC graded area boundaries and neighborhood boundaries in present-day health datasets do not ma

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Mehdipanah, Roshanak, Katelyn R. McVay, and Amy J. Schulz. "Historic Redlining Practices and Contemporary Determinants of Health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area." American Journal of Public Health 113, S1 (2023): S49—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307162.

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Objectives. To examine how redlining, a historical racially discriminatory housing policy implemented by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), is associated with current neighborhood determinants of health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Methods. We analyzed associations between census tract‒level HOLC color grades (red = “hazardous”; yellow = “declining”; blue = “desirable”; and green = “best”) and a developed neighborhood determinants of health index (DOHI) consisting of 8 indicators of economic, social, governance, and physical environment characteristics using spatial regression anal

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Kirk-Davidoff, Rosa, and Lucia Wiggers. "The Impacts of Redlining on Urban Heat in New York’s Capital Districts." SustainE 1, no. 1 (2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55366/suse.v1i1.2.

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The impact of green space, or lack thereof, on the surface temperature of cities has long been studied through the Urban Heat Island effect. However, the extent to which the historic discriminatory housing policy of redlining influences the temperatures of different neighborhoods in the same city is still being revealed. Here, the researchers investigated how Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps correspond to land surface temperatures through uneven distribution of tree canopy and impervious surfaces in New York’s Capital District. Using HOLC maps for Albany, Troy, and Schenectady, the re

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Ibsen, Peter C., Anna Bierbrauer, Lucila M. Corro, et al. "Land-use and socioeconomic time-series reveal legacy of redlining on present-day gentrification within a growing United States city." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0317988. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317988.

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Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps illustrated patterns of segregation in United States cites in the 1930s. As the causes and drivers of demographic and land-use segregation vary over years, these maps provide an important spatial lens in determining how patterns of segregation spatially and temporally developed during the past century. Using a high-resolution land-use time series (1937-2018) of Denver, Colorado, USA, in conjunction with 80 years of U.S. Census data, we found divergent land-use and demographics patterns across HOLC categories were both pre-existent to the establishment

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Deo, Salil V., Issam Motairek, Khurram Nasir, et al. "Association Between Historical Neighborhood Redlining and Cardiovascular Outcomes Among US Veterans With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 7 (2023): e2322727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22727.

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ImportanceIn the 1930s, the government-sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) established maps of US neighborhoods that identified mortgage risk (grade A [green] characterizing lowest-risk neighborhoods in the US through mechanisms that transcend traditional risk factors to grade D [red] characterizing highest risk). This practice led to disinvestments and segregation in neighborhoods considered redlined. Very few studies have targeted whether there is an association between redlining and cardiovascular disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether redlining is associated with adverse cardiovas

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Rhodes, Jason. "The Value of Exclusion: Chasing Scarcity through Social Exclusion in Early Twentieth Century Atlanta." Human Geography 9, no. 1 (2016): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900105.

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In recent decades, a powerful narrative has taken shape which explores the impact of federal housing policies in shaping the highly racialized geography of poverty and privilege which forms the landscape of today's American city. Called the “New Suburban History,” it documents the racial discrimination written into the subsidized home loan policies of the federal government after WWII, based upon the assumption that property values depended upon the maintenance of neighborhood homogeneity on the basis of race and class. The discussion launched by the New Suburban History has focused almost exc

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Huang, Shuo Jim, Michel Boudreaux, Kellee White Whilby, Rozalina G. McCoy, and Neil Jay Sehgal. "Using internet-assisted geocoding of 1940 census addresses to reconstruct enumeration districts for use with redlining and longitudinal health datasets." PLOS Global Public Health 5, no. 1 (2025): e0004067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0004067.

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Many historical administrative documents, such as the 1940 census, have been digitized and thus could be merged with geographic data. Merged data could reveal social determinants of health, health and social policy milieu, life course events, and selection effects otherwise masked in longitudinal datasets. However, most exact boundaries of 1940 census enumeration districts have not yet been georeferenced. These exact boundaries could aid in analysis of redlining and other geographic and social contextual factors important for health outcomes today. Our objective is to locate and map a large se

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Gao, Xing, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Amani M. Nuru-Jeter, Jonathan M. Snowden, Suzan L. Carmichael, and Mahasin S. Mujahid. "Historical Redlining, Contemporary Gentrification, and Severe Maternal Morbidity in California, 2005-2018." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 9 (2024): e2429428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29428.

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ImportanceHistorically redlined neighborhoods may experience disinvestment, influencing their likelihood of gentrification, a process of neighborhood (re-)development that unequally distributes harms and benefits by race and class. Understanding the combined outcomes of redlining and gentrification informs how the mutually constitutive systems of structural racism and racial capitalism affect pregnancy outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine if historical redlining and contemporary gentrification is associated with increased severe maternal morbidity (SMM) odds.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross

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Karvonen, Kristine, Annie Vu, Katherine Lin, et al. "Historic redlining, modern neighborhood structures, and mortality in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (2024): 11037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.11037.

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11037 Background: Historic redlining, referring to the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) program’s racially biased risk monitoring maps in the 1930’s, has indelible impacts on modern day neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes. The impact of redlining, a form of structural racism, on children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer (CAYACs) is unknown. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the association between redlining and mortality in CAYACs. Methods: Using the California Cancer Registry, we identified cases <25 years old diagnosed with first primary malignant cancer

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Hussaini, S. M. Qasim, Qinjin Fan, K. Robin Robin Yabroff, Craig Evan Pollack, and Leticia M. Nogueira. "Association of historical housing discrimination and colon cancer treatment and outcomes in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.069.

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69 Background: In the 1930s, the federally-sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) created maps that directed mortgage financing based largely on a neighborhood’s racial composition. American neighborhoods were subdivided into four risk-based rankings (A – best neighborhood, B – still desirable, C – in decline, and D – hazardous and mapped in red) for mortgage approvals and denials. “Redlining” resulted in racial segregation and systemic disinvestment in communities targeted for marginalization. We investigated the association between historical housing discrimination and contemporary d

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Markley, Scott. "Tabulating Home Owners’ Loan Corporation area description sheet data." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, October 14, 2022, 239980832211331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083221133112.

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In the late 1930s, an agency of the United States government called the “Home Owners’ Loan Corporation” (HOLC) graded thousands of urban neighborhoods on the perceived risk they posed to property owners. To make these determinations, HOLC field agents collected vast amounts of socioeconomic, demographic, and housing data about these places and presented their findings in an impressive set of maps. While these “redlining” maps have received considerable academic and media attention, the neighborhood-level race, housing, and socioeconomic data used to assign risk grades—available for most cities

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Hans, Zainab, Daniel B. Lee, Marc A. Zimmerman, and Douglas J. Wiebe. "Legacy of Racism and Firearm Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States." American Journal of Public Health, November 7, 2024, e1-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2024.307891.

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Objectives. To examine whether, through interactions with preexisting socioeconomic status vulnerabilities, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated exposure to firearm violence among communities with a legacy of redlining (i.e., grading the creditworthiness of neighborhoods based on their sociodemographic composition). Methods. We used an exogenous population threshold whereby the Home Owners Loan Corporation graded neighborhoods only in US cities with populations of more than 40 000 and used a difference-in-difference strategy to examine the evolution of fatal firearm incidents between 2017 and Oct

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Davidson, Paul. "Reviving the home owners' loan corporation to avoid a recession in USA." Ekonomiaz. Revista vasca de Economía 67, no. 1 (2008). https://doi.org/10.69810/ekz.0903.

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The original subprime mess has ultimately resulted in an insolvency problem for millions of U.S. households. The government’s fiscal “stimulus” plan does not directly address this insolvency problem. The Federal Reserve pumping in more liquidity will not end the housing insolvency problem. Instead, I suggest a tried and true comprehensive program to create a major federal facility to refinance mortgages at low rates and extended maturities, and to finance new investment in private sector housing. The goal of this new lending facility will be to: 1) end the insolvency housing problem; 2) avoid

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Fields, Nicole D., Andrea Tristan Urrutia, Alanna A. Morris, Michael R. Kramer, Tené T. Lewis, and Shivani A. Patel. "Historical Redlining and Heart Failure Outcomes Following Hospitalization in the Southeastern United States." Journal of the American Heart Association, April 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/jaha.123.032019.

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Background Historical redlining, a discriminatory lending practice, is an understudied component of the patient risk environment following hospital discharge. We investigated associations between redlining, patient race, and outcomes following heart failure hospitalization. Methods and Results We followed a hospital‐based cohort of Black and White patients using electronic medical records for acute heart failure hospitalizations between 2010 and 2018 (n=6800). Patient residential census tracts were geocoded according to the 1930s Home Owners' Loan Corporation map grades (A/B: best/still desira

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Gibbons, Joseph. "Evaluating the association between Home Owners’ Loan Corporation redlining and concentrated Black poverty." Journal of Urban Affairs, June 20, 2023, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2023.2206035.

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Huang, Shuo. "Impact of 1940s redlining on self-rated health and mortality among older adults." April 11, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15200231.

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Background Areas “redlined” by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s against Black neighborhoods are associated with worse present day area health outcomes. We examine whether early, personal exposure to redlining close to when the maps were drawn is associated with individual level mortality hazard (accelerated failure time) and self-rated health in older adults. Methods We used mapped 1940 census enumeration districts to assign 1930s Home Owners' Loan Corporation redlining categories to Health and Retirement Study participants based on 1940 census residence.

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Walker, Rebecca H., Antara Mandal, Hannah Ramer, Bonnie L. Keeler, Kate D. Derickson, and Ruby DeBellis. "Redlining, greenlining: Discourses of race and nature in Home Owners Loan Corporation neighborhood appraisals." Environment and Planning F, June 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349825241254127.

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Studies drawing correlations between Home Owners Loan Corporation “redlining” maps and present-day environmental outcomes have raised public attention about the role of systemic racial discrimination in producing uneven outcomes in the urban environment. In this analysis, we draw on a novel data source—narrative descriptions of neighborhood characteristics included in the area descriptions that accompanied City Survey maps—to explore the mechanisms that historically link HOLC maps and disparate environmental quality. Focusing on nine mid-sized cities in the Midwest, we draw on a combined induc

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Locke, Dexter H., Billy Hall, J. Morgan Grove, et al. "Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities." npj Urban Sustainability 1, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42949-021-00022-0.

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AbstractRedlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal government’s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of adverse social outcomes, including high unemployment, poverty, and residential vacancy, that persist today. While the multigenerational socioeconomic impacts of redlining are increasingly understood, the impacts on urban environments and ecosystems remain unclear. To begin to address this gap, we investigated how t

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Michney, Todd M. "How the City Survey’s Redlining Maps Were Made: A Closer Look at HOLC’s Mortgagee Rehabilitation Division." Journal of Planning History, May 7, 2021, 153851322110133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15385132211013361.

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The infamous “security maps” made in the 1930s by the Home Loan Owners’ Corporation (HOLC), rating supposed mortgage lending risk in urban neighborhoods across the United States, have long been considered the quintessential expression of racist redlining policy. However, a number of misunderstandings and unwarranted speculations about how these maps were made and used have proliferated. Using previously unexamined correspondence, this article establishes that HOLC could not have used the maps for loan denials, did share them with the Federal Housing Administration but not with private industry

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Rhodes, Jason. "Geographies of Privilege and Exclusion: The 1938 Home Owners Loan Corporation "Residential Security Map" of Atlanta." Atlanta Studies, September 7, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18737/atls20170907.

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Mallach, Alan. "Shifting the Redlining Paradigm: The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Maps and the Construction of Urban Racial Inequality." Housing Policy Debate, March 11, 2024, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2024.2321226.

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Perzynski, Adam, Kristen A. Berg, Charles Thomas, et al. "Racial Discrimination and Economic Factors in Redlining of Ohio Neighborhoods." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, December 19, 2022, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x22000236.

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Abstract We examined the influence of racial and ethnic identity of residents and housing market economic conditions on redlining. Data were extracted from archival area description forms from the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation for 568 Ohio neighborhoods from 1934–1940. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between neighborhood characteristics and redlining. Bivariate results indicated a strong association between the presence of African American residents and neighborhood redlining (OR = 40.9, 95% CI 22.9-72.8). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that some neighbo

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Schwegman, David J. "Historical Housing Discrimination, Redlining, and the Contemporary Distribution of Local Economic Development Funding: The Case of Chicago." Economic Development Quarterly, January 8, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912424241309321.

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Local economic development programs, which provide financial support to attract, retain, or expand businesses and increase economic opportunity in local communities, are a powerful tool available for local governments to ameliorate the impacts of systemic underinvestment in particular areas. Using the residential security maps produced by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) for Chicago, Illinois, this paper examines the extent to which local economic development funding is being directed to areas that suffered historic (pre-1940s) discriminatio

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Greiner, Patrick Trent, and Rachel G. McKane. "Does racism have inertia? A study of historic redlining’s impact on present-day associations between development and air pollution in U.S. cities." Environmental Research Letters, September 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9070.

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Abstract We explore how Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) scores of the 1930s impact 2010 and 2015 inhalable particulate matter (PM10) concentrations for 15,232 census tracts, clustered in 196 cities throughout the contiguous United States. Using areal apportionment, we assign a HOLC score to housing tracts and construct hierarchical linear models to examine the relationship between the policy practice of redlining, particulate matter pollution, and urban economic development. We find that redlining is associated with higher PM10 concentrations, and that higher HOLC grades also intensify th

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