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1
Farrell-Poe, Kitt, Lisa Jones-McLean, and Scott McLean. "Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156929.
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6 pp.1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells
This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.
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Artiola, Janick. "Water Facts: Home Water Treatment Options." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146297.
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4 pp.Arizona Know Your Water.
Today, homeowners have access to several water treatment systems to help control minerals and contaminants and to disinfect their water. Nearly half of the homes in the U.S. have some type of water treatment device. Mistrust of public water utilities, uncertainty over water quality standards, concerns about general health issues and limited understanding about home water treatment systems have all played a role in this increasing demand for home water treatment systems. Private well owners also need to provide safe drinking water for their families and have to make decisions as to how to treat their own water sources to meet this need. However, choosing a water treatment system is no easy task. Depending of the volume of water and degree of contamination, the homeowner should consider professional assistance in selecting and installing well water treatment systems. The process of selection is often confounded by incomplete or misleading information about water quality, treatment options, and costs. The following paragraphs outline the major well water treatment options. Further details on types, uses (point of use) and costs of these home water treatment systems are provided in the Arizona Know Your Water booklet. Additional information about Arizonas water sources that can help private well owners make decisions about home water treatment options, can be found in Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Supply booklet (see references section).
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Hassinger, Elaine, Thomas A. Doerge, and Paul B. Baker. "Choosing Home Water Treatment Devices." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156940.
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1 pp.Water Facts: Number 7
There are many home water treatment manufacturers, dealers, and products in today's market. Choosing the best water treatment device for your home can be difficult. This article offers advice in choosing your home water treatment by discussing, the reliability, product performance, dealer reputation, and cost of installation.
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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Mound Systems: Alternative On-site Wastewater Treatment." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146416.
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2 pp.The conventional on-site household wastewater treatment system is known as the septic tank and absorption (leach) field. Local soil conditions; type, depth, texture and permeability all contribute to how well wastewater is treated as it moves toward groundwater. Soil conditions in parts of Arizona are not suitable for absorption fields, so alternative disposal systems are necessary. This article provides information on alternative disposal systems, the septic tank-mound system, and includes the description of the system, its background, where it should be used, and the cost and time consideration.
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Mehta, Sahib, and Sahib Mehta. "Thermal Driven Water Treatment Systems for Full Separation of Solute-Water." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621124.
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This work encompasses the study of a novel thermal driven desalination system to accomplish full separation of water and solute. This process advantageous over other process because it involves zero recirculation and zero liquid discharge, thus having minimum environmental impact. Since this system provides full separation, salts and other valuable products can be obtained in addition to pure water. This system can operate at high energy efficiencies using medium temperature heat source like industrial reject or solar cells. This plant consists of two technologies, the full separation and multi effect distillation which when integrated together 8ive us water and salt separately. Three different configuration of the FS-MED system have been presented, naming concurrent feed, variable feed, and counter current feed. They vary depending on their flow and feed distribution. Numerical procedure has been developed to solve the energy and mass balance equation for steady state condition has been presented.
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Adhikari, Bijaya. "Onsite treatment of urban organic waste using home composting systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106314.
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On-site treatment (home and community composting) of organic waste (OW) reduces cost and environmental issues as opposed to centralized facilities and landfilling. By 2025, such on-site practices could reduce costs and greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) by 50 and 40 %, respectively, and save land as compared to maintaining landfilling practices. However, the shift of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems from landfill disposal to resource recovery requires technological input, population participation and compost quality assurance. The composting process and quality of composted product depends on the initial compost mixture formulation, design type and management practices of home composting systems (HC). A project was therefore conducted both in the laboratory and in the field, to establish a home composter design and compost formula, which favours the best organic waste decomposition. The results indicated that home composter design is important: perforations must be concentrated at the top and bottom to provide an aeration level equivalent to that of a ground pile. Such home composters can reach thermophilic temperatures when fed at least 10 kg (week)-1 of organic waste with a dry matter content over 15 % (half yard trimmings and half food waste). The compost produced generally offers acceptable levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, but residents must be careful in applying the right amount of garden herbicides. The total GGE from home composters were found to be equivalent to that of centralized composting facilities but eliminate the need to spend energy equivalent to 50 kg CO2-eq (tonne wet waste)-1 for handling and processing.Le traitement des matières résiduelles organiques (MRO) sur place (centres communautaires de compostage et composteurs maison) est une approche qui réduit les coûts de manipulation et de procédé associés aux centres régionaux de compostage et à l'enfouissement. D'ici 2025 et comparativement à l'enfouissement, cette approche pourrait diminuer les coûts de traitement et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de 50 et 40 %, respectivement. D'autre part, la diversion et le recyclage des MRO exigent des connaissances techniques et la participation des gens pour assurer la qualité sanitaire du produit, qui dépend du mélange initial, et de la conception du composteur maison ainsi que de sa gestion. Un projet fut donc réalisé en laboratoire et sur le terrain, dans le but de déterminer les critères de conception des composteurs maison et la formulation du mélange initial qui favorisent la décomposition et la stabilisation des MRO traitées. Les résultats ont démontré que la conception du composteur maison est importante, surtout en ce qui concerne l'emplacement des ouvertures qui, quand concentrées dans le haut et le bas, favorisent l'aération par convection. Cette configuration d'ouvertures fait en sorte que le composteur peut atteindre des température thermophiles, semblables aux amas au sol, s'il est chargé de plus de 10 kg (semaine)-1 de MRO possédant une matière sèche de plus de 15 % (moitié résidus de jardin et résidus de table). Le compost produit par résident est généralement propre, avec de faibles teneurs en hydrocarbures aromatique polycyclique (HAP) et en métaux lourds, à la condition d'appliquer des herbicides jardins en quantités raisonnables. Comparativement aux centres régionaux de compostage, les composteurs maison générent la même quantité de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mais font économiser 50 kg de CO2-équ. (tonne de matières résiduelles humides compostées)-1 en tant qu'énergie de manipulation et de procédé.
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Walsh, Stephen. "Integrated design of chemical waste water treatment systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8603.
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Milovanovic, Ivan. "Components for area-efficient stormwater treatment systems." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83877.
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Boucher, Alan Raymond. "Management strategies for a water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292247.
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Chen, Linxi. "Chlorine Cycling in Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397466841.
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Cortés, de la Fuente Christian. "Supervisory systems in waste water treatment plants: sistematise their implementation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7777.
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La implantació de Sistemes de Suport a la presa de Decisions (SSD) en Estacions Depuradores d'Aigües Residuals Urbanes (EDAR) facilita l'aplicació de tècniques més eficients basades en el coneixement per a la gestió del procés, assegurant la qualitat de l'aigua de sortida tot minimitzant el cost ambiental de la seva explotació. Els sistemes basats en el coneixement es caracteritzen per la seva capacitat de treballar amb dominis molt poc estructurats, i gran part de la informació rellevant de tipus qualitatiu i/o incerta. Precisament aquests són els trets característics que es poden trobar en els sistemes biològics de depuració, i en conseqüència en una EDAR. No obstant, l'elevada complexitat dels SSD fa molt costós el seu disseny, desenvolupament i aplicació en planta real, pel que resulta determinant la generació d'un protocol que faciliti la seva exportació a EDARs de tecnologia similar. L'objectiu del present treball de Tesi és precisament el desenvolupament d'un protocol que faciliti l'exportació sistemàtica de SSD i l'aprofitament del coneixement del procés prèviament adquirit. El treball es desenvolupa en base al cas d'estudi resultant de l'exportació a l'EDAR Montornès del prototipus original de SSD implementat a l'EDAR Granollers. Aquest SSD integra dos tipus de sistemes basats en el coneixement, concretament els sistemes basats en regles (els quals són programes informàtics que emulen el raonament humà i la seva capacitat de solucionar problemes utilitzant les mateixes fonts d'informació) i els sistemes de raonament basats en casos (els quals són programes informàtics basats en el coneixement que volen solucionar les situacions anormals que pateix la planta en el moment actual mitjançant el record de l'acció efectuada en una situació passada similar).
El treball està estructurat en diferents capítols, en el primer dels quals, el lector s'introdueix en el món dels sistemes de suport a la decisió i en el domini de la depuració d'aigües. Seguidament es fixen els objectius i es descriuen els materials i mètodes utilitzats. A continuació es presenta el prototipus de SSD desenvolupat per la EDAR Granollers. Una vegada el prototipus ha estat presentat es descriu el primer protocol plantejat pel mateix autor de la Tesi en el seu Treball de Recerca. A continuació es presenten els resultats obtinguts en l'aplicació pràctica del protocol per generar un nou SSD, per una planta depuradora diferent, partint del prototipus. L'aplicació pràctica del protocol permet l'evolució del mateix cap a un millor pla d'exportació.
Finalment, es pot concloure que el nou protocol redueix el temps necessari per realitzar el procés d'exportació, tot i que el nombre de passos necessaris ha augmentat, la qual cosa significa que el nou protocol és més sistemàtic.
The decision support systems (DSS) implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) make easier the application of better techniques based on the knowledge to manage the process, insuring the effluent quality and minimising the economical costs of its exploitation. The knowledge-based systems are characterised by its capability of working in ill structured domains, and with relevant information of type qualitative or uncertain. These are the characteristics that could be found in the biological systems treatments, and consequently in a wastewater treatment plant. However, the high complexity of the DSS makes very expensive their design, development and the application in a real WWTP, and because this reason it is very important the generation of a protocol that makes easier the exportation of the program to other similar plants.
The objective of the present document is the development of a protocol that makes easier the systematic exportation of DSS and the reuse of the process knowledge acquired previously. The document is developed in basis on the study case from the DSS exportation from the Granollers WWTP to Montornès WWTP. This knowledge-based system integrates two kinds of systems based on knowledge, concretely the rule-based systems (which are programs that simulate the human reasoning and its capability of problem solving using the same information sources) and the case-based reasoning systems (which are informatic programs based on knowledge that solve the current abnormal situations in the plant by means of retrieving the executed action in a similar past situation).
The document is structured in different chapters, in the first chapter; the lector is introduced in the DSS domain and in the wastewater treatment domain. Afterwards the objectives are defined and the materials and methods used are explained. Following, the Granollers DSS prototype is presented. Once, the prototype is explained, the first protocol made by the author in his research work is presented. Afterwards, the results obtained from the protocol application to export the DSS to other plant are presented. The real application of the protocol allows making better itself.
In conclusion, the new protocol reduces the needed time to make the exportation process, although the new protocol needs more steps to make the same work, this means that it is more systematic.
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Conlin, Julie. "Process modelling of water treatment systems : a data based approach." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360736.
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Loux, Brian Michael 1981. "Spirasol : improvements to semi-continuous solar disinfection water treatment systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31131.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-63).
An experimental study was carried out to determine the feasibility of an original point of use solar water disinfection system created by the author and named "Spirasol." The study primarily focused on the comparison of microbial removal levels in the Spirasol system and the more traditional solar disinfection method called SODIS that uses a Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle. To address microbial removal capacity, the two systems were assembled and tested in Nairobi, Kenya and later in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The issue of economic feasibility and component availability were also addressed and factored in heavily during the design phase of the project. The results suggest that the Spirasol system is equally as effective as the traditional SODIS system with respect to microbial inactivation. Analysis of the costs required for continuous and semi-continuous solar disinfection system implied that such systems were not a good match for sites of extreme urban poverty such as the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya. However, the overall low cost among semi-continuous point of use treatment systems and the wide availability of the required pieces made them a sustainable technology for other areas in the developing world where available capital is marginally higher.
by Brian Michael Loux.
M.Eng.
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Wells, Charles Digby. "Tertiary treatment in integrated algal ponding systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006162.
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Inadequate sanitation is one of the leading causes of water pollution and consequently illness in many underdeveloped countries, including South Africa and, specifically, the Eastern Cape Province, where cholera has become endemic. As modern wastewater treatment processes are often energy intensive and expensive, they are not suitable for use in these areas. There is thus a need to develop more sustainable wastewater treatment technologies for application in smaller communities. The integrated algal ponding system (IAPS) was identified as a possible solution to this wastewater management problem and was investigated for adaptation to local conditions, at the Rhodes University Environmental Experimental Field Station in Grahamstown, South Africa. The system was monitored over a period of nine years, with various configuration adjustments of the high rate algal pond (HRAP) unit operation investigated. Under standard operating conditions, the system was able to achieve levels of nutrient and organic removal comparable with conventional wastewater treatment works. The mean nitrate level achieved in the effluent was below the 15mg.l-1 South African discharge standard, however, nitrate removal in the IAPS was found to be inconsistent. Although the system was unable to sustain chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal to below the 75mg.l-1 South African discharge standard, a removal rate of 87% was recorded, with the residual COD remaining in the form of algal biomass. Previous studies in the Eastern Cape Province have shown that few small wastewater treatment works produce effluent that meets the microbial count specification. Therefore, in addition to the collation of IAPS data from the entire nine year monitoring period, this study also investigated the use of the HRAP as an independent unit operation for disinfection of effluent from small sewage plants. It was demonstrated that the independent high rate algal pond (IHRAP) as a free standing unit operation could consistently produce water with Escherichia coli counts of 0cfu.100ml-1. The observed effect was related to a number of possible conditions prevailing in the system, including elevated pH, sunlight and dissolved oxygen. It was also found that the IHRAP greatly enhanced the nutrient removal capabilities of the conventional IAPS, making it possible to reliably and consistently maintain phosphate and ammonium levels in the final effluent to below 5mg.l-1 and 2mg.l-1 respectively (South African discharge standards are 10mg.l-1 and 3mg.l-1 in each case). The quality of the final effluent produced by the optimisation of the IAPS would allow it to be used for irrigation, thereby providing an alternative water source in water stressed areas. The system also proved to be exceptionally robust and data collected during periods of intensive and low management regimes were broadly comparable. Results of the 9 year study have demonstrated reliable performance of the IAPS and its use an appropriate, sustainable wastewater treatment option for small communities.
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Johnson, Sissy Daniel. "Concentrations [sic] levels of fluoride in bottled drinking water and filtered water using home filtration systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1439.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 47 p. : ill. (some col.) Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-46).
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Reutershan, Trevor. "Chemical Kinetics and Adsorption in Wastewater Treatment Systems." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752236.
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The purpose of this thesis is to provide a combined theoretical and experimental approach to solve several enduring questions in wastewater chemistry. Firstly, the sulfate radical has been proposed as an alternative oxidant in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Its reactivity with dissolved organic matter (DOM) has not yet been studied and will be quantied in this work using electron pulse radiolysis. Next, it has been shown that DOM present in wastewater can act to impede the remediation of harmful pharmaceutical contaminants in the AOP. Using a new binding model presented here, this association was quantied in terms of equilibrium constants. Lastly, due to the use of bleach to prevent biofouling of the membrane bioreactor in wastewater treatment facilities, chlorine atom chemistry is becoming increasingly important to study regarding AOPs. A numerical system is provided in this thesis to understand the reactivity of chlorine atoms in the presence of wastewater constituents.
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Storlie, Leslee. "An Investigation into Bromate Formation in Ozone Disinfection Systems." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26896.
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Ozonation is used as an alternative disinfection process to chlorination but unfortunately has a potential of oxidizing bromide, a natural component of water sources, to bromate. Bromate is a possible carcinogen with a maximum contaminant level of 10 ppb. To understand bromate formation in full-scale systems, a comprehensive study was conducted at the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant (WTP). Bromide concentrations in source waters were monitored. Water samples from locations in the ozonation chambers were collected and analyzed for bromate and other parameters. Results showed that bromate formation was increased through increases in pH, bromide, and ozone dose during high temperatures and was decreased by increases in organics. The impact of the bromate influential parameters was minimized at low temperatures. To assist Moorhead WTP on developing bromate control strategies, a modeling approach was adopted to predict bromate formation at various operational conditions using temperature, pH, ozone dose, bromide, and TOC.MWH Global, AWWA Scholarship
American Water Works Association (AWWA), Minnesota and North Dakota sections
North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University
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Westensee, Dirk Karl. "Post-treatment technologies for integrated algal pond systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018180.
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Integrated Algae Pond Systems (IAPS) are a derivation of the Oswald designed Algal Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS®) and combine the use of anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses to effect wastewater treatment. IAPS technology was introduced to South Africa in 1996 and a pilot plant designed and commissioned at the Belmont Valley WWTW in Grahamstown. The system has been in continual use since implementation and affords a secondarily treated water for reclamation according to its design specifications which most closely resemble those of the AIWPS® Advanced Secondary Process developed by Oswald. As a consequence, and as might be expected, while the technology performed well and delivered a final effluent superior to most pond systems deployed in South Africa it was unable to meet The Department of Water Affairs General Standard for nutrient removal and effluent discharge. The work described in this thesis involved the design, construction, and evaluation of several tertiary treatment units (TTU') for incorporation into the IAPS process design. Included were; Maturation Ponds (MP), Slow Sand Filter (SSF) and Rock Filters (RF). Three MP's were constructed in series with a 12 day retention time and operated in parallel with a two-layered SSF and a three-stage RF. Water quality of the effluent emerging from each of these TTU's was monitored over a 10 month period. Significant decreases in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium-N, phosphate-P, nitrate-N, faecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC) were achieved by these TTU's. On average, throughout the testing period, water quality was within the statutory limit for discharge to a water course that is not a listed water course, with the exception of the total suspended solids (TSS). The RF was determined as the most suitable TTU for commercial use due to production of a better quality water, smaller footprint, lower construction costs and less maintenance required. From the results of this investigation it is concluded that commercial deployment of IAPS for the treatment of municipal sewage requires the inclusion of a suitable TTU. Furthermore, and based on the findings presented, RF appears most appropriate to ensure that quality of the final effluent meets the standard for discharge.
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Nagoda, Daniel Louis. "Well water contaminants and consumer-based treatment systems a resource for primary care providers /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/nagoda/NagodaD0508.pdf.
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An estimated 95% of rural residents use groundwater as their household water supply for drinking and everyday use. Public policy in Montana and through most of the United States dictates no rules about well water testing, only recommends testing be done on a yearly basis. Well water can contain lead, arsenic, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic organic compounds (SOCs), nitrates, and copper and many other possible contaminants. The choice of a consumer-based water filtration system should be based on the contaminant profile of the water source. Filter types vary in design and their contaminant removal profile, such as simple pitcher filters, activated carbon, and reverse osmosis, but many filtration systems can remove multiple contaminants and reduce the risk of exposures. The purpose of this project is to provide a list of potential contaminants and their health effects that have commonly been identified as contaminants in water samples in Gallatin County, Montana, as well as provide a comprehensive resource for consumers and health care providers to make decisions about well-water treatment.
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Varghese, Arun 1972. "Point-of-use water treatment systems in rural Haiti : human health and water quality impact assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84828.
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Jack, Andrew G. "Total emission analysis of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, Abertay University, 1999. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3a4ee741-9f14-47df-ab48-2759ca7c39f3.
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The proposed methodology to most effectively manage intermittent combined sewage discharges into urban watercourses in the UK is given in the Urban Pollution Management (UPM) manual. The method is based on the use of detailed computer models of the sewerage system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving watercourse. Solving intermittent discharge problems using UPM, often requires the installation of in-sewer storage tanks. However, recent research from Germany and elsewhere (e.g. Austria and Denmark) has shown that this type of solution may be of little benefit with respect to the total emissions discharged from the entire system, where emissions from both the Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) and the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) are considered together. This is because, in certain situations, WTP efficiency can be compromised by the prolonged periods of dilute (low nutrients and substrate) inflows which can result from the draining down of in-sewer storage tanks. The earlier research in Germany and elsewhere has been concerned with long term total emissions (annual loads) and not the problems specific to individual sites, or the benefits and/or limitations of storage with respect to acute pollution. Thus the principal objective of the research described here has been to substantiate and quantify the total emission problem by means of detailed modelling, via an evaluation of the likely storage volumes which could give rise to total emissions problems for the Perth wastewater system. Following this, a general method has been developed to investigate and resolve total emission problems related to acute pollution effects. As WTP disruption due to flow dilution can last for a prolonged period after even a single rainfall event, computational simulation times need to be long enough to represent the delay in WTP performance returning to normal operating conditions. As long term continuous simulation is usually impractical due to protracted computational times, a method referred to as the Total Emission Analysis Period (TEAP) has been developed. This will define the minimum required computational time and rainfall inputs to be used to ensure that the effect of in-sewer storage on total emissions could be modelled. Utilising the TEAP method to analyse total emissions it has been concluded that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to create a total emission XXVI problem with respect to the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Consequently, it was concluded that the best storage volume with respect to BOD was the minimum volume which would allow compliance with receiving water quality standards. No direct comparison could be made with the conclusion derived from the German research due to the long term nature of their analysis, however, it would appear from an interpretation of their results, that similar findings were obtained. With respect to ammonia, it was found that increases in total emissions can occur as, ammonia concentrations, unlike BOD, do not increase at the start of a storm due to first foul flush effects. Consequently, any increased emissions from the WTP would not be offset via a reduced CSO spill load. It was also found, however, that increasing volumes of storage would not be expected to exacerbate acute pollution problems within a receiving watercourse and that both large and small storage volumes had the potential to give rise to very similar degrees of WTP disruption. This was due to the way in which different hydraulic loading conditions (caused by the different volumes of storage) affected the bacterial concentrations in the reactor. The conclusion that storage would not provide a significant benefit for ammonia total emissions was supported by the Austrian and Danish research.
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Amini, Adib. "The Sustainability of Ion Exchange Water Treatment Technology." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6640.
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This research investigated using a life cycle environmental and economic approach to evaluate IX technology for small potable water systems, allowing for the identification and development of process and design improvements that reduce environmental impacts and costs. The main goals were to evaluate conventional IX in terms of life cycle environmental and economic sustainability, develop a method for improving designs of IX systems from a environmental and economic sustainability standpoint, evaluate potential design improvements, and make the research findings accessible to water professionals through user-friendly tools and frameworks that take into account their feedback. This research provides an understanding, from the perspective of life cycle environmental impacts and costs, of the tradeoffs between various reactor designs of IX, the effects of scale, key contributors to impact and cost, design trends that improve sustainability, and how combined cation anion exchange compares to conventional IX. Furthermore, tools were developed that can be used to identify design choices that improve sustainability of IX systems. These tools were made into a user-friendly format to better bridge the gap between research and practice.
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Alrhmoun, Mousaab. "Hospital wastewaters treatment : upgrading water systems plans and impact on purifying biomass." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0042/document.
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Cette recherche porte sur l’élimination des micropolluants pharmaceutiques des effluents hospitaliers par des procédés biologiques classiques (boue activée) et membranaire. Il est montré que les systèmes à membrane, externe ou immergée, permettent un meilleur traitement, ou une meilleure rétention, de plus de 50% des molécules pharmaceutiques mesurés. Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des procédés membranaires, des supports bactériens ont été ajoutés dans le bassin biologique permettant de diminuer considérablement le colmatage. Il est montré qu’une des conséquences de la présence de ce garnissage est une diminution globale des EPS produits, donc du colmatage membranaire, et de la rétention des molécules pharmaceutiques,. Afin d’augmenter encore l’efficacité du procédé, du charbon actif en poudre ou en grain a été ajouté avant la filtration (CAP) ou en sortie de filtration (CAG), permettant une élimination quasi complète des molécules mesurées. La qualité des biomasses épuratrices a été suivie par microscopie confocale avec marquage fluorescent des exopolymères et de la viabilité cellulaire. Il est montré que les effluents hospitaliers modifient la structure des flocs et des biofilms, leur composition biochimique, avec une augmentation des concentrations en protéines extracellulaires, et la répartition des populations caractérisées par métagénomiqueThis research investigates the removal of pharmaceutics present in hospital wastewaters by conventional activated sludge and MBR systems of treatment and under various operating conditions to elucidate the removal mechanism and increasing the efficiency of removal. In this study, laboratory scales was composed to four types of reactors used: Bach reactors, conventional activated sludge, submerged membrane bioreactor and extern membrane bioreactor and all these reactors were feed in reel hospital wastewaters. Different Technical studies and many experiments were affected to develop the MBR systems: the beginning was with biofilm supports media and the attached growth of biofilms in the reactor and the finish by using the powder activated carbon. En general, the reported results show high performance for the MBR with compared to CAS system in treating the basic organic pollutants. Presence the biofilm supports media was very important for high removal of pharmaceuticals compounds from the hospital wastewaters. The presence of the pharmaceutical compounds stimulated the mechanisms of survival higher production of EPS. Fouling potential seems to be linked more closely to polysaccharides than other EPS. In this study, for the first time, was employed the confocal microscopy for qualities and quantities analyses for the EPS in the biologic reactors. Microscopic observations were confirmed the chemical analyses of EPS compounds. In final experiment 21 pharmaceuticals were eliminated from the hospital effluents during the treatment in extern membrane (UF) with modified granular activated carbon. In addition to many biomolucles analyses which study the principals impact of hospital effluents on the microorganism’s especially the bacteria in using different, recent techniques. This study demonstrates by reel conditions the role the developed MBR systems in treating the hospital effluents and its impact direct on the environment
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Wadhawan, Tanush. "Investigating Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27344.
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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in water and wastewater is a major public concern. In drinking water treatment plants (WTP), DON and biodegradable DON (BDON) may form carcinogenic by-products during disinfection and might also serve as a nutrient for microbiological growth in distribution systems. BDON in treated wastewater can promote algal growth in receiving water bodies. Understanding biodegradability of DON is important to develop strategies and processes capable of minimizing DON impact on the wastewater effluent receiving water bodies and drinking water. WTPs are nutrient-poor oligotrophic systems that receive source water with DON of about ?2 mg N/L. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are nutrient-rich eutrophic systems which receive raw wastewater with DON of ?8 mg N/L. At WWTPs, sidestream deammonification is a highly eutrophic system employed to treat highly concentrated streams of DON (?100 mg N/L) and ammonia (?1,500 mg N/L) generated from filtrate from anaerobically digested sludge dewatering. DON characteristics including biodegradability for different trophic levels could differ. The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate biodegradability of DON in these oligotrophic and eutrophic systems. Three research tasks were performed. In the first task, a method to measure BDON in oligotrophic systems was developed and applied to determine the fate of BDON along four treatment stages of a WTP with ozonation prior to filtration. Optimum dose of inocula and incubation time were identified for the BDON measurement. The Moorhead WTP, Moorhead, MN on average removed 30% of DON and 68% of BDON. The second task involved investigating the role of four biological wastewater treatment processes in removing DON from eutrophic systems. Nitrification process biodegraded 70, 54, and 57% of DON in influent, primary effluent, and secondary effluent, respectively. Heterotrophic DON removal was less (1.7 to 38%) while denitrification and deammonification did not remove DON. For the third task, BDON biodegradability in highly eutrophic system was investigated using nitrifying sludge. About 45 to 90% of DON in sidestream effluent was biodegradable. Information from this dissertation provides a better understanding on DON and BDON fate through water and wastewater treatment processes representing different trophic levels.District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC WASA)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University
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Powell, Douglas. "Development and validation of a computational model for home built solar water heating systems." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32070.
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Steele, Andres. "Factors impacting on the appropriateness of water treatment and supply processes for post-emergency water supply systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520478.
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Kadhim, Hussain S. A. "Bioremediation of chlorophenolics from aqueous systems using Coriolus versicolor." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299611.
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Simsek, Halis. "Fate and Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen through Wastewater Treatment Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26650.
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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant portion (25-80%) of total dissolved nitrogen in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). DON in treated wastewater, once degraded, causes oxygen depletion and/or eutrophication in receiving waters and should be reduced prior to discharge. Biodegradability, bioavailability, and photodegradability are important characteristics of wastewater derived DON and are subjects of research in this dissertation. Four research tasks were performed. In the first task, laboratory-scale chemostat experiments were conducted to examine whether solids retention time (SRT) could be used to control DON and biodegradable DON (BDON) in treated wastewater. Nine different SRTs from 0.3 to 13 were studied. There was no correlation between effluent DON and SRTs. However, BDONs at SRTs of 0.3 to 4 days were comparable and had a decreasing trend with SRTs after that. These results indicate the benefit of high SRTs in term of producing effluent with less BDON. The second task was a comprehensive year-round data collection to study the fate of DON and BDON through the treatment train of a trickling filter (TF) WWTP. The plant removed substantial amounts of DON (62%) and BDON (76%) mainly through the biological process. However, the discharged concentrations in the effluent were still high enough to be critical for a stringent total nitrogen discharge limit (below 5 mg-N/L). Evolution of bioavailable DON (ABDON) along the treatment trains of activated sludge (AS) and TF WWTPs and relationship between ABDON and BDON were examined in the third task. ABDON exerted from a combination of bacteria and algae inocula was higher than algae inoculated ABDON and bacteria inoculated BDON suggesting the use of algae as a treatment organism along with bacteria to minimize effluent DON. The TF and AS WWTPs removed 88% and 64% of ABDON, respectively. In the last task, photodegradable DON (PDON) in primary wastewater and final effluent from TF and AS WWTPs was studied. PDON and BDON fractions of DON data in the final effluent of TF and AS WWTP samples elucidate that photodegradation is as critically important as biodegradation when mineralization of effluent DON is a concern in receiving waters.
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Sikdar, Anamika. "Quantification of complex phosphorus removal reactions occurring within wetland filtration treatment systems." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/944.
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Woudneh, Million Bekele. "Mechanisms and factors affecting removal of herbicides by biological filters." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843258/.
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A critical review of the mechanisms of present water treatment systems including, chlorination, coagulation, filtration, granular and powdered activated carbon adsorption, ozonation and ultraviolet radiation for the removal of herbicides is presented. Rapid selective and sensitive HPLC methods were developed and rigorously validated for the analysis of the selected herbicides. Analysis of atrazine was made using Cl8 cartridges. For raw water containing interferences, extraction of the compound was made on SCX cartridges, followed by solvent exchange on C18 cartridges. A quantitative recovery of virtually 100% of the compound was achieved using C18. While the double cartridge extraction of the compound gave a recovery of about 89%. Previously developed methods for 2,4-D and MCPA were rigorously validated for the extraction and analysis of 2,4-D and MCPA. A quantitative recovery of usually greater than 90% was achieved for both compounds using Cl8 cartridges. For the extraction of paraquat different extraction systems including, reversed phase on C8 and C18, ion-paired reversed phase on C18, and cation exchange on SCX, CBA, and CN were investigated. A quantitative recovery, usually greater than 90%, of the compound was obtained using CN and CBA cartridges. The methods were then successfully used for the evaluation of the removal efficiency and establishment of mechanisms of removal of herbicides by biological filters at bench and pilot scale. Four herbicides belonging to three broad chemical categories were studied. The data presented in this study demonstrated that biological filters are very efficient in removing certain classes of herbicides. 2,4-D and MCPA were consistently removed to below a detection limit of 0.1 mug/1 for an influent concentration of 3-11 mug/1. Process variables such as flow rate, bed depth and contact time were investigated for the efficient removal of these herbicides. Seasonal variations in performance were observed and possible explanations proposed. A series of experiments was undertaken to establish .mechanisms of removal. Quantitative recovery of the herbicides from the river water proved that the processes in the filter bed as opposed to the processes in the water were responsible for removal of the herbicides. It was clear from the investigation of the adsorption of the herbicides both on the sand and organic and inorganic dirt that adsorption on these surfaces was not the main reason for removal. Filter maturation experiment showed that the presence of microorganisms in the bed is a precondition for the removal of herbicides. A depth experiment for the removal of 2,4-D showed that superficial efficient zone of removal imitates the distribution of microbial density. This evidence confirms the significance of microorganisms for the removal of herbicides by the filter bed. The ultimate proof of the biodegradation of 2,4-D by microorganisms in the filter bed was the identification of the biodegradation product 2-chlorophenol as predicted by the metabolic pathways of the compound. Filter design modifications using activated carbon were made to accommodate the removal of 'non-biodegradable' herbicides. A sandwich sand / GAC / sand filter was investigated. Filter efficiency for this arrangement was determined and short-comings were identified and a possible solution in the form of a double GAC sandwich is suggested.
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O'Connor, Catherine L. (Catherine Leber). "Decentralized water treatment in urban India, and the potential impacts of reverse osmosis water purifiers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106259.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-191).
The degrading water quality in India combined with reduced groundwater supplies and insufficient municipal water distribution has led to the adoption of household water purifiers across the country. These water purifiers are used to treat water for potable consumption (drinking and cooking), and include a range of technologies capable of treating contaminants found in municipal water, groundwater, or other supplemental sources. The purifiers vary in cost, and have varying levels of accessibility to different socio-economic groups. As of 2010, market studies estimated that water purifiers, and more specifically reverse osmosis (RO) units, had not yet achieved a high level of diffusion across India, though sales were projected to greatly increase. More recent studies found levels of adoption for RO purifiers in certain urban areas growing above 50%, much higher than the 10% or less of households relying primarily on groundwater. Interviews conducted in January 2016 confirmed that households with a municipal supply were treating their water with RO purifiers, so RO adoption has spread beyond homes with only groundwater as a source. Though increased RO system diffusion may increase access to improved water quality, the purifiers require a reject line that discards 30 to 80% of the input water. The waste generated can be substantial, and for an average RO recovery of 20% treating 5.0 liters per capita per day drinking water, total up to 100 liters per household per day, 82.2 megaliters per day (MLD) within the city of Delhi, or even 2,340 MLD across all major urban areas of India if complete adoption occurs within the top two socio-economic groups. These volumes can amount to a measurable fraction of the volume of groundwater that a city extracts to supplement its surface water supply, and the volume of wastewater that goes untreated due to insufficient infrastructure. Policy and technology-based alternatives such as a water efficiency ranking program and the replacement of RO with electrodialysis, a more efficient desalination technology, align with government initiatives calling for higher efficiency and public participation, though a combined program is likely needed to make household water treatment sustainable in the long-term.
by Catherine L. O'Connor.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Farrell-Poe, Kitt. "Antibacterial Products in Septic Systems." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146423.
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2 pp.Originally published: 2001
An onsite sewage treatment system or "septic system" is effective way to safely recycle household wastewater back into the natural environment. The key to effective treatment is proper design, system installation, responsible operation, and periodic maintenance. This article provides information about how to improve septic system performance by taking simple steps at home.
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Lebcir, Rabia. "Factors controlling the performance of horizontal flow roughing fitters." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/415.
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Horizontal Roughing Filtration (HRF) is a pretreatment method used to remove excess turbidity and suspended solids of surface water fed into Slow Sand Filtration units, as these can only operate satisfactorily when the concentration suspended solids is below 25 mg/1 . A critical review and discussion of current pretreatment methods, HRF research and important filtration variables are presented together with a review of mathematical models of sand and roughing filters based on clarification and trajectory theories. A detailed historical review of head—loss theories, their development and adoption in multimedia filtration is given. I. Preliminary results from studies on a small scale HRF model suggested that: - A laboratory scale model must be over 1.2 m in length: 1.6 _in turned out to be acceptable. - An outlet chamber should be provided. — Sampling must be carried out in a two dimensional field. — Intermittent sampling is adequate. One of the main objectives of this research was to identify the Important variables affecting HRF, among velocity, temperature, particle size, particles density, arrangement of the gravel bed 'Coarse—Medium—Fine (LGF),Coarse/Fine—Fine—Coarse (SGF)§, and the bed depth. II. Experiments were conducted on a 1.6m filter scale model, using Fractional Factorial Design to identify the main variables. These were found to be particles size, velocity, and temperature. III. Further runs, using a suspension of kaolin, produced results which, upon analysis for suspended solids, turbidity, particles count, revealed that the efficiency decreases with increasing temperature and velocity and increases with increasing particles size. IV. Concentration curves along the bed enabled: — The development of the removal rate equation, — Defining the operating parts of the filter at various stages of the filtration, ' — The presence of density currents. V. Efficiency variations with the amounts of accumulated solids were monitored and revealed three main trends: a) Constant efficiency; b) Gradually decreasing efficiency; c) Increasing and then decreasing efficiency. - VI. Tracer tests showed the presence of dead zones, and - short—circuiting with either increased deposits or temperature. VII. Particles size analysis revealed that: a. The effect of velocity or temperature on the grade efficiency affects mainly suspended particles in water smaller than 10 pm and 7 pm for LGF and SGF respectively. For particles of larger diameters, an unknown repulsion phenomenon increasing with temperature rise was observed. b. The main mechanisms responsible for particles removal are sedimentation and hydrodynamic forces.
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Ochieng, GMM, FAO Otieno, TPM Ogada, SM Shitote, and DM Menzwa. "Performance of multistage filtration using different filter media against conventional water treatment systems." Water SA, 2004. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001748.
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Abstract
This study was aimed at introducing multistage filtration (MSF) (a combination of slow-sand filtration (SSF) and pretreatment
system - horizontal flow roughing filter (HRF)) as an alternative water treatment technology to the conventional one. A pilot- plant
study was undertaken to achieve this goal. Evaluating the MSF performance vs. the existing conventional system in removing
selected physical and chemical drinking water quality parameters together with the biological water quality improvement by the
MSF without chemical use was done. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the MSF system utilizing locally available material, i.e.
gravel, improved agricultural waste (charcoal maize cobs) and broken burnt bricks as pretreatment filter material was also done
The benchmark was the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) values for the selected parameters. Results showed that with proper
design specifications, MSF systems perform better than conventional systems under similar conditions of raw water quality and
environmental conditions. The tested locally available materials can also be effectively used as pretreatment media with each
allowing a filter run greater than 82 d and therefore could serve as alternatives where natural gravel is not readily available. With
special reference to the bacteriological quality improvement, the MSF greatly improved the bacteriological quality of the water
recording removal efficiencies of over 99% and 98% respectively for E. coli and total coliforms. Despite the observed performance,
MSF should be complemented with chlorination as a final buffer against water-borne diseases. However, in this case, the dosing
will be greatly reduced when compared to the conventional system.
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Upton, Ethan A. "Sinkhole Lake Infiltration of Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Onsite Water Treatment Systems." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7977.
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The advancement in synthetic chemicals commonly referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and their application has led to an increase in environmental pollution. The use of septic tanks otherwise referred to as onsite water treatment systems (OWTS), promotes the introduction of CECs into the environment while allowing little in the way of remediation. In order to study the impacts of CECs from OWTS as they infiltrate the environment and the aquifer system, water, sediment, and vegetation samples were collected around a sinkhole lake surrounded by residential housing using OWTSs. The main question of this research project is what is the fate of CECs from OWTSs effluent within the catchment of a sinkhole lake? Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples for the presence of CECs. It was found that the relative quantity of CECs in the individual constituents is dependent upon 1) the hydrophobicity and polarity of the individual compound, 2) the specific sampling site, 3) the topography gradient, and 4) for vegetation the connectedness of the sample type to the sediment. The implications derived from this study can be applied in environmental engineering, urban and suburban planning, environmental monitoring, and should be considered when residents use well water as their source of potable water.
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Lin, Hong. "Modeling irreversible fouling in submerged hollow fiber membrane systems for drinking water treatment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31892.
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The use of low pressure membrane filtration processes in water and wastewater treatment fields has been increasing rapidly due to evolving health concerns and the development of new and lower-cost membranes. Among diverse types of operating mode and membrane modules, submerged hollow fiber membrane systems are very competitive because of their simpler operation, greater ability to resist against fouling, lower maintenance cost and smaller footprint. However, membrane fouling still remains the main disadvantage and limitation of these systems. Membrane fouling decreases the permeate flux which in turn increased the capital and operating costs of membrane systems, and also affects pretreatment needs, cleaning requirements and operating conditions. Therefore, fouling control is an important consideration in the design and operation of a membrane filtration system. A lot of research has been conducted to seek effective methods to control fouling. Based on the understanding of fouling mechanisms and the influence of operating parameters on membrane fouling, numerical models have been developed to quantitatively predict fouling. Nevertheless, most of the studies and models developed to date combine reversible and irreversible fouling together. Irreversible fouling, the main cause of the long term fouling has received limited attention. As a result, there remains a knowledge gap in terms of the mechanisms that govern irreversible fouling as well as the fouling behavior. This research was undertaken to investigate irreversible fouling, and moreover, attempt to develop a simple and reliable model to accurately predict irreversible fouling in submerged hollow fiber membrane filtration systems for drinking water treatment. The study results revealed that even though all experiments were performed with an operating flux that was less than the critical flux, a substantial amount of fouling was observed when filtering over extended periods of time. The extent of fouling was observed to be related to both the operating permeate flux and the system hydrodynamic conditions. Irreversible fouling observed in this study was due to both extensive internal/pore fouling and surface/cake fouling. Internal fouling was the predominant mechanism that governed irreversible fouling. A semi-empirical relationship was developed to model the extent of fouling when filtering over extended periods of time for conditions where the operating permeate flux was less than the critical flux. The relationship was based on the membrane characteristics, the extent of surface/cake fouling and the extent of internal/pore fouling, respectively. The extent of surface/cake fouling was determined to be governed by the operating permeate flux and the system hydrodynamic conditions (i.e. the cross-flow velocity). The extent of internal/pore fouling was determined to be governed only by the operating permeate flux. In addition, the results from the present study indicated that when operating the membrane filtration system below critical flux conditions, for a given volume of permeate filtered, the extent of overall fouling increased as the operating permeate flux increased and decreased as the cross-flow velocity increased.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Coulbert, Brittany 1981. "An evaluation of household drinking water treatment systems in Peru : the table filter and the safe water system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28928.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 257-261).
(cont.) storage, and education. Tests on the SWSs in Peru demonstrated 99.6% E.coli removal and 95% total coliform removal. Only 30% of the SWSs tested contained water at or above the WHO-recommended concentration of free chlorine residual (0.2 mg/L). The author recommends that use of these HWTSs continues and that the program receives increased support. The two HWTSs would be most effective if combined: filtration plus post-chlorination. In order to further distribute these systems in the future, a sustainable funding plan must be created.
A household water treatment program was implemented in southern Peru in 2003 by CEPIS and the country's Ministry of Health. This program involves the use of two household water treatment systems (HWTSs): the Table Filter and the Safe Water System. The author and a team of researchers from MIT traveled to Peru in January 2004 to assess the program and technologies through water quality tests and personal interviews. This research continued in Peru during March 2004 by local chemical engineering graduates of San Augustine National University. The Table Filter is a combination filter, involving a geotextile cloth pre-filter, sand, and two Pozzani ceramic candles from Brazil. Table Filters tested in Peru provided an average 99% E.coli removal, 98% total coliform removal, and 67% turbidity removal. Two Table Filters were also tested at MIT, using two different grades of sand. The "Medium Sand Table Filter" demonstrated 98% thermotolerant coliform removal and 91% turbidity removal, and the "Fine Sand Table Filter" showed 98% thermotolerant coliform removal and 92% turbidity removal. Tests performed on the Pozzani ceramic candles alone (without sand) showed similar coliform removal rates and slightly decreased turbidity removal rates, although the difference was statistically insignificant. Previous research shows that this combination of filtration media helps sustain a higher flow rate through the filters (Rojas & Guevara, 2000). Thus the chief advantage of the complete Table Filters, over the Pozzani ceramics candles alone, is a sustained higher flow rate, not coliform or turbidity removal. The Safe Water System (SWS), designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, involves local small-scale chlorine generation, household
by Brittany Coulbert.
M.Eng.
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Cooper, Colin S. "An investigation of novel materials for the catalytic ozonation of organic compounds in aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309561.
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Reiss, Charles Robert. "MECHANISMS OF NANOFILTER FOULING AND TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3422.
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This dissertation addresses the role of individual fouling mechanisms on productivity decline and solute mass transport in nanofiltration (NF) of surface waters. Fouling mechanisms as well as solute mass transport mechanisms and capabilities must be understood if NF of surface waters is to be successful. Nanofiltration of surface waters was evaluated at pilot-scale in conjunction with advanced pretreatment processes selected for minimization of nanofilter fouling, which constituted several integrated membrane systems (IMSs). Membrane fouling mechanisms of concern were precipitation, adsorption, particle plugging, and attached biological growth. Fouling was addressed by addition of acid and antiscalent for control of precipitation, addition of monochloramine for control of biological growth, microfiltration (MF) or coagulation-sedimentation-filtration (CSF) for control of particle plugging, and in-line coagulation-microfiltration (C/MF) or CSF for control of organic adsorption. Surface water solutes of concern included organic solutes, pathogens, and taste and odor compounds. Solute mass transport was addressed by evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC), Bacillus subtilis endospores, gesomin (G), 2-methlyisoborneol (MIB), and threshold odor number (TON). This evaluation included modeling to determine the role of diffusion in solute mass transport including assessment of the homogeneous solution diffusion equation. A cellulose acetate (CA) NF was less susceptible to fouling than two polyamide (PA) NFs. NF fouling was minimized by the addition of monochloramine, lower flux, lower recovery, and with the use of a coagulant-based pretreatment (C/MF or CSF). NF surface characterization showed that the low fouling CA film was less rough and less negatively charged than the PA films. Thus the theory that a more negatively charged surface would incur less adsorptive fouling, due to charge repulsion, was not observed for these tests. The rougher surface of the PA films may have increased the number of sites for adsorption and offset the charge repulsion benefits of the negatively charged surface. The addition of monochloramine significantly reduced biodegradation and integrity loss of the CA membrane. PA membranes are inherently not biologically degradable due to their chemical structure. Monochloramination reduced the rate of fouling of the PA membrane but resulted in a gradual increase in water mass transfer coefficient and a decrease in TDS rejection over time, which indicated damage and loss of integrity of the PA membrane. Based on surface characterization by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), the PA membrane degradation appeared to be chemically-based and initiated with chlorination of amide nitrogen and/or aromatic rings, which ultimately resulted in disruption of membrane chemical structures. The recommended Integrated Membrane System to control fouling of a surface water nanofiltration system is CSF monochloramine/acid/antiscalent„³monochloramine-tolerant NF. This IMS, at low flux and recovery, operated with no discernable fouling and is comparable to a groundwater nanofiltration plant with cleaning frequencies of once per six months or longer. A significant portion of the organic solutes including total organic carbon (TOC) passing through the membranes was diffusion controlled. Permeate concentration increased with increasing recovery and with decreasing flux for both PA and CA membranes. The influence was diminished for the PA membrane, due to its high rejection capabilities. Total rejection of spores used as pathogen surrogates was not achieved as spores were indigenous and high spore concentrations were used in all challenge studies; however, Integrated Membrane System spore rejection exceeded credited regulatory rejection of similar sized microorganisms by conventional treatment by several logs. Spore rejection varied by NF but only slightly by MF as size-exclusion controlled. There was no difference among spore rejection of IMS with and without in-line coagulation. Consequently, these results indicate membrane configuration (Hollow fiber>Spiral Wound) and membrane film (Composite Thin Film>CA) significantly affected spore rejection. Geosmin and methylisoborneol have molecular weights of 182 and 168 respectively, and are byproducts of algal blooms, which commonly increase taste and odor as measured by the threshold odor number (TON) in drinking water. Although these molecules are neutral and were thought to pass through NFs, challenge testing of IMS unit operations found that significant removal of TON, G and MIB was achieved by membrane processes, which was far superior to conventional processes. A CA NF consistently removed 35 to 50 percent of TON, MIB, and G, but did not achieve compliance with the TON standard of 3 units. A PA NF provided over 99 percent removal of MIB and G. Challenge tests using MIB and G indicated that size-exclusion controlled mass transfer of these compounds in NF membranes.Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Kamalesh, Joseph M. "An analysis of wastewater temperature variations in six remote monitored onsite systems." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5875.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 55 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).
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Okalebo, Susan, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Development and trial of a low-cost aerobic greywater treatment system." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Okalebo_S.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/814.
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This study was undertaken to examine the feasibilty of a low-cost aerobic system to treat greywater for reuse.Its purpose was to provide a system that would be easy to maintain, flexible and be affordable for households and small communities in developing countries. This thesis outlines and evaluates the key biological and chemical hazards associated with greywater reuse. It discusses the performance of a variety of wastewater treatment options in use. It presents details of the components of the greywater system,namely, an aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter. Reference is made to the evaporation and treatment bed and ultraviolet disinfection components, but these are not examined. The incorporation of vermitechnology in the preliminary stages of the system for reduction of organics in greywater is reviewed. This study takes the traditional approach to water quality assessment with the measurement of physical, chemical and biological indicators. Assessment of the system involved examining the input characteristics of the greywater, monitoring the vermiculture system and sampling the liquid discharge from the aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter for analysis of the quality indicators. The results obtained under the framework of this study have provided recommendations for further use of the aerobic grease trap and slow sand filter, while propsing an approach for an appropriate long-term monitoring program.Master of Engineering (Hons)
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Greetham, Matthew. "The effect of water treatment processes on the corrosion and biofilm growth promoting properties of water within distribution systems." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339892.
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Sanyahumbi, Douglas. "Capsule immobilisation of sulphate-reducing bacteria and application in disarticulated systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003994.
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Biotechnology of sulphate reducing bacteria has developed rapidly in recent years with the recognition of their extensive and diverse biocatalytic potential. However, their application in a number of areas has been constrained due to problems including poor cell retention within the continuous bioprocess reactor environment, and contamination of the treated stream with residual organic feed components and cell biomass. These problems have so far excluded the application of biological sulphate reduction in the treatment of ‘clean’ inorganic waste streams where components such as sulphate, acidity and heavy metal contamination require treatment. This study investigated the effective immobilisation of sulphate reducing bacterial cultures and proposed that the disarticulation of the electron donor and carbon source supply using such systems would create the basis for their application in the treatment of ‘clean’ inorganic waste streams. A functional and stable sulphate reducing culture was selected and following evaluation using a number of techniques, was immobilised by encapsulation within a calcium-alginate-xanthum gum membrane to give robust capsules with good sulphate reduction activity. The concept of disarticulation was investigated in a swing-back cycle where the carbon source was excluded and the electron donor supplied in the form of hydrogen gas in a continuous up-flow capsule-packed column reactor. Following a period of operation in this mode (4-12 days), the system was swung back to a carbon feed to supply requirements of cell maintenance (2-3 days). Three types of synthetic ‘clean’ inorganic waste stream treatments were investigated, including sulphate removal, neutralisation of acidity and heavy metal (copper and lead) removal. The results showed: • Sulphate removal at a rate of 50 mg SO₄²⁻L/day/g initial wet mass of capsules during three 4-day cycles of electron donor phase. This was comparable to the performance of free cell systems; • Neutralisation of acidity where influent pH values of 2.4 and 4.0 were elevated to above pH 7.5; • Copper removal of 99 and 85 % was achieved with initial copper concentrations of 2 and 60 mg/L respectively; • Percentage lead removal values of 49 and 78 % were achieved; This first report on the application of the concept of capsular immobilisation and disarticulation in the treatment of ‘clean’ inorganic waste streams will require future studies in order to extend the development of the full potential of the concept.
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Hodkinson, Brenden James. "The sewage treatment capability of non-backwash biological aerated filter systems for small communities." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368839.
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Biological Aerated Filters (BAFs) are wastewater treatment systems which contain support media for biofilm development and provide oxygen at the base of the reactor to sustain aerobic microbial treatment processes. The aims of this study were to characterise and quantify the treatment capability of non-backwash BAFs used in small sewage treatment works, and therefore establish design recommendations. Three full scale trial BAFs, a field operational small sewage treatment plant, and a full scale aeration testing facility were studied. The trial BAFs, with simulated secondary settlement, provided carbonaceous stabilisation under various hydraulic loadings and airflow rates. Nitrification showed no relationship with airflow rate, but was inhibited at high hydraulic loadings. Sludge production in the BAFs was less at higher airflow rates, due to improved stabilisation of organic solids. Media specific surface area had little effect on treatment performance. Downflow operation generally provided better treatment than upflow operation, with high levels of suspended solids stabilisation, considered a function of longer residence times. The mean BAF residence times determined empirically were considerably shorter than the design residence times, and may have inhibited treatment potential. The oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) of coarse bubble diffusers was enhanced in a simulated BAF, due to the effects of the support media. Fine bubble diffuser OTE was inhibited by the media. Coarse diffusers may be more appropriate than fine diffusers for small non-backwash BAFs, a function of performance and cost efficiency. A small packaged sewage treatment plant incorporating BAFs produced a well nitrified effluent with reasonable organic stabilisation, and showed little diurnal or seasonal variation in effluent quality. The plant compared well to other small sewage treatment systems, providing treatment in a small footprint. Design recommendations for non-backwash BAFs and small sewage treatment plants incorporating BAFs have been established, based on the knowledge gained during this study. It has been demonstrated that non-backwash BAFs are appropriate for use in small sewage treatment works.
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Okalebo, Susan. "Development and trial of a low-cost aerobic greywater treatment system." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040618.154218/index.html.
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Thesis (M.Eng.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering at the University of Western Sydney. Includes bibliography.
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Jagani, Neelam V. "Evaluating Home Point-of-Use Reverse Osmosis Membrane Systems for Removal of Cyanotoxins." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1524844338053604.
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Carney, Katharine. "Marine bioinvasion prevention : understanding ballast water transportation conditions and the development of effective treatment systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1246.
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Man’s impact on the Earth is constantly increasing due to ever progressing technological developments. One of our major impacts is the transportation of organisms to new habitats, leading to alterations of existing ecosystems. Mechanisms responsible for the transportation of marine organisms are mainly associated with the shipping industry e.g. hull fouling, sea chests and ballast water. Ballast water has long been recognised as one of the major mechanisms by which aquatic organisms are transported to new environments. In 2004 the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted and measures were implemented to reduce and control the number of future invasions. This thesis has addressed aspects relevant to the future prevention of organism transport via ballast water. Firstly, during ballast water uptake organisms are exposed to potential damage whilst passing through a centrifugal pump. Upon reaching the ballast tanks they are stored in dark, confined conditions. These processes are not intended to damage individuals, but both could potentially kill organisms and reduce the discharge of live individuals. Both processes were examined in isolation to determine their effect on plankton survival. To manage ballast water introductions water treatment technologies have been investigated to determine their ability to kill plankton. This study assessed three technologies: a stainless steel 40μm screen filter, a UV light and a chlorine based chemical, for their potential in ballast water treatments. A further challenge facing researchers involved in developing ballast water treatment systems is accurately assessing the resulting mortality in plankton from treatments. Five common viability assessment methods were investigated and their application on test organisms and natural populations examined. This thesis concludes that no significant mortality was caused to plankton by a centrifugal pump, and phytoplankton are able to survive long periods in dark confined conditions. Thus these processes will not prevent viable organisms reaching new destinations. The three treatments assessed were all effective on two iii test species and could be utilised in large scale treatment systems on board vessels to minimise introductions. Finally, while viability is difficult to assess in plankton using viability stains it is possible to obtain accurate information if the methods used are properly optimised prior to use.
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Thiel, Gregory P. "Desalination systems for the treatment of hypersaline produced water from unconventional oil and gas processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107078.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Numbering for pages 3-4 duplicated. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 183-195).
conventional reserves has led to a boom in the use of hydraulic fracturing to recover oil and gas in North America. Among the most significant challenges associated with hydraulic fracturing is water resource management, as large quantities of water are both consumed and produced by the process. The management of produced water, the stream of water associated with a producing well, is particularly challenging as it can be hypersaline, with salinities as high as nine times seawater. Typical disposal strategies for produced water, such as deep well injection, can be unfeasible in many unconventional resource settings as a result of regulatory, environmental, and/or economic barriers. Consequently, on-site treatment and reuse-a part of which is desalination-has emerged as a strategy in many unconventional formations. However, although desalination systems are well understood in oceanographic and brackish groundwater contexts, their performance and design at significantly higher salinities is less well explored. In this thesis, this gap is addressed from the perspective of two major themes: energy consumption and scale formation, as these can be two of the most significant costs associated with operating high-salinity produced water desalination systems. Samples of produced water were obtained from three major formations, the Marcellus in Pennsylvania, the Permian in Texas, and the Maritimes in Nova Scotia, and abstracted to design-case samples for each location. A thermodynamic framework for analyzing high salinity desalination systems was developed, and traditional and emerging desalination technologies were modeled to assess the energetic performance of treating these high-salinity waters. A novel thermodynamic parameter, known as the equipartition factor, was developed and applied to several high-salinity desalination systems to understand the limits of energy efficiency under reasonable economic constraints. For emerging systems, novel hybridizations were analyzed which show the potential for improved performance. A model for predicting scale formation was developed and used to benchmark current pre-treatment practices. An improved pretreatment process was proposed that has the potential to cut chemical costs, significantly. Ultimately, the results of the thesis show that traditional seawater desalination rules of thumb do not apply: minimum and actual energy requirements of hypersaline desalination systems exceed their seawater counterparts by an order of magnitude, evaporative desalination systems are more efficient at high salinities than lower salinities, the scale-defined operating envelope can differ from formation to formation, and optimized, targeted pretreatment strategies have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of treatment. It is hoped that the results of this thesis will better inform future high-salinity desalination system development as well as current industrial practice.
by Gregory P. Thiel.
Ph. D.
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Gärtner, Isabell. "Mineral barrier systems for the treatment of metal-polluted water from an alum shale deposit." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227452.
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Oil and gas were recovered from alum shale (black shale) at Kvarntorp, Närke,during a period of 24 years. One of the remnants of this industry is a 100 m highdeposit with high contents of uranium, arsenic, molybdenum, vanadium and otherelements. Presently the leakage of metals from the deposit into nearby streams israther modest but will most likely accelerate in the near future. One way to preventan uncontrolled leakage of these elements from the deposit into the environmentwould be to install a filter with an effective adsorbent that after saturation could easilybe regenerated and reused. The filter could not only be used to reduce the impact ofmetal leakage to the environment but also to reclaim valuable elements like nickel,vanadium, uranium and molybdenum. Unfortunately such a filter does not existtoday, but there are a wide range of minerals that have high adsorbing capacities andcould serve as filter components in a mineral barrier system. The adsorbingproperties of some natural minerals with respect to selected metals that are abundantin the Kvarntorp deposit are studied in this project. These minerals are bentoniteclay, (burnt clay), unburnt shale (stybb), burnt shale (rödfyr), apatite, peat andbark. In the experiments each sorbent was blended with artificial groundwater and acertain amount of metal stock solution. Samples were taken at five different pH.The results show that the two shale-products stand out from the othersand have the best adsorbing qualities for nickel, copper and zinc. At a pH over 7between 96 and 99% of the metal ions were removed from the solution.Unburned shale especially shows remarkably good results for vanadiumthroughout the tested pH range of 3,4-7,7 between 98 and 99% of the vanadium ionswere removed from the solution. Unburned shale performs best of the testedadsorbents and could probably be used as an adsorbent in a geological barrier butmore research is needed.
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Fronk, Robert Charles. "Feasibility study of an aeration treatment system in a raw water storage reservoir used as a potable water source." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020301/.
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