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Journal articles on the topic 'Home water treatment systems'
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1
March, Hug, Xavier Garcia, Elena Domene, and David Sauri. "Tap Water, Bottled Water or In-Home Water Treatment Systems: Insights on Household Perceptions and Choices." Water 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051310.
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This article addresses household strategies for coping with perceived tap water quality issues. By using a household survey (n = 581) in Catalonia (Spain) and three models, this article analyses the drivers and motivations behind the installation of in-home water treatment systems, and the use of bottled water for drinking and cooking. The main explanatory factors of the higher consumption of bottled water were the perception of poor tap water quality, the lack of in-home treatment systems, and the presence of children at home. Income did not appear as a significant variable explaining the use of bottled water, unlike in other studies. The presence of in-home treatment systems is related to factors, such as perceived bad water quality, larger households, and single-family housing. Income and housing tenure appeared as explanatory variables only when considering systems requiring some kind of installation: lower incomes or renting a multi-family house reduce the probability of having an in-home water treatment that required installation because of important investments and operating costs, and the space needed in the housing units. In-house water treatment systems may become a solid alternative to bottled water when tap water raises problematic perceptions related to bad taste, odor, or lime presence.
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Alfiya, Y., A. Gross, M. Sklarz, and E. Friedler. "Reliability of on-site greywater treatment systems in Mediterranean and arid environments – a case study." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 6 (March 1, 2013): 1389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.687.
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On-site greywater (GW) treatment and reuse is gaining popularity. However, a main point of concern is that inadequate treatment of such water may lead to negative environmental and health effects. Maintenance of single-family home GW systems is usually performed by home owners with limited professional support. Therefore, unless GW systems are reliable, environmental and public health might be compromised. This study is aimed at investigating the reliability of on-site recirculated vertical flow constructed wetlands (RVFCW) in 20 single-family homes. In order to ensure reliability, the failure-tree approach was adopted during the design and construction of the systems. The performance of the systems was monitored for 1.5 years, by evaluating treated GW flow and quality, and by recording all malfunctions and maintenance work. Only 39 failures occurred during this period, of which four caused irrigation with impaired quality GW, while the rest led to no irrigation. The mean time between failures (MTBF) was 305 days; two out of the 20 systems suffered from seven malfunctions (each), while nine systems did not fail at all. Thus, it can be postulated that if on-site GW treatment systems are designed with the right controls, and if scheduled (basic and relatively infrequent) maintenance is performed, GW reuse can be safe to the environment and human health.
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Clasen, T., J. Brown, O. Suntura, and S. Collin. "Safe household water treatment and storage using ceramic drip filters: a randomised controlled trial in Bolivia." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0033.
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A randomised controlled field trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ceramic drip filters to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water in a low-income community in rural Bolivia. In four rounds of water sampling over five months, 100% of the samples were free of thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms (TTC) compared to an arithmetic mean TTC count of 1517, 406, 167 and 245 among control households which continued to use their customary sources of drinking water. The filter systems produced water that consistently met WHO drinking-water standards despite levels of turbidity that presented a challenge to other low-cost POU treatment methods. The filter systems also demonstrated an ability to maintain the high quality of the treated water against subsequent re-contamination in the home.
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Nathan, Vincent R. "Drinking water in Michigan: source, quality, and contaminants." Journal of Water and Health 4, S1 (July 1, 2006): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0045.
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The Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act (Act 399) was enacted in 1976 and enables the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to maintain the state's authority over drinking water in the state. The DEQ also contracts with local health departments to maintain non-community programs in each county. Private water wells throughout the state are clearly the most troublesome for users and regulators. An abundant array of contaminants (e.g., pesticides, metals, etc.) may impact wells without the user's knowledge. Most private wells are only inspected when they are installed and have no further regulatory requirements. With regards to contaminants in public systems, lead is problematic. Irregardless of the source or treatment, the piping infrastructure leading to and inside the home can be a source affecting the quality. Thus, the problem of lead in drinking water can be from the service lines, the pipes inside the home, the solder connecting the pipes, or in some case the treatment chemicals used for disinfection.
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Pawlowicz, Marek B., James E. Evans, David R. Johnson, and Robert G. Brooks. "A study of the efficacy of various home filtration substrates in the removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0008.
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This study was conducted to determine whether common water filtration and purification systems bought by consumers and used in the home would remove cyanotoxins from water. Commonly used universal filter housings and filter sizes were utilized to identify filter media that may be effective in the removal of microcystin-LR in deionized water. Results suggest that the efficacy of home filtration devices in removing microcystin-LR varies considerably with the type of device being used. Carbon filters successfully removed microcystin-LR allowing only 0.05–0.3% of the toxin load to pass through the filter. On the other hand, pleated paper and string wound filters allowed >90% of microcystin-LR present in the sample to pass through the filters. Theoretically, the use of carbon home filtration devices tested in this study may provide protection against human exposure to cyanotoxin in addition to protection provided by water treatment methodologies utilized in water treatment facilities. Further studies need to be done to assess the efficacy of home filtration devices for various cyanotoxins and for other filtering conditions such as increased toxin load, the presence of other contaminants in drinking water, and the repetitive use of the same filter over longer time intervals.
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Martin, Joseph P., and Kenneth J. Zitomer. "Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal for Coastal Resort Businesses." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0050.
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Onshore commercial or institutional services for the New Jersey barrier island resorts frequently dispose of wastewater onsite, by percolating septic system effluent to the underlying aquifers. However, to protect the groundwater supplying potable water and brackish wetlands, larger onsite systems must now include advanced treatment to remove nitrates. Effluent produced by a mechanical treatment plant at a new nursing home was improved by percolation through a zoned sand mound disposal bed, but operation of the small but complex plant is expensive. Therefore, another system to remove organics and nitrogen was developed for a shopping center, which was expected to have severe seasonal variations in wastewater quality and quantity. Treatment in a series of in-ground and mounded aerobic and anoxic units provides operational economy and flexibility appropriate to resort area commercial establishments.
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Bradley, Jennifer C., and J. M. Zajicek. "Wetland Plants for Wastewater Treatment: A Tremendous Opportunity for Horticulture." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 594c—594. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.594c.
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A current trend in environmental practices concerns using constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. The ecological values of wetlands have long been known. Wetland plants aid in the treatment of water pollutants by improving conditions for microorganisms and by acting as a filter to absorb trace metals. Wetlands now are being considered for industrial, municipal, and home wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands are an economical and environmentally sound alternative for treating wastewater. These constructed “cells” are designed to function like natural wetlands. In constructed wetlands, water flow is distributed evenly among plants in a cell where physical, chemical, and biological reactions take place to reduce organic materials and pollutants. Increasing numbers of environmentally conscious homeowners are installing wetland wastewater treatment systems in their backyards with the aid of licensed engineers. This installation is occurring despite of the lack of educational materials to aid in site selection, selection of appropriate plant materials, and long-term maintenance. Traditional wetland plant species currently are being selected and planted in these sites, and the resulting effect is often an unsightly marsh appearance. With increasingly more homeowners opting for this alternative system, a strong need exists for educational materials directed at this audience. Therefore, educational resources that can provide information to the public regarding the benefits of wetland wastewater systems, while promoting aesthetically pleasing ornamental plant species is needed. A hands-on guide for installing constructed wetlands, a home page on the World Wide Web, and an instructional video currently are being developed at Texas A&M Univ. These technologies will be demonstrated and the values, needs, and opportunities available for the horticultural industry in the area of wetland construction will be discussed.
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Ремизова, Ю. А., А. П. Голованова, Д. А. Рудакова, and А. Г. Митилинеос. "Experimental estimation of the efficiency of removing residual amounts of antibiotics and steroid hormones from water with home water purification systems." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.03.02.
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Для удаления остаточных количеств фармацевтических соединений, присутствующих в питьевой воде, на всех этапах водоподготовки могут применяться разнообразные способы очистки, основанные на различных физико-химических принципах. В работе приведены результаты экспериментального исследования эффективности удаления с помощью бытовой стационарной системы водоочистки остаточных количеств фармацевтических препаратов – антибиотика левомицетина (хлорамфеникола) и стероидного гормона эстрона – из модельного раствора, приготовленного на основе водопроводной воды с добавлением лекарственных препаратов. Показано, что бытовая система водоочистки обладает способностью существенно снижать остаточные концентрации фармацевтических препаратов левомицетина и эстрона на всем протяжении заявленного производителем ресурса. В секторе бытовой водоочистки установки адсорбционного типа по-прежнему остаются наиболее востребованным типом водоочистных систем, обеспечивающих высокую эффективность удаления различных загрязнителей при минимальных капитальных затратах. To remove residual amounts of pharmaceutical compounds present in drinking water, a variety of purification methods based on various physicochemical principles can be used at all stages of water treatment. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the efficiency of removing residual concentrations of pharmaceuticals – laevomycetin antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and estrone steroid hormone – from a model solution prepared on the basis of tap water with the addition of drugs, using a home fixed water purification system. It is shown that the home water purification system provides for the significant reduction of residual concentrations of chloramphenicol and estrone throughout the service life declared by the manufacturer. In the household water purification sector, adsorption-type units are still the most in-demand type of water purification systems that provide for the high efficiency in removing various pollutants with minimal capital costs.
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Sloane, Philip D., Lauren W. Cohen, Christianna S. Williams, Jean Munn, John S. Preisser, Mark D. Sobsey, Douglas A. Wait, and Sheryl Zimmerman. "Effect of specialized bathing systems on resident cleanliness and water quality in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.007b.
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A randomized controlled trial evaluated the impact of different methods of water agitation on clinical and microbiological outcomes in 31 nursing home residents. Four conditions were tested: a) whirlpool tub, jets on, using standard soap products; b) ultrasound tub, ultrasound on, using the standard soap products; c) ultrasound tub, ultrasound on, using specialized soap and skin conditioner; and d) either tub (randomized), water circulation off, using standard soap products (the control condition). Outcomes of interest included skin microbial flora, water microbial flora, skin condition, time spent bathing, and staff satisfaction. Resident skin condition and skin microbial flora did not differ between the four treatments. The tubs also did not differ in terms of bacterial colonization; however, there was a non-statistically significant trend for the highest counts to occur in whirlpool tubs after being idle overnight. The ultrasound and whirlpool tubs were preferred by staff over the control treatment (still water) in terms of sound and overall suitability. In addition, staff reported that the ultrasound tub using enhanced skin cleansers made bathing residents easier and faster than the same tub using standard cleansers.
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Itayama, Tomoaki, Masato Kiji, Aya Suetsugu, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takeshi Saito, Norio Iwami, Motoyuki Mizuochi, and Yuhei Inamori. "On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 9 (April 1, 2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.290.
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In order to make a breakthrough for the acute problem of water shortage in the world, the key words “decentralization and re-use” are very important for new sustainable sanitation systems that will be developed. Therefore, we focused on a new treatments system called “a slanted soil treatment system” which combines a biotoilet system with a domestic grey water treatment system. Because this system is a low cost and compact system, the system can be easily introduced to homes in urban areas or in the suburbs of cities in many developing countries. In this study, we performed on site experiments carried out on Shikoku Island, Japan, for several years. We obtained the following results. The slanted soil treatment system could remove organic pollutants and total nitrogen and total phosphorus in grey water effectively. Furthermore, the system performance became high in the case of the high concentration of the influent water. The nitrification reaction and denitrification reaction were speculated to exist due to aerobic zones and anaerobic zones present in the slanted soil treatment system. The slanted soil treatment system could perform for approximately 3 years with zero maintenance. The plug flow model of 1st order reaction kinetics could describe the reaction in the slanted soil treatment system. However, it is necessary to improve the system to maintain the performance in all seasons.
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Witkowska-Dąbrowska, Mirosława. "Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 105, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2018.105.1.5.
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The purpose of the study was to evaluate, in a local approach, the state of supply of rural areas in a rural district with household wastewater management systems, with the focus on home wastewater treatment plants. The study covered the rural areas of the district of Olsztyn. The data, which were acquired from the Bank of Local Data, were processed through basic mathematical transformations and statistical measures. The structure and intensity indices were calculated per 1,000 residents. Large differences were found in the access to linear infrastructure and to individual systems of wastewater discharge. The results showed a constant increase in the number of home wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks due to the constant influx of people to villages lying around the town of Olsztyn. In contrast to studies conducted on a regional scale, no decrease in the number of septic tanks was observed correlated with the growing number of home wastewater treatment plants. A possible reason can be the specific environmental conditions and protection of inland waters, which limit possible locations of home wastewater treatment plants.
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Sinclair, M., J. O'Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi, and K. Leder. "Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.022.
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Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which included 3 years of severe drought with stringent restrictions on outdoor tap water use. Greywater was most frequently collected from the laundry and bathroom, and generally used within 24 hours. Garden watering was the most common end use, and treatment of greywater to reduce microbial contamination was very rare. Volume estimates by householders suggest that on average around 10% of tap water used in the home was being collected for reuse. When drought conditions and water restrictions eased, over 40% of user households discontinued greywater use. Widespread adoption of permanent greywater collection, treatment and storage systems by households would be required to achieve a lasting effect on urban water consumption.
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Kozir, A., A. Novosad, and N. Zaiets. "Intensification of processes of biotechnological systems under ultrasonic impact." Energy and automation, no. 3(49) (June 11, 2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.03.045.
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ENERGY AND AUTOMATION OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEMS LANGUAGE Select Language English FONT SIZE ABOUT THE AUTHORS V. Shtepa POLESSKY STATE UNIVERSITY A. Kozir POLESSKY STATE UNIVERSITY A. Novosad National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” N. Zaiets National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine ARTICLE TOOLS Print this article Indexing metadata How to cite item Finding References Email this article Email the author Journal Help USER You are logged in as... sinyavsky2008 My Journals My Profile Log Out INFORMATION For Readers For Authors For Librarians NOTIFICATIONS View (735 new) Manage Example of bibliographic description The list of journals included in scientometric databases: - Scopus (Uкraine, Belarus, Poland, Russia); - Іndex Copernicus; - Web of Sciense (humanities, natural sciences, social sciences); - РІНЦ. Search algorithm and calculation scientometric indicator: - Scopus; - Publish or Perish; - Google Scholar; - SNIP-іndex journal. SOCIAL NETWORKS HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES STATISTICS REMINDER FOR AUTHORS Home > No 3 (2020) > Shtepa INTENSIFICATION OF PROCESSES OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS UNDER ULTRASONIC IMPACT V. Shtepa, A. Kozir, A. Novosad, N. Zaiets ABSTRACT The research methodology for anaerobic whey fermentation was based on the fact that the community of methane-forming microorganisms consists of three types of bacteria, and the efficiency of biogas plants depends on various factors, one of which is the uniformity and homogeneity of the mass loaded into the bioreactor. When checking the effect of cavitation ultrasonic treatment on milk whey, laboratory biogas plants were justified and created, with the help of which the effect of treatment on the release of biogas and the acceleration of the rate of its production was studied. The research methodology for intensifying the growth of microgreens was based on the fact that when treated with ultrasound, seeds are disinfected, covered with microcracks from 1 to 10 microns, which leads to an increase in the flow of water and air to the seeds, and seed germination is also accelerated. The seeds of rape variety "Hephaestus" were treated in a glass flask with a volume of 1000 ml. Water from a closed water supply unit, where the Lena sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) was grown, was used as a working medium. In both cases, an electrical unit operating at a frequency of 22 kHz (power up to 76 W) was used as a source of ultrasound. Microgreen samples, which were treated with ultrasound, showed a practical result of an increase of up to 78 % (power 42 W) from ideal, and when processing with a higher power, the increase reached 97% (power 76 W). An analysis of the germination rate of samples with the same processing power showed that in samples in which the processing time was longer, the percentage of germination was higher: by 5 % when processing with a power of 76 W, and by 3 % when processing with a power of 42 W. The results obtained substantiated further research in the direction of constructing adaptive control systems for ultrasonic intensification of biotechnological processes based on artificial intelligence.
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Stewart, C. E., and J. Gulden. "(P1-4) Building Resilient Extended-Care Facilities during Natural Disasters – Lessons Learned From the 2007 Tulsa, Oklahoma Ice Storm." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003360.
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Building Resilient Extended-Care Facilities During Natural Disasters – Lessons Learned from the 2007 Tulsa, Oklahoma Ice Storm. In the last decade, increasing importance has been placed on building resiliency into critical healthcare systems. This has meant shifting the paradigm from focusing on response to one of preparedness. In 2007, an ice storm as part of a series of winter storms occurred in the south central United States causing extensive power outages, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for a period of up to 3 weeks. Five of the six tertiary care hospitals in Tulsa suffered power outages, phone system failures or oxygen and/or suctioning system failures. Local water treatment plants were without power for 48 hours. During this time, multiple extended-care (nursing home) patients were discharged to homes or transferred to hospitals because the nursing homes were not prepared to cope with an extended power outage. This paper is a retrospective analysis and discussion of lessons learned with respect to the vulnerability of these extended-care healthcare systems and the public health response during natural disasters.
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Talbot, Pierre, Ginette Bélanger, Martin Pelletier, Gilles Laliberté, and Yves Arcand. "Development of a biofilter using an organic medium for on-site wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0461.
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In recent years, many authors identified peat-based systems as a very promising technology for on-site wastewater treatment. In that context, Premier Tech has been working, since 1988, on the development and commercialization of a peat-based biofilter suitable for on-site wastewater treatment. This research and development programme comprised three major phases: an experimental phase where one type of peat out of 21 was chosen to be used in biofilters; a second phase where two prototype biofilters were installed in the field and their performances followed for 5 years; and a third phase where 4 biofilters were installed in order to demonstrate the adaptability of the system. The results obtained in this three-phase programme allowed the introduction on the market of a compact, reliable, and easy to operate biofilter requiring little investment from the home owner. In this paper an overview of the research and development programme carried out in the last 8 years in relation to on-site wastewater treatment is given.
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Gulden, J., B. Pond, M. K. Stewart, and C. E. Stewart. "(A271) Building Resilient Healthcare Systems during Natural Disasters — Impacts of the 2007 Tulsa, Oklahoma Ice Storm." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1100255x.
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On the evening of 07 December 2007, an ice storm occurred in the south central United States, causing severe power outages in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and leaving > 900,000 people without power for up to three weeks. Eighteen states contributed power workers to restore functioning power over a three-week period. Cleanup of debris from fallen trees took an additional five months. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are considered to be critical infrastructure facilities in the community. During this storm, five of the six tertiary care hospitals lost power. In these hospitals, the internal telephone systems failed, internal suctioning systems failed, and the internal oxygen system failed. Water treatment plants were without power for 48 hours. Nursing home patients were discharged to homes or transferred to hospitals, as nursing homes tried to function without power for heating, patient monitoring devices, or cooking. Communication for these outlying care facilities was disrupted by the storm damage. Hospital emergency departments that had power became havens as they had heat, communication, water, and even warm food. Multiple patients with injuries due to cleaning up tree debris, falls, and carbon monoxide poisoning from ill-advised efforts to heat dwellings were seen in these emergency departments. Ambulance services had fuel shortages early in the course of the ice storm due to the inability to pump fuel (electrically operated pumps initially were non-functional). Three standards of care were altered for prehospital responders. This paper explains the efforts taken to mitigate future calamities, based on the lessons learned from this event.
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Babayan, Gayane H., and Astghik G. Sakoyan. "Heavy metals and arsenic in drinking water and health risk assessment of the region with the developed mining industry." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 7 (August 28, 2020): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-7-725-732.
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Introduction. Drinking water intended for South Armenia’s towns and rural communities is abstracted from minor mountain rivers belonging to the basins of the Voghchi and Meghri, the water of which is treated at five water treatment plants. The river basins are home to the major copper molybdenum and gold ore mining centers of the republic.The purpose of this research was to study heavy metals Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sb, Se, Zn, Hg, Te in centralized drinking water supply systems and assess drinking water-caused health risks to the population.Material and methods. In 2016-2017 from 43 sampling sites a total of 53 basic water samples were taken, including 14- from surface water supply sources, 16 - from water treatment plants, 33- from water supply networks. Heavy metals were determined by the atomic absorption method. To assess the quality of water on water abstraction sites relevant ecological (regional) norms and national and international standards were used. The risk of development of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic effects was assessed in the case of oral intake of and dermal exposure to tap water.Results. On water abstraction sites, background regional levels of surface waters exceeded the concentration of aluminum, iron, molybdenum, tin, antimony (by as 13.3-1.1 times). Water treatment efficiency at water treatment plants is estimated at 12% - 69% depending on different metals. Concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water do not exceed the norms. The risk of development of noncarcinogenic effects in the population at chronic exposure to drinking water is insignificant (HI<1), whereas a total carcinogenic risk exceeds a safety limit for arsenic (CR=9.59×10–5).Conclusion. The acceptable quality of drinking water supplied to consumers is not yet an index of sustainable and safe water supply in the studied region because of a water pollution level on intake sites, obsolete water treatment technologies, poor sanitation and technical condition of plants and water networks.
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Castrillón-Jaimes, Yusbely Cecilia, Carlos Humberto Acevedo-Peñaloza, and Jhan Piero Rojas-Suárez. "Evaluation of the drinking water treatment system (STAP) San Fernando –Los Patios urbanization, Colombia. Efficiency and quality." Revista UIS Ingenierías 19, no. 4 (May 30, 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n4-2020013.
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The quality of water for human consumption in the municipality of Los Patios in Colombia, depends 60% of the treatment systems for drinking water (STAP) independent, these are adapted according to the population that conforms in 2014 and own resources. Urbanization San Fernando carries out the treatment in an efficient way guaranteeing the quality of water for human consumption, therefore, the field study is based on a quantitative approach and a method that describes the results of the analysis of the samples taken at the entrance and exit of the STAP, to evaluate the efficiency and quality of the system the sample is characterized from the analysis of the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters at the entrance and exit of the system in the Water Laboratory of the Universidad Francisco de Paula de Santander. The physical and microbiological results identify the efficiency of the system and the operator, indicating the quality of the water by the values in the parameters measured according to Decree 1575 of 2007 and 1525 of 2007 by the Ministry of Social Protection in Colombia. The chemical analyses detected a high percentage of calcium hardness in the sample at the system outlet, which is reportedto the directors of the urbanization. In accordance with this, the relevant controls and monitoring are carried out in the process for the purification and consumption of water, without neglecting the habits of water storage by the community in each home.
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McMichael, Stuart, Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez, and John Anthony Byrne. "A Review of Photoelectrocatalytic Reactors for Water and Wastewater Treatment." Water 13, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091198.
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The photoexcitation of suitable semiconducting materials in aqueous environments can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can inactivate microorganisms and degrade a range of chemical compounds. In the case of heterogeneous photocatalysis, semiconducting materials may suffer from fast recombination of electron–hole pairs and require post-treatment to separate the photocatalyst when a suspension system is used. To reduce recombination and improve the rate of degradation, an externally applied electrical bias can be used where the semiconducting material is immobilised onto an electrically conducive support and connected to a counter electrode. These electrochemically assisted photocatalytic systems have been termed “photoelectrocatalytic” (PEC). This review will explain the fundamental mechanism of PECs, photoelectrodes, the different types of PEC reactors reported in the literature, the (photo)electrodes used, the contaminants degraded, the key findings and prospects in the research area.
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Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim, Zifu Li, Heinz-Peter Mang, André Schüßler, Tobias Ulbrich, Elisabeth Maria Huba, Eric Rheinstein, and Jean Lapegue. "Opportunities and challenges for greywater treatment and reuse in Mongolia: lessons learnt from piloted systems." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.008.
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In Mongolia, as worldwide, communities are challenged by water scarcity, depletion and pollution. Greywater treatment and reuse could partially meet water demand and help protect the environment and health. In March 2010, greywater from six randomly sampled households in the Ger areas of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, was analyzed followed by the development of three innovative treatment systems: an underground (UG-), greenhouse (GH-) and ice-hole greywater treatment unit (IH-GWTU). The UG- and GH-GWTU were implemented to identify opportunities and challenges for future investments in greywater treatment and reuse. Users' and non-users' perceptions, and business opportunities, were assessed. Laboratory analysis showed a high chemical oxygen demand (6,072–12,144 mg/l), N-NH4+ (183.7–322.6 mg/l), PO4− (12.6–88.2 mg/l) and total suspended solids (880–3,200 mg/l) – values exceeding the WHO guidelines and much higher than in any other country: low water consumption combined with traditional diet might be major reasons. Odourless and colourless water after treatment in a UG-GWTU lead to more acceptance than a GH-GWTU. Business opportunities include the use of treated water for irrigation, considering WHO and national standards. Further research focuses on seasonality of installation, technical shortcomings, maintenance, biological quality control and user training.
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Axler, R., J. Henneck, and B. McCarthy. "Residential subsurface flow treatment wetlands in northern Minnesota." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0850.
Full textAbstract:
Approximately 30% of Minnesotans use on-site systems (~500,000 residences) and >50% are failing or non-compliant with regulations due to restrictive soils and site conditions. Many sites occur near lakes and streams creating health hazards and deteriorating water quality. SSF CWs have been evaluated year-round at two northern sites since 1995. The NERCC CWs simulate single homes and the Grand Lake demonstration CW treats STE from a cluster of 9 lakeshore homes. Systems were generally able to achieve design criteria of 25 mgTSS/L and 30 mgBOD5/L and the NERCC CWs required only 0.3m of unsaturated soil to achieve consistent disinfection to <200 fecals/100 mL year round. Seeding experiments with Salmonella indicated removal efficiencies of 99.8% in summer and 95% in winter. High strength (∼300 mgBOD/L, 95 mgTN/L) influent at NERCC probably limited system performance, particularly N-removal (mass) which was ∼42% in summer and 20% in winter. The data indicate CW's are a viable, year-round treatment option for homeowners in terms of performance, ease of operation, and cost but require additional maintenance related to inconsistent vegetation growth, winter insulation, and meeting concentration-based regulatory standards since they were seasonally and annually variable due to rain events, partial freezing, spring snowmelt, and summer evapotranspiration.
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Hamouda, M. A., W. B. Anderson, and P. M. Huck. "Employing multi-criteria decision analysis to select sustainable point-of-use and point-of-entry water treatment systems." Water Supply 12, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.035.
Full textAbstract:
Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) drinking water treatment systems are gaining prominence, particularly from the point-of-view of technical appropriateness and consumer acceptance. They are becoming an increasingly viable alternative for small water treatment systems or in individual homes. However, sustainability concerns have been voiced in a number of studies investigating these devices. In this paper, sustainability is examined with respect to the fulfillment of treatment systems for a set of technical, economic, environmental and socio-cultural objectives. Consequently, the use of a hierarchy of sustainability indicators to compare various POU and POE water treatment alternatives is proposed. The indicators' definitions, as well as calculation and normalization methods are explained. The paper also presents a decision model that is capable of selecting the most sustainable treatment option. The model employs the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to help in the analysis of indicators' relative importance with regard to sustainability and to develop the indicators and criteria weights required for aggregating a sustainability score. The generated sustainability scores essentially level the playing field when comparing POU and POE systems for technical and economic appropriateness for a particular water treatment case, in addition to incorporating more difficult to quantify system traits, such as environmental and socio-cultural sustainability.
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Wijeyaratne, W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini, and Suvendran Subanky. "Assessment of the Efficacy of Home Remedial Methods to Improve Drinking Water Quality in Two Major Aquifer Systems in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka." Scientifica 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9478589.
Full textAbstract:
Chunnakam and Vadamaradchi are two major aquifer systems in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. This study was performed to compare water quality in the domestic wells in these aquifers and to assess the efficacy of household water treatments for treating contaminated water. Replicate well water samples were collected from each aquifer and pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, temperature, total solids (TS), total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease (OG), nitrate N (N), and total phosphate (TP) were measured. The sampled water from the domestic wells was filtered through commercial mineral filter andMoringa oleiferaleaf powder and boiled at 100°C for 10 minutes and the TH, OG, N, and TP were measured. Both OG and N in Chunnakam were significantly higher and the DO were significantly lower than those of Vadamaradchi. TH, N, and OG of some wells exceeded the drinking water quality standards established by Sri Lanka Standards Institution.Moringa oleiferaleaf powder filtration reduced N significantly and filtering through commercial mineral filter reduced OG, TH, and N significantly. Boiling at 100°C could remove TH significantly but may cause significant increase in N which might result in health impacts.
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Tilmans, Sebastien, Ana Diaz-Hernandez, Eric Nyman, and Jennifer Davis. "The potential for financing small-scale wastewater treatment through resource recovery: experience from Bocas del Toro, Panama." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 9, 2014): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.138.
Full textAbstract:
The excreta of more than half of the world's population is discharged into the environment without treatment of any kind. Particularly in low- and middle-income countries with limited public finance for treatment infrastructure, resource recovery from wastewater has the potential to finance part of the costs of sanitation systems. Most assessments of resource-recovering treatment systems in low-income settings have focused on their technical performance. In this study, using data collected from 14 upward-flow anaerobic sludge blanket septic tanks in rural Panama, we estimate the proportion of waste treatment system costs that could be offset by biogas sales. We find that biogas revenues would cover between 26% and 49% of system operation and maintenance expenses, and would improve the net present value of the wastewater system investment by 8% to 15%. Aggregate stated demand for in-home biogas delivery among sample households is more than twice the volume of gas that could be generated by a system treating waste from the entire community. In Panama and other countries where public resources are devoted to subsidizing liquid propane gas, investment in wastewater treatment systems with biogas recovery could reduce the cost of energy provision to households while improving public and environmental health.
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Tchobanoglous, G., L. Ruppe, H. Leverenz, and J. Darby. "Decentralized wastewater management: challenges and opportunities for the twenty-first century." Water Supply 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Decentralized wastewater management (DWM) may be defined as the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater from individual homes, clusters of homes, subdivisions, and isolated commercial facilities at or near the point of waste generation. In some areas, the liquid portion could be transported to a central point for further treatment and reuse. At the time of writing (2002), more than sixty million people in the United States live in homes where individual decentralized systems are used for wastewater management. Further, the U.S. EPA now estimates that about 40 percent of the new homes being built are served with onsite systems. In the early 1970s, with the passage of the Clean Water Act, it was often stated that it was only a matter of time before sewerage facilities would be available to almost all residents of the continental United States. Now, more than 25 years later, it is recognized that complete sewerage of the entire U.S. may never be possible, due to both geographic and economic constraints. Because complete sewerage is unlikely in the foreseeable future, it is clear that DWM systems are needed for the protection of public health and the environment and for the development of long-term strategies for the management of our water resources. The challenges and opportunities for DWM systems in the twenty-first century are discussed in this paper.
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AlQattan, Jawad, Youngjin Kim, Sarah Kerdi, Adnan Qamar, and Noreddine Ghaffour. "Hole-Type Spacers for More Stable Shale Gas-Produced Water Treatment by Forward Osmosis." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010034.
Full textAbstract:
An appropriate spacer design helps in minimizing membrane fouling which remains the major obstacle in forward osmosis (FO) systems. In the present study, the performance of a hole-type spacer (having holes at the filament intersections) was evaluated in a FO system and compared to a standard spacer design (without holes). The hole-type spacer exhibited slightly higher water flux and reverse solute flux (RSF) when Milli-Q water was used as feed solution and varied sodium chloride concentrations as draw solution. During shale gas produced water treatment, a severe flux decline was observed for both spacer designs due to the formation of barium sulfate scaling. SEM imaging revealed that the high shear force induced by the creation of holes led to the formation of scales on the entire membrane surface, causing a slightly higher flux decline than the standard spacer. Simultaneously, the presence of holes aided to mitigate the accumulation of foulants on spacer surface, resulting in no increase in pressure drop. Furthermore, a full cleaning efficiency was achieved by hole-type spacer attributed to the micro-jets effect induced by the holes, which aided to destroy the foulants and then sweep them away from the membrane surface.
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Singh, Udayan, and Lisa M. Colosi. "Potable Reuse of Coalbed Methane-Produced Waters in Developing Country Contexts—Could the Benefits Outweigh the Costs to Facilitate Coal Transitions?" Energies 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010154.
Full textAbstract:
Development of coalbed methane (CBM) projects is critical to the achievement of climate change goals because it will help facilitate coal-to-gas transitions in Asia-Pacific countries with low conventional gas reserves. However, growth in CBM in these regions will necessitate strategic, sustainable approaches to produced water management. We posit that it may be possible to deliver synergistic water, energy, and health benefits by reusing CBM-produced waters as potable water supply in water-stressed coal-bearing regions. The goal of this study is to probabilistically evaluate life cycle costs and benefits of using reverse osmosis to treat CBM-produced water in the Damodar Valley coalfields in eastern India. Two treatment configurations are assessed, namely, centralized, and decentralized (i.e., in-home). We find that both configurations offer good cost-effectiveness based on two separately computed metrics to account for the value of health improvement benefits (i.e., disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted or monetized health benefits). We also observe that centralized systems are more cost-effective than decentralized, because they reduce capital cost and use-phase energy consumption per unit-volume treated. Average estimated values for the cost–benefit ratio are <0.5 and 1.0 for centralized and decentralized, respectively. Normalizing by anticipated health benefits, cost-effectiveness metrics are <$30/DALY for the centralized system versus <$200/DALY for the decentralized system. These results are highly sensitive to the value of statistical life and baseline water access. A related analysis taking into account both CBM-produced waters and mine waters revealed that deployment of reverse osmosis (RO) could provide drinking to approximately 3.5 million people over 20 years in the Damodar Valley region. These results have interesting implications not only for the study region but also for other CBM-producing countries experiencing chronic severe water stress.
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Ghesti Pivetta, Glaucia, and Maria do Carmo Cauduro Gastaldini. "Presence of emerging contaminants in urban water bodies in southern Brazil." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.092.
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Abstract The presence of pharmaceutical and hormone residues in water bodies is a matter of recent global concern. This study investigated the presence of such contaminants in two urban water bodies located in the city of Santa Maria, in southern Brazil. Two urban catchments, characterized by anthropogenic influences and poor household waste collection and treatment systems, were investigated. The Cancela-Tamandaí catchment covers an area of 2.7 km2, 50% of which is impervious soil, and is home to 14,300 inhabitants. The João Goulart catchment area covers 5.5 km2, 40% of which is impervious soil, and houses 11,900 inhabitants. Ten sampling campaigns were conducted in each catchment. Samples were checked for diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, 17 β-estradiol, estriol, ethisterone, estrone, and megestrol acetate. Four of the hormones (17 β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, and megestrol acetate) were not detected in either catchment. Ethisterone was detected in a single sampling campaign in Cancela-Tamandaí. Ibuprofen and paracetamol were detected in several samples, while diclofenac was absent. The mean concentration of ibuprofen in the João Goulart catchment was 0.51 μg L−1 and in the Cancela-Tamandaí it was 1.26 μg L−1. Mean paracetamol concentrations were 0.4 μg L−1 in the João Goulart catchment and 3.0 μg L−1 in the Cancela-Tamandaí.
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Mattingly, Gregory. "Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A Prodrug Stimulant for the Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adults." CNS Spectrums 15, no. 5 (May 2010): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900027541.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly genetic neuropsychiatric disorder that can cause impairment at school, work, home, and in social relationships. Once considered a childhood disorder, as many as 65% of children with ADHD continue to exhibit symptoms into adulthood. While a mainstay of ADHD patient care, immediate-release stimulant use has been constrained by concerns about safety, tolerability, and issues related to nonmedical use and abuse. These concerns have prompted interest in developing modified versions or new delivery systems for stimulants. Prodrugs have been used in pharmaceutical development to optimize delivery of an active drug or to minimize toxicity. Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive compounds that require in vivo conversion to release therapeutically active medications. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is an inactive, water-soluble prodrug in which d-amphetamine is bonded to l-lysine, a naturally occurring amino acid. After oral ingestion, LDX is metabolized into l-lysine and active d-amphetamine. This review of LDX presents the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile of this novel stimulant medication, and is intended to help clinicians understand its role in treating children and adults with ADHD.
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Strzelczyk, Maria, and Aleksandra Steinhoff-Wrześniewska. "Effectiveness of domestic rural wastewater treatment in soil-plant system." Geology, Geophysics and Environment 45, no. 4 (January 25, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.4.247.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristics of Polish rural agglomerations indicate that only 32% of these areas are villages typified by compact buildings where the use of a collective sewage system is economically justified. In other areas, it is necessary to apply solutions that allow for the sewage utilization in place of their creation and safe discharge into the environment, e.g. in the form of home systems based on biological processes, e.g. in soil-plant systems. The purpose of the work was to determine the soil-plant efficiency of wastewater treatment with the use of so-called energy plants. The experiment was conducted in 2012–2014 in lysimeters at a depth of 130 cm and 100 cm in diameter. These were submerged in the ground, filled with sand clay and equipped with installations enabling the drain-age of gravity water in the form of lysimeter effluents. Two species of plants were used: Miscanthu giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. They were irrigated with pre-treated domestic sewage (variant I – 1200 mm · year−1 and variant II – 1600 mm · year−1). For irrigation, sewage from a group of buildings inhabited by six families was used. Raw domestic sewage was discharged into the tank, consisting of four chambers, which constituted a relatively good level of pre-cleaning. For the irrigation of plants in the experiment, pre-treated sewage was used. In order to determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in the soil-plant environment, the concentrations of the following components were determined in the effluents: TSS, BOD5, COD, Ntot. The quantities of pollutants contained in the sewage were characterized by considerable variability, especially in relation to COD (390.6–1583.0 mg O2· dm−3) and Ntot (47.0–250.2 mg N · dm−3).
31
Walker, Mark, Marnee Benson, and W. Douglass Shaw. "Significance of private water supply wells in a rural Nevada area as a route of exposure to aqueous arsenic." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.044.
Full textAbstract:
In many rural areas domestic drinking water needs are met by a mixture of public water supplies and private water supplies. Private supplies are not subject to the regulations and management requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Amendments to the SDWA recently lowered the standard for arsenic from 50 to 10 ppb in public water supplies (effective in 2006). Churchill County, Nevada, has approximately 25,000 residents. Slightly more than half (13,500) rely on private domestic wells for water supply. Ample data and media publicity about high arsenic concentrations in water supplies and a federally led investigation of a leukaemia cluster suggested that residents of the county would be aware that arsenic concentrations in private wells were highly likely to exceed the 10 ppb standard. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that a majority of respondents (72%) consumed water from private wells and among them a minority (38%) applied treatment. Maximum, median and minimum concentrations of arsenic from all samples (n = 351) were 2,100, 26 and <3 ppb, respectively. Seventy-four per cent of all samples exceeded 10 ppb. A majority (87%) of those who applied treatment consumed tap water. The relatively low rate of application of treatment suggested that these rural residents did not recognize that consumption could have associated health risks. However, those who applied treatment were ∼0.3 times as likely to be consuming water with > 10 ppb arsenic than those who consumed water that was not treated. In areas where concentrations of arsenic have been demonstrated to be high, it may be important to conduct a focused educational effort for private well owners to ensure that they take the steps needed to assess and reduce risks associated with contaminants found in tap water, including arsenic. An educational effort could include promoting sampling efforts to determine the magnitude of arsenic concentrations, explaining the risk associated with arsenic consumption and providing information about choices for home treatment systems that are likely to be effective in removing arsenic. This may be especially important in rural areas where adverse health effects are not evident to local populations.
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Gallagher, John, and Laurence W. Gill. "The Life Cycle Environmental Performance of On-Site or Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems for Domestic Homes." Water 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182542.
Full textAbstract:
There is little knowledge regarding the environmental sustainability of domestic on-site or decentralised wastewater treatment systems (DWWTS). This study evaluated six unique life cycle environmental impacts for different DWTTS configurations of five conventional septic tank systems, four packaged treatment units, and a willow evapotranspiration system. Similar freshwater eutrophication (FE), dissipated water (DW), and mineral and metal (MM), burdens were noted between the packaged and conventional system configurations, with the packaged systems demonstrating significantly higher impacts of between 18% and 56% for climate change (CC), marine eutrophication (ME), and fossils (F). At a system level, higher impacts were observed in systems requiring (i) three vs. two engineered treatment stages, (ii) a larger soil percolation trench area, and (iii) pumping of effluent. The evapotranspiration system presented the smallest total environmental impacts (3.0–10.8 lower), with net benefits for FE, ME, and MM identified due to the biomass (wood) production offsetting these burdens. Further analysis highlighted the sensitivity of results to biomass yield, operational demands (desludging or pumping energy demands), and embodied materials, with less significant impacts for replacing mechanical components, i.e., pumps. The findings highlighted the variation in environmental performance of different DWTTS configurations and indicated opportunities for design improvements to reduce their life cycle impacts.
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Tchobanoglous, George, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Technologies for wastewater treatment appropriate for reuse: potential for applications in Greece." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0657.
Full textAbstract:
During the past 15 years, a wide variety of technologies have been developed that can be used for the treatment of wastewater for reuse applications. To assess the need for alternative technologies, potential reuse applications are reviewed. Changes in wastewater management, including the growing importance of decentralized wastewater management, is examined. The role of decentralized wastewater management is considered with respect to wastewater treatment, reclamation, and reuse. Technologies are presented and discussed for a wide range of reuse applications, ranging from individual homes to large centralized systems. The performance of representative technologies is assessed. A brief review of the water resources of Greece is presented to provide some perspective on the potential for wastewater reclamation and reuse in Greece.
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Kerri, Kenneth D. "An industrial pretreatment facility inspector training program." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0244.
Full textAbstract:
The US federal pretreatment regulations have created a demand for qualified pretreatment facility inspectors. The objectives of the General Pretreatment Regulations are to protect publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), prevent pollutants from upsetting treatment processes, improve opportunities to reclaim or recycle wastewaters and sludges and reduce health and environmental risks from discharge of toxic pollutants to POTWs. Pretreatment inspectors have the responsibility of protecting municipal wastewater collection systems, treatment plants and the environment from the damage that may occur when industries discharge hazardous or toxic materials into a wastewater collection system. The inspectors must possess the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs safely and fairly. To meet this need, a training program using the independent-study (correspondence) format was developed and field tested. Experienced inspectors active in the field prepared the training material on the basis of what pretreatment facility inspectors “need to know” to do their job. The training program has been implemented and used by inspectors as home-study or self-paced instruction (correspondence) as well as by colleges and universities as a textbook in formal classes. Since 1988 over 1600 persons have successfully completed this training program and over 7000 copies of the training manual have been sold throughout the world. In areas where the training program has been used, the results of an effective pretreatment program using qualified inspectors is very impressive. An agency with a training program that produces competent inspectors can have an effective pretreatment program.
35
Panikarovskii, V. V., and E. V. Panikarovskii. "EXPLOITATION OF GAS WELLS IN LATE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF GAS FIELDS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-5-85-89.
Full textAbstract:
At late stage of development of gas fields they need to solve the specific issues of increasing the production rate of wells and decreasing water cut. The available experience of development of gas and gas condensate fields proves, that the most effective method of removing of water, accumulating in wells, is an injection into the bottom hole zone of foam-forming compositions, based on surfactants. The most technological in the application was the use of solid and liquid surfactants. Installation in wells of lift columns of smaller diameter ensured the removal of liquid from the bottom hole of wells, but after few month of exploitation the conditions of removal of liquid from the bottom hole of wells deteriorate. The technologies of concentric lift systems and plunger-lift systems are used in small number of wells. The basic technology for removal of liquid from bottom hole of gas wells at present time is the technology of treatment of bottom hole of wells with solid surfactants.
36
Alegre, N., P. Jeffrey, B. McIntosh, J. S. Thomas, I. Hardwick, and S. Riley. "Strategic options for sustainable water management at new developments: the application of a simulation model to explore potential water savings." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0076.
Full textAbstract:
Research on appropriate technologies and infrastructures to support water reuse has progressed rapidly over recent decades and there are now a wide range of source - treatment - reuse options for planners to choose from. Although the economics of water reuse schemes favours application to new developments rather than retrofit projects, there are few studies which have sought to address strategic option selection issues for large developments. The potential advantages of using treatment and reuse systems in new developments require an understanding of the relationships between a wide variety of social, environmental, technological, and operational factors. The operational effectiveness and economic efficiency of specific technology choices will vary as a function of network configuration, wastewater characteristics, how different technologies respond to dynamic loading (variability of feed strength and flow) and potential spiking, as well as equipment reliability, climate and household behaviour. Using a commercially available software package, the study reports the design and implementation of a low resolution simulation tool to explore sustainable water management options for a live case study site in the south of England (a peri-urban development of 4,500 new homes) with particular reference to opportunities for rainwater harvesting, and water reuse.
37
Shapiro, P. S., and T. J. Sorg. "Reduction of Radon from Household Water Supplies." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080337.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Groundwater can be a major source of indoor radon in homes that use individual wells or are served by very small community water systems. In the United States, several wells have been found to contain more than 37,000,000 Bq.m-3 of radon dissolved in the water. This radon can be released in the indoor air in the course of using water for normal household activities. A measurement of the radon in the drinking water can be made when an indor radon problem is suspected. While ventilation may reduce indoor radon levels that result from household water usage, the most common control technique presently applied is removing the radon from the water using a granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment system. Aeration methods are also effective and have been proven to be economical for small community water supplies. Some of the issues faced in using GAC are sizing and maintaining the unit and shielding and disposing of the GAC to prevent exposure from gamma radiation.
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Bradley, Tyler C., Charles N. Haas, and Christopher M. Sales. "Nitrification in Premise Plumbing: A Review." Water 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030830.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrification is a major issue that utilities must address if they utilize chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. Nitrification is the oxidation of free ammonia to nitrite which is then further oxidized to nitrate. Free ammonia is found in drinking water systems as a result of overfeeding at the water treatment plant (WTP) or as a result of the decomposition of monochloramine. Premise plumbing systems (i.e., the plumbing systems within buildings and homes) are characterized by irregular usage patterns, high water age, high temperature, and high surface-to-volume ratios. These characteristics create ideal conditions for increased chloramine decay, bacterial growth, and nitrification. This review discusses factors within premise plumbing that are likely to influence nitrification, and vice versa. Factors influencing, or influenced by, nitrification include the rate at which chloramine residual decays, microbial regrowth, corrosion of pipe materials, and water conservation practices. From a regulatory standpoint, the greatest impact of nitrification within premise plumbing is likely to be a result of increased lead levels during Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) sampling. Other drinking water regulations related to nitrifying parameters are monitored in a manner to reduce premise plumbing impacts. One way to potentially control nitrification in premise plumbing systems is through the development of building management plans.
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Wigginton, Sara, Jose Amador, Brian Baumgaertel, George Loomis, and George Heufelder. "Mesocosm- and Field-Scale Evaluation of Lignocellulose- Amended Soil Treatment Areas for Removal of Nitrogen from Wastewater." Water 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152137.
Full textAbstract:
Non-proprietary N-removal onsite wastewater treatment systems are less costly than proprietary systems, increasing the likelihood of adoption to lower N inputs to receiving waters. We assessed the capacity of non-proprietary lignocellulose-amended soil treatment areas (LCSTAs)—a 45-cm-deep layer of sand above a 45-cm-deep layer of sand and sawdust—to lower the concentration of total N (TN) in septic tank effluent (STE) at mesocosm and field scales. The mesocosm received wastewater for two years and had a median effluent TN concentration of 3.1 mg/L and TN removal of 60–100%, meeting regulatory standards of 19 mg/L or 50% removal. Removal varied inversely with temperature, and was lower below 10 °C. Removal was higher in the mesocosm than in five field sites monitored for 12–42 months. Median effluent TN concentration and removal met the standard in three continuously-occupied homes but not for two seasonally-occupied homes. Sites differed in temporal pattern of TN removal, and in four of five sites TN removal was greater—and effluent TN concentration lower—in the LCSTA than in a control STA containing only sand. The performance of non-proprietary LCSTAs was comparable to that for proprietary systems, suggesting that these may be a viable, more affordable alternative for lowering N inputs to receiving waters.
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Jones, Andria Q., Catherine E. Dewey, Kathryn Doré, Shannon E. Majowicz, Scott A. McEwen, David Waltner-Toews, Spencer J. Henson, and Eric Mathews. "A qualitative exploration of the public perception of municipal drinking water." Water Policy 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.019.
Full textAbstract:
Surveys of water consumption patterns in Canada and the USA show a high frequency of alternative water use, including bottled water and water treatment devices. An in-depth understanding of the public perception of municipal water would enable public health and water utility professionals better to address the needs of residents in their jurisdictions. We explored these perceptions and the self-described behaviour and needs of participants served by municipal water systems in the City of Hamilton, Ontario (Canada). We conducted three focus groups; two with men and women aged between 36 and 65 years, and one with men and women aged between 20 and 35 years. In general, participants expressed negative views of the municipal water supplied to their homes. Concerns included unpleasant sensory qualities of the water, perceived poor source-water protection, a perceived insufficiency in water treatment and testing and potential contamination along the distribution system. Reasons for alternative water use included perceived improvements in quality and safety over regular tap water, although convenience also contributed to bottled water use. Participants wanted more information on water testing and suggested a variety of dissemination approaches. This study suggested important lines of inquiry and action regarding the perception of municipal drinking water in this population.
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Rodríguez, Carolina, Rafael Sánchez, Javier Lozano-Parra, Natalia Rebolledo, Nicolás Schneider, Jennyfer Serrano, and Eduardo Leiva. "Water Balance Assessment in Schools and Households of Rural Areas of Coquimbo Region, North-Central Chile: Potential for Greywater Reuse." Water 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102915.
Full textAbstract:
Population growth, global warming, and increased demand for water have caused global concern about increasing water scarcity. Chile has an unequal geographical distribution of water resources. The north-central area where more than half of the country’s population lives has an availability of less than 1000 m3/hab/year. Particularly, the Coquimbo Region has been one of the most affected by drought due to the great agricultural activity in the area. In this study, surveys were carried out in rural schools and households to determine water consumption habits. The results in the schools showed that between 42% and 72% of the wastewater generated comes from the washbasin, which represents light greywater, that is, with low organic matter content. According to the data obtained, the amount of greywater generated on average reached 12 L per capita per day. These waters have the potential to be treated and reused effectively for the flow of toilets or garden irrigation. In the case of households, the generation of greywater was 84% of the total water consumed, of which, more than 86% correspond to light greywater from the shower and washbasin. On average, the light greywater generated daily reached 204 L per person per day. Due to the heterogeneity of drinking water sources in rural areas of the Coquimbo Region, the high rate of greywater generation in both schools and homes indicates the great potential for water treatment and reuse in this area. These results contribute to a better understanding of water consumption habits in rural areas affected by water scarcity and the potential of implementing greywater treatment systems to generate a decrease in demand for drinking water.
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Qasim, Tarek, Mohammed Said Obeidat, and Hazem Smadi. "Technical and Economical Evaluation of a Fresh-Water Production from Zero-Wastewater Reverse Osmosis System: A Feasibility Study in Jordan." Review of European Studies 10, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n2p53.
Full textAbstract:
Jordan endures a shortage of fresh drinking water. Thus, there is a wide use of reverse osmosis (RO) units at homes and industrial zones. Zero wastewater, which is a modified reverse osmosis system, is developed and evaluated to overcome the problem of limited water. In Jordan, for example, Petra Company for Water Treatment Systems was established to mass-produce the newly modified RO units. In this study, a feasibility study is conducted to evaluate the technical and economical aspects of mass production of the new RO systems. With increasing future demand for fresh water, it is expected that the introduction of the new system to regional countries would save huge amounts of water. Additionally, good economical impacts will be achieved as a net profit to the newly established company. This expected extra profit would be set the base for further development to the modified RO system, such as introducing a compact multistage filtration unit. Results of the feasibility study showed a huge amount of water saving per annum estimated by 4.5 million cubic meter. In addition, a half million of Jordanian Dinar (JD) of a net annual profit attained at the current demand of RO units in Jordan.
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Kraushar, Matthew L., and Rebecca E. Rosenberg. "A Community-Led Medical Response Effort in the Wake of Hurricane Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.60.
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AbstractOn October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the neighborhood of Red Hook in Brooklyn, New York. The massive tidal surge generated by the storm submerged the coastal area, home to a population over 11,000 individuals, including the largest public housing development in Brooklyn. The infrastructure devastation was profound: the storm rendered electricity, heat, water, Internet, and phone services inoperative, whereas local ambulatory medical services including clinics, pharmacies, home health agencies, and other resources were damaged beyond functionality. Lacking these services or lines of communication, medically fragile individuals became isolated from the hospital and 911-emergency systems without a preexisting mechanism to identify or treat them. Medically fragile individuals primarily included those with chronic medical conditions dependent on frequent and consistent monitoring and treatments. In response, the Red Hook community established an ad hoc volunteer medical relief effort in the wake of the storm, filling a major gap that continues to exist in disaster medicine for low-income urban environments. Here we describe this effort, including an analysis of the medically vulnerable in this community, and recommend disaster risk reduction strategies and resilience measures for future disaster events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:354–358)
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Stouffer, Keith, and Rick Candell. "Measuring Impact of Cybersecurity on the Performance of Industrial Control Systems." Mechanical Engineering 136, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): S4—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2014-dec-5.
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This article examines the impact of cybersecurity on the performance of industrial control systems (ICS). Control systems are embedded in essentially all engineered systems, such as our cars, homes, offices, industrial plants, and in critical infrastructures such as power plants, water treatment plants, and transportation systems. To ensure the security of ICS, particularly for critical infrastructures, standards are being developed to ensure ICS cybersecurity. The NIST ICS cybersecurity testbed will be constructed to facilitate the measurement of industrial process performance for systems instrumented with cybersecurity technologies. This testbed will allow for validation of existing security standards and guidelines and will allow researchers to provide valuable feedback to the community on methods, practices, and pitfalls when applying a cybersecurity program to an ICS. Additional work will be required to identify new use cases and pertinent performance metrics. The testbed will provide an opportunity for collaboration between government, research institutions, and industry partners. Interested parties are encouraged to contact the authors directly to discuss opportunities for collaboration.
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Litter, Marta I. "Mechanisms of removal of heavy metals and arsenic from water by TiO2-heterogeneous photocatalysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0710.
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AbstractThis article is an overview of recent work performed in our laboratory on TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis of aqueous systems containing toxic forms of chromium, arsenic, lead, uranium and mercury. The cases of chromium and arsenic are treated in profundity. Photocatalytic treatments can convert the ionic species into their metallic solid form and deposit them over the semiconductor surface, or transform them into less toxic soluble species. When a transformation to the zerovalent state is possible, this allows the recovery of the metal from the waters, with an important economical return. Three types of mechanisms can be considered, all of them taking place through successive thermodynamically allowed monoelectronic electron transfer steps: (a) direct reduction by photogenerated electrons; (b) indirect reduction by intermediates generated by hole or hydroxyl radical oxidation of electron donors (reducing radicals); (c) oxidative removal by holes or hydroxyl radicals. Fundamentals of oxidative or reductive heterogeneous photocatalysis are described, with special emphasis on the role of organic donors present in the medium acting as synergists. This indicates the possibility of simultaneous treatment of pollutants of different chemical structure and properties present in the same medium.
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Solis-Toapanta, Elisa, Paul R. Fisher, and Celina Gómez. "Effects of Nutrient Solution Management and Environment on Tomato in Small-scale Hydroponics." HortTechnology 30, no. 6 (December 2020): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04685-20.
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Interest in hydroponic home gardening has increased in recent years. However, research is lacking on minimum inputs required to consistently produce fresh produce using small-scale hydroponic systems for noncommercial purposes. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate the effect of biweekly nutrient solution replacements (W) vs. biweekly fertilizer addition without a nutrient solution replacement (W/O) on final growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of hydroponic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown in a greenhouse, and 2) characterize growth over time in a greenhouse or an indoor environment using W. For each environment, ‘Bush Goliath’ tomato plants were grown for 12 weeks in 6.5-gal hydroponic systems. The experiment was replicated twice over time. In the greenhouse, plants were exposed to the following day/night temperature, relative humidity (RH), and daily light integral (DLI) in 2018 (mean ± SD): 31 ± 6/22 ± 2 °C, 67% ± 8%, and 32.4 ± 7 mol·m‒2·d‒1; and in 2019: 28 ± 6/22 ± 3 °C, 68% ± 5%, and 27.7 ± 6 mol·m‒2·d‒1. For both experimental runs indoors, the day/night temperature, RH, and DLI were 21 ± 2 °C, 60% ± 4%, and 20 ± 2 mol·m‒2·d‒1 provided by broadband white light-emitting diode lamps. The W/O treatment resulted in a higher-than-desired electrical conductivity (EC) and total nutrient concentration by the end of the experiment. In addition, compared with the W treatment, W/O resulted in less leaf area, more shoot growth, less water uptake, and similar fruit number—but increased blossom-end-rot incidence, delayed fruit ripening, and lower fruit fresh weight. Nonetheless, the final concentration of all nutrients was almost completely depleted at week 12 under W, suggesting that the applied fertilizer concentration could be increased as fruiting occurs. Surprisingly, shoot biomass, leaf area, and leaf number followed a linear trend over time in both environments. Nonetheless, given the higher DLI and temperature, greenhouse-grown plants produced 4 to 5 kg more of fruit than those grown indoors, but fruit from plants grown indoors were unaffected by blossom-end-rot. Our findings indicate that recommendations for nutrient solution management strategies should consider specific crop needs, growing environments, and production goals by home gardeners.
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Joy, Douglas, Claude Weil, Anna Crolla, and Shelly Bonte-Gelok. "New technologies for on-site domestic and agricultural wastewater treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-100.
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Recently publicized problems of water quality in rural parts of Canada are again bringing increasing attention to methods of dealing with wastewater in rural environments. This includes wastewater from both domestic (principally single-family homes) and agricultural sources. Previous practices which relied on dispersal with little treatment are increasingly unacceptable not only because of the recognition of the weakness of this approach but also because of the increasing intensification of land use in rural areas. Thus the need for additional and improved technologies for treating wastewater, on site, has increased. Because of this, new technologies have been developed which provide better treatment than previous approaches that also rely on natural processes. Examples of the former include peat, sand, and foam filters for domestic on-site wastewater systems. Engineered wetlands to treat barnyard runoff or rural municipal lagoon effluent is an example of a technology using natural processes. This paper describes some of these new technologies and their potential advantages.Key words: rural, wastewater, septic, manure, farm, on site, technologies.
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Ilić, Zoran S., Elazar Fallik, Maja Manojlović, Žarko Kevrešan, and Jasna Mastilović. "Postharvest Practices for Organically Grown Products." Contemporary Agriculture 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2018-0011.
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Summary Quality of produce cannot be improved after harvest, only maintained. Postharvest handling depends on the specific conditions of production, season, method of handling, and distance to market. Under organic production, growers harvest and market their produce at or near the peak ripeness more commonly than in many conventional systems. Organic production often includes more specialty varieties whose shelf life and shipping traits are reduced or even inherently poor. Harvesting and handling techniques that minimize injury to the commodity, as well as increased care with field and packinghouse sanitation, (chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, acetic acid, peroxyacetic acid, vinegar, ethyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) during postharvest processes are vital components of a postharvest management plan for organic products. Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and physical treatments such as heat treatments (as hot water treatment or dips, short hot water rinsing and brushing or hot air) can significantly lower the disease pressure on the harvested commodities. These sanitation practices are very easy to implement in the organic food production chain. They start in the field and continue during harvesting, sorting, packing, and transportation and continue even in the consumer’s home. All those treatments reduce rot development, provide quarantine security, and preserve fruit quality during cold storage and shelf life. In addition, the use chitosan, propolis, methyl jasmonate, essential oils, carnuba wax, biocontrol agents and modified atmosphere packaging can also reduce decay development during prolonged storage. All these treatments can be applied alone or in combination with each other in order to improve decay control after harvest and provide a healthy and safe product to the consumer. The aim of this chapter is to shed more light on the latest information on permitted treatments for organic products and on the possible mode-of-action of these treatments. This chapter summarizes technologies developed over the past five years that explore special physical treatments applied either directly, or in combination with other means to control rot development and insect infestation on fresh produce.
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Sigala, J., and A. Unc. "A PCR-DGGE approach to evaluate the impact of wastewater source on the antibiotic resistance diversity in treated wastewater effluent." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.024.
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Increased incidence of antibiotics in human-affected environments is raising concerns about increase in acquired antibiotic resistance by environmental bacteria. Wastewater collection and treatment systems are likely significant anthropogenic sinks and vectors for antibiotics and associated antibiotic resistance. Typical municipal treatment plants collect wastewaters of various sources, including well-established antibiotic resistance reservoirs such as hospitals, intensive care units and nursing homes, and integrate them with sources not commonly identified as major sources of antibiotic resistance, such as residential or industrial sources. A comprehensive PCR-DGGE diversity analysis of wastewater antibiotic-resistant bacteria was performed to evaluate the role of various wastewater sources in the discharge of antibiotic resistance by a municipal treatment plant. Wastewater sources are clearly inducing resistance in the final effluent but the role of each source type is highly variable, likely as a function of variable environmental conditions or water use patterns. Comparisons between primary treatment and secondary treatment stages indicate a strong role of the intensity of the wastewater treatment in the diversity profiles of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While pervasiveness of antibiotic resistance in the system impedes clear discrimination between sources in the tested system, there are indications of specific source type related impacts.
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Huxedurp, Leonie M., Guðný Þ. Pálsdóttir, and Nanda Altavilla. "Risk-based planning for water recycling in an Australian context." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.058.
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Australia has seen an unprecedented proliferation in large scale water recycling schemes since the late 1990s. This has been driven by a recent decade of drought, policies to encourage water efficiency in new homes and buildings in urban areas, and to reduce pressure on rain-fed water supplies by replacement with alternate water sources in rural areas. Underpinning these drivers are principles of economic and environmental sustainability and protection of public health. National guidelines for recycling of treated sewage, released in 2006, replaced an approach using prescriptive end point water quality targets, with a 12-step risk-based framework for the planning and operation of Australian water recycling schemes. Essential to this risk-based approach is an understanding of the sewage treatment system and assessing the risks in the catchment, the treatment process, distribution system and end use environment. Inherent also in this process is the identification of critical control points with tangible operational targets for pre-empting, preventing and correcting off-spec conditions before they derail a scheme. Validation of systems through microbial log reduction targets for indicator viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths, differentiated according to end use and expected exposures, may be obtained through treatment, site controls or a combination of both. Drawing on case studies from the Australian states of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (Qld), this paper gives insight to preventative risk management of water recycling schemes with typical risk profiles. Some advantages and disadvantages of the guideline approach are considered. The information paints a picture of the industry's risk management obligations in the planning phase and may be of use to practitioners in other regions where planning for safe and sustainable water recycling is developing.