Academic literature on the topic 'Homem fossil'
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Journal articles on the topic "Homem fossil"
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Peters, Eduarda Tavares, and Edison Vicente Oliveira. "MARCAS EM FÓSSEIS DE MEGAFAUNA EM LAGOA DA PEDRA, SALGUEIRO-PE." CLIO Arqueológica 34, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20891/clio.v34n3p45-60.
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Este trabalho descreve marcas encontradas em fósseis de mamíferos pleistocênicos do Sítio Lagoa da Pedra, que fica localizado no distrito de Conceição das Creoulas, identificando possíveis relações temporais e/ou físicas entre os grupos pré-históricos e a megafauna que coabitou a região nordeste do Brasil, em Salgueiro - PE, no Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno Inicial. A metodologia aplicada, utilizando microscópio estereoscópico, identificou fósseis que apresentam marcas que foram possivelmente causadas por instrumentos líticos. O trabalho apresenta indícios de interação homem-megafauna através da caça desses animais, reforçando evidências já existentes sobre a coabitação durante o final do Pleistoceno e início do Holoceno.BRANDS ON MEGAFAUNA FOSSILS IN LAGOA DA PEDRA, SALGUEIRO-PE, BRAZIL ABSTRACTThis work describes marks found on fossil mammals of the Pleistocene Lagoa da Pedra Site, which is located in the Conceição das Creoulas district, identifying possible temporal and / or physical relationships between prehistoric groups and the megafauna that cohabitated the northeast region of Brazil. , in Salgueiro - PE, in the Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene. The applied methodology, using stereoscopic microscope, identified fossils presenting marks that were possibly caused by lithic instruments. This work presents evidence of human-megafauna interaction through hunting of these animals, reinforcing existing evidence on cohabitation during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.Keywords: Quaternary; marks; fossils; pleistocene mammals; megamammals.
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Mayer, Paul, Katherine Hodge, Dana Kahn, Mackenzie Best, Yaal Dryer, Mane Pritza, Janel Nelson, and Jack Wittry. "Interns and Volunteers Crucial in Curating and Digitizing Fossil Invertebrates in the Field Museum’s Fast Growing Mazon Creek Collection." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e25942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25942.
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The Mazon Creek region in Northeastern Illinois is home to a Middle Pennsylvanian (~307 million years old) soft-bodied fossil Lagerstätte of animals and plants that lived along a subtropical swampy coastline. This area was strip mined for coal from 1928 to 1974 and museum geologists and amateur collectors acquired large fossil collections during this time by collecting and splitting millions of nodules unearthed at the mines. These large collections are important because of the rarity of many of the species in the Mazon Creek biota. There are about 250 described fossil invertebrate species from the Mazon Creek region. Fifty-one of these species (mostly insects and arachnids) are represented by just a single specimen in the Field Museum’s collection. Since the 1980’s collecting has decreased and the mines have been restored to parks and wildlife areas. The Field Museum maintained a collection of 34,000 Mazon Creek invertebrate fossil for many decades. With the new donations from private collectors in the last three years this collection has grown by 20% and now represents 18% of the Fossil Invertebrate systematic collection. The Mazon Creek is also the most used fossil invertebrate collection accounting for about 38% of loans in the last five years. Dealing with these large and often unexpected donations adds to the already large workload of the collection staff, so interns and volunteers are utilized to process, catalog, digitize, and integrate these fossils into the museum’s collection. In the summer of 2016, interns Mackenzie Best and Yaal Dryer unpacked and sorted into drawers the Thomas V. Testa collection, and digitized the first 1,000 fossils. In 2017, two Women in Science interns, Kate Hodge and Dana Kahn, spent 6 weeks entering the data for 5,000 fossils into our database, numbering these fossils, and printing their labels. Having a well curated collection, as well as volunteer Jack Wittry, who has expert knowledge of Mazon Creek fossils, has also been crucial to the success of these projects. Mane Pritza, a Field Museum volunteer, began photographing these collections and has captured over 11,000 images. Janel Nelson, a former volunteer, has uploaded these images into our multimedia database and linked them to the corresponding records in the catalog module. James and Sylvia Konecny donated their 4,000-specimen Mazon Creek collection in December of 2017, ensuring that interns and volunteers will continue their curation work for at least the next two years.
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Cotter, John L. "Update on Natchez Man." American Antiquity 56, no. 1 (January 1991): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280970.
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On October 6, 1846, M. W. Dickeson, a physician from Natchez, Mississippi, exhibited a collection of specimens of mastodon and sloth fossil bones that he had found in 1845 at the base of a bayou cut through the loess above the Mississippi River near his home. He had brought them to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia to which he donated them. Among the specimens was a fragment of human pelvis, implicitly also fossil, from a deposit of blue clay 61 cm below the animal fossils, which included mylodon (now Glossotherium harlani) and Megalonyx jeffersoni. After 144 years of controversy over the antiquity of “Natchez Man,” a sample of the pelvis has been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry to 5580 ± 80 B.P.
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Jones, Christopher. "The Carbon-Consuming Home: Residential Markets and Energy Transitions." Enterprise & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2011): 790–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700010685.
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Home heating and lighting markets have played crucial and underappreciated roles in driving energy transitions. When historians have studied the adoption of fossil fuels, they have often privileged industrial actors, markets, and technologies. My analysis of the factors that stimulated the adoption of anthracite coal and petroleum during the nineteenth century reveals that homes shaped how, when, and why Americans began to use fossil fuel energy. Moreover, a brief survey of other fossil fuel transitions shows that heating and lighting markets have been critical drivers in other times and places. Reassessing the historical patterns of energy transitions offers a revised understanding of the past for historians and suggests a new set of options for policymakers seeking to encourage the use of renewable energy in the future.
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Vizcaíno, Sergio, Paul D. Brinkman, and Richard F. Kay. "Sobre los objetivos y resultados de la expedición paleontológica de Handel T. Martin (1903-04) a la Formación Santa Cruz en Patagonia austral." Revista del Museo de La Plata 1 (December 29, 2016): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/25456377e037.
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Between January and June 1904, Handel T. Martin (1862-1931), University of Kansas (KU), collected fossil vertebrates from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation along the Río Gallegos and the Atlantic Coast of Patagonia, as Martin’s private initiative. In the account of the expedition, Martin stated that when he and his companion, arrived in Buenos Aires, they visited Florentino Ameghino at the Museo Nacional. His album of photographs shows that he also visited the Museo de La Plata and Ameghino’s home in La Plata. Before heading to Patagonia, Martin assembled his equipment in Bahía Blanca, where his brother had settled. It is not clear if Martin collected a total of 235 or 395 specimens. Clearly, his main goal was to collect fossils to sell, as many specimens were later sold to different institutions in the United States and Europe by Martin by himself and through Robert Ferris Damon, a well-known fossil and mineral trader of the time. To date, we have identified only about 170 specimens in formal collections. A large part of the collection – at least 130 of the choicest specimens – remained at KU, which constitutes one of the largest collections of santacrucian vertebrates outside Argentina (in addition to the ones in the Yale Peabody Museum in New Haven, the Field Museum in Chicago, and the American Museum in New York). Although the collection at KU is largely neglected by paleontologists and has seldom been studied, it contains a good representation of the Santacrucian fauna, with many fine specimens.
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Cohen, Andrew S. "Putting our science to work in the 21st Century: new directions in applied paleobiology?" Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006249.
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The scientific community is in great need of input from paleontologists today in two key areas of societal concern: the historical basis of global change and losses of biodiversity. Paleontologists, with their unique perspective on rates of change in biotic communities and their training in filtering signal from noise in the fossil record, are the best placed scientists in biology to approach these problems from an historical viewpoint. In the classroom we give lip service to the central role of paleontology in understanding these problems. Yet with the exclusion of Quaternary (and particularly Recent) paleoecology from the mainstream of our field, we have abrogated this responsibility to other disciplines. Paleontologists are in danger of losing the opportunity to provide guidance on the very issues in paleontology where political interest and funding will lie in the not too distant future. As opportunities for employment of paleontologists in the petroleum industry fade, it is critical that academic paleontologists define new directions for graduate education in our field.The paleontological community needs to reincorporate Quaternary paleoecology into its mainstream, emphasizing the importance of a paleobiological perspective in environmental problem solving. As the developers of theory and methodology in the interpretation of the fossil record it is our responsibility to set the agenda as to how paleobiology should be utilized. Our professional societies should provide leadership as advocates for funding research and training in the new areas of applied paleobiology, lest paleobiology (as we define it) be marginalized and traditional paleontology programs be viewed by their home institutions as increasingly irrelevant. Employment opportunities in biostratigraphy are a thing of the past; applied paleontology must redefine itself for career opportunities at the top of the column, in such areas as recent climate change or the fossil record of human-induced ecological disturbances. The PIRLA Project (Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification) provides an excellent example of applying paleobiology to such problems, using the Recent diatoms, crustaceans, insects and pollen fossils to understand the chronology of the acid rain problem in eastern North America.Academic departments bear a responsibility to bring the important new applications of paleobiology into the classroom, demonstrating its societal relevance and training students to avail themselves of potential opportunities for paleobiologists in global change and biodiversity research. Recent developments in taphonomy or stratigraphic ordering of fossils could be extremely powerful tools if applied to environmental change problem solving. We need to make our students marketable by spending more time in the classroom teaching them about Recent diatom paleoecology and less on brachiopod biostratigraphy. Otherwise paleobiology may go the way of Egyptology.
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Scheyer, Torsten M., Massimo Delfino, Nicole Klein, Nancy Bunbury, Frauke Fleischer-Dogley, and Dennis M. Hansen. "Trophic interactions between larger crocodylians and giant tortoises on Aldabra Atoll, Western Indian Ocean, during the Late Pleistocene." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171800.
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Today, the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Aldabra Atoll is home to about 100 000 giant tortoises, Aldabrachelys gigantea , whose fossil record goes back to the Late Pleistocene. New Late Pleistocene fossils (age ca . 90–125 000 years) from the atoll revealed some appendicular bones and numerous shell fragments of giant tortoises and cranial and postcranial elements of crocodylians. Several tortoise bones show circular holes, pits and scratch marks that are interpreted as bite marks of crocodylians. The presence of a Late Pleistocene crocodylian species, Aldabrachampsus dilophus , has been known for some time, but the recently found crocodylian remains presented herein are distinctly larger than those previously described. This indicates the presence of at least some larger crocodylians, either of the same or of a different species, on the atoll. These larger crocodylians, likely the apex predators in the Aldabra ecosystem at the time, were well capable of inflicting damage on even very large giant tortoises. We thus propose an extinct predator–prey interaction between crocodylians and giant tortoises during the Late Pleistocene, when both groups were living sympatrically on Aldabra, and we discuss scenarios for the crocodylians directly attacking the tortoises or scavenging on recently deceased animals.
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WORDEN, DANIEL. "Fossil-Fuel Futurity: Oil in Giant." Journal of American Studies 46, no. 2 (May 2012): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581200014x.
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Giant is a sprawling narrative, centered around the Benedict family, Texas cattle ranchers, and Jett Rink, a nouveau riche oilman. Originally serialized in Ladies' Home Journal in 1952, subsequently published as a novel, then adapted into George Stevens's 1956 film starring James Dean, Rock Hudson, and Elizabeth Taylor, Giant is a text that dramatizes the domestication and naturalization of the oil industry in the postwar United States while endorsing a multiracial vision of Texas. This essay explores how Giant ultimately arrives at nationalistic pluralism after representing the radical changes brought about by the modern oil industry in the US, particularly the erosion of traditional class divisions as Jett Rink's oil wealth exceeds the Benedict's ranching wealth. The subsumption of oil into liberal pluralism marks what this essay names “fossil-fuel futurity,” an ideological configuration in which normative life is produced through the commodities and modes of transportation made available by fossil-fuel culture. The essay then puts Giant into a broader context of narratives about oil in the postwar US, especially the television series Dallas (1978–91) and the film There Will Be Blood (2007). In all three texts, oil culture becomes postwar US culture, saturating aesthetic, affective, and family relations. The challenge for us, then, is to imagine a mode of futurity that does not replicate the ideological valences of “fossil-fuel futurity.”
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Brownstein, Chase Doran. "New records of theropods from the latest Cretaceous of New Jersey and the Maastrichtian Appalachian fauna." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 191206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191206.
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The faunal changes that occurred in the few million years before the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction are of much interest to vertebrate palaeontologists. Western North America preserves arguably the best fossil record from this time, whereas terrestrial vertebrate fossils from the eastern portion of the continent are usually limited to isolated, eroded postcranial remains. Examination of fragmentary specimens from the American east, which was isolated for the majority of the Cretaceous as the landmass Appalachia, is nonetheless important for better understanding dinosaur diversity at the end of the Mesozoic. Here, I report on two theropod teeth from the Mount Laurel Formation, a lower-middle Maastrichtian unit from northeastern North America. One of these preserves in detail the structure of the outer enamel and resembles the dentition of the tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus aquilunguis among latest Cretaceous forms in being heavily mediolaterally compressed and showing many moderately developed enamel crenulations. Along with previously reported tyrannosauroid material from the Mt Laurel and overlying Cretaceous units, this fossil supports the presence of non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids in the Campanian–Maastrichtian of eastern North America and provides evidence for the hypothesis that the area was still home to relictual vertebrates through the end of the Mesozoic. The other tooth is assignable to a dromaeosaurid and represents both the youngest occurrence of a non-avian maniraptoran in eastern North America and the first from the Maastrichtian reported east of the Mississippi. This tooth, which belonged to a 3–4 m dromaeosaurid based on size comparisons with the teeth of taxa for which skeletons are known, increases the diversity of the Maastrichtian dinosaur fauna of Appalachia. Along with previously reported dromaeosaurid teeth, the Mt Laurel specimen supports the presence of mid-sized to large dromaeosaurids in eastern North America throughout the Cretaceous.
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Loder, Natasha. "Palaeontologists divided over ‘stay at home’ policy for fossils." Nature 396, no. 6711 (December 10, 1998): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24958.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Homem fossil"
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Frieß, Martin. "Taille et conformation crânienne chez les Hominidés de la fin du Pléistocène : contributions de la morphométrie géométrique au débat sur l'origine de l'Homme moderne /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37119994j.
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Zanolli, Clément. "L'organisation endostructurale de restes dentaires humains du Pléistocène inférieur final-moyen initial d'Indonésie et d'Afrique, avec une attention particulière à Homo erectus s. S. : caractérisation comparative à haute résolution et problématiques taxinomiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0033.
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Depuis la découverte en 1891 des premiers restes de Pithecanthropus (Homo) erectus à Trinil, plusieurs sites à vertébrés d'âge pléistocène ont été mis au jour sur l'île de Java, en Indonésie. Le registre paléoanthropologique comprend à ce jour un total d'environ 230 éléments dentaires. Cependant, alors qu'une grande majorité appartient à H. Erectus s. S. , certains spécimens ont été par le passé provisoirement attribués à d'autres taxons hominidés (e. G. , Meganthropus paleojavanicus, Pithecanthropus dubius), ou sont encore en attente d’attribution. Cette incertitude taxinomique est probablement le résultat des variations eustatiques qui ont affecté cycliquement l'archipel indonésien au cours du Quaternaire, permettant la formation temporaire de ponts terrestres et donc des échanges intermittents avec le continent. Dans ce scénario dynamique, il est fort probable que des phases d'isolement ont périodiquement modelé la biodiversité locale. Dans le but d'apporter des éléments originaux au débat sur la taxinomie du registre hominidé javanais, nous avons utilisé des techniques propres à la paléoanthropologie "virtuelle" pour la caractérisation de la morphologie interne d'un échantillon dentaire, en grande partie inédit, du Pléistocène inférieur final-moyen initial de la région de Sangiran. A titre comparatif, l'analyse a aussi intégré des dents de Pongo, actuel et fossile. Pour explorer la variation des caractéristiques structurales d'un échantillon humain d'âge comparable à la série indonésienne ayant évolué en contexte non insulaire, nous avons également détaillé à haute résolution les dents de H. Heidelbergensis africain du site de Tighenif, en Algérie, et deux spécimens de H. Erectus/ergaster de Buia, en Erythrée. L'ensemble des résultats issus des analyses comparatives basées sur les caractéristiques morphodimensionnelles externes, les proportions 2-3D des tissus dentaires, la variation topographique de l'émail, l'étude de morphométrie géométrique de la jonction émail-dentine et de la cavité pulpaire nous a permis d'identifier la présence d'au moins deux taxons hominidés pénécontemporains à SangiranSince the early discovery of Pithecanthropus (Homo) erectus in 1891 at Trinil, a number of Pleistocene vertebrate remains have been unearthed in the island of Java, Indonesia. The paleoanthropological record available so far includes a total of ca. 230 dental elements. However, while most specimens belong to H. Erectus s. S. , some have been tentatively attributed to other hominid taxa (e. G. , Meganthropus paleojavanicus, Pithecanthropus dubius), or are still pending attribution. This taxonomic incertitude probably results from the eustatic variations which have cyclically affected the Indonesian archipelago during the Quaternary, allowing the formation of temporary land-bridges and, therefore, to intermittent exchanges with the Asian mainland. In this dynamic scenario, it is likely that isolation phases have periodically shaped the local biodiversity. In order to bring new elements to the taxonomic debate on the Javanese hominid fossil record, we applied methods developed in "virtual" paleoanthropology to characterize the inner structural morphology in a largely unpublished sample of late Lower-early Middle Pleistocene dental remains from the Sangiran area. For comparative purposes, we also integrated in our analysis extant and extinct Pongo teeth. To explore the structural variation shown by a human sample of comparable age from a mainland context, we have also detailed at high-resolution the teeth of the H. Heidelbergensis African series from Tighenif, Algeria, as well as two H. Erectus/ergaster specimens from the site of Buia, Eritrea. As a whole, the results of the comparative analyses dealing with the external morpho-dimensional features, the 2-3D dental tissue proportions, the enamel topographic distribution, the geometric morphometric assessment of the enamel-dentine junction and of the pulp chamber point to the presence at Sangiran of at least two penecontemporaneous hominid taxa
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Debu, Bertrand. "Description des holotypes des Hominidés anciens (Australopithecus et Homo habilis) : évolution des idées en paléoanthropologie." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20675.
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Puymerail, Laurent. "Caractérisation de l'endostructure et des propriétés biomécaniques de la diaphyse fémorale : la signature de la bipédie et la reconstruction des paléo-répertoires posturaux et locomoteurs des hominines." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0034.
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La reconstruction des modes posturo-locomoteurs des premiers hominines est au coeur des débats paléoanthropologiques. Dans ce cadre, le fémur contient des marqueurs externes, mais également internes, permettant de contribuer à cette problématique. En effet, dans les limites imposées par des contraintes développementales et rhéologiques, l'agencement endostructural des os longs est en adéquation avec les patrons fonctionnels de stress. Ainsi, les variations topographiques d'épaisseur du tissu compact reflètent la nature, la direction, l'intensité et la fréquence des charges biomécaniques. Par conséquent, en prenant en compte les spécificités de nature morpho-structurale et fonctionnelle et les variations de taille, des différences dans les modèles de distribution de l'os cortical le long de la diaphyse fémorale sont attendues en fonction des comportements posturo-locomoteurs. Grâce à des techniques (i) d'analyse des propriétés géométriques de section, (ii) de cartographie morphométrique et (iii) d’analyse par éléments finis appliquées au registre (micro)tomographique d'un échantillon de 63 fémurs de catarrhiniens actuels, nous avons mis en évidence des modèles différents dans la signature endostructurale en relation à la bipédie (Homo), au mode "knuckle-walking" (Pan et Gorilla) et à la quadrupédie terrestre (Papio). A titre comparatif et pour validation méthodologique, nous avons aussi considéré la signature d'un brachiateur-suspenseur de grande taille (Pongo), du macaque japonais entraîné à la bipédie (M. Fuscata) et de quatre mammifères carnivores terrestres. Dans la perspective d'apporter des éléments quantitatifs de référence à la reconstruction des paléo-répertoires posturaux et locomoteurs des catarrhiniens, notre protocole analytique a été appliqué à une sélection des diaphyses fémorales d'hominines fossiles (genres Homo et Orrorin). Les résultats confirment la cohérence chrono-spatiale de la signature fonctionnelle du "groupe locomoteur bipède" et l'individualité dans l'agencement morpho-structural cortical qui caractérise la diaphyse fémorale de Orrorin par rapport aux hominidés actuelsThe reconstruction of the postural and locomotor modes of early hominins is a widely debated topic in paleoanthropology. With this respect, the femur holds a number of external, but also of internal diagnostic features. In fact, within the limits imposed by a number of developmental and rheological factors, the long bone endostructural arrangement is consistent with the functional patterns of stress, where compact bone topographic thickness variation reflects the nature, direction, intensity, and frequency of the biomechanical loads. Accordingly, when the morpho-structural and functional characteristics and body size variation are taken into account, some differences among the postural- and locomotion-related models of cortical bone distribution along the femoral diaphysis are expected. By applying techniques of (i) cross-sectional geometric properties analysis, (ii) morphometric mapping, and (iii) finite element analysis to a (micro)tomographic record consisting of 63 femurs of extant catarrhines, we have shown patterns of endostructural signature specifically related to bipedalism (Homo), knuckle-walking (Pan and Gorilla), and terrestrial quadrupedalism (Papio). For comparative and methodological purposes, the signatures of a large body-sized brachiator (Pongo), of the bipedally trained Japanese macaque (M. Fuscata), and of four terrestrial carnivorous mammals have also been investigated. With the aim to provide original quantitative evidence to the reconstruction of the postural-locomotor paleorepertoires of catarrhines, we applied our analytical protocol to a selection of femoral shafts of fossil hominins (genera Homo and Orrorin). The results confirm the chrono-spatial consistency of the functional signature associated to the so-called " bipedal locomotor group" and point to a distinct morpho-structural cortical organization characterizing the femoral diaphysis of Orrorin with respect to extant hominids
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Jaouadi, Sahbi. "Paléoenvironnements holocènes et anthropisation en région aride : signaux polliniques actuels et fossiles du complexe paralique de Bahiret el Bibane (Tunisie méridionale)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0022.
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Cette étude vise à reconstituer les paysages et les paléoclimats holocènes des marges désertiques de la Tunisie méridionale. Elle se fonde sur les données de la pluie pollinique actuelle et les données polliniques holocènes de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane, complétées par des datations 14C et l’analyse de la fraction argileuse du sédiment. La relation pollen/végétation/climat est élaborée à partir d’échantillons de surface au sol recueillis le long du réseau hydrographique et à la surface de la Sebkha Boujmel et de Bahiret el Bibane. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une bonne représentation des écosystèmes régionaux à la surface de ces réceptacles. La variabilité spatiale des spectres polliniques traduit bien les gradients d’humidité climatique et édaphique selon deux axes nord-sud et est-ouest. L’étude de l’influence des événements d’inondations sur la concentration et la composition des spectres polliniques, à partir d’une carotte couvrant le dernier siècle (BL12-10), ne révèle pas des modifications majeures des spectres polliniques guidés par les évènements d’inondation. Les données paléoécologiques sont obtenues à partir de l’analyse pollinique de deux carottes, BJM2 dans la Sebkha Boujmel et BL12-7 dans la Bahiret el Bibane. La séquence BJM2 couvrant les 8 deniers millénaires est complétée par l’analyse de la composition de la fraction argileuse du sédiment modulé par les dynamiques de mobilisation des sables désertiques. L’ensemble des données est intégré dans un modèle âge-profondeur issu de 11 datations 14 C AMS. La tendance climatique millénaire en Tunisie méridionale au cours de l’Holocène moyen et supérieur indique une aridification croissante à partir de 5,7 ka, en accord avec les changements des paramètres orbitaux et de l’insolation et l’épisode d’aridité enregistré au sud de la Méditerranée à la fin de la Période Humide Africaine. Cette aridification s’achève vers 3 ka avec la mise en place des écosystèmes végétaux prédésertiques et des événements climatiques rapides désormais synchrones des événements de refroidissement Nord Atlantique. La biogéographie régionale montre la présence d’une végétation arborée méditerranéenne sur le relief et une steppe graminéenne sur les piedmonts et dans la plaine au cours des phases humides de l’Holocène moyen. Les changements de la végétation jusqu’à 3ka sont largement modulés par l’aridification climatique et l’impact anthropique demeure limité. A partir du 3ème siècle BC, l’enregistrement d’Olea et de Vitis marque l’intensification de l’impact anthropique, à travers l’agriculture, qui se superpose à celui des sociétés pastorales au cours des périodes Punique et Romaine. L’impact anthropique s’observe ensuite par phases récurrentes d’intensification engendrant des modifications dans les paysages végétaux, en particulier entre 850 AD et 1150 AD avec une augmentation des taux de l’armoise ainsi qu’au cours du 20ème siècle. Cette dernière période enregistre une importante dégradation des environnements locaux traduisant les changements socio-économiques des sociétés avec la sédentarisation et les développements du pastoralisme et de l’agricultureThis study aims at reconstructing the Holocene landscapes and palaeoclimates of the desert margins of southern Tunisia. It is based on the study of modern pollen rain and Holocene pollen data from Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane, supplemented by 14C dates and sediment clay mineralogy. The pollen/vegetation/climate relationship is based on soil surface samples collected along the hydrographic network and on the surface of Sebkha Boujmel and Bahiret el Bibane. The obtained results indicate a good representation of the regional ecosystems on the surface of the Sebkha and the lagoon. The spatial variability of pollen spectra clearly reflects climatic and edaphic humidity gradients along two north-south and east-west axes. The study of the influence of flood events on the concentration and composition of pollen spectra from a core spanning the last century (BL12-10) does not reveal major changes in pollen spectra triggered by these flooding events. Paleoecological data are obtained from the pollen analysis of two cores, BJM2 in Sebkha Boujmel and BL12-7 in Bahiret el Bibane. The BJM2 sequence spanning the last 8 millennium is supplemented by clay mineralogical analysis of the sediment related to the dynamics of desert sand mobilization and by the integration of the data in an age-depth model based on 11 14C AMS dates. During the Middle and Upper Holocene, the millennial climate trend in Southern Tunisia indicates increased aridity from 5.7 ka, in accordance with changes in orbital and insolation parameters and increased aridity recorded in the southern Mediterranean after the African Humid Period. This aridity trends ends at ca 3 ka with the establishment of pre-desert plant ecosystems and Rapid Climate Changes henceforth synchronous of North Atlantic cooling events. Regional biogeography shows the presence of Mediterranean vegetation on the mountains and a grassy steppe on the piedmonts and the plain during the humid phases of the Middle Holocene. Changes in vegetation up to 3ka are largely modulated by climatic aridification while the anthropogenic impact remains limited. From the 3rd century BC, the record of Olea and Vitis indicates an intensification of the anthropogenic impact through agriculture, which is superimposed on that of the pastoral societies during the Punic and Roman periods. The anthropogenic impact thus marks phases of intensification that cause changes in plant landscapes especially between 850 AD and 1150 AD with an increase in wormwood, and during the 20th century. The latter period shows a significant degradation of local environments reflecting the socio-economic changes of local societies with sedentism and intensive pastoralism and agriculture
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Lizzo, Giulia. "Towards comparative epigenomics in hominids : a study of DNA methylation detection in ancient human and chimp bones." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC180.
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Les modifications épigénétiques sont des modulateurs importants de l'expression des gènes qui peuvent être associés à des changements phénotypiques et utilisés pour suivre l'évolution des éléments cis-régulateurs. Parmi les différents types de marqueurs épigénétiques, la méthylation de l'ADN est conservée dans le temps et peut être mesurée dans des échantillons anciens. Nous visons à réaliser une étude comparative approfondie de l'évolution de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les tissus minéralisés de la lignée des hominidés. Nous établissons ainsi des cartes de méthylation évolutives de référence en utilisant des échantillons post-mortem d'os humains et de chimpanzés, datés jusqu'à 110 ans, pour s'assurer qu'ils ont subi des transformations diagénétiques suffisantes pour imiter la situation taphonomique rencontrée dans les os anciens. En outre, cette étude inclut différents types d'os afin de réduire le bruit dû à la variabilité inter-osseuse. Différentes approches de cartographie de la méthylation ont été utilisées pour identifier celles qui conviennent le mieux à ces échantillons. Le séquençage au bisulfite des génomes entiers (BS) ou la représentation réduite BS (RRBS) ne sont pas appropriés pour les échantillons anciens en raison de la présence fréquente d'un excès important d'ADN environnemental. Nous avons donc exploré à la fois du BS ciblée par Bisulfite Patch-PCR, et une méthode haut-débit d'enrichissement de la fraction méthylée (MBD-seq). Les deux techniques nécessitent des adaptations aux caractéristiques des échantillons anciens, y compris une faible quantité d'ADN endogène, une contamination élevée de l'ADN environnemental et une fragmentation de l'ADN. Les résultats obtenus illustrent les forces et les inconvénients des stratégies choisies pour les échantillons anciensEpigenetic modifications are important modulators of gene expression that can be associated to phenotypic changes and used to track the evolution of cis-regulatory elements. Among the different types of epigenetic marker, DNA methylation is conserved over time and can be measured in ancient samples. We aim at performing an in-depth comparative study of the evolution of DNA methylation patterns in mineralized tissues of the hominine lineage. We are thus establishing reference evolutionary methylation maps using post-mortem samples of human and chimpanzee bones up to 110 years old, to ensure that they have experienced sufficient diagenetic transformations to mimic the taphonomic situation encountered in ancient bones. Furthermore, this study includes different types of bones in order to reduce noise due to inter-bone variability. Different methylation mapping approaches were used to identify those best suited to such samples. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (BS) or reduced representation BS (RRBS) are not suitable for ancient samples due to the frequent presence of a vast excess of environmental DNA. We thus explored both high-throughput targeted BS using Bisulfite Patch-PCR, and a methylation-based enrichment method (MBD-seq). Both techniques require adaptations to ancient sample characteristics, including low quantity of endogenous DNA, high environmental DNA contamination and DNA fragmentation. The results obtained illustrate strengths and drawbacks of the chosen strategies for ancient samples
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Marquer, Laurent. "Apport des signaux polliniques et charbons à la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements et à la connaissance des relations homme-milieu au Pleistocène dans le bassin de la Loire moyenne (France)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0017.
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Des études des signaux polliniques et charbons ont été effectuées au sein des divers contextes sédimentaires du bassin de la Loire moyenne. Des jalons paléoenvironnementaux importants ont alors pu être mis en évidence. Ils permettent de percevoir l’impact des cycles « glaciaire-interglaciaire » quaternaires au cours de la présence de l’homme préhistorique dans la région. L’analyse des vestiges de la combustion présents au sein d’un niveau archéologique a également été menée par l’intermédiaire de l’élaboration d’un protocole de quantification par analyse d’images. Elle a permis d’appréhender la fragmentation in situ des charbons et des os brûlés, afin de pouvoir discuter de l’économie des combustibles au Paléolithique dans la région. La connaissance de l’économie des combustibles, confrontée aux données paléoenvironnementales, a ainsi permis de discuter des relations entre l’homme et son milieu dans le bassin de la Loire moyenne au PléistocènePollen and charcoal studies were realized in various sedimentary contexts from the middle Loire basin to yield new palaeoenvironmental data. These new results highlight the impact of « glacial-interglacial » Quaternary cycles with regard to the prehistoric human presence in this territory. So, analyze of burning remains inside archaeological levels was realized. A quantification protocol based on image analyses and applied to hearth and archaeological sediments was created to give an appreciation of charcoal and burnt bones fragmentation. The interpretation of the process of fragmentation will provide new data to address key issues such as the Palaeolithic fuel economy in this area. The knowledge of fuel economy compared to palaeoenvironmental data led us to discuss the interactions between human and his landscape during the Pleistocene in the middle Loire basin
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Bintz, Pierre. "Du Tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène dans les alpes du nord françaises : approches chronostratigraphique, paléoclimatique et culturelle." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00723796.
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Les donnees sur la transition tardiglaciaire-holocene (de 14500 a 6000 bp) s'appuient sur les resultats livres par le gisement de st. Thibaud-de-couz (savoie, chartreuse) et une dizaine de sites a stratigraphies developpees qui ont fait l'objet de fouilles recentes. Ces sites representent des remplissages karstiques qui permettent d'avoir une vision precise mais ponctuelle sur les modalites du passage du dernier glaciaire a l'interglaciaire actuel. L'approche chronostratigraphique assure les bases chronologiques des evolutions naturelles et culturelles. L'etude d'une douzaine de sequences stratigraphiques a permis de distinguer quelques types d'enregistrement sedimentaire propres a chaque phase de l'evolution climato-sedimentaire. La reconstruction de l'evolution paleoclimatique a ete faite selon deux approches complementaires: 1) la sedimentologie met particulierement en evidence les manifestations de l'humidite qui sous climat froid engendre une importante sedimentation detritique et sous climat chaud des depots carbonates ; 2) l'etude des faunes de mollusques terrestres permet de preciser les conditions paleoecologiques et climatiques locales ; la presence d'une association a columella de type periglaciaire est significative. Les resultats mettent particulierement en evidence le caractere instable du climat. Le probleme des occupations humaines est aborde a travers l'etude des outillages lithiques sous deux aspects: 1) l'etude petrographique permet de localiser les gites d'approvisionnement en silex et d'avoir des indications sur les territoires parcourus ; 2) la caracterisation des systemes culturels est basee sur les series lithiques considerees en terme d'ensembles structures ; dans ce but une methode de classement hierarchise est proposee. Les grandes etapes de l'evolution chronoculturelle sont precisees ; elles sont marquees par de profondes mutations qui caracterisent les cultures de la fin du paleolithique superieur au mesolithique et par l'emergence des premieres phases de la neolithisation. Une synthese integrant l'ensemble des donnees bioclimatiques et culturelles permet de proposer un modele de transition dernier glaciaire-interglaciaire actuel caracterisee par une succession de cycles a regimes climatiques contrastes situes a la charniere de deux periodes a climats plus stables. La mise en parallele des donnees culturelles suggere une relation forte entre evolutions culturelles et changements bioclimatiques
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Wyza, Eileen M. "Human Impact on Space Use, Activity Patterns, and Prey Abundance of Madagascar's Largest Natural Predator, Cryptoprocta ferox." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493735268792364.
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Sanz, Borràs Montserrat. "Patrons d’acumulació de restes de fauna del Plistocè superior al nord-est peninsular (àrea del Massís del Garraf-Ordal)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284737.
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Els objectius d’aquesta tesi doctoral han estat la caracterització dels conjunts faunístics del Plistocè superior del litoral català (àrea del massís del Garraf-Ordal) amb una mateixa problemàtica, la presència d’una gran quantitat d’acumulacions de restes de grans vertebrats modificades per carnívors amb escassa presència humana. Els treballs s’han centrat en l’anàlisi dels jaciments de la Cova del Rinoceront (Castelldefels), la Cova del Gegant (Sitges) i la Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Cervelló) amb l’objectiu de discernir les diferents ocupacions per part d’agents biològics, en determinar les estratègies de subsistència dels grups humans així com en identificar si ha hagut un aprofitament dels recursos faunístics acumulats a les cavitats ja sigui de forma natural o per carnívors.
L’estudi tafonòmic, zooarqueològic i l’anàlisi dels copròlits apunten a què la major part de les restes òssies d’aquests jaciments han estat aportades i modificades per carnívors, en les que no s’ha observat cap activitat carronyera per part dels grups humans, pel que la presència antròpica a les cavitats no és el resultat de l’aprofitament marginal d’aquestes carcasses. Aquestes ocupacions humanes serien de caràcter breu, no coincidirien en el temps amb els altres agents biològics i respondrien a visites de tipus ocasional durant el Paleolític mitjà, tal i com queda demostrat a partir de les escasses restes lítiques i les poques evidències de restes de fauna amb activitat antròpica. En el cas de la Cova del Gegant, a més, l’activitat humana quedaria palesa també per les restes fòssils d’Homo neanderthalensis atribuïdes a diversos individus.This PhD thesis examines Pleistocene deposits and the co-occurrence of a small number of lithic artifacts and numerous large mammal bones that present frequent carnivore damage. Some researchers propose hominid scavenging as an explanation for the accumulation of carcasses, while others rule out such a foraging strategy. Within this framework, the main objective of this study is to analyse the Upper Pleistocene deposits in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula to determine the role of carnivore and human agency in the faunal assemblages. The analyses are conducted in the Cova del Rinoceront (Castelldefels), the Cova del Gegant (Sitges) and the Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Cervelló) in the Garraf-Ordal Massif (Barcelona). This massif forms part of the Catalan Coastal Range, a low-relief mountain chain (<600 m high) and represents one of the most important karst systems in the NE Iberian Peninsula. To establish the role of the biological agents in these deposits, taphonomic and zooarchaeological analyses of bones, together with the description of coprolites, are reported at these sites. In the Cova del Coll Verdaguer and the Cova del Gegant, the large number of skeletal remains are documented as having been accumulated primarily by hyenas, although the presence of other carnivores in the caves is also documented. In the Cova del Rinoceront, by contrast, other carnivores, including felids and canids, are primarily responsible for the bone assemblages. In addition, there is evidence that all three caves were used by bears for hibernation. Thus, no evidence of hominid scavenging activities can be observed at these sites and accordingly the lithic assemblages are not related to the marginal scavenging of ungulates from carnivore dens. The scarce presence of lithics and the few anthropic marks suggest very sporadic human visits to the caves, and there is no evidence of carnivore competition. Finally, the Cova del Gegant has yielded Neanderthal fossils belonging to different individuals.
Books on the topic "Homem fossil"
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Condemi, Silvana. Les hommes fossiles de Saccopastore et leurs relations phylogénétiques. Paris: CNRS Editions, 1992.
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Condemi, Silvana. Les hommes fossiles de Saccopastore et leurs relations phylogénétiques. Paris: CNRS Editions, 1992.
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The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 3rd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009.
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Klein, Richard G. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
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Johanson, Donald C. Lucy's child: The discovery of a human ancestor. London: Viking, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Homem fossil"
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Onac, Bogdan P., Daniel S. Veres, and Chris Stringer. "Hominin Footprints in Caves from Romanian Carpathians." In Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks, 201–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_12.
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AbstractThe Romanian karst hosts numerous caves and shelters that over time provided remarkable archaeological and anthropological vestiges. Altogether they show that humans must have entered caves in Romania at least as early as 170,000 years ago. However, ancient human footprints are very rare in the fossil record of East-Central Europe, with only two known locations in the Apuseni Mountains of western Romania. Vârtop Cave site originally preserved three fossil footprints made about 67,800 years ago by a Homo neanderthalensis, whereas Ciur Izbuc Cave was probably home of early H. sapiens that left almost 400 footprints (interspersed with spoors of cave bears), which were indirectly dated to be younger than ~36,500 years.
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Benjaminsen, Tor A., and Hanne Svarstad. "Climate Mitigation Choices: Reducing Deforestation in the Global South Versus Reducing Fossil Fuel Production at Home." In Political Ecology, 127–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56036-2_6.
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Werneburg, Ralf. "SCHLEUSINGEN: Naturhistorisches Museum Schloss Bertholdsburg Schleusingen (Thuringia, Germany)—Home of Permian and Triassic Fossils." In Paleontological Collections of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 465–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77401-5_47.
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Our Energy Inheritance: Fossil Fuels." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0014.
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The use of fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and coal—is ubiquitous today and has made possible the advances of modern civilization. These fuels are capable of providing energy for a variety of applications—from very small to very large—and touch our lives in many ways. A small gas-fired heater uses about 50,000 Btu/hr (1 standard cubic foot [scf] of gas/min) and keeps our homes warm. A 200-horsepower gasoline engine in a family car consumes around 2 gal/hr of oil and can carry a load of five passengers a distance of 60 miles on a level highway. An 1,800-ton/hr cement plant consumes 900 MBtu/hr (about 0.9 million scf gas/hr) when in full operation and produces the building material widely used for constructing homes, offices, industries, roads, and bridges. A large, coal-fired electric power station (1,000 MW rating) requires between 300 and 500 tons of coal per hour and produces enough electricity to power half a million homes. The range of power that fossil fuels, particularly oil, can deliver is truly amazing: the same basic fuel that powers jet aircraft also powers children’s model aircraft engines. It is unlikely that aircraft will ever be powered by solar panels mounted on the wings or by on-board nuclear reactors. The importance of fossil fuels in our lives cannot be overemphasized. It took millions of years to accumulate them, and their potential exhaustion in just a few centuries should seriously concern all of us. In this chapter, we briefly review the circumstances that led to formation of our fossil fuels and then discuss how much of each of them is available. This discussion requires clarifying the special meanings ascribed to such terms as reserves and resources. For all three fuels, we look at the global distribution of our resources. We also present estimates of possible resource lifetimes under varying conditions of use and indicate the nominal equipment and infrastructure requirements for producing these inherited resources at a rate of 1 CMO/yr. As we shall see, our conventional reserves are somewhat limited, but our resource base is large, and unconventional oil and gas resources offer a substantially greater potential. Nonetheless, exploiting unconventional resources is certain to be more expensive and, in most cases, potentially more damaging to the environment.
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Radow, Elisabeth N. "Achieving Fossil-Free Homes through Residential PACE Financing." In The Green Industrial Revolution, 535–49. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802314-3.09982-0.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Natural Gas : The Least Polluting Of The Fossil Fuels." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0012.
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In terms of emissions from combustion, natural gas, composed mainly of methane (CH4), is the least polluting of the fossil fuels. Per unit of energy produced, CO2 emissions from natural gas are 45.7% lower than those from coal (lignite), 27.5% lower than from diesel, and 25.6% lower than from gasoline. As discussed by Olah et al. (2006), humans have long been aware of the properties of natural gas. Gas leaking out of the ground would frequently catch fire, ignited, for example, by lightning. A leak and a subsequent fire on Mount Parnassus in Greece more than 3,000 years ago prompted the Ancient Greeks to attach mystical properties to the phenomenon— a flame than could burn for a long time without need for an external supply of fuel. They identified the location of this gas leak with the center of the Earth and Universe and built a temple to Apollo to celebrate its unique properties. The temple subsequently became the home for the Oracle of Delphi, celebrated for the prophecies inspired by the temple’s perpetual flame. The first recorded productive use of natural gas was in China, dated at approximately 500 BC. A primitive pipeline constructed using stems of bamboo was deployed to trans¬port gas from its source to a site where it could be used to boil brine to produce both economically valuable salt and potable water. Almost 2,000 years would elapse before natural gas would be tapped for productive use in the West. Gas from a well drilled near Fredonia, New York, was used to provide an energy source for street lighting in 1821. The Fredonia Gas Light Company, formed in 1858, was the first commercial entity established specifically to market natural gas. Joseph Newton Pew, founder of the Sun Oil Company (now Sunoco), established a company in 1883 to deliver natural gas to Pittsburgh, where it was used as a substitute for manufactured coal gas (known also as town gas). Pew later sold his interests in natural gas to J. D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. The early application of natural gas was primarily for lighting, not only for streets but also for factories and homes.
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"04. OH, GIVE ME A HOME, WHEN THE TRILOBITES ROAMED." In The Story of Life in 25 Fossils, 34–44. Columbia University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/prot17190-005.
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Mallek, Marwa, Jalel Euchi, and Yacin Jerbi. "A Review on Optimization Modeling of Hybrid Energy Systems." In Transportation, Logistics, and Supply Chain Management in Home Healthcare, 29–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0268-6.ch003.
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Hybrid energy systems (HESs) are an excellent solution for electrification of remote rural areas where the grid extension is difficult or not economical. Usually, HES generally integrate one or several renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal with fossil fuel powered diesel/petrol generator to provide electric power where the electricity is either fed directly into the grid or to batteries for energy storage. This chapter presents a review on the solution approaches for determining the HES systems based on various objective functions (e.g. economic, social, technical, environmental and health impact). In order to take account of environmental and health impacts from energy systems, several energy optimization model was developed for minimizing pollution and maximizing the production of renewable energy.
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Jelley, Nick. "4. Wind power." In Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction, 47–59. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198825401.003.0004.
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‘Wind power’ focuses on wind-based power and its potential as a renewable energy source. Single wind turbines, both large and small, can be used to provide power to homes or a community. Wind turbines for large power generation are usually deployed in wind farms, which are arrays of turbines. These are located in regions where the wind conditions are good, such as exposed ridges, high-altitude plains, mountain passes, coastal areas, and out at sea. Wind power produces essentially no global warming nor any pollution; only a small amount of associated carbon dioxide emissions from the fossil fuels used in the construction and operation of the wind farms. And it takes less than a year for a wind farm to generate the same amount of energy used in its manufacture. The sharp fall in the cost of electricity from wind farms, corresponding to a 20 per cent learning rate over the last decade, is such that onshore wind farms have now achieved cost competitiveness (grid-parity) with fossil-fuel-fired generators. By 2050, it is estimated that about a seventh of the world’s energy demand could be met by wind power.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Rethinking Energy at the Crossroads." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0004.
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The discovery of oil in Pennsylvania in 1859 was a relatively inconspicuous precursor to what would become an epic shift into the modern age of energy. At the time, the search for “rock oil” was driven by a perception that lighting fuel was running out. Advances in petrochemical refining and internal combustion engines had yet to occur, and oil was more expensive than coal. In less than 100 years, oil gained worldwide prominence as an energy source and traded commodity. Along similar lines, electricity in the early 1900s powered less than 10% of the homes in the United States. Yet, in under a half a century, billions of homes around the world were equipped to utilize the refined form of energy. Estimates indicate that roughly 85% of the world’s population had access to electricity in 2014 (World Bank, n.d.b). For both petroleum and electricity, significant changes in energy use and associated technologies were closely linked to evolutions in infrastructure, institutions, investment, and practices. Today, countless decision-makers are focusing on transforming energy systems from fossil fuels to low carbon energy which is widely deemed to be a cleaner, more sustainable form of energy. As of 2016, 176 countries have renewable energy targets in place, compared to 43 in 2005 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century [REN21], 2017). Many jurisdictions are also setting increasingly ambitious targets for 100% renewable energy or electricity (Bloomberg New Energy Finance [BNEF], 2016). In 2015, the G7 and G20 committed to accelerate the provision of access to renewables and efficiency (REN21, 2016). In conjunction with all of the above priorities, clean energy investment surged in 2015 to a new record of $329 billion, despite low, fossil fuel prices. A significant “decoupling” of economic and carbon dioxide (CO2) growth was also evident, due in part to China’s increased use of renewable energy and efforts by member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to foster greater use of renewables and efficiency (REN21, 2016).
Conference papers on the topic "Homem fossil"
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Borton, David, Carl McDaniel, and Howard Stoner. "Achieving Climate-Positive, Energy-Positive Homes: 60 Years of Northeast Climate Housing." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90075.
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We analyze the operating-energy histories of three homes of different ages that have approached or attained net-use of no fossil fuels and climate neutrality. The first house (H-60) with 1,200 ft2 is a conventional 1950s house that has been caulked, insulated and equipped with an airtight woodstove and a 3.3 kW photovoltaic system that reduced its annual use of fossil fuels by 86%. Its total annual energy use excluding any passive gain is ∼57 billion joules. House two (H-30) with 2,300 ft2 is a 1980s, passive-solar house with a recently added 4.0 kW photovoltaic system that reduced its annual use of fossil fuels by 71%. Its total annual energy use excluding any passive gain is ∼58 billion joules. House three (H-1) with 1,300 ft2 is a 1 year old, passive solar house with a 3.1 kW photovoltaic system and an evacuated-tube solar hot water system that uses no fossil fuels, exports annually ∼900 kWh to the grid making it energy and climate positive, and provides all operating energy from on-site sunshine. Its total annual energy use excluding any passive gain is ∼29 billion joules.
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Santos, Sâmia Melo, and Alana Rayssa Oliveira Mendes. "RELAÇÃO HOMEM – NATUREZA: FATOR DE CAUSALIDADE DA CRISE AMBIENTAL." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Farmacêuticas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1039.
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Introdução: O meio ambiente é fonte de sobrevivência para o homem desde os primórdios, o mesmo retira dele seu sustento, extraindo riquezas naturais como: água, alimentos (frutos, legumes, carne bovina, carne suína, peixes, ovinos etc.). Para melhoramento da agricultura ao longo dos anos, o homem passou fazer o uso de substâncias químicas para acelerar processo de amadurecimento das frutas, evitar pragas e estimular o crescimento. A interferência do homem no meio ambiente acabou por prejudicar sua própria existência, os danos são tão grandes que interferem no processo saúde-doença. Objetivo: Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da relação homem – natureza e como a mesma pode afetar a agricultura e interferir no processo saúde-doença. Material e métodos: Para isto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nos bancos de dados Scielo e Pubmed. Resultados: Portanto a necessidade humana de desenvolvimento capitalista transformou o meio ambiente em uma moeda de troca levando a uma crise ambiental, na qual a sua própria existência passa a ser questionada. Segundo alguns autores como Balim, o homem primitivo não interferia na natureza sem cautela, sempre tentava manter o equilíbrio, mas ao modernizar seu modo de pensar, começou a estar no centro de tudo, sempre extraindo bens da natureza como se estes não fossem finitos. Conclusão: Esta forma de agir se encaixa em uma perspectiva simplista onde o meio ambiente é apenas um objeto para uso humano, necessitando assim de uma nova visão de mundo para entender que os recursos do planeta são finitos.
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Small, Dorothy S. "Integration of Sustainable Systems in a Residential Home." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90417.
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In today’s world, it has become ever more important to design homes and buildings with considerations that will reduce the total energy requirement and reliance on fossil fuels. Energy conservation is the first important consideration. The construction and appliance components that reduce energy consumption will be presented. Various systems are being included in the design of this off-grid 100% renewable home. The home will incorporate: passive solar design; solar hot water for radiant heat and domestic hot water; woodburning heat with backup hot water coils for domestic hot water and radiant heat; a hybrid electric system with PV and windmill sources and backup diesel generator (modified to use vegetable oil); a rainwater collection system; a graywater treatment system and blackwater treatment. The heating and air conditioning system combines the efficiency of radiant heat with evaluated tube solar hot water technology. A heating coil is incorporated in a masonry heater as the backup. The sizing considerations of the systems are discussed along with the description of methods to discharge excess hot water. Passive solar building design has been a focal point of the home. The heat gain has been considered as the heating system has been designed. The domestic hot water is discussed to compare the demand vs. production of hot water vs. storage. The practices of the homeowner to minimize the need for air conditioning and the design features that improve the conditioning of the air in the summer are presented. The integration of electrical generation will utilize PV, windmill and diesel generator backup (that will be converted to vegetable oil). This combination is used to take benefit of the wind potential while there are periods of little or no electricity generated from the PV system. The size of the systems has been optimized to balance the cost of production vs. storage. The sizing criteria are presented with the optimization calculations for each of the systems. The system design of a rainwater collection system is presented describing the rain water available, the size of the collection area, and the storage capacity. Equipment considerations are discussed with pre and post storage treatment of collected water. A graywater treatment system is designed to take advantage of the passive solar orientation of the home. The system incorporates graywater management practices, sizing of filtration and discussion of placement of components of the system. A blackwater system is also incorporated in the design of the home. The considerations of various systems are presented along with the sizing and utility requirements. The effective design of a 100% off-grid renewable home must first consider the efficient use of all energy. Secondly, the integration of systems is complex and requires the flexibility of the operations of the systems to produce a range of potential capacity to ensure comfort. The systems incorporated in this design are automated to an extent that is practical, however, monitoring of the systems must be conducted to ensure proper operation.
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Plotkin, Andrew R., Kevin M. Toupin, Craig B. Gillum, Robert J. Rancatore, Tianliang Yang, and Diego Mier. "Solar Receiver Steam Generator Design for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System." In ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55248.
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The movement for energy independence coupled with aggressive renewable energy goals and government investment incentives has led the power industry to develop efficient and reliable sources of renewable power. In a power tower system a central Solar Receiver Steam Generator (SRSG) is surrounded by a field of mirrors (heliostats) that focus and concentrate sunlight onto the receiver tubes. The energy from the sunlight is used to generate and superheat steam for electric production. The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (ISEGS) project, located in Ivanpah, CA, consists of three 126 MWg units, to power approximately 140,000 homes. The Ivanpah SRSG’s are forced circulation drum-type boilers with single reheat; located on top of a 400 ft (122 m) steel tower [1]. This paper will discuss the development, constraints, and unique design challenges of the Riley Power Inc. (RPI) SRSG selected for the Ivanpah project. Process descriptions and predicted unit performance are presented, along with comparisons to typical fossil boilers. First of kind concepts and engineering design achievements are discussed for what will be the largest power tower project in the world.
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Jangra, Sidharth, Chien Hsin Chung, Qingzhi Lai, and Xinfan Lin. "Optimal Maintenance of Electric Vehicle Battery System Through Overnight Home Charging." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9004.
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Abstract Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is emerging as one of the most viable choices for the transportation sector to reduce fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emission. As the most critical component of PEV, battery systems require intensive management and diagnostics to ensure safety, efficiency, and endurance. Most existing studies focus on battery management when PEVs are under operation while none has explored battery maintenance during overnight parking, which accounts for a majority of the time (> 12 hours per day). Battery states during this period significantly affect the lifetime due to the side reactions that occur even when the battery is not in use. The process occurs at an accelerated rate when the battery energy level or temperature is too high or too low. In this paper, we propose to utilize an existing infrastructure available to PEV owners, the home charging unit, for intelligent battery maintenance during overnight parking. We will design an optimal charging profile that would charge the battery to a specific level while maintaining its states at optimal conditions to minimize degradation due to side reactions over the whole overnight period. Optimal charging profiles are created for different ambient temperatures and at different stages of battery life to investigate various scenarios. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed optimal charging profiles, the total capacity loss overnight is compared with those of three standard charging profiles.
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Kato, Seizo, and Tatsuya Shimizu. "Hydrogen Gasifier From Acid Water and Its Energy Systems." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26168.
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The fossil fuel depletion and the CO2 warming due to the combustion are becoming serious environmental issues. Therefore, alternative energy systems minimumizing fossil fuels dependence are now required to be developted. Hydrogen is a best candidate for alternative energy sources friendly to the environment, but the essential point is how we produce hydrogen, independently of fossil fuel with a minimum energy input. This work aims first at proposing an alternative hydrogen gasifier from acid water by immersing ionicity metals, and second at applying the gasifier to a hydrogen ultra micro gas turbine electric generator charger system to construct hydrogen self supply energy system. First, D2SO4 as acid aqueous solutions and (Zn+Cu) and Zn plates as ionicity metals electrodes are selected here for H2 gasifier. The hydrogen production rate is experimentally characterized by changing the pH and temperature of the solution and the metal surface area. The gasifier has a good performance of hydrogen production of about 18 l/min at 60°C per unit electrode area under the pH = ∼1.0. This flow rate increases almost linearly to the acid temperature. In addition, the zinc resolved into the acid water, ZnSO4 in the case of D2SO4 for example, is able to be easily recrystalized on the electrode by reasonable electricity input of ∼2.5V. Second, the produced hydrogen is applied to ultra micro turbo electric generator / charger as hydrogen self supply system. This smart system is well applicable to hydrogen electric car, because of an ideal power source having small size, lightweight, low vibration, early start, no NOX and CO2 emissions, very low fuel consumption, long trip, etc. In the experiment a car turbo charger is converted into a compressorturbine system, and a high revolution electricity generator is connected to the turbo system. A combustor is designed for very low hydrogen consumption by ultra lean burning which causes almost no NOX emission due to low temperature < 1000°C. The turbo system is tested, resulting in a high efficiency, in spite of its small size, enough to generate electricity for charging a battery of electric car. By using these two elements, we aim to construct HSSES (Hydrogen Self Supply Energy System) which is found to be attractive especially for small electric cars and home cogenerations.
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Erdem, Çağrı. "Connecting Eurasia and the Americas: Geopolitical Implications of the Bering Strait Crossing in the Age of Globalization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00958.
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The Bering Strait crossing would link the entirety of Eurasia to the entirety of the Americas. There are some immense geopolitical benefits of such project. It would bring about a deep and lasting change to global economic outlook. A possible tunnel under the Bering Strait and extension of the railroad network could open vast areas of Siberia containing mineral deposits necessary for global economic growth. According to a number of respectable Russian geologists, Siberia/the Arctic region is home to considerable amount of minerals and fossil fuels. The most valued function of the Bering Strait rail system would be to release those vast natural resources trapped underneath the tundra and permafrost for the benefit of Russia and the world. These resources can be used for global economic development. Moreover, the rail project would also build development corridors in the underdeveloped parts of Russian Siberia. The development of those resources in question and their rapid transportation to the global markets can contribute to overall development of Siberia. This paper will explore/evaluate the possible benefits of the Bering Strait crossing from Russian perspective and Russia’s new role in the Arctic region, under the frame of geopolitics.
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Purwanto, Alloysius Joko, and Dian Lutfiana. "Future Urban Mobility Development Framework to Maximise Benefits of Plugin Electric Vehicle Penetration in ASEAN Countries." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/wxva8048.
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Several Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members have recently developed strategies for low carbon-emission mobility to decrease oil import dependency. The strategies emphasise, amongst others, the importance of removing obstacles to electrification of transport and promoting market development of road plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Concerns about the impacts of PEV penetration include how to ensure that (i) electricity used to feed the vehicles will be produced mostly from renewable energy sources to lower carbon emissions, and (ii) additional electricity demand will not put additional stress on urban electricity grid systems. We deduce two recommendations. First, because they use fossil-fuel energyintensive electric power, ASEAN countries need to increase urban density and compactness and stop urban sprawl, which will minimise energy use in transport, including PEVs. Generalised PEV travel cost will continue to decrease as new technology is increasingly adopted and the use of PEVs becomes more widespread. Only when a country develops renewable energy to generate electricity, such as through home-based solar photovoltaic systems, can it relax its policies on urban sprawl. Second, ASEAN countries need to avoid putting stress on the electric power grid and to maximise the use of renewables to generate power. Integrating these objectives will help determine the location of charging facilities and the measures to support mobility
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Barbour, Jason P., and Douglas C. Hittle. "Modeling Phase Change Materials With Conduction Transfer Functions for Passive Solar Applications." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44073.
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The use of passive solar design in our homes and buildings is one way to offset the ever-increasing dependence on fossil fuels and the resulting pollution to our air, our land, and our waters. A well-designed sunroom has the potential to reduce the annual heating loads by one-third or more. By integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into building elements such as floor tile and wallboard, the benefits of the sunroom can be further enhanced by providing enhanced energy storage. To maximize benefits from PCMs, an engineering analysis tool is needed to provide insight into the most efficient use of this developing technology. Thus far, modeling of the phase change materials has been restricted to finite difference and finite element methods, which are not well suited to inclusion in a comprehensive annual building simulation program such as BLAST or EnergyPlus (BLAST Support Office, 1991; Crawley et al, 2001). Conduction transfer functions (CTFs) have long been used to predict transient heat conduction in such programs (Sowell and Hittle, 1995). Phase changes often do not occur at a single temperature, but do so over a range of temperatures. The phase change energy can be represented by an elevated heat capacity over the temperature range during which the phase change occurs (Kedl, 1991). By calculating an extra set(s) of CTFs for the phase change properties, the CTF method can be extended to include the energy of phase transitions by switching between the two (or more) sets of CTFs. This method can be used to accurately predict the internal and external temperatures of PCM-containing building elements during transient heat conduction. The amount of energy storage and release during a phase transition can also be modeled with this method, although there may be some degree of inaccuracy due to switching between two or more sets of CTFs.
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Bharambe, Ganesh, A. M. Patil, Sandip Kale, Kumar Digambar Sapate, and Prakash Dabeer. "Simulation of Heat Flux Between Two Parallel Metal Plates With Thermic Fluid as a Media." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53449.
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Most of the house hold needs are served by either the electricity or the LPG gas.[1] All fuel supply from fossil fuels seems to be limited and can generate an acute shortage in the coming future. Availability of power will be a vital problem, to be faced by future generations. Harnessing the power from solar rays seems to be the most reliable path towards sustainability of energy. The use of solar energy in the form of photovoltaic has captured a firm base in markets. However thermal energy extraction seems to be a neglected area, which has a huge potential. Hence the present paper deals with the study of extraction of such solar thermal energy using thermic fluids. With this aim, the author has initiated a study to extract the heat from solar concentrated power (CSP) systems. This system will heat the thermic fluid due to thermal energy in solar rays. This hot fluid is then passed through a guided passages formed between two plates and is used for heating top and bottom surfaces of two metallic plates. These hot surfaces then can be used as source of energy for home and industrial purposes. However in the present experimentation work, the scope of work is limited to thermal heat handling through the plate surfaces. Hence the supply of thermal energy from CSP is equivalently replaced by electric heater/ gas burners and is not discussed in details. Different flow passages are considered for result generation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using FLUENT as tool in ANSYS 14.5 software is used for studying and comparing the results. Mathematical model is generated using preselected option of passage. Further Experimental validation is sorted in the end to verify the above results with temperature of upto 150°C. Selection of heat transfer fluid is based on sustainable higher operating temeperature. Pressure drop across the oil passage has indicated the inherent energy losses of the system. With the use of flow control valve and hydraulic pump the flow through the passage is regulated. Thus the energy flow can be controlled with respect to the requirement of process being carried out at each of the top and bottom surface respectively.