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Journal articles on the topic 'Homeopathic as Topic Pharmacopoeias'
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1
Sakanyan, E. I., N. S. Tereshina, and M. N. Lyakina. "MODERN ASPECTS OF HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES STANDARDISATION." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-3-145-150.
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The article describes the status of homeopathic medicines standardisation in the leading world pharmacopoeias. It reviews main requirements for raw materials of plant, animal, and mineral origin, which are used in the production of homeopathic medicines. It also considers requirements for homeopathic pharmaceutical substances, including technologies of obtaining homeopathic mother tinctures, homeopathic dilutions, triturations, etc., mono- and multi-component homeopathic medicines, as well as quality control of homeopathic substances and homeopathic medicines. The article analyses the nomenclature of homeopathic raw materials and homeopathic substances used by the leading world pharmacopoeias. It dwells upon the results of work devoted to the development of requirements for the following homeopathic dosage forms: homeopathic granules, homeopathic eye drops, homeopathic ointments, homeopathic infusions and decoctions, homeopathic mother tinctures, homeopathic solutions for injection, homeopathic solutions and liquid dilutions, homeopathic syrups, homeopathic mixtures, homeopathic suppositories, homeopathic tablets, homeopathic triturations. The article illustrates significant potential of using vibrational spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy for the detection of distinctive features of homeopathic medicines at ultra-high dilutions. The article presents methodology for structuring pharmacopoeial standards for raw materials used in the production of pharmaceutical substances, for pharmaceutical substances that are used in homeopathic medicines, and for dosage forms, including specific aspects of production and standardisation of homeopathic medicines, which was implemented during preparation of draft monographs for the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.
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Chirumbolo, Salvatore, and Geir Bjørklund. "Homeopathic Dilutions, Hahnemann Principles, and the Solvent Issue: Must We Address Ethanol as a “Homeopathic” or a “Chemical” Issue?" Homeopathy 107, no. 01 (December 28, 2017): 040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608898.
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Introduction Homeopathic remedies usually contain a significant amount of ethanol as a co-solvent with water, a pharmaceutical formulation that may raise some concern when remedies are tested in vitro or in laboratory animals, due to the assessed toxicity of ethanol on cell cultures and organisms. The amount of alcohol in a homeopathic remedy is adjusted following the different homeopathic pharmacopoeias but it is rarely below 30% v/v, which is a molar mass established to meet both Hahnemann's traditional heritage and the hypothetical role of ethanol in “imprinting” water, through the formation of nanobubbles, with the homeopathic activity of the remedy. Aims This article aims at discussing the role of ethanol in homeopathic dilutions and how its chemical nature should affect the experimental approach in homeopathy. Issues Under Debate While the content of ethanol in a homeopathic remedy should be as low as 20% v/v, which is a molar fraction able to catalyze the formation of nanobubbles in a dynamized alcohol–water dilution, this amount raises concern about ethanol toxicology in the experimental research with laboratory animals or in vitro. Several authors diluted 1:100 ethanol 30% v/v from their tested homeopathic dilutions with distilled water to prevent the cytotoxic effect of the alcohol, but in doing so, they probably reduced the ability of ethanol (now 0.3% v/v) to induce the formation of nanobubbles, thus probably affecting the homeopathic property of the same dilution. This may generate concerns about how to manage an experimental setting, to meet both the “chemical” nature of ethanol and its role in “homeopathy,” an issue that is discussed in the article. Conclusion Any author working with homeopathic dilutions containing a molar fraction of ethanol higher than 20% should take into account the fact that ethanol is cytotoxic and may be a catalyst to the formation of nanobubbles, and so should adjust the experimental approach accordingly.
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Fayeton, S., and M. van Wassenhoven. "Clinical verification of symptom pictures of homeopathic medicines." British Homeopathic Journal 90, no. 01 (January 2001): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0459.
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AbstractThis invitation for co-operation is addressed to all interested groups. Its purpose is data collection for clinical verification of symptoms from homeopathic proving and collection of clinical symptoms not derived from homeopathic pathogenetic trials (provings). To date no consensus exists on this topic. The European Committee for Homoeopathy (ECH) research sub-committee has created a working group on this topic. This paper is the result of a review of papers on the topic, exchanges between members and a meeting.
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Nisargamodini@gmail.com, Nisarga G. Krishna. "A MACRO ANALYSIS OF PTERIDOPHYTES IN MEDICINES AND THEIR CURRENT CONTEXT IN INDIA." International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.59415/ijfas.v12i1.161.
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Medicinal values of Pteridophytes are known to man from more than 2000 years. Theyhave healing and curing power and are used in Homeopathic, Ayurveda and Unani medicines.The medicinal applications of some Pteridophytes of those that grow in Western Ghats, WestBengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan are presented in this paper. Out of 70families from different parts of the present Indian political boundary, selected species areconsidered under 12 families for the analysis. There are 219 species of Pteridophytes measuredas „At risk‟ in India. Of these, 160 are featured to designate that they fall into IUCN category of„Critically endangered‟. Henceforth, for immediate and strict conservation of all these species,there is a need of an urgent and special study including locality-mapping by State Governmentsand creating public awareness. Pteridophytes are forest-dwelling species; they can be taken asgood indicators of deforestation and habitat-destruction. Pteridophytes have substantialimportance in traditional pharmacopoeias, scientific studies on pharmacology of this group arescanty.
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Rajendran, E. S. "Homeopathy Seen as Personalised Nanomedicine." Homeopathy 108, no. 01 (September 12, 2018): 066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669988.
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AbstractAmong all the discoveries of Hahnemann, potentisation was the most important, though controversial. The curative effect of individualised homeopathic potencies is empirical but inexplicable by the conventional principles of science. This paradox is a highly contentious topic of debate between rationalists and homeopaths. Recent discoveries relating to the nano-particulate nature of homeopathic ultra-high potencies and their potential effect on individual gene expression give new insights into this complex issue. It is concluded that homeopathy may be viewed as ‘personalised nanomedicine’.
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Santos de Oliveira Pignaton, Cassiana, Marilisa Guimarães Lara, João Vitor Da Costa Batista, Claudia Scherr, Maria Olga Kokornaczyk, Stephan Baumgartner, Carla Holandino, and Osvaldo Freitas. "Evaluating Pfeiffer Circular Chromatography as a Qualitative Methodology of Viscum album Homeopathic Mother Tinctures: A Multicentric Collaborative Project Between Brazil and Switzerland." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 22, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v22i2.1359.
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Viscum album (VA) is a peculiar semiparasitic plant with important role in cancer therapy. The differences in phytochemical composition as well as the influence of host tree in the metabolome of VA subspecies are already described1. Our goal is to use the Pfeiffer Circular Chromatography (PCC) as a qualitative methodology to differentiate V. album mother tinctures (VAMT). The assays were conducted in two countries: Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) and Switzerland (Arlesheim). Three VA subspecies (abietis, album, austriacum) and five host trees (Malus domestica, Quercus sp., Ulmus carpinifolia, Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba) were harvested in Switzerland in summer and winter. The VAMTs were prepared following the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia and the PCC experiments were performed as previously published2. The preliminary analysis and the reproducibility of the three independent assays performed in each experimental set are being evaluated by Image J software. The qualitative standard features will be used to the VAMT differentiation regarding the following PCC characteristics: inner and outer-zones, coloration, size, the presence of radial lines, among others. Besides, the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was performed as standard quality control methodology using the CAMAG instruments to compare the phytochemical profile of V. album mother tinctures described in the French and German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeias. The samples have been characterized by the compounds retention factor (Rf) compared to the chemical standards (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside and rutin). They present similar chemical markers when both methodologies were compared but with different intensities between season and host trees. Based on the hypothesis that the PCC patterns could be correlated with the chemical composition of VAMT, this multicentric research project will be useful to propose a low-cost and an easy methodology focused on the quality control parameters of these herbal raw materials.
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Büssing, Arndt, Thomas Ostermann, and Max Escher. "Survey on hand gestures relevance in patient practitioner communication: a homeopathic example." Homeopathy 105, no. 03 (August 2016): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.005.
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Background: Gestures play an important role in medical communication. Methods: 94 homeopaths (Mean age 49.6 years, 20% male) completed a 20-item questionnaire on utilization and relevance of gestures in patients’ symptom description. Results: After excluding nine items due to low validity (n = 4) or low item total correlation (n = 5), factor analysis of the questionnaire resulted in the following three dimensions explaining 66.6% of variance: ‘Hand gestures in relation to verbal expressions’ (5 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.81), ‘Hand Gestures describing the experience of bodily and mental symptoms’ (4 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.74) and ‘practitioners’ behavior and active attitude in observing hand gestures’ (2 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.86). Conclusion: The survey shows how homeopathic therapists view patients’ hand gestures, whether they use these diagnostically and how this relates to their homeopathic practice. Practitioners with only homeopathic influence on this topic are highly congruent to findings on hand gestures from other domains.
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Almeida, Renan Moritz V. Rodrigues. "A critical review of the possible benefits associated with homeopathic medicine." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 58, no. 6 (2003): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812003000600007.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recent scientific research progress on homeopathy. METHODOLOGY: Homeopathy was evaluated in terms of its clinical research; in vitro research, and physical foundations. The Medline database was the main reference source for the present research, concerning data of approximately the last 10 years. Secondary references (not available in this database) were obtained by means of direct requests to authors listed in the primary references. RESULTS: Clinical studies and in vitro research indicate the inefficacy of homeopathy. Some few studies with positive results are questionable because of problems with the quality and lack of appropriate experimental controls in these studies. The most recent meta-analyses on the topic yielded negative results. One of the few previous meta-analyses with positive results had serious publication bias problems, and its results were later substantially reconsidered by the main authors. The sparse in vitro homeopathic research with positive results has not been replicated by independent researchers, had serious methodological flaws, or when replicated, did not confirm the initial positive results. A plausible mechanism for homeopathic action is still nonexistent, and its formulation, by now, seems highly unlikely. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the recent scientific research on homeopathy, it can be concluded that ample evidence exists to show that the homeopathic therapy is not scientifically justifiable.
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Da Silva, Renata Macedo dos Reis Januário, Dulcinéia Furtado Teixeira, André Luiz Franco Sampaio, and Teresa Cristina Andrade Leitao Aguiar. "Analysis of in vitro activity of high dilutions of Euphorbia tirucalli L. in human melanoma cells." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 36 (December 23, 2021): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i36.504.
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Aveloz (firestick cactus; Euphorbia tirucalli L.) belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, characterized by the production of a toxic latex that has corrosive effects on the skin and mucous membranes. Continual topic use of the latex is recommended by popular medicine to treat warts, and epitheliomas. To validate this indication, ultra diluted latex and homeopathic medicine Euphorbia tirucalli were tested in vitro on the proliferation of melanoma cells. Ultra diluted latex was prepared in homeopathic dilutions 5cH, 15cH and 30cH by dilution and agitation (trituration for solid and sucussion for liquid phases) using 70º GL (Gay Lussac) ethylic alcohol (70º GL EtOH 70ºGL) as inert medium according to the guidelines in Farmacopéia Homeopática Brasileira (FHB). Homeopathic medicine Euphorbia tirucalli was prepared from mother-tincture according to the centesimal Hahnemannian method. Solutions 0.5% and 5% of 70ºGL EtOH were succussed and used as control. Human melanoma cells were cultured, treated and monitored by method MTT for 24 to 72 hours. It was observed that 0.5% 70ºGL EtOH solution had little or no effect on the proliferation of melanoma cells (5.1% maximal inhibition in dilution 30cH). Positive correlation was observed in most groups between inhibition of proliferation and diluted preparations, maximal increase (9%) was seen in with 5% latex. Moreover, mother-tincture proved to be more active than latex; treatment with 0.5% solution of latex 30cH exhibited 19.7% inhibition, whereas treatment with 0.5% solution of Euphorbia tirucalli 30cH exhibited 32.1% inhibition of cell proliferation (p
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Dutta, Abhijit, and Shubhamoy Ghosh. "Preparing and Presenting Journal Club Content: An Essential Component of Homeopathic Learning." Homeopathy 109, no. 04 (April 13, 2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701665.
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AbstractHomeopathic education has passed through significant incremental changes in the past few years, where especially postgraduate education has become increasingly slanted toward advanced knowledge of clinical work and research methods. Among many educational activities, a great source of learning is from presenting at or attending a journal club meeting, which is a gathering of people to learn and to critically appraise a journal article or other study material. There has been little previous guidance in homeopathy regarding how to prepare and present journal club content. Selection of a suitable topic is one of the critical prerequisites. Each and every step, from preparation to presentation, needs to be carefully planned and considered. For the meeting to be successful, the final discussion phase requires the active participation and critical insight of all those attending.
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Jacobs, Jennifer, L. Margarita Jimenez, Stephen S. Gloyd, James L. Gale, and Dean Crothers. "To the Editor." Pediatrics 97, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.778.
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We are writing in response to the special article by Sampson and London critiquing our May 1994 publication, "Treatment of Acute Childhood Diarrhea with Homeopathic Medicine: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Nicaragua." We are pleased that Pediatrics provided an opportunity for further debate on this topic. However, we were surprised by the general tone and the number of statistical mis-statements and incorrect inferences in this critique. Because space has been limited in this rebuttal, we would like to limit our comments to a few key points: 1) misrepresentation of our claims, 2) methodological issues, and 3) the importance of open scientific discourse.
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Monteiro da Silva, Silvio Leite, Maria Martha Bernardi, and Leoni Villano Bonamin. "Gender, Depression and Zincum metallicum." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.835.
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Background: Depression is a hot topic for research including for the homeopathy community. Laboratory models for human diseases offer the possibility to evaluate depression-like behavior in mice by the tail suspension test (TST), such as the challenge of mothers with induced inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during gestation. Moreover, it is known that gender influences depression prevalence and treatment evolution as well in a homeopathic approach. Aims: Verify if the treatment of LPS-challenged pregnant mice with homeopathic Zincum metallicum would change the depression-like behavior of the offspring according to the gender. Methodology: the procedures with animals were previously approved according to local and international law (CEUA-UNIP protocol 156-13). Pregnant randomized BALB/c mice were treated in blind with Zincum metallicum 200c, 30c, 5c and Lactose 5c as control. The treatment lasted 31 days: 21 days from the mating day to the delivery plus ten days of lactating. At the 9.5 days of pregnancy, mothers were challenged or not with 100 microgram/Kg of LPS IP. The pups were separated by sex and mother treatment. The tail suspension test was performed to all pups after they grow up to adulthood (2 months old). Results: The treatment influenced the TST according to gender, but not according to mother’s LPS exposition. Female mice born from mothers treated with 200c potency showed reduction in the immobility time in relation to the control (p-value
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Aleixo, Denise Lessa, Leoni Vilano Bonamin, and Silvana Marques De Araujo. "Homeopathy in parasitic diseases." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 11, no. 40 (December 21, 2021): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v11i40.589.
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Introduction: The use of homeopathic medicines has increased, once traditional medicines sometimes do not produce the desired effects and because side effects sometimes compromise the treatment. In recent years, research on homeopathy has clearly developed, both in the implementation of more consistent methodologies and in the description of the data and published methods, improvement are still required in these matters. The acknowledgment of homeopathy depends on the credibility of the groups researching this topic
Objective: list and criticize articles highlighting main effects, schedule of treatment and potencies used in different animals models.
Material and Methods: A review of articles published since 2000 in journals indexed in the PubMed/Scielo databases was performed. Keywords used were parasitosis/homeopathy and parasitosis/ultra-diluted, in English and Portuguese. Specialized journals such as Homeopathy, International Journal of High Dilution Research, and Brazilian Homeopathic Journal were also used. The contents of each issue of these journals were examined for the "Use of highly diluted medication in parasitic infections."
Results and Discussion: Thirty nine papers have been gathered. The methodology of the articles surveyed did not meet the requirements listed in the REHBaR[1]. Thirty seven reports have shown the benefits/effects of highly diluted medicine in the treatment of infectious diseases. In models where experimental conditions are carefully controlled, the conclusions follow the same pattern as those observed in the treatment of farm animals, where, even without completely controlled conditions, clinical result is positive. In fourteen reports using the same model, eight where animals were treated in a constant and prolonged way shown a better result, compared with six reports in which animals were treated for a short period of time, receiving a single daily dose. Several authors have conducted clinical trials using commercial formulas, which do not always provide their composition and/or dynamization, making it difficult to reproducing the experiment. In some of the articles, it was not mentioned if the experiments were repeated at least twice.
Conclusions: In parasitic infections, the effect of homeopathic medications is still controversial, and the experimental parameters for evaluation shoud be carefully chosen to avoid isolated analyses of data. Researchers should consider results regarding environmental and sanitary conditions of the animal as a whole. The improvement of techniques and expansion of knowledge about highly diluted medicines may lead to a viable alternative to treat parasitic infections. Precise and detailed descriptions will contribute to advances in the use of homeopathy, so that the wider community can benefit, in practice, from these findings.
Keywords: homeopathy, parasitic infections, CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine).
Reference
[1] Lüdtke R, Musial F, Wijk R, Witt C, Baumgartner S. Reporting experiments in homeopathic basic research (REHBaR) – A detailed guideline for authors. Homeopathy. 2009; 98:287-298.
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Gupta, Sonu, Ravinder Nath Bansal, Surender Pal Singh Sodhi, and Gursimrat Kaur Brar. "Evaluating Indian Professionals Knowledge for Innovation and Need for Patent Education." Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education 3, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v3i2.6904.
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The Patent system encourages invention, disclosure, and investment. Several patents are granted in medical sciences, but a misconception remains with health care professionals regarding criteria for patentability of their valuable invention. Though the Indian Patent system has promoted the progress of science and technology, its scope has not been extended to treatment procedures in medical and dental sciences. This research was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness of health care professionals about the Indian patent system. The study was conducted to assess the awareness and knowledge of the Indian patent system and the need for patent education among professionals of different streams. This cross-sectional study was carried out among private practitioners of different streams (medical and dental, ayurvedic, and homeopathic). Results made a poor show of patent education and knowledge. Only 6% of participants had more than 50% knowledge regarding this topic. Since educational institutions are opting for accreditations. Research and innovation is an important criterion for that. This study highlighted that there is a great need for patent education for professional and institutional growth.
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Kiss, István, Mariann Tavaszy, and Gergely Kiss. "Johann Misch Astrophilus’ book “Medicina Pauperum” in Hungarian. Copy of a lost or hidden book from 1660." Orvosi Hetilap 152, no. 27 (July 2011): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2011.29161.
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Doctors and pharmacies in the 15th Century only used handwritten copies of the prescription collections available in their time. At the beginning of book printing the publishing of prescription collections immediately became popular. They could be found on the pages of medical and pharmaceutical books of many various editions with different structure and origin, as the forerunner of the official pharmacopoeias. From the 16th Century onwards books with the title “Medicina Pauperum” were published which helped the educated people to tend to themselves, the household, the servants and their immediate surroundings case of an illness. The first work specifically on the topic or of genre of the “Medicina Pauperum” according to our knowledge appeared in Hungarian in the year 1660 and currently seems to survived only in fragments under the title of “Medicina Pauperum”, from an unknown author. A rare incident occurred in the present days as a “book” believed to be lost for us turned up from thin air. It is a “copied” manuscript in the size of 97×139 mm attached to the ribs with hemp cord, cropped around and in an unbound state. The book known before only in fractions is now available entirety handwritten on 318 pages, distributed to seven distinct parts. The research of its origin suggests that the author lived and worked in Nagyszombat and was called Johann Misch Astrophilus. The identification of the printing office was possible thanks to the examination of the initials and the gaudily, as well as the fonts and the watermark. By these results the printing very likely occurred in the Brewer Printing Press in Lőcse. For the possibility of more extensive research and value preservation the manuscript was bounded. The facsimile edition contains the magnified and digitalized pages of the original one and is published in numbered issues. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1093–1097.
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Chand, Kusum S., and Priya Kapoor. "Two Case Reports of Integrated Management of Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infection." Homeopathy 109, no. 02 (January 20, 2020): 097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1696992.
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Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in women. Cystitis after intercourse (post-coital cystitis) accounts for 60% of recurrent cases. Most physicians treat recurrent UTIs (R-UTIs) with multiple courses of antibiotics. The high prevalence indicates that this bacteria-oriented approach in the long term is ineffective for many women. A change in clinical behavior regarding use of antibiotics and recognizing the importance of a patient’s self-defense mechanisms are important considerations in combating antimicrobial resistance. Methods The intervention for each of two women with R-UTI was integrated treatment with a non-conventional and tailor-made homeopathy regimen, addressing multiple levels of disease simultaneously, for the prevention of recurrence as well as for treatment. Assessment of causal attribution of homeopathy treatment effect was carried out using the Modified Naranjo Criteria. Results Case 1 presented with chronic multi-morbid conditions, including R-UTI which had become multi-drug resistant. With regular homeopathic treatment, her antibiotic use reduced, her diabetic profile improved, and she did not need prophylactic antibiotics. Case 2 suffered from R-UTI with post-coital cystitis and burning sensation, despite following all conventional advice for treatment and prophylaxis. Addition of homeopathy improved her quality of life and prevented relapses. The Modified Naranjo Criteria total score for each patient was +10/13 and +9/13, respectively. Conclusions Addition of homeopathy can be an effective approach in integrated management of antibiotic-resistant R-UTIs. Controlled research on the topic is thus indicated.
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Iupatov, E. Yu, and A. V. Filyushina. "Early toxicosis: a review of current data." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-5-96-103.
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This article contains information from modern sources on the topic of early toxicosis, which most often occurs in the trimester, and in some cases can continue until the third trimester of pregnancy. On the occurrence of literature data, it can be said that diseases such as early toxicosis, the appearance of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women, the threat of diseases in pregnant women, neurological disorders, fetal asphyxia, rupture of the esophagus and retinal hemorrhage in the mother, as well as other complications. The pathogenesis of early toxicosis has many theories, for example, the theory of the influence of chorionic gonadotropin or the mechanical theory of the development of vomiting during pregnancy, but none of them can fully explain all cases of the disease. In this case, we can conclude that early toxicosis is multifactorial.Clinically, vomiting of pregnant women can occur in mild, moderate and severe severity, and in the latter case, the so-called vicious circle is often formed, which includes severe electrolyte disorders, neurological disorders, and alkalosis. Treatment of a mild form of vomiting of pregnant women is carried out on an outpatient basis, and moderate and severe – in a hospital. Conclusion. Based on the sources, the treatment of early toxicosis is based on an integrated approach. Undoubtedly, the basis for each degree will be diet, replenishment of water and electrolyte balance, as well as symptomatic treatment. Data are given on the use of both homeopathic remedies and drug therapy, as well as psychotherapeutic assistance to pregnant women.
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Williams, Gillian, and Mariette Harcombe. "Reconsidering the Nehushtan as a Magical Healing Device within the Geographical, Cultural, and Magico-Religious Context of the Ancient Near East." Religions 14, no. 11 (November 9, 2023): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14111404.
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According to Numbers 21:4–9, the Nehushtan was a copper/bronze snake effigy that functioned as a ‘magical’ healing tool to cure the early Israelites from venomous snakebites they incurred during their desert wanderings. What is unclear from the narrative is the symbolic significance of the event, the materials used, the technical skills required, and whether magic was at play. Firstly, when considering the magical effects of the Nehushtan, we must define which type of magic—apotropaic or sympathetic—was involved. Based upon existing scholarship on the topic, the general consensus is that the Nehushtan represented sympathetic magic, underpinned in this instance by homeopathic/imitative magic. To highlight this point, this study will provide selected examples of both types of magic so that the Nehushtan’s association with sympathetic magic can be illustrated. Secondly, and most importantly, we must consider why the image of a snake was chosen if the very affliction (envenomation) suffered by the people was caused by the creature now being posited as a symbol of divine healing. Did the ancient perceptions of snakes and healing play a role in this decision? Why did the early Israelites not question the logic behind the use of a magical snake effigy when both magic and effigies were technically prohibited by biblical laws? To answer these questions, the study will consider the historical background (the Exodus from Egypt), the set (geographical location), and the setting (cultural contact and influence) in which the narrative of the Nehushtan took place.
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Martins, Cláudio Hansel, Patrícia Musmanno, Sandra Ávila Gaspar, Josiane Bentes, Rosana Ximenes, Denise Nagamatsu, Fábio Tavares, Fábio Bolognani, and Marcia Cristina Braga Nunes Varricchio. "Teaching and practice in Homeopathy via pharmacobotany and pathophysiology." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21i1.1193.
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Background: Semiology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Phytotherapy and Homeopathy were taught through active methodology by the Moodle platform (HL) also using apps for monitoring injuries through SAPB site, building rationality for the external topic use of homeopathic and herbal medicines. At the 7th Infirmary of General Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia in Rio de Janeiro, the clinical medical team of the Benoit Mure Nucleus of Assistance Teaching and Research, made a medicinal plant garden with the agricultural/environmental educator, and community ethnical leaders. Undergraduate students from UNIFASE/FMP Academic League of Physiology and Pathophysiology planted Calendula Officinalis seedlings, destined to research in pharmacobotany and to be in touch with pharmacotechnical prepares. Aims: To follow-up the study since from seedling of Calendula Officinalis till to prepare of HUD. Methodology: To prepare medicinal garden: plant seedlings of Calendula offin accordance with good agricultural techniques. At first: Three seeds in ten pots, made in triplicate (N = 90), to obtain explants of quality analyzed whose evaluation was about plant development (explants percentual: weight, size, viability, morphology). To visit pharmacy-school to learn how to prepare matrix extracts and High Ultra-Diluted Solutions (HUD) of Calendula off 6DH. Results and Discussion: The stages of teaching semiology and practice in pharmacobotany, besides cultive plant have been completed. Viability was impaired because of lack of irrigation during 4 months (50%). Weight, size were minor than usual but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Morphology was maintained. Unfortunately, the visit to pharmacy-school couldn’t be performed at this period. Conclusion: Through hybrid learning and face-to-face activities completely realized, students had qualitative perception of the relevance about morphology and quality of plant development, chemistry plant production, aiming for resolutive actions based upon pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Because of pandemic, it was described just a preliminary experience. After returning to normal activities the experiment will be repeated.
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Kannoeva, M. V., E. V. Zoryan, and A. I. Ushakov. "Optimization of medical support of patients with partial absence of teeth in the pre- and postoperative period." Parodontologiya 24, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25636/pmp.1.2019.1.13.
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The relevance of the research topic. Despite of the improvement of methods of dental implantation the frequency of infectious and inflammatory complications caused mainly by infection of the surgical wound with the microflora of the oral cavity remains relatively high.Purpose. Improving of the effciency of surgical treatment of patients with partial secondary adentia during dental implantation and reducing the risk of development and the volume of complications by changing the protocol of medical support in the pre-and postoperative period.Methods. A comparative analysis of the results of the use of various schemes of medical support including the inclusion of antihomotoxic drugs in 346 patients during intraosseous dental implantation with preliminary surgical preparation of bone tissue in the period 2010-2017 was done. In accordance with the nature of the therapy, all patients were divided into 2 groups. Patients of the 1st group (140 people – 40,5%) underwent standard medical preparation in combination with antihomotoxic medicines. Patients of the 2nd group (139 people – 40,2%) received pre - and postoperative medication without the inclusion of antihomotoxic drugs according to the above scheme. There was also a separate group of patients who were contraindicated antibacterial therapy (67 people – 19,3%), who were prescribed antiseptic and antihomotoxic medicines.Results. In the early postoperative period, inflammatory complications were signifcantly more common in the group of patients received standard therapy in contrast to the groups in which antihomotoxic drugs were included (p < 0.05). In the long-term postoperative period the complications of bone augmentation operations were revealed in 29 cases out of 346, the rate of complications was 8.4% (frequency 10.0%; confdence interval: 5.6-16.4%).Summary. On the basis of our research we made a conclusion about the usefulness of homeopathic medicines in the standard scheme of the pre - and postoperative medical support of patients during dental implantation and related operations.
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Endler, PC, Jurgen Schulte, and Beate Stock Schroeer. ""Ultra-high Dilution" 1994 revisited 2014: Follow up of experiments and theories." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 14, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v14i2.782.
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Background: “Research in ultra-high dilutions, and the interaction of ultra-high dilutions and living systems, has reached a level of quality and popularity that it is about to be taken seriously by current … sciences …†the editors wrote in their introduction to “Ultra High Dilution. Physiology and Physicsâ€, published by Kluwer (now Springer) in 19941. Back then, this anthology assembled contributions of leading scientists in fundamental and clinical research on homeopathy. Over the following two decades, it became widely quoted within the homeopathic community and also known in other research communities.
Aim: To re-visit and review the 1994 studies in biology, physics, biophysics and clinics from the perspective of 2014.
Methods: As a rule, the original authors from 1994 or closed laboratory colleagues were asked to contribute papers covering their research efforts and learnings in the period from1994 up to 2014. These contributions were a) edited and cross-referenced and b) peer reviewed via the Elsevier Electronic System in preparation of a special issue of the journal “Homeopathyâ€, London, to appear in October 2015.
Results: Part 1 (Biology) includes chapters
• on dose-dependent hormesis effects in low and very low doses by Menachem Oberbaum, who was also the author on this topic in 1994;
• on further results on the “classical†model with wheat and an ultra high dilution (UHD) of a silver salt by Waltraud Scherer-Pongratz, also author in 1994, et al.; on the model with highland amphibians and an UHD of the hormone thyroxine by Christian Endler, also author in 1994, et al.; and on a new model derived from the latter two, combining wheat and a plant hormone by Scherer-Pongratz and Endler;
• on a botanical and a zoological survey on high dilution research by the new contributors Tim Jäger, Stephan Baumgartner et al. and Leoni Bonamin et al., as well as a survey on immunological research by Bernard Poitevin, also author in 1994.
• on UHD research from the laboratory of Madeleine Bastide, decedée, now pursued by Bonamin, and from the laboratory of Jacques Benveniste, decedé, now pursued by Yoléne Thomas;
Part 2 (Biophysics) includes chapters
• on effects of homeopathic medicines in closed vials by Roeland van Wijk, also author in 1994, et al.;
• on electromagnetic and magentic vector potential bio-information and water by Cyril Smith, also author in 1994;
Part 3 (Physics) includes chapters
• on investigation topics, models and theories presented by various authors in 1994, followed up by Jurgen Schulte;
• on experimental methods by Schulte, also author in 1994;
• on the recent discussion on the theory of entanglement by Schulte
Part 4 (Clinics) includes chapters
• on provings of UHDs on healthy volunteers by Harald Walach, also author in 1994;
• on a review by Robert Mathie of clinical research on homeopathy, as a follow-up to Max Haidvogl’s contribution (Haidvogl being happily retired) referring to Klaus Linde in 1994.
Furthermore,
• a contribution on quality and standards of reporting in homeopathy research was added by Beate Stock-Schroer,
• a bibliographic survey on repetitions of experiments on UHDs by Endler et al. was included,
• the outlook on “preliminary elements of a theory on UHDs†from 1994 was updated by the editors;
• and Marco Righetti, as well as Peter Fisher, also contributors in 1994, wrote prefaces.
Conclusion: “Ultra High Dilution revisitedâ€, the special issue of “Homeopathyâ€, October 2015, may be seen as a “buena vista social club†of homeopathy researchers 1994 (luckily supported by younger colleagues), as a disclosure of new results on the old models (what happened between 1994 and 2014?), as well as a general survey on the state of UHD research.
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Telles Filho, Paulo Celso Prado, Talita Emanuele Domingues, Marcos Luciano Pimenta Pinheiro, and Patricia Wichr. "Side effects caused by the use of psychotropic drugs in patients with psychological distress." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 5, no. 3 (April 22, 2011): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.1262-12560-1-le.0503201113.
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ABSTRACTObjective: to identify and analyze the side effects of psychotropic drugs in patients with psychological distress. Methodology: this is about a descriptive study, performed at the Center for Psychosocial Care in a city of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire adapted from the literature and applied in 50 non-intensive patients, the analysis of data was performed based on the comparison of findings from current literature on the topic with data identified by the questionnaire used, obtained the approval of the Coordination Center for Psychosocial Care and Ethics Committee of Scientific Research, State University of Montes Claros - Protocol 1788/2009, Results: it was found that the main side effects were related to behavioral 34 (68%), weight 32 (64%), urinary 29 (58%) and neurological 23 (46%) changes. Conclusions: in conclusion, due to the existence of significant side effects caused by psychotropic drugs, nurses should increase the focus of their practice towards strategies to minimize and treat those effects. Descriptors: medication systems; homeopathic vehicles; nursing.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar e analisar os efeitos colaterais de medicamentos psicotrópicos em pacientes em sofrimento psíquico. Metodologia: trata-se de estudo descritivo realizado no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de um município de Minas Gerais, a coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de um questionário adaptado de estudo consagrado pela literatura e aplicado em 50 pacientes não intensivos, a análise dos dados a partir da comparação de achados da literatura com os dados identificados através do questionário utilizado, obteve-se a aprovação pela Coordenação do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial, bem como do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Científica da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - protocolo 1788/2009. Resultados: verificou-se que os principais efeitos colaterais encontrados estão relacionados a alterações de comportamento 34 (68%), de peso 32 (64%), urinárias 29 (58%) e neurológicas 23 (46%). Conclusão: os resultados desse estudo revelam a existência de importantes efeitos colaterais proporcionados pelos medicamentos psicotrópicos. Uma vez que se trata de pacientes em sofrimento psíquico, nos quais é de grande necessidade a utilização desses medicamentos, evidencia-se a necessidade de se utilizar estratégias que favoreçam diminuição de sua dosagem. Também o cuidado do enfermeiro necessita estar focado em estratégias de minimização e tratamento de tais efeitos. Descritores: sistemas de medicação; veículos homeopáticos; enfermagem.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar y analizar los efectos colaterales de medicamentos psicotrópicos en pacientes en sufrimiento psíquico. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, realizado en el CAPS de un municipio de Minas Gerais, la recolección de datos fue realizada a partir de un cuestionario adaptado de estudio consagrado, aplicado en 50 pacientes no intensivos. La análisis destes se realizó sobre la base de la comparación de los resultados de la literatura vigente com los datos identificados por el cuestionário utilizado, obtuvo la aprobación del CAPS y el Comité de Ética de la Investigación Científica, de la Universidad Estatal de Montes Claros - Protocolo n° 1788/2009. Resultados: se verificó que los principales efectos colaterales se relacionaron con alteraciones de comportamiento 34 (68%), peso 32 (64%), urinarias 29 (58%) y neurológicas 23 (46%). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio revelan la existencia de efectos secundarios significativos en forma de medicamentos psicotrópicos. Una vez que se trata de trastornos psicológicos en los pacientes, donde hay una gran necesidad para el uso de estos fármacos, destaca la necesidad de utilizar estrategias que fomenten la reducción de su dosis. Además, los cuidados de enfermería debe enfocarse en las estrategias para reducir al mínimo o el tratamiento de tales efectos. Descriptores: sistemas de medicación; vehículos homeopáticos; enfermería.
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Konkel, Karen, Nurettin Oner, Abdulaziz Ahmed, S. Christopher Jones, Eta S. Berner, and Ferhat D. Zengul. "Using natural language processing to characterize and predict homeopathic product-associated adverse events in consumer reviews: comparison to reports to FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, October 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocad197.
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Abstract Objective Apply natural language processing (NLP) to Amazon consumer reviews to identify adverse events (AEs) associated with unapproved over the counter (OTC) homeopathic drugs and compare findings with reports to the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Materials and methods Data were extracted from publicly available Amazon reviews and analyzed using JMP 16 Pro Text Explorer. Topic modeling identified themes. Sentiment analysis (SA) explored consumer perceptions. A machine learning model optimized prediction of AEs in reviews. Reports for the same time interval and product class were obtained from the FAERS public dashboard and analyzed. Results Homeopathic cough/cold products were the largest category common to both data sources (Amazon = 616, FAERS = 445) and were analyzed further. Oral symptoms and unpleasant taste were described in both datasets. Amazon reviews describing an AE had lower Amazon ratings (X2 = 224.28, P < .0001). The optimal model for predicting AEs was Neural Boosted 5-fold combining topic modeling and Amazon ratings as predictors (mean AUC = 0.927). Discussion Topic modeling and SA of Amazon reviews provided information about consumers’ perceptions and opinions of homeopathic OTC cough and cold products. Amazon ratings appear to be a good indicator of the presence or absence of AEs, and identified events were similar to FAERS. Conclusion Amazon reviews may complement traditional data sources to identify AEs associated with unapproved OTC homeopathic products. This study is the first to use NLP in this context and lays the groundwork for future larger scale efforts.
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Leemhuis, Hauke, and Roland Seifert. "Prescriptions of homeopathic remedies at the expense of the German statutory health insurance from 1985 to 2021: scientific, legal and pharmacoeconomic analysis." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, March 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03005-x.
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AbstractThe prescription of homeopathic remedies at the expense of the statutory health insurance (SHI) system in Germany has been criticized for years due to a lack of evidence. Now, on the planned abolition of the reimbursement of homeopathic medicines in Germany, the debate on this topic has been reignited. The aim of this paper is to show the costs and their development over time incurred by homeopathic remedies in the healthcare system from 1985 to 2021. For this purpose, 15 selected homeopathic medicines were chosen from the drug prescription report (Arzneiverordnungsreport) and analyzed with regard to their development of DDD (Defined Daily Dose) using data from the Wissenschaftliches Institut der Ortskrankenkassen (WidO, Scientific Institute of the General Local Health Insurance Funds) and compared with their respective rational pharmacological alternatives. The price comparison was based on the DDD costs and the pharmacy retail price of the smallest packaging in each case. The clinical study situation for the preparations was also analyzed. For this purpose, the clinical studies provided by the manufacturer and those on PubMed were divided into evidence levels and analyzed. In addition, the presentation of homeopathic remedies on company websites, in online pharmacies, in specialist information and package leaflets was analyzed with regard to side effects, interactions, indication, and information on the alleged effect/proof of efficacy. In many media, information on homeopathic medicines remained incomplete, and non-compliance with the Therapeutic Product Advertising Act (Heilmittelwerbegesetz) was noted. Naming of the products if often very suggestive, too. Manufacturers’ claims of efficacy go far beyond what can be considered proven in terms of evidence-based medicine and the quality of most clinical studies is poor. Homeopathic remedies are on average significantly more expensive than their rational pharmacological alternatives. Furthermore, DDD costs have continued to rise over the years analyzed. In aggregate, from a pharmacoeconomic, legal, and scientific perspective, abolition of reimbursement of homeopathic medicines in Germany at the expense of the SHI system is well justified.
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Veyrier, Clair-Antoine, Guillaume Roucoux, Laurence Baumann-Coblentz, Jacques Massol, Jean-Claude Karp, Jean-Philippe Wagner, Olivier Chassany, and Martin Duracinsky. "Homeopathy as Praxis: Integration of Homeopathy as Supportive Care into Daily Life in Early Breast Cancer Patients." Integrative Cancer Therapies 23 (January 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15347354241233302.
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Introduction: Homeopathy is one of most widely used non-conventional supportive care methods used by women with breast cancer. This article aims to describe the routines and practices related to homeopathy as supportive care used by women with non-metastatic breast cancer in France. Methods: This qualitative study used Grounded Theory. Participants were women with early breast cancer and healthcare professionals (General Practitioner homeopaths & oncologists). Inclusion depended on specific criteria and the aim of theoretical sampling until data saturation. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups following evolving topic guides. Transcribed interviews underwent in-depth thematic analysis. Inclusion, interviewing, transcription and coding occurred iteratively. Data was reported according to COREQ guidelines. Results: The therapeutic agency of homeopathy was distributed to different actors and ritualized material activities highly involving the patient. The choice of remedy was mostly delegated by patients to General Practitioner homeopaths (GPH) during consultations. Individualization, that is to say adaptation to the patient, differed from other modes of access to homeopathy (self-medication and oncologists). Self-medication was mostly limited to known products in a limited time frame. However, we identified a supported self-medication using trusted homeopathic protocols. Following homeopathic prescriptions involves a high level of commitment on behalf of the patient and follows different rules for homeopathy intake. This knowledge was either acquired earlier for users or discovered along breast cancer treatment for non-users. Taking homeopathy involved small daily actions for intake of different products at different times of the day. New users used strategies to ease the integration of homeopathy into their daily life. The stance toward such rules differed among patients. Some followed rules to optimize their effects while others simplified the rules and took those rituals as part of homeopathy benefits. Conclusion: Homeopathy as supportive care in breast cancer is distributed toward different actors and ritualized activities. Homeopathy is a supported practice where GPH played a role in the prescription. Health Literacy in homeopathy played a role to ease its integration into daily life and identify the potential benefits. The high involvement of patients in their homeopathic treatment is a form of treatment reappropriation and empowerment.
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Borkens, Yannick, Udo Endruscheit, and Christian W. Lübbers. "Homeopathy—A lively relic of the prescientific era." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, March 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-023-02164-w.
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SummaryHomeopathy was first postulated by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796 and 220 years later homeopathy is the most popular and widespread alternative medicine. Partly, it is also part of the national healthcare and insurance systems but homeopathy is not without controversy within the medical and healthcare community. Its implausible basic assumptions, some of which contradict natural laws, do not lead us to expect that its remedies have any specific effect. In fact, there is no study or systematic review to date that reliably certifies homeopathy to have an effect beyond the placebo effect and other context effects. In this respect it must be disconcerting how widely homeopathy is applied and represented in therapeutic practice. It indeed claims a role within scientific (evidence-based) medicine but cannot substantiate this claim. It displays clear characteristics of pseudoscience [1]. This implies a lot of problems, such as misleading people and tackling medical ethics up to scientific publication practices. Furthermore, it turns out that quite a few people do not know exactly what homeopathy is, which may lead them to make wrong decisions for their personal health. This article summarizes the information about homeopathy and its problematic implications and serves as a general introduction to this topic and its unacceptable role in today’s medicine.The medical irrelevance of the sham method of homeopathy has been proven with more than sufficient probability [2]. As a major testimonial, the statement “Homeopathic products and practices” of the European (EASAC 2017) can be regarded. The primary aim of this brief report is therefore not to take another look at homeopathy from a medical scientific perspective, but rather focus attention on the implications of the still continuous and largely uncritically accepted existence of this method in medical practice, in the medical scientific sphere and in the judgement of the general public.
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Amol Pore, Sanjay Bais, and Revansiddheshwar Kore. "Review on Herbal Monograph Preparation." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, January 31, 2023, 825–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-8049.
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For instance, the British, Indian, and Japanese pharmacopoeias are manuals for the manufacture of high-quality medications that are released by a governing body or a concerned organisation. The therapeutic compendium and flavouring aggregation, however, are superior monographs on plant medicine (description of preparation on single topic). A compendium of knowledge is a pharmacopoeial work. on active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or products (APP), including details on their solubility, impurity profiles, testing processes, and checks for contaminants. A book that discusses a botanical remedy and provides details essential for accurately recognising it may be referred to as a flavouring treatise. It provides the basic explanation, terminology, the amount used, and the ingredients, several application methods, contraindications, and an aspect. effects, medicine compatibility issues, dose, usage,, herb. For all individuals and organisations engaged in pharmaceutical analysis and development, manufacturing, and testing on a global scale, Aggregation is an essential resource. By developing standards of identity, purity, and analysis for botanicals as well as by reviewing both ancient and modern knowledge regarding their efficacy and safety, the flavouring association hopes to promote the responsible use of flavouring medicines with the highest possible degree of effectiveness and safety. The American Flavoring Association (AHP) and individuals from various nations (such as the United States Association, the European Association, the Association of the People's Republic of China, and the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia) shall encourage the responsible use of flavouring the best feasible combination of safe and effective drugs, and to spread this knowledge. via means of monographs and other books. BP is currently used as a primary reference in more than 100 countries; the Yankee Flavoring Consortium (AHP) plans to offer 300 monographs on botanicals, including some of the Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Western herbs most frequently used in the USA; the Indian Flavoring Association (IHP) in its cover version covers 52 monographs on Indian meditative plants; and the African Flavoring Association (AHP) provides comprehensive and up to date botanic, commercial, and phytochemical information Many meditation plants employed in ancient Chinese culture have monographs in The People's Republic of China (PPRC, English ed. 2000). Some UN agency members don't have their own collection but instead adhere to one or more groups representing diverse states (e.g., in Australia, flavouring raw materials area unit needed to be attested to the relevant potential treatise within the British pharmacopoeia). The World Health Organization (WHO) has released 117 flavouring monographs since 1999 in four volumes, with the goal of promoting worldwide harmony in the internal management and use of flavouring medications as well as serving as templates for the creation of national formularies. in addition to a second volume (30 monographs, thirteen new and seventeen adopted from the present monographs). Each UN agency monograph contains a systematic description of facts regarding a small number of distinct medicinal plants or illicit substances on nineteen different themes, spanning from I Definition to (xvii) of different countries (e.g., in Australia, flavouring raw materials area unit needed to be attested to the relevant potential treatise within the British pharmacopoeia).Since 1999, 117 flavouring monographs have been released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in four volumes, along with 30 extra volumes that contain dosage forms, material medica, and references (xviii, xviii, xix). The flavouring aggregate consists of excellent and helpful botanical monographs. This comprehensive scientific reference list on the calibre, security, and efficacy of medicinal herbs is provided as a guide for flavouring discussions. The official compendia in the pharmacopoeia should not be considered to be a substitute for the UN agency monographs. Various plant parts, including as leaves, blossoms, fruit, seeds, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes, ergot, shrubs, and flowers, are utilised as raw materials in organised medicine publications. In contrast, monographs on non-organic medicine list items like juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, latex, resins, fish liver oils, musk, beeswax, specific hormones, enzymes, and antitoxins in fresh or dry states, as well as other substances and blister beetles that can be whole, fragmented, or small-grained..