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Academic literature on the topic 'Homeopathy – Attenuations, dilutions, and potencies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Homeopathy – Attenuations, dilutions, and potencies"
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Bellavite, Paolo, Riccardo Ortolani, Francesco Pontarollo, Valeria Piasere, Giovanni Benato, and Anita Conforti. "Immunology and Homeopathy. 4. Clinical Studies—Part 2." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 4 (2006): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel046.
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The clinical studies on the effectiveness of homeopathy in respiratory allergy (18 randomized trials and 9 observational studies) are described. The literature of common immunologic disorders including also upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and otorhinolaryngology (reported in part 1), is evaluated and discussed. Most of initial evidence-based research was addressed to the question of whether homeopathic high dilutions are placebos or possess specific effects, but this question has been often equivocal and is still a matter of debate. The evidence demonstrates that in some conditions homeopathy shows significant promise, e.g.Galphimia glauca(low dilutions/potencies) in allergic oculorhinitis, classical individualized homeopathy in otitis and possibly in asthma and allergic complaints, and a few low-potency homeopathic complexes in sinusitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. A general weakness of evidence derives from lack of independent confirmation of reported trials and from presence of conflicting results, as in case of homeopathic immunotherapy and of classical homeopathy for URTI. The suitable methods to evaluate homeopathy effectiveness, without altering the setting of cure, are also analyzed.
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Thompson, Elizabeth A. "Homeopathy and the menopause." British Menopause Society Journal 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/136218002100321857.
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Significant numbers of patients in developed countries use complementary, alternative, or unconventional medicine. Homoeopathy is one of the most widespread and controversial of these therapies and has been used for over 150 years. There are two main theoretical tenets: the principle of "similars" and the use of dilutions called "potencies". The principle of "similars" states that patients with particular signs and symptoms can be cured if given a drug that produces the same signs and symptoms in a healthy individual. The second principle is that remedies retain biological activity if they are repeatedly diluted and agitated or shaken between each dilution. Data from case histories, observational studies and uncontrolled trials suggest that the homeopathic approach can offer a clinically relevant choice for women with menopausal symptoms and those with breast cancer whether they are taking tamoxifen or not. Randomised controlled trials are being conducted to investigate this potential benefit.
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Arora, Saurav. "The structural spectra of high dilutions and their unconventional application." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 1 (August 18, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i1.815.
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Until few years, the so-called implausible science, homeopathy, was on the verge of being rejected on conventional physicochemical grounds. The mere selection of ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) (homeopathic potencies) for experimentation by mainstream scientists seemed impossible, but the curiosity to explore the science behind homeopathy kept igniting intellectual alma mater who subjected homeopathy to laboratories and test tubes, to know beyond its clinical application.
Still, there exist a huge gap and a challenge to convince a conventional scientist to go beyond his domains and look for something which is apparently invisible (beyond Avogadro). But gradually we are overcoming this dogma and exploring the finer aspects and applications of UHDs. Much research has been undertaken, at least, to protect the identity of UHDs, and we are now verge of proving the plausibility of homeopathy from every aspect.
This issue of International Journal of High Dilution Research features two interesting articles on nature of UHDs and their unconventional application.
The first article by NC Sukul et al aimed to decipher the nature of the water structure of UHDs of two commonly used homeopathic drugs Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. This work is in the series undertaken by the group, who earlier experimented using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Electronic, Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy to shown differences in UHDs of various drugs. The present experiment could differentiate the intensities (potencies) of Nat-m and Sulph when compared to their controls, on the basis of hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups.
The second article by Nandy et al proposes a new dimension to the application of UHD. In an interesting manner, the author used UHDs of Ferrum metallicum and Zincum oxidatum to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). The PVDF-HFP composite films were synthesized in their usual way, but an incorporation of Ferrum and Zinc-o could make the film as homeo-PVDF-composite. This enhancement of the electrical properties and are possibly due to the presence of nanoparticle, as hypothesized by the group.
The nature and application of UHDs are promising but challenging areas, which can only be validated through extensive research and validation. The realm of UHDs is expanding, and the day is not far when plausibility of homeopathy would be proved from every aspect, but at the same time we should also keep the momentum of research at pace in clinical research too!
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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, and Anirban Sukul. "Proteins as targets for high dilutions of drugs: Interaction between ?-amylase and mercuric chloride." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.920.
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Background: High dilutions of drugs, used in homeopathy, are usually applied by oral route or foliar spray. These dilutions first come in contact with membrane or circulating proteins. Ultra low doses of mercuric chloride, called potencies, promote activity of diastase or ?-amylase in terms of breakdown of starch, a polysaccharide into a disaccharide maltose in a cell-free medium in test tubes. Merc cor or HgCl2 in high doses inhibits the enzyme activity.
Aims: To see (i) whether the high and ultra low dose effects of HgCl2 involve different binding sites of the enzyme and (ii) to find an explanation for the low dose effect of HgCl2 in spite of absence of its original molecules.
Methodology: Merc cor mother tincture (147 mM HgCl2) in distilled water was used undiluted in this experiment. Merc cor 200c and 1000c were prepared from the mother tincture (MT) by successive dilution with water 1:100 followed by succussion in 200 and 1000 steps, respectively, and finally preserved in 90% EtOH. These potencies and blank 90% ethanol, were diluted with deionized, distilled (DD) water 1:1000 to minimize ethanol content in test solutions. Each test solution or control was mixed with the enzyme 1:10 just before experiment. The control consisted of DD water. An isothermal calorimetry (ITC) instrument was used to measure the interaction between soluble starch and ?-amylase mixed with each potency (200c/1000c) of Merc cor, its mother tincture, ethanol and control. ITC is a thermodynamic technique which helps in measuring directly very small amount of heat evolved during chemical reaction. Soluble starch 90 µM was injected into 300 µl of 15µM ?-amylase at 2 µl / injection. Twenty injections, one every 2 min, were given. The enzyme substrate interaction in terms of heat released (exothermic) or absorbed (endothermic) were monitored by the ITC instrument. All ITC measurements were calculated and analyzed statistically by an in-built software Origin 7.
Results and discussion: The data are presented in figures. While Merc cor MT shows endothermic reaction, all its potencies, ethanol and water control show exothermic reactions. There is wide variation in enthalpy (?H), entropy (?S), binding constant (K) and Gibbs free energy change (?G) among the treatments with Merc cor MT, potencies, ethanol and also control. The results indicate that Merc cor MT and its potencies act on different binding sites of the enzyme. The variation in thermodynamic parameters suggest difference in binding interaction between the drug solutions and the enzyme. This in turn influences the enzyme substrate interaction as reported in earlier studies. The potencies are virtually water modified by the starting substance HgCl2.
Conclusion: The mother tincture and potencies of mercuric chloride produce different effects on the enzyme substrate interaction. Potencies show wide variation in ?H, ?S, K and ?G values. It appears from the results that the drugs used in homeopathy produce dual action on proteins. At high doses they act on a binding site(s) but at ultra low doses they act on a different binding site(s). Proteins in an organism may serve as targets for initiation of action of homeopathic potencies.
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Shah, Rajesh. "Evaluating the anticancer effects of high-dilution preparations of carcinogens such as HIV virus, Hepatitis C virus, Ethanol and Cancer tissues in in-vitro models." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 18, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v18i1.913.
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Background
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. The recent experiments with high-diluted preparations have shown anticancer effects in in-vitro and vivo models. The fundamental principle of homeopathy suggests that the substances capable of producing certain diseases may have a capacity to alter the same disease if used in the ultra-dilute-potentized form. This hypothesis led certain carcinogens for examining their potential anti-cancer efficacy.
Method
Sulforhodamine B assay is useful in determining the cytotoxicity in cell-based studies in evaluating anticancer agents. The protocol involved preparation of homeopathy dilutions, incubation of cells with homeopathy dilutions, SRB binding, and measurement of absorbance. Cells were treated with 30 potencies of HIV nosode, Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, Cancer nosode, and Ethanol along with positive control (Adriamycin). The preparations were tested in HeLa, HepG2, A549, MCF 7, T 24, Jurkat, SCC 40, and HL-60 cell-lines.
Results
The homeopathic preparations have shown the anticancer activity measured as percentage growth inhibition. All the homeopathy preparations studied, exhibited anticancer activity on HeLa, HepG2, A 549, T 24, and HL-60 cells. Carcinosin showed the anticancer activity on the SCC 40 cells. Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, and Cancer nosode have shown the anticancer activity on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. None of the preparations exhibited anticancer activity on Human Leukemia Cell Line.
Conclusion
High-dilution, potentized preparations of certain carcinogens have demonstrated anti-cancer, cytotoxic effects in the cell-line model, supporting the rationale of the fundamental homeopathic principle the Law of Similars, opening windows to its wider applications in healthcare.
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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, Md Amir Sohel, Asmita Sengupta, and Anirban Sukul. "DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.906.
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Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.
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Wittenburg, Christine, and Jean Ellen Duckworth. "Comparison of aluminum toxicology and homeopathic Alumina: a mixed methods study." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 08–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.897.
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Toxicology forms part of homeopathy. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, incorporated many toxicological symptoms in his Materia Medica. These symptoms are part of the information homeopathic practitioners relay on to choose the appropriate medication for their patients. This medication is administered in form of ultra-high dilutions. Hahnemann also developed Materia Medica on the base of provings done with high diluted substances only – simply because these substances did not have a known toxicology at his time. Alumina is one of these substances. Today we possess a reliable toxicology of aluminum and its compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the grade of concordance between homeopathic (highly diluted) Alumina and aluminum toxicology. A striking concordance will add to evidence of homeopathically potentized substances.
The present was a literature-based investigation conducted from a phenomenologist stance. The design is a novel one. Symptoms of aluminum intoxication were obtained from case reports published in scholarly journals. 70 original research articles containing case-reports of 5 aluminum-induced diseases served for the extraction of over 300 symptoms. These symptoms were compared to Hahnemann´s Alumina proving symptoms.
A review of modern investigations of the toxic effects of aluminum showed that the conventional medical paradigm and basic science are just starting to explore the huge number of noxious effects the metal has on human, animal and plant health. Qualitative explorations of the relevant homeopathic literature (toxicology in homeopathy and Alumina in randomized controlled trials) resulted in the finding that toxicology plays a minor role in modern homeopathy and that Alumina has been poorly investigated.
The result of the quantitative part of this study – the comparison of proving and toxicology obtained from clinical cases – shows an uneven picture. It leads to only partly significant concordances between symptoms from both sources which are strong in core areas of Alumina´s remedy action while the overall comparison shows a coincidence of 50.76% (39.76% for symptoms probably produced by UHDs).
This study has to be seen as a pilot for a literature-based proof of the evidence of homeopathic potencies. There remains much to be done, especially in the realm of homeopathic proving and its design. Hahnemann´s procedure – to rely on sensible provers – should be reconsidered. The reproving of Alumina should be envisaged.
Keywords: Homeopathy, proving, toxicology, homeopathic pathogenetic trial (HPT), Alumina, aluminum
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Goyens, Martine, Etienne Capieaux, Philippe Devos, Pierre Dorfman, and Michel Van Wassenhoven. "Nanoparticle Characterisation of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Cuprum metallicum and Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Controls." Homeopathy 107, no. 04 (August 25, 2018): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666864.
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Background Homeopathy is controversial due to its use of very highly diluted medicines (high potencies/dynamisations). Methods We used a multi-technology approach to examine dilutions of two commonly used homeopathic medicines: an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, and a soluble plant tincture, Gelsemium sempervirens, for the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of original substance. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared, according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamisations with simple dilutions and controls. Results Using Mass Spectrometry (Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) we could not find the expected copper in the 4cH potentisation and could not confirm the results previously obtained by Chikramane et al (2010). For Gelsemium medicines, using sensitive chromatography (HPLC-UV) up to a dilution level of 6 dH (3cH = dilution 10e-6), there was no significant difference in alkaloid content between a simple dilution and a homeopathic potency.For higher potentisations, however, NP tracking analysis findings revealed the presence of particles in all samples (except for pure water). The measurements showed large differences in particle quantities, mean particle sizes and standard deviations of the mean sizes between manufacturing lines of different starting material.There was always more material in potentised medicines than in potentised pure water. Gelsemium yielded the largest quantity of material (36 times more than that from copper at the same potentisation, 30 cH). The shapes and the chemical composition of the material are differentiable between different medicines and controls. Conclusion Potentisation influences specifically the nature of NPs detected. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamised or not) does not match with the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The Avogadro/Loschmidt limit is not relevant at all. It was not possible to reproduce the findings of Chikramane et al (2010) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with copper. Copper NPs could not be detected at 4cH and above.
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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, Indrani Chakraborty, Achintya Singha, Dipanwita Majumdar, and Anirban Sukul. "Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.866.
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Background
            Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHD’s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question.
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Objective :
            The medium of UHD’s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHD’s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy.
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Method :
            Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. For Sulphur and Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and for Calcarea carb and Sepia the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied.
The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.
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Results :
All the UHD’s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHD’s from low to high ranks of both Natrum mur and Sulphur show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning  R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHD’s of Calcarea carb and Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHD’s is 81002 for Calcarea carb, and 8>202
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Jerman, Igor, and Vesna PeriÄek Krapež. "UHD, electronic homeopathy and organisms – do they share a common language?" International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.867.
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Introduction
Homeopathy, at least in its UHD aspect, proves that the biological function of molecules (their “messageâ€) can be transmitted from some original material substance through pure water to living systems (1). Even if in general this transmission is based on serial dilutions of mother tinctures, experiments demonstrate it can be realized also via modified environmental EM fields, i.e. through the air as is known from the experiments performed by Montagnier (2), Endler and our group (3). It is also known as electronic homeopathy and is capable of a very similar achievement to UHD homeopathy without any chemical continuity between mother tincture and the final informed water. Quantum field theory developed by Preparata and Del Giudice brings theoretical ground to understanding and explaining this, for contemporary physicists, seemingly impossible phenomenon (4). Namely, it is not only that molecular information can be transmitted and stored in pure (UHD) water, but also that it can provoke changes in organisms.
Theoretical model
According to quantum electrodynamics, the interactions between an original substance, water and an organism are enabled by coherent domains (CDs). Many experiments corroborate the capacity of CDs to get entangled (phase locking) with the complex field of mother tincture’s substance(s) and consequently to encode the message of the tincture. However this is not the end of the process; this code must later be decoded from the side of the organism (and it seems that it can be even decoded by chemical systems, according to Elia (5)) and make an appropriate reaction. We assume that in case of organisms the endogenous coherent EM field first proposed by Fröhlich is responsible for the decoding; however a homeostatic energy barrier must be broken. Many experiments confirm that even physiological states, not only chemical messages ((6, 7) can be transmitted through the same channel.
The language of CDs and other EM coherent modes is not violent – the message of a molecule is presented in a way that provokes a reaction but cannot force the organism into a pathological or dead state. Therefore we can speak of a subtle (bio)chemistry and pharmacology, based on coherent modes and using a universal common language understandable to molecules and organisms.
Conclusion
ï€ Chemicals, water coherent domains, endogenous coherent oscillations of organisms and physiological responses must share a common denominator;
ï€ quantum field oscillations and their wave structures could represent the denominator and therefore the active molecular information;
ï€ potentization somewhat sharpens these wave structures, gives them more penetrative power, which makes higher potencies (dilutions) generally more effective – as they must break the homeostatic barrier of organismic endogenous EM field.
ï€ understanding the language implied in the first point as well as deeper mechanisms of sharpening the molecular information will enable us to enter a new era of subtle (bio)chemistry and pharmacology, surpassing not only contemporary pharmaceutical practice, but also the homeopathic one.
References
[1] P. Bellavite, M. Marzotto, D. Olioso, E. Moratti, A. Conforti, High-dilution effects revisited. 1. Physicochemical aspects. Homeopathy. 103(1):4-21 (2014).
[2] Monatagnier et al., DNA waves and water, arXiv:1012.5166v1 [q-bio.OT] (2010).
[3] I. Jerman, R. RužiÄ, R. KraÅ¡ovec, M. Å karja, L. Mogilnicki, Electrical transfer of molecule information into water, its storage and bioeffects on plants and bacteria. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 24(3): 341-354 (2005).
[4] E. Del Guidice, P. R. Spinetti, A. Tedeschi, Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms. Water. 2010, 2, 566-568; doi:10.3390/w2030566.
[5] Elia V. in Niccoli M. 1999. Thermodynamics of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 879: 241-248.
[6] C. W. Smith, Quanta and Coherence Effects in Water and Living Systems. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 10(1):69-78. (2004).
[7] A. Foletti, J. Pokorny, Biophysical approach to low back pain: a pilot report. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 34 (2): 156-159 (2015).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Homeopathy – Attenuations, dilutions, and potencies"
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Van, Schalkwyk Christiaan Johannes. "The physical properties of homoeopathic potencies in relation to their use." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2765.
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Dissertation submitted in partial oomplianoe with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Homoeopathy at Technikon Natal, 1998.In this dissertation the physical properties of potencies in relation to their use is discussed. The investigation was divided into three: 1) Determination of the physical properties (surface tension and electro-conductivity) of the potencies, 2) Determination of which potencies are used most often (by means of a questionnaire), and 3) To try to find a collaboration between physical properties and use of potencies.
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Middleborough, Justin Brett. "The relative efficacy of evening primrose oil and low homoeopathic potency gamma linolenic acid in the management of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in males age 5-13." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2788.
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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2004.The aim of the study was to evaluate the relative efficacy ofhomoeopathically prepared Gamma Linolenic acid (GLA) in comparison to supplementation of GLA, in the form of Evening Primrose oil, in the treatment of ADD/ ADHD with regard to inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. It was hypothesised that both the homoeopathically prepared GLA and the Evening Primrose oil would result in a substantial improvement in boys diagnosed with ADD/ ADHD and thus lead to their recommendation as an alternative to Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin\xAE) in the treatment ofthese disorders.
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Peckham, Allen. "The effect of a homoeopathic complex (Candidum, Helonias, Mercurius solubilis and Sepia officinalis) on growth and germ tube production of Candida albicans." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2839.
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A dissertation in partial compliance with the Master's Diploma in Technology: Homoeopathy, Technikon Natal, 1996.The aim of the study was to establish the effect of a Helonias complex on the growth of Candida albicans in vitro in terms of growth rate, maximum specific growth rate, latent period before maximum specific growth rate and percentage germ tube production so as to establish the area of action of homoeopathic remedies
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Naicker, Dinesha. "An ontological analysis of the visual expression of water based homeopathic remedy, Natrum muriaticum, as droplet glass stain patterns." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1779.
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Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.INTRODUCTION: The idea of the memory of water arose in the laboratory of immunologist, Jacques Benveniste in the late 1980s where his research into allergies took him deeper intotrying to find out how the smallest amount of a substance could affect an organism. He experimented with Homeopathy by using highly diluted antibodies in his basophil degranulation test. He observed that highly dilute biological agents were still able to trigger the relevant biological system. (Thomas, 2007) The memory of water is a controversial topic that requires more research to be properly understood and as such, it is the researcher’s aim to gain insight on the memory of water. METHODOLOGY: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that the preparation of a Homeopathic remedy (Natrum muriaticum) has on water, as its solvent, using the glass stain analysis as outlined by Kroplin (2001). The possible ability of water to hold and store the memory of its solute, sodium chloride, was investigated. The results would be added to the critical reflection on current literature available. In an experimental double blind study, Kroplin’s glass stain method was used to analyse the following: The mother solution samples. The 9CH potency samples (within Avogadro’s constant). The 30CH potency samples (past Avogadro’s constant). As well as the water sample used to make the remedy as the control. The above four samples were supplied from the following two manufacturers: Durban University of Technology (DUT) manufactured by the researcher (appendix 2). Samples manufactured by one commercial homeo-pharmaceutical company, ParcevalPharmaceuticals (appendix 3). This research aimed to investigate, using homeo-pharmaceutical principles (dilution and succussion), the structural influence of a solute on water after the solution is diluted beyond Avogadro’s constant. Repetition of the 5 experiment in week six aimed to investigate the validity of expiry time proposed by the homeopathicpharmacopoeia. RESULTS: The stained picture patterns took on a consistent form of a starry night and the ‘stars’ seemed to increase in mass with potentisation suggesting that the homeopathic remedy manufacture process affects the outcome of the water’s form. Overall consistency in picture patterns between both experimenters suggesting minimal observer effect. The experiment was repeated to test expiry date and these pictures displayed degradation and thus seemed to offer validation towards homeopathic remedy expiration. Although abstract qualitative results, a notable difference in water control and potentised water samples offer enough evidence for further investigations.
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Ally, Sameer. "The efficacy of a homoeopathic complex (Kalium bromatum 9CH, Natrum muriaticum 9CH, Selenium 9CH, Sulphur 9CH and Thuja occidentalis 9CH) in the treatment of acne vulgaris." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1059.
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Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2013.Introduction Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition (disorder of the pilosebaceous duct) which is universal in adolescence. Acne vulgaris can persist into adulthood, with 1% of males and 5% of females requiring treatment until 40 years of age. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a homoeopathic complex (Kalium bromatum 9CH, Natrum muriaticum 9CH, Selenium 9CH, Sulphur 9CH and Thuja occidentalis 9CH), compared to placebo, in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Methodology A total of 37 participants between the ages of 18 and 31 were recruited from the Greater Durban area by means of poster advertisements placed on notice boards in shops, pharmacies, health shops, hospitals, schools, tertiary institutions including Durban University of Technology, and other public areas. Handouts were also left at these areas for people to take home. The final sample consisted of 34 participants due to the drop out of 3 participants. After participants read an information letter (English or Zulu), fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research, were diagnosed as having acne vulgaris by the researcher and completed an informed consent form (English or Zulu) and confidential patient information form (English or Zulu), they were randomly assigned to an experimental (homoeopathic complex) group and a control (placebo) group. In the final sample, the experimental (homoeopathic complex) group consisted of 7 males and 10 females, and the control (placebo) group consisted of 9 males and 8 females. Consultations took place at the Durban University of Technology Homoeopathic Day Clinic, and consisted of 3 consultations, an initial consultation followed by 2 follow-up consultations at 3 weekly intervals. The treatment period for each participant was therefore 6 weeks. A case history was taken and a complete physical examination was performed for all participants. The Leeds counting technique was used to assess and measure the response to treatment. The lesions assessed were the non-inflamed lesions (blackheads and whiteheads), inflamed lesions (papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and deep pustules) and the total number of acne lesions (number of non-inflamed and inflamed lesions combined). The response to treatment was measured in terms of a reduction in the number of non-inflamed, number of inflamed and total number of acne lesions, on the face, over the 6 weeks. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. A p value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Non-parametric tests were used to analyse the data. The number of non-inflamed, number of inflamed and total number of acne lesions were compared within groups using the Friedman test and between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. The number of lesions was compared separately for males and females, and also without gender classification. Results In females, the control (placebo) group showed a statistically significant reduction in the total number of acne lesions when compared to the experimental group (p = 0.034). However, as a whole, it was concluded from the results of this study that there was no significant difference in the number of non-inflamed (p = 0.193), number of inflamed (p = 0.290), and total number of acne lesions (p = 0.193) between the experimental (homoeopathic complex) and control (placebo) groups. Both groups showed a similar reduction when compared to each other. Conclusion It was concluded that the homoeopathic complex was not effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Davies, Troy Murray. "A comparison of Hahnemannian and Korsakovian potentising methods using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1898.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Technikon Natal, 2001.The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the NMR spectra ofa homoeopathic remedy (in this case Natrum muriaticum was used for its easy solubility and purity), that was prepared in the classical single vial Hahnemannian method, and also the widely used multi-vial Korsakovian method. Comparison was made in terms of the chemical shift (8) and relative integration values of the CH3, CH2, H20, and OH signals. A control was employed for both methods. The only difference between control and test remedies was the actual inclusion ofNatrum muriaticum in the latter, and the same weight of solvent as solute in the former. Comparison was made between both test methods, between test and control, and between the two controls. It was hypothesized that the method of dilution plays an important part in the potentisation process, and thus becomes part of the remedy's information content. The evolution of distinct physicochemical identities was hypothesized to occur specific to each method in ascending potency levels. Differences were therefore also hypothesized to exist between both methods at parallel potency levels in terms of chemical shift and relative integration values. The experiment was conducted as per the limitations of the scientific method. Both methods and their controls of Natrum muriaticum were potentised to the 9C, 30C, and 200C potency levels. They were prepared in 16ml volumes and transported to the NMR spectroscopy laboratory in Pietermaritzburg for analysis.
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Botha, Izel. "Towards an integrated methodology : C4, Sherr and Dream provings of Protea cynaroides." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/588.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfilment for the requirements of the Degree in Doctor of Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2010.Homoeopathic provings form the experimental base of clinical homoeopathy. Provings are conducted through the administration of homoeopathically prepared medicine to healthy volunteers in order to elicit disease symptoms. The symptoms are collated to formulate the materia medica of the substance. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the most commonly employed proving methodologies, the C4 trituration, the Sherr and the Dream proving methodology, by application in order to ascertain the validity of the claims made in terms of the efficiency of the method to elicit reproducible symptoms. This study sought to follow the existing methodologies exactly as set out by the original developers with the aim of developing an integrated methodology. The order in which the three groups were assigned followed a logical sequence that ensured that the maximum efficiency would be obtained, and that the blinding process would not be compromised. The claims were investigated based on the hypotheses proving symptoms are reproducible when applying identical proving methodologies in consecutive years, that different methodologies yield different numbers, types and quality symptoms, that differences exist between the symptoms yielded by the placebo and the verum groups within the same methodology, and that an integrated methodology could be developed based on the study of the relative efficiency of the respective methodologies. METHOD During the course of the research, 70 provers were recruited to test the unknown substance through application of the three methodologies Page iii mentioned above. Each of the three groups comprised of 10 verum provers per year, thus totalling 20 verum provers per group. The second group had an additional 10 provers, comprised of five placebo provers for 2008 and 2009 respectively. RESULTS The rubrics produced in each group were statistically analysed. The results reflected a reasonable level of reproducibility, proving the first hypothesis, but highlighted the fact that different provers would result in different symptoms due to their individual susceptibility and sensitivity to the proving substance. This effectively proved the hypothesis that the proving effect was reproducible in consecutive years through the application of the same methodology. The result of the data collection was the formulation of 1 373 rubrics utilised for analysis purposes, resulting in 881 verified rubrics, that comprise the repertory for Protea cynaroides. From the data, it was evident that the C4 trituration and the Sherr proving methodologies yield the most rubrics. Not only do they yield a large number of rubrics, but they also yield a much larger number of rubrics than produced by the placebo portion of the Sherr proving methodology. In the Dream proving methodology group there is much less rubrics present at each rubric level than yielded by the C4 trituration and the Sherr proving methodologies. Strong chapter affinities were observable when applying the C4 and Sherr proving methodologies. The C4 methodology seem to favour the chapters dealing with the senses, evident in the Ear, Eye, Hearing, Mouth, Nose, Skin and Vision chapters where the C4 rubrics were more prevalent than the Sherr rubrics. The Sherr methodology was evident in the remainder of the chapters, indicating the wide applicability of this methodology. This proved the hypothesis that some proving methodologies are more effective than others. Page | iv The hypothesis of difference between the placebo and verum groups within the Sherr proving methodology was proven as it was evident in the number of rubrics produced by each section. The verum portion elicited 63 percent of the total rubrics compared to the placebo portion which only elicited 28 percent. Placebo provers thus elicit fewer symptoms during the proving process than verum provers, demonstrating that homoeopathic drug provings are not a placebo response, but that the administration of the medicine results in the development of clearly observable symptoms in the participants. As originally assumed, the proving did produce clearly observable symptoms in healthy provers. The symptoms gathered through the application of the methodologies were also comprehensive enough to develop a complete materia medica and repertory for Protea cynaroides. CONCLUSION From the data presented in the study, one can thus conclude that in order to elicit symptoms representing all 38 chapters present in the Protea cynaroides proving, the C4 trituration proving and the Sherr proving methodologies would have to be combined. Although Group two is able to elicit the majority of symptoms, it would be even more effective when it is combined with the C4 proving methodology, hence leading to the development of an integrated methodology combining these methods, proving the final hypothesis. The suggested integrated methodology thus comprises of firstly conducting a C4 trituration proving using at least 10 predominantly experienced C4 provers. This proving would serve to highlight the major themes. These themes can then be confirmed through secondly conducting a proving according to the Sherr methodology, in a group comprising of at least 17 provers, including a 10 percent placebo in the group. Repeated oral doses would be administered to the participants in this. At the conclusion of the second Page | v proving stage, all the data would be collated and formatted into a materia medica and repertory. It would, however, be important to prove the integrated methodology‘s usefulness through practical application, leading to the recommendation that the methodology be tested.
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Malan, Johannes Francios. "A comparative study of the NMR spectra of parallel potencies of Sulphur with reference to similarities of concentration and dynamisationn." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2150.
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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2002.The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the NMR spectra of homoeopathic Sulphur (the most well-known and often tested homoeopathic remedy) in two commonly used potencies, namely the centesimal (CH) and decimal (DH) potencies. Both potencies were prepared according to the Hahnemannian method. In order to assess the differences and similarities between these two potency scales, remedies with the same levels of deconcentration, and remedies with the same numbers of succussions were tested. The Control substance used was Water-Ethanol 87% without lactose or Sulphur. The Control substance was prepared in the same way as the Sulphur i.e. potentised as the Sulphur. Chemical shift and relative integration values of the H20, OH and CH2 peaks were recorded, calculated and compared. The investigation was designed as a scientific experiment. Firstly, the Sulphur remedies were compared to the Controls. Secondly, Sulphur remedies were compared to Sulphur remedies, and Controls to Controls. The following criteria were used: o Equal deconcentrations of the centesimal scale were compared to their equivalent decimal scale. o Equal numbers of succussions of the centesimal scale were compared to their equivalent decimal scale. The following potencies were assessed for both Sulphur and Control (Water-Ethanol):
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Wallace, Natasha. "A homeopathic drug proving of Yam ha-Melach 30CH with a subsequent comparison to the materia medica of its constituent minerals." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/512.
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Mini-dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2009.Provings are important to expand known materia medica and advance homeopathy. The Dead Sea was chosen as a substance because it has numerous therapeutic properties in its crude form, making Yam ha-Melach an invaluable homeopathic remedy as the therapeutic properties of a substance is increased during the potentization process. Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Yam ha- Melach 30CH, on healthy provers and to record the signs and symptoms produced, so that it may be prescribed according to the Law of Similars, to those presenting with similar symptoms and further to compare the materia medica of Yam ha- Melach’s constituent minerals with symptoms obtained from the proving of Yam ha- Melach 30CH. Methodology This proving took the form of a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled study. The potency used was the 30th centesimal potency or 30CH. The proving population consisted of a combined project of twenty provers who met the inclusion criteria (Appendix A). Ten percent of the test group (two subjects) received placebo and the rest received Yam ha-Melach 30C (18 subjects). In order for the study to have remained double blind, neither the researchers nor the provers were aware of who received placebo and who received the remedy. Data collection was in the form of a journal kept by each prover, in which their symptoms were recorded daily for a total of five weeks, before, during and after taking the powders. On completion of the proving, data obtained from the journals were analyzed by the researcher for suitability of symptoms for inclusion in the materia medica of Yam ha-Melach. These symptoms were then translated into ii materia medica and repertory language, and a homeopathic picture of the remedy formulated. Data obtained from the case histories and physical examinations (Appendix E) and group discussions were also considered. A comparison between the ‘minimum characteristic syndrome’ of Yam ha-Melach and the symptoms on the mental, emotional and physical planes of each of Yam ha- Melach’s main constituent mineral remedies and their group themes were made, whereby the essential similarities and differences between them were elucidated. The main constituent minerals of the Dead Sea are magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, bromide and sulphur. The materia medica of Yam ha- Melach’s main constituent minerals therefore included the remedies: Magnesium muriaticum Kali muriaticum Natrum muriaticum Bromium Sulphur The proving symptoms were also compared to the materia medica group themes of the Magnesuims, Kali’s, Bromatums, Muriaticums and the Natrums in Scholten’s Homeopathy and Minerals (Scholten, 1993). Rabinowitz (2008) conducted an analysis of the proving symptoms, comparing the symptoms with existing indications of the Dead Sea’s clinical therapeutic use, in a parallel study of similar methodology. Symptoms were taken from the groups of both studies and included in the materia medica and repertory for Yam ha-Melach. Results The symptoms obtained from the proving had a very definite polarity. On the one side there was depression and loneliness, whilst on the other side there was happiness. This was shown also on the mental sphere, which varied from confusion to mental clarity. iii The main symptoms of this proving were the dreams, especially of war; violence; evil; religion; family and friends. Provers experienced a wide range of symptoms on mental, emotional and physical levels during the study. The main themes were feelings of loneliness and isolation, depression and hopelessness, being emotionally overwhelmed and crying, irritability and frustration, worrying about family and friends, needing affection, paranoia, oversensitivity and mood swings; and the feeling of being relaxed, calm and happy. The polarity continued on the physical level with regards to sleep, energy and appetite. On the physical level provers experienced dehydration resulting in headaches, dry itchy skin, eyes and mouth with diarrhea or constipation as well as nausea and vomiting. Some of the subjects had no appetite while others had an increase in appetite. Provers noted flu and hay fever like symptoms as well as joint and muscle stiffness and pain. Numbness, pins and needles and increased sensitivity were present in the extremities of most provers. Provers noticed pimples and dry patches on skin with severe itchiness and burning all over. Sleep was affected with some provers having difficulty sleeping, waking up all the time and others sleeping like a ‘rock.’ There was either a lack of energy or an increase in energy levels. Some provers had hot flushes and others felt cold and noticed fluctuations of body temperature. There was a general increase in perspiration. Some provers displayed black rashes and black stools. Provers experienced a general aggravation from alcohol. The main cravings were for salty food and coffee. The main aversion was for sweets. There was a general increase in thirst among the prover population. Conclusions The 30CH potency of Yam ha-Melach produced clearly observable signs and symptoms in healthy provers. Comparing the symptoms elucidated from the proving iv of Yam ha-Melach to the materia medica of its mineral constituents attempted to expand and clarify the therapeutic action of the remedy and allowed a better understanding of the similarities and differences between Yam ha-Melach and these remedies that exist in known materia medica. A complete and thorough understanding of Yam ha-Melach and its relationship to these remedies was achieved and contributed to a comprehensive remedy picture and aided in its practical application. The comparison revealed that Yam ha-Melach was most similar to Magnesium muriaticum on mental, emotional and physical planes. Both remedies had similar feelings of aggression, depression, being overwhelmed quickly, dreams of water, anxiety and restlessness, lethargy and similar sensations and complaints on the physical level. This is interesting as the Dead Sea consists of 53% magnesium chloride, 37% potassium chloride, 8% sodium chloride, low concentration of sulfate ions and a high bromide concentration. Magnesium chloride is therefore the main mineral constituent of the Dead Sea.
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Hansjee, Sharad. "A homoeopathic drug proving of the venom of the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) analysing symptomatology in relation to the doctrine of signatures and toxicological data." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/667.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2010.Provings are an essential element in the development of the homoeopathic medicine knowledge base and scope of practice. There are many South African indigenous plants and animals that can play a role in homoeopathy but need to be proved first. Several indigenous snake venoms have already been proved as homoeopathic remedies, so the proving of Dendroaspis angusticeps venom expands this particular knowledge base. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a homoeopathic dose of the venom of the Dendroaspis angusticeps on healthy individuals in order to elicit and document the resulting mental and physical symptomotology, so that it may be prescribed to those that require it based on the Law of Similars. The other aims of this study were to compare the proving symptoms of Dendroaspis angusticeps 30CH to the toxicology of Eastern Green Mamba venom and to analyze the remedy picture in relation to the doctrine of signatures. The thirtieth centesimal potency of the remedy was hypothesised to produce clearly observable signs and symptoms in provers (healthy volunteers). The symptoms obtained from the proving were also compared to the doctrine of signature analysis of Dendroaspis angusticeps to help clarify the nature of this snake and to expand the remedy picture of the substance and facilitate our understanding of the remedy in light of the toxicology of the venom and the doctrine of signatures. vii Methodology The homoeopathic proving of Dendroaspis angusticeps 30CH was carried out as a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. The proving population consisted of 30 provers. Twenty four of the provers were in the experimental group and they received the potentised snake venom. Six provers were in the control group and they received the placebo. As this was a double blind, placebo-controlled trial, neither the individuals taking part in the study nor the researcher had any knowledge of who received placebo or the active remedy. Provers were also unaware of the substance being proven or the potency in which it was prepared. Results Provers recorded their symptoms in a journal over a period of 5 weeks and were monitored regularly by the researcher. At the completion of the proving period, the researcher collected all the recorded data and each journal was assessed by the researcher to determine the suitability of the recorded symptoms. The symptoms were then translated into the language of the materia medica and the repertory and a remedy picture was formulated. Thereafter a comparison was made to the nature of the snake by means of the doctrine of signatures and the toxicology of the venom as an attempt to broaden the repertoire of our knowledge of the action of the remedy. Provers experienced a wide range of symptoms particularly on the mental and emotional spheres including feelings of powerful assertion and confidence; cheerful and excited energy; spiritual and prayerful feelings; seductive, sensual and extravagant mannerisms; desire to dance and heightened energy; clairvoyant natures and desires to be in nature as well as pronounced irritability, anger and sadness. Other symptoms included desire to be alone and withdrawn feelings; quarrelsome natures; desire to kill; deceitful ways; intolerance to injustice; poor concentration; thoughts of the past; confusion and antagonism of the will and anxious thoughts. Delusions, fears and thoughts of death also manifested in provers. There was a marked polarity of symptoms as: Anger, rage, irritability vs calmness / spirituality; Sadness / depression vs cheerfulness / joy; Poor concentration / forgetful vs mental power / mental clarity; Alone / withdrawn vs desire to be touched, caressed; and Prostration, exhaustion vs energetic. On the physical sphere there were marked symptoms produced in the head area with a wide range of headaches. Eye symptoms were also vast in the inflammation, heaviness and ptosis of the eyes. Throat symptoms manifested as pharyngitis and sore throat. Toxicological symptoms included vertigo, ptosis, pain in different areas, inflammation, vomiting, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty breathing and difficult swallowing. Back pain and lower back pain were also key symptoms. Sleep difficulties and sleepiness were experienced by provers. Dream symptoms were the most prevalent in this proving. Dreams were repetitive in provers in the dreams of changing places and being in many places and unfamiliar places. There were marked dreams of sexuality, death, spirituality, friendships, colours, snakes, weddings, fighting and killings and past recollections. Conclusion Dendroaspis angusticeps 30CH thus did produce clearly observable signs and symptoms in healthy volunteers as hypothesised. The correlation of the proving symptoms to the toxicology of the venom and the doctrine of signatures also illustrated the themes of this remedy and aided in development of the remedy picture for this new addition to the knowledge base of indigenous South African substances and their homoeopathic application.
Books on the topic "Homeopathy – Attenuations, dilutions, and potencies"
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Colombo, Claudio. L'evoluzione in settenari in omeopatia hahnemanniana: Uso delle diluizioni cinquantamillesimali (LM o Q) alla luce della "legge dell'ottava". Roma: Edizioni mediterranee, 2011.
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2
Miśra, Santoshakumāra. Rasaśāstra evaṃ bhaishajyakalpanā vijñāna: Āyurveda-Yūnānī-Homyopaithī nirmāṇa evaṃ mātrā paricaya sahita. Jayapura, Rājasthāna: Jagadīśa Saṃskr̥ta Pustakālaya, 2001.
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3
Arkanātha, Caudharī, ed. Laghusiddhāntakaumudī: Maulika tathā navīna paddhati para ādhārita subodha "Candrakalā" nāmaka vistr̥ta vivecanātmaka Hindī vyākhyā tathā parikṣopayogī Saṃskr̥ta-rūpasiddhi sahita. Jayapura: Jagadīśa Saṃskr̥ta Pustakālaya, 2002.
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4
Varadarāja. Laghusiddhāntakaumudī: Pāṇinīyavyākaraṇapraveśikā. Dillī: Saṃskr̥ta Granthāgāra, 1998.
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5
(Editor), P. C. Endler, and J. Schulte (Editor), eds. Ultra High Dilution: Physiology and Physics. Springer, 1994.
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C, Endler P., and Schulte J, eds. Ultra high dilution: Physiology and physics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
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J, Schulte, and Endler P. C, eds. Fundamental research in ultra high dilution and homoeopathy. Dordrecht [Netherlands]: Kluwer Academic, 1998.
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P, Marotta, Taddei-Ferretti C, Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici., and International School of Biophysics (1995 : Casamicciola, Napoli, Italy), eds. High dilution effects on cells and integrated systems. Singapore: World Scientific, 1998.
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Sukul, Nirmal C., and Anirban Sukul. High Dilution Effects: Physical and Biochemical Basis (Handbooks of Behavioral Neurobiology). Springer, 2004.
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