Academic literature on the topic 'Homeostasis. Honeybee Honeybee Honeybee Beehives'

Electronic devices to sense, store, and transmit data are undergoing rapid development, offering an ever-expanding toolbox for inventive minds. In apiculture, both researchers and practitioners have welcomed the opportunity to equip beehives with a variety of sensors to monitor hive weight, temperature, forager traffic and more, resulting in huge amounts of accumulated data. The problem remains how to distil biological meaning out of these data. In this paper, we address the analysis of beehive weight monitored at a 15-min resolution over several months. Inspired by an overlooked, classic study on such weight curves we derive algorithms and statistical procedures to allow biological interpretation of the data. Our primary finding was that an early morning dip in the weight curve (‘Breakfast Canyon’) could be extracted from the data to provide information on bee colony performance in terms of foraging effort. We include the data sets used in this study, together with R scripts that will allow other researchers to replicate or refine our method.

AbstractIntroductionAmitraz is a formamide exhibiting both acaricidal and insecticidal activity and is frequently used by beekeepers to protect honeybee colonies against Varroa destructor mites. The aim of this apiary trial was to evaluate the impact of honeybee colony fumigation with amitraz on the level of contamination of honey stored in combs.Material and MethodsExperimental colonies were fumigated four times every four days with one tablet of Apiwarol per treatment. Honey was sampled from combs of brood chambers and combs of supers one day after each amitraz application and from harvested honey. Amitraz marker residues (as a total of amitraz and metabolites containing parts of molecules with properties specific to the 2,4-DMA group, expressed as amitraz) were evaluated in honey.ResultsAll analysed samples were contaminated with amitraz metabolites. 2,4-DMA and DMPF were the most frequently determined compounds. The average concentration of amitraz marker residue in honey from groups where a smouldering tablet was located directly in beehives was significantly higher than that of residue in honey from groups with indirect smoke generation. No significant effect on the honey contamination deriving from the place where it was exposed to smoke (combs of brood chambers and supers) was noted. Amitraz marker residues exceeded the MRL in 10% of honey samples from combs.ConclusionFumigation of beehives with amitraz results in contamination of honey stored in combs.

Close-range photogrammetry and thermographic imaging techniques are used for the acquisition of all the data needed for the non-invasive assessment of a honeybee hive population. Temperature values complemented with precise 3D geometry generated using novel close-range photogrammetric and computer vision algorithms are used for the computation of the inner beehive temperature at each point of its surface. The methodology was validated through its application to three reference beehives with different population levels. The temperatures reached by the exterior surfaces of the hives showed a direct correlation with the population level. In addition, the knowledge of the 3D reality of the hives and the position of each temperature value allowed the positioning of the bee colonies without the need to open the hives. This way, the state of honeybee hives regarding the growth of population can be estimated without disturbing its natural development.

The Brazilian Sac Brood is a disease that affects apiaries of Africanized bee hives in Brazil, thereby making them susceptible to high losses. This study investigated the pathogenicity of Africanized bee hives by the entomopathogenic fungi in a Brazilian Sac Brood endemic region. The degree of fungal contamination, presence of mycotoxins in beehive elements, and vulnerability of healthy beehives in environments subjected and not subjected to the disease were investigated. From the contaminating fungal load, species that are mycotoxin producers and pathogenic causing mortality in the bees have been isolated. The analysis of bee pollen and bee bread samples did not show the presence of the toxic pollen of Stryphnodendron (Fabaceae), which has been indicated as the causative agent of mortality in pre-pupal stage larvae. However, bee bread showed the highest correlation between substrate and fungal contamination.

AbstractMalnutrition and pesticide exposure are severe factors contributing to the current losses of honeybee colonies. As these stressors often occur combined, we studied the synergistic effects of different diets and pesticide exposure on food choice and mobility of Apis mellifera. We fed beehives with different food sources and exposed the bees to sublethal doses of thiacloprid. After that three different types of honey and pollen were offered in separate choice assays and behaviour towards food was recorded. Thiacloprid significantly affected the food choice in the honey assay, increasing the bees’ preference of polyfloral honey, while pre-pesticide diet had no influence. The pollen choice remained similar regardless of treatments, as bees always preferred polyfloral pollen. Interestingly, pesticide exposure affected bee mobility differently, depending on the previous diet. These results indicate that the diet is an important factor influencing the susceptibility to pesticides.

In this study, residues of organochlorine (??) and organophosphate (OP) insecticides such as malathion, coumaphos and amitraz (used for the control of varroa) were analyzed on honey and pollen. Also, the residues of carbosulfan and carbaryl (that are used for the control of hazelnut's pest) were determined on honey bee. Honey and pollen samples were taken from beehives, and dead honeybees were collected from Akcakoca/Sakarya Region were insecticides for control of haselnut pests were used. Extracts obtained for ?? insecticides were analysed for 13 compound residues including a and -BHC, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDT and its derivatives (pp'DDT op'DDD, op'DDT, op'DDE and pp'DDE), heptachlor, and heptachlorepoxide by gas chromatography, using electron capture detector (ECD). OP insecticides in honey, pollen and propolis, and carbosulfan and carbaryl in honeybees were analysed by gas chromatography, using phosphate ionisation detector (FID). Residues of DDT and its derivatives, as well as the residues of aldrin endrin and dieldrin were detected in 6 of the 16 honey samples, and in 2 of the 8 pollen samples, in honey and pollen samples 10 of 13 ? pesticides were found at detectable levels, but the same pesticides were not detectable in propolis samples Detected residues were in ppb's and below the level of toxicity. According to the data obtained, one pollen sample was found to have more kinds of pesticides than the honey. This indicates that the ?? pesticides, before use during the blooming season of the areas where the honeybees wander about, had contaminated pollens and plants; and as a result, these pesticides and their metabolites are still present in honey and pollen due to their persistence, although they have not been used recently. Malathion, coumaphos and amitraz residues were detected at very low levels (0.007, 0.001 and 0.003 ppb, respectively) in one of the 16 pollen samples. Malathion, coumaphos and amitraz residues were not detected in any of the honey or propolis samples. Carbosulfan and carbaryl were detected in dead honeybees, which had been collected from 7 different stations in Akcakoca/Sakarya region.

We investigate the spread of American foulbrood (AFB), a disease caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae , that affects bees and can be extremely damaging to beehives. Our dataset comes from an inspection period carried out during an AFB epidemic of honeybee colonies on the island of Jersey during the summer of 2010. The data include the number of hives of honeybees, location and owner of honeybee apiaries across the island. We use a spatial SIR model with an underlying owner network to simulate the epidemic and characterize the epidemic using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme to determine model parameters and infection times (including undetected ‘occult’ infections). Likely methods of infection spread can be inferred from the analysis, with both distance- and owner-based transmissions being found to contribute to the spread of AFB. The results of the MCMC are corroborated by simulating the epidemic using a stochastic SIR model, resulting in aggregate levels of infection that are comparable to the data. We use this stochastic SIR model to simulate the impact of different control strategies on controlling the epidemic. It is found that earlier inspections result in smaller epidemics and a higher likelihood of AFB extinction.

Honeybees have developed many unique mechanisms to help ensure the proper maintenance of homeostasis within the hive. One method includes the collection of chemically complex plant resins combined with wax to form propolis, which is deposited throughout the hive. Propolis is believed to play a significant role in reducing disease load in the colony due to its antimicrobial and antiseptic properties. However, little is known about how propolis may interact with bee-associated microbial symbionts, and if propolis alters microbial community structure. In this study, we found that propolis appears to maintain a stable microbial community composition and reduce the overall taxonomic diversity of the honeybee microbiome. Several key members of the gut microbiota were significantly altered in the absence of propolis, suggesting that it may play an important role in maintaining favourable abundance and composition of gut symbionts. Overall, these findings suggest that propolis may help to maintain honeybee colony microbial health by limiting changes to the overall microbial community.

Abstract With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit and the basis of olfactory perception and learning. Here, we review the most fundamental aspects of honeybee’s olfaction: first, we discuss which odorants dominate its environment, and how bees use them to communicate and regulate colony homeostasis; then, we describe the neuroanatomy and the neurophysiology of the olfactory circuit; finally, we explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to olfactory memory formation. The vastity of histological, neurophysiological, and behavioral data collected during the last century, together with new technological advancements, including genetic tools, confirm the honeybee as an attractive research model for understanding olfactory coding and learning.

One of the benefits of colonial living in insect societies is the ability to build a nest which enables the maintenance of a homeostatic microenvironment. The detrimental and uncertain effects of fluctuating ambient conditions are thus avoided. An extensive amount of work has documented the regulation of respiratory gases and temperature by honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies but relatively little is known of their water relations. Nest humidity influences the fitness of the honeybee colony by affecting adult and brood mortality, microbial and parasitic growth, nectar concentration and thermoregulation. This study aims at determining whether honeybee colonies are able to actively regulate humidity within their nest or whether humidity is stabilised merely as consequence of other socially regulated parameters. As a first step in understanding water relations in a hive, the daily, seasonal and two-dimensional humidity patterns are described in diverse contexts: various subspecies, nest architectures, ambient climates and colony conditions. The humidity in the brood nest of a healthy honeybee colony does not show a daily pattern: mean hourly RH remains between 50 and 60 % and high vapour pressure deficit results in a large evaporative capacity. Two-dimensional humidity patterns show that a vapour pressure gradient exists from the central brood area to the periphery of a hive. This finding suggests possible active regulation by workers and to test this idea we determined the behavioural response of a group of workers to a humidity gradient. Young honeybee workers in the absence of brood exhibit a weak hygropreference for approximately 75% RH. When brood is present the expression of this preference is further weakened, suggesting that workers tend to the brood by distributing evenly in the gradient. In addition, fanning behaviour is shown to be triggered by increasing humidity adding to our understanding of this behaviour. Although these results suggest that humidity in honeybee colonies is actively controlled by workers, passive mechanisms are also involved in the observed patterns. Cocoons that are spun by the larvae accumulate in cells and these hygroscopic cocoons contribute to passive stabilisation of humidity. Old comb containing cocoons absorb 11 % of its own mass in water when placed in high humidity and this water can readily evaporate into the atmosphere when humidity decreases. This buffering effect may increase brood survivorship by maintaining a high and stable humidity in the brood cells. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex mechanisms that govern microclimatic regulation in social insect nests and specifically the active and passive mechanisms that ensure homeostasis of honeybee nest humidity. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted

The proventriculus regulates the food passage from crop to midgut. As the haemolymph provides a constantly updated indication of an insect’s nutritional state, it is assumed that the factor controlling the proventri-culus activity is to be found in the haemolymph. The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to investigate how output (metabolic rate), input (food quality and food quantity) and internal state variables (haemolymph osmolarity and haemolymph sugar titer) affect each other and which of these factors controls the activity of the proventriculus in the honeybee. Therefore free-flying foragers were trained to collect con-trolled amounts of different sugar solutions. Immediately after feeding, metabolic rates were measured over different periods of time, then crop-emptying rates and haemolymph sugar titers were measured for the same individual bees. Under all investigated conditions, both the sugar transport rates through the proventriculus and the haemolyph sugar titers depended mainly on the metabolism. For bees collecting controlled amounts of 15 per cent, 30 per cent or 50 per cent sucrose solution haemolymph trehalose, glucose and fructose titers were constant for metabolic rates from 0 to 4.5 mlCO2/h. At higher metabolic rates, trehalose concentration decreased while that of glucose and fructose increased with the exception of bees fed 15 per cent sucrose solution. As the supply of sugar from the crop via the proventriculus was sufficient to support even the highest metabolic rates, the observed pattern must result from an upper limit in the capacity of the fat body to synthesise trehalose. The maximal rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose in the fat body was therefore calculated to average 92.4 µg glucose/min. However, for bees fed 15 per cent sucrose solution both the rate of conversion of glucose to trehalose and the rate of sugar transport from the crop to the midgut were limited, causing an overall decrease in total haemolymph sugar titers for metabolic rates higher than 5 mlCO2/h. Haemolymph sucrose titers were generally low but increased with increasing metabolic rates, even though sucrose was not always detected in bees with high metabolic rates. Though foragers were able to adjust their sugar transport rates precisely to their metabolic rates, a fixed surplus of sugars was transported through the proventriculus under specific feed-ing conditions. This fixed amount of sugars increased with increasing concentration and in-creasing quantity of fed sugar solution, but decreased with progressing time after feeding. This fixed amount of sugars was independent of the metabolic rates of the bees and of the molarity and viscosity of the fed sugar solution. As long as the bees did not exhaust their crop content, the haemolymph sugar titers were unaffected by the sugar surplus, by the time after feeding, by the concentration and by the viscosity of fed sugar solution. When bees were fed pure glucose (or fructose) solutions, un-usually little fructose (or glucose) was found in the haemolymph, leading to lower total haemolymph sugar titers, while the trehalose titer remained unaffected. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the honeybee proven-triculus, foraging bees were injected either with metabolisable (glucose, fructose, trehalose), or non-metabolisable sugars (sorbose). Bees reacted to injections of metabolisable sugars with reduced crop-emptying rates, but injection of non-metabolisable sugars had no influence on crop emptying. Therefore it is concluded that the proventriculus regulation is controlled by the concentration of metabolisable compounds in the haemolymph, and not by the haemo-lymph osmolarity. A period of 10min was enough to observe reduced crop emptying rates after injections. It is suggested that glucose and fructose have an effect on the proventriculus activity only via their transformation to trehalose. However, when the bees were already in-jected 5min after feeding, no response was detectable. In addition it was investigated whether the overregulation is the result of feed-forward regulation for the imminent take-off and flight. In a first experiment, we investigated whether the bees release an extra amount of sugar solution very shortly before leaving for the hive. In a second experiment, it was tested whether the distance covered by the bees might have an influence on the surplus amount released prior to the take-off. In a third experiment, it was investigated if walking bees fail to release this extra amount of sugars, as they do not have to fly. Though we were not able to demonstrate that the overregulation is the result of feed-forward regulation for the imminent take-off and flight, it is conceivable that this phenome-non is a fixed reaction in foragers that can not be modulated. To investigate whether regulated haemolymph sugar titers are also observed in honeybee foragers returning from natural food sources, their crop contents and haemolymph sugar titers were investigated. While the quantity of the collected nectar was without influence on the haemolymph sugar titers, foragers showed increasing haemolymph sugar titers of glucose, fructose and sucrose with increasing sugar concentration of the carried nectar. In contrast no relationship between crop nectar concentrations and haemolymph trehalose titers was observed. We are sure that the regulation of food passage from crop to midgut is controlled by the trehalose titer. However, under some conditions the balance between consumption and income is not numerically exact. This imprecision depends on the factors which have an impact on the foraging energetics of the bees but are independent of those without influence on the foraging energetics. Therefore we would assume that the proventriculus activity is modulated by the motivational state of the bees
Der Proventrikel reguliert den Nahrungstransport vom Kropf zum Mitteldarm. Da die Hämolymphe einen stets aktuellen Einblick in den Ernährungszustand eines Insekts gewährt, kann man annehmen, dass der die Proventrikelaktivität regulierende Faktor in der Hämolymphe zu finden ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit war es, die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Aufnahme (Futterqualität und –quantität), Verbrauch (Stoffwechselrate) und „internal state“ Variablen (Hämolymphosmolarität und –zuckerspiegel) zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, welcher dieser Faktoren die Aktivität des Proventrikels bei der Honigbiene kontrolliert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden frei fliegende Sammlerinnen trainiert, kontrollierte Mengen verschiedener Zuckerlösungen zu sammeln. Direkt nach dem Füttern wurden die Stoffwechsel-raten über bestimmte Zeiten gemessen, danach wurden Kropfentleerungsraten und Hämo-lymphzuckerspiegel der jeweiligen Bienen gemessen. Unter allen untersuchten Bedingungen waren sowohl die Zuckertransportraten durch den Proventrikel als auch die Hämolymphzuckerspiegel hauptsächlich von der Stoffwechselrate abhängig. Bei Bienen, die kontrollierte Mengen von 15-, 30- oder 50-prozentigen Saccharoselösungen gesammelt hatten, waren die Hämolymph-trehalose, -glucose und –fructosespiegel für Stoffwechselraten von 0 – 4,5 mlCO2/h konstant. Bei höheren Stoffwechselraten sank die Trehalosekonzentra-tion, während die von Glucose und Fructose stieg; eine Ausnahme stellten Bienen dar, denen 15-prozentige Saccharoselösung gefüttert worden war. Da die Zuckerversorgung aus dem Kropf über den Proventrikel ausreichte, um auch die höchsten Stoffwechselraten zu ermöglichen, müssen die beobachteten Verläufe von einer Limitierung des Fettkörpers hinsichtlich der Trehalosesynthese herrühren. Die maximale Umwandlungs-rate von Glucose zu Trehalose im Fettkörper wurde daher auf 92,4 µg Glucose/ Minute berechnet. Allerdings war sowohl die Umwandlungsrate von Glucose zu Trehalose als auch die Zuckertransportrate vom Kropf in den Mitteldarm bei Bienen limitiert, die 15-prozentige Saccharoselösungen gefüttert bekamen. Insgesamt führte das zu einem Absinken des Gesamt-Hämolymphzuckerspiegels bei Stoffwechselraten, die über 5 mlCO2/h lagen. Auch wenn die Sammlerinnen in der Lage waren ihre Zuckertransportrate genau an ihre Stoffwechselrate anzupassen, wurde unter bestimmten Bedingungen ein festgelegter Überschuss an Zuckern durch den Proventrikel transportiert. Dieser Überschuss an Zuckern vergrößerte sich mit zunehmender Konzentration und zunehmender Menge der gefütterten Zuck-erlösung, verkleinerte sich aber mit fortschreitender Zeit nach dem Füttern. Er war unab-hängig vom Stoffwechsel der Bienen und der Molarität und Viskosität der gefütterten Zuckerlösung. So lange die Bienen ihren Kropfinhalt nicht aufgebraucht hatten, waren die Hämolymphzuckerspiegel von dem Überschuss an transportiertem Zucker, von der Zeitspanne zwischen Füttern und Hämolymphentnahme sowie der Konzentration der gefütterten Lösung und deren Viskosität unbeeinflusst. Wenn die Bienen allerdings reine Glucose- (oder Fruc-tose-)lösungen gefüttert bekamen, wurde wesentlich weniger Fructose (oder Glucose) in der Hämolymphe gemessen, was zu niedrigeren Gesamt-Hämolymphzuckerspiegeln führte, während der Trehalosespiegel unbeeinflusst blieb. Um den Mechanismus zu untersuchen, der der Proventrikelregulierung unterliegt, wurden Sammlerinnen mit entweder verdaubaren (Glucose, Fructose oder Trehalose) oder unver-daubaren Zuckern (Sorbose) injiziert. Die Bienen reagierten auf die Injektionen der ver-daubaren Zucker mit einer Reduzierung der Kropfentleerungsrate, wohingegen die Injizierung nicht verdaubarer Zucker keinen Einfluss auf die Kropfentleerung hatte. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Proventrikelregulation von der Konzentration der verdaubaren Kompo-nenten in der Hämolymphe kontrolliert wird und nicht von der Hämolymph-osmolarität. Eine Zeitspanne von 10min reichte aus, um nach der Injektion reduzierte Kropfentleerungsraten zu beobachten. Es wird angenommen, dass Glucose und Fructose nur über die Umwandlung zu Trehalose einen Einfluss auf die Proventrikelaktivität haben. Wenn allerdings die Injektionen bereits 5min nach der Futteraufnahme stattfanden, wirkte sich das nicht auf die Kropfentleerungsrate aus. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob die Überregulation das Ergebnis einer „Vorschussregula-tion“ für den anstehenden Abflug und Flug ist. In einem ersten Experiment wurde untersucht, ob die Bienen diesen Überschuss erst direkt vor dem Abflug durch den Proventrikel lassen. In einem zweiten Experiment wurde untersucht, ob die Entfernung zwischen Stock und Futter-quelle einen Einfluss auf die Menge des transportierten Zuckerüberschusses hat. In einem dritten Experiment wurde untersucht ob laufende Bienen auch einen Überschuss an Zuckern durch den Proventrikel leiten, obwohl sie nicht fliegen müssen. Auch wenn wir nicht nach-weisen konnten, dass die Überregulation das Ergebnis einer Vorschussregulation für den anstehenden Abflug und Flug ist, ist es dennoch denkbar, dass dieses Phänomen eine festge-legte Reaktion der Sammlerinnen ist, die nicht moduliert werden kann. Um zu untersuchen, ob man auch bei Sammlerinnen, die von natürlichen Futterquellen kommen, regulierte Hämolymphzuckerspiegel findet, wurden deren Kropfinhalte und Hämolymphzuckerspiegel bestimmt. Während die Menge des gesammelten Nektars keinen Einfluss auf die Hämolymphzuckerspiegel hatte, hatten Sammlerinnen höhere Glucose-, Fructose- und Saccharosehämolymphzucker-spiegel, wenn der Nektar im Kropf höher konzentriert war. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde keine Beziehung zwischen Nektarkonzentration und Trehalosespiegel gefunden. Wir sind sicher, dass die Regulation des Futtertransports vom Kropf zum Mitteldarm über den Trehalosespiegel kontrolliert wird. Trotzdem ist die Bilanz zwischen Zuckertransportrate und Stoffwechsel nicht unter allen Bedingungen exakt ausgeglichen. Diese „Ungenauigkeit“ ist von denjenigen Faktoren abhängig, die einen Einfluss auf die Sammelenergetik der Sammlerinnen haben, aber unabhängig von den Faktoren, die keinen Einfluss auf die Sam-melenergetik haben. Daher nehmen wir an, dass die Proventrikelaktivität über die Motivation der Bienen moduliert werden kann

Bees are the main pollinators of most wild and cultivated plant species, thus being essential for the maintenance of plant ecosystems and for food production. But they are threatened due to a series of drivers such as pesticides, habitat loss and climate change. Here, we propose a method to iden- tify the loss of thermoregulation capacity in honeybee colonies. We applied the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm, which is based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), to six real datasets of the Arnia remote hive monitoring system. From brood temperatures gathered along the European fall season in 2017, the LSTM was able to detect when a honeybee colony is about to lose its thermoregulation capacity. Our results showed an error of only 0.5% in predic- tion for well-thermoregulated beehives.