Relevant bibliographies by topics / Homogeneous mix

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Homogeneous mix'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Homogeneous mix"

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Davidson, B. D., Hurang Hu, and R. A. Schapery. "An Analytical Crack-Tip Element for Layered Elastic Structures." Journal of Applied Mechanics 62, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895931.

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A previously developed linear elastic crack-tip element analysis is reviewed briefly, and then extended and refined for practical applications. The element provides analytical expressions for total energy release rate and mode mix in terms of plate theory force and moment resultants near the crack tip. The element may be used for cracks within or between homogeneous isotropic or orthotropic layers, as well as for delamination of laminated composites. Classical plate theory is used to derive the equations for total energy release rate and mode mix; a “mode mix parameter,” Ω, as obtained from a separate continuum analysis is necessary to complete the mode mix decomposition. This parameter depends upon the elastic and geometrical properties of the materials above and below the crack plane, but not on the loading. A relatively simple finite element technique for determining the mode-mix parameter is presented and convergence in terms of mesh refinement is studied. Specific values of Ω are also presented for a large number of cases. For those interfaces where a linear elastic solution predicts an oscillatory singularity, an approach is described which allows a unique, physically meaningful value of fracture mode ratio to be defined. This approach is shown to provide predictions of crack growth between dissimilar homogeneous materials that are equivalent to those obtained from the oscillatory field solution. Application of the approach to delamination in fiber-reinforced laminated composites is also discussed.
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Morris, A. J., T. M. Dexter, and J. T. Gallagher. "Metabolic properties of a homogeneous proteoglycan of a haemopoietic stem cell line, FDCP-mix." Biochemical Journal 260, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2600479.

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A biochemical analysis has been carried out of metabolically labelled proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans synthesized by a haemopoietic multipotential stem cell line, FDCP-mix. The only proteoglycan identified in these multipotential cells was a homogeneous component that contained chondroitin 4-sulphate chains (Mr approximately 10,000) arranged in close proximity in a proteinase-resistant domain of the protein core. Small quantities of free chondroitin 4-sulphate were also detected. Following a 48 h incubation with Na2 35SO4 the majority of the 35S-radiolabelled proteoglycans (approximately 80%) were associated with the cells, mainly in an intracellular compartment, and the remaining 20% were in the culture medium. Pulse-chase studies demonstrated two turnover pathways for the newly synthesized cellular proteoglycans. In the minor pathway, the proteoglycans were secreted rapidly into the medium without any discernable structural modification. In the major pathway the proteoglycans seemed to be transferred into a storage compartment from which the intact macromolecules were not secreted. Eventually, these proteoglycans were degraded to yield free polysaccharide chains and these chains were then released into the medium, but only at a relatively slow rate. There was very little intracellular degradation of chondroitin sulphate chains. The pathway to polysaccharide secretion was a slow stepwise process with a time-lag of about 5 h between proteoglycan synthesis and the appearance of free chondroitin sulphate and a second time-lag, also of about 5 h, before these chains began to be secreted. The existence of separate secretory pathways for proteoglycans and chondroitin sulphate chains is an interesting characteristic that seems to distinguish proteoglycan metabolism in primitive multipotent stem cells from related metabolic processes in mature haemopoietic cells.
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Lo Presti, Davide, Rawid Khan, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Gordon Airey, and Andrew Collop. "Laboratory Mix Design of Asphalt Mixture Containing Reclaimed Material." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/507082.

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This paper presents a study on the production of asphalt test specimens in the laboratory containing reclaimed asphalt. The mixtures considered were stone mastic asphalt concrete mixtures containing up to 30% of reclaimed asphalt. Specimens were compacted to the reference density obtained from the Marshall mix design. Gyration compaction method was used for preparing specimens for the experimental programme, while coring and cutting methods and X-ray computed tomography (CT) were used to investigate the change in properties within the specimens and to validate the selected methodology. The study concluded that gyratory compaction is suitable to produce homogeneous test specimens also for mixtures containing high amount of reclaimed asphalt. Nevertheless, preliminary trials for each material are mandatory, as well as final coring and trimming of the specimens due to side effects.
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Halpine, Stuart, and M. A. Ashworth. "Measuring Case Mix and Severity of Illness in Canada: Case Mix Groups versus Refined Diagnosis Related Groups." Healthcare Management Forum 6, no. 4 (December 1993): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61131-3.

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This study compares the effectiveness of Case Mix Groups (CMG*) groups and Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (RDRG) in reducing Canadian length of stay (LOS) variability. The effectiveness of the two case mix grouping methodologies was assessed with a common data base, 282,459 abstracts with ICD-9 CM diagnosis codes reported to the Hospital Medical Records Institute (HMRI) from January to March 1989. Death, signouts, transfers to or from acute care institutions and cases with an outlier LOS (“atypical” cases) were excluded from the analysis. HMRI utilization management reports to acute care hospitals use a data base defined in this way. On the basis of the variance reduction statistic (R2) from ordinary least squares regression analysis, CMG groups were found to be slightly more effective than RDRGs in reducing LOS variability. R2 statistics were 45.7 and 43.8 for CMG groups and RDRGs, respectively. Within subgroups of cases, CMG groups were found to be markedly more effective with the newborn/neonate group and to a lesser extent with non-surgical cases. The severity of illness categories within RDRGs did not, over all “typical” cases in the data base, yield more homogeneous groups of cases than CMG groups, which have half the number of categories. The value of tailoring severity measurement to Canadian medical practice and Canadian diagnosis coding is highlighted.
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Luo, Ling Hong, Ye Fan Wu, Fei Wei, Ji Jun Shi, and Liang Cheng. "Synthesis and Characterterization of Flower-Like NiO Nano-Architectures by Homogeneous Precipitation." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.554.

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Flower-like NiO powders with nano-architectures, self-assembled nano-sheets, were synthesized using Ni (NO3)2•4H2O and urea in mix solvents of ethanol and water by homogeneous precipitation. XRD patterns showed that the NiO powders were of hexagonal structure. FESEM and TEM confirmed that the average diameter of the flower-like NiO was 10μm, and the ultra-thin nano-sheets had micro-porous structure, with the thickness less than 100nm and the size of 2μm×3μm. Specific surface area (BET) was around 130.92m2/g.
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Lu, Ting, and Chang Chun Xu. "Preparation of Nanometric Mixed Crystals of TiO2 by TiCl4 and TiCl3." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.81.

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The nanometric mixed crystals of rutile and anatase TiO2 also could be prepared by homogeneous precipitation method using both TiCl4 and TiCl3 as titanium source. The effects of hard point, the ratio of TiCl4 to TiCl3and reaction time on the ratio of nanometer TiO2 mix-crystals and photo catalysis were studied. The prepared samples were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and laser diffraction particle size analyzer. The results show that nanometer TiO2 mix-crystal with good photo catalytic activity and storage stability can be obtained under the reaction conditions: The ratio of TiCl4 to TiCl3 is 4 to 1, pH=0.5, normal pressure, 95°C for 6 hours. The prepared nanometer TiO2 mix-crystal consisting of anatase of 63.9 wt.% and rutile of 36.1 wt.% is circle with an average size of 25 nm.
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Emeljanova, Inga, Anna Anishchenko, and Olga Dobrohodova. "Means to Enhance Operating Efficiency of the Concrete Mixer Trucks with the Purpose of Highly-Homogeneous Concrete Mix Preparation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14383.

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Option shall be considered to create concrete mixer trucks for preparation not only of high-flow but also of low-slump and dry type concrete mixes. With these aims it is offered to transfer operation to the cascade mode being characterised by combination of two principles on concrete mix preparation: gravitational and forced action.Design solution of the concrete mixer truck of gravitational-forced operation with spiral-blade shaft has allowed to liquidate available free places in the drum. The dependencies for calculation and arrangement of mix particles motion in the workspace of the machine drum are provided. Graphic performance confirms the absence of free zones.There is description of dependency for determining the homogeneity degree obtained on the basis of the experimental investigation findings.
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Brancato, Anna, Sara L. M. Lo Russo, Anna Sara Liberati, Cristiana Carbone, Silvia Zelli, Giovanni Laviola, Carla Cannizzaro, and Walter Adriani. "Social Interactions of Dat-Het Epi-Genotypes Differing for Maternal Origins: The Development of a New Preclinical Model of Socio-Sexual Apathy." Biomedicines 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070778.

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Social interaction is essential for life but is impaired in many psychiatric disorders. We presently focus on rats with a truncated allele for dopamine transporter (DAT). Since heterozygous individuals possess only one non-mutant allele, epigenetic interactions may unmask latent genetic predispositions. Homogeneous “maternal” heterozygous offspring (termed MAT-HET) were born from dopamine-transporter knocked-out (DAT-KO) male rats and wild-type (WT) mothers; “mixed” heterozygous offspring (termed MIX-HET) were born from both DAT-heterozygous parents. Their social behavior was assessed by: partner-preference (PPT), social-preference (SPT) and elicited-preference (EPT) tests. During the PPT, focal MIX-HET and MAT-HET males had a choice between two WT females, one in estrous and the other not. In the SPT, they met as stimulus either a MIX-HET or a WT male. In the EPT, the preference of focal male WT rats towards either a MIX- or a MAT-HET stimulus was tested. MIX-HET focal males showed an abnormal behavior, seeming not interested in socializing either with a female in estrous or with another male if MIX-HET. Focal MAT-HET males, instead, were very attracted by the female in estrous, but totally ignored the MIX-HET male. We assessed the expression of noradrenaline transporter (NET) in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, finding differences between the two offspring. MIX-HETs’ hypothalamus and hippocampus showed less NET than MAT-HETs, while the latter, in turn, showed higher NET than WTs. These behavioral differences between heterozygous groups may be attributed to different maternal cares received. Results allow preclinical understanding of epigenetic factors involved in social-behavior abnormalities, typical of many psychiatric disorders.
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Davoudi, N., M. Taleai, and M. Molavi. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF MIXED LAND-USE IMPACT ON TRAVEL DEMAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-299-2019.

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Abstract. Urban mobility pattern studies are one of the interesting issues in GIScience which provide appropriate means for urban transportation planning and management. Mobility across the city has a direct relation with the land-use pattern. This paper investigates the spatio-temporal effect of the land-use mix at street level on urban movement. Taxi pick up and drop-off data in Manhattan was chosen as the sample data in this study. Trips are classified into two parts (weekdays and weekends trips) and then the correlation between mixed land-use and number of trips occurred in different time windows in each street segment, is calculated. Results indicate positive impact and moderate correlation between mixed land-use and number of trips. In streets with high Entropy, homogeneous distribution of the number of trips at each time window for the weekend and non-homogeneous trip distribution for employment and commercial and residential areas for weekday trips was observed. Also, in streets with low Entropy, non-homogeneous trip distribution at different time windows for both weekday and weekend were observed upon to dominant land-use.
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Chou, Yon-Chun, Yue-Lan Lin, and King-Fai Chun. "A construction of knowledge rules for reactive planning of job-mix assignment to homogeneous serial batch machines." International Journal of Production Economics 151 (May 2014): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.01.020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Homogeneous mix"

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Maughan, Nichole Millward. "Simulation of 810 nm Light Propagation Through the Human Finger for Non-Invasive Blood Analysis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3707.

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Non-invasive blood analysis devices that can measure characteristics less prominent than the oxygenation of hemoglobin are of interest in the medical community. An important step in creating these devices is to model the interaction of photons with human tissue in increasingly greater physiological detail. We have modeled, using a Monte Carlo technique, the interaction of photons through epidermis, blood and water arranged both in layers and in a homogeneous mixture. We confirm the expected linear relation between photon attenuation and material volumetric percentage in our two-layer models. We discovered that this relationship becomes non-linear in the homogeneously mixed models where volumetric percentage must be replaced with interaction volume percentage. These nonlinearities become significant when the values of the interaction coefficient, µt, differ by an order of magnitude or more and could prove crucial in accurately reading oxygenation or other constituents in the blood and also in modeling radiation delivered to a patient in photodynamic therapy.
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Benoit, Alexandre. "Développement du soudage MIG CMT pour la réparation de pièces aéronautiques. Application aux pièces en alliage base aluminium 6061." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112308/document.

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Cette étude répond à une demande industrielle de réparation d’une pièce aéronautique en alliage d’aluminium 6061 à l’aide d’un procédé de soudage à l’arc. La première partie est consacrée à la comparaison des procédés Metal Inert Gas (MIG), MIG pulsé, Tungsten Inert Gas et MIG Cold Metal transfer (CMT). C’est ce dernier procédé qui a été sélectionné pour ses aptitudes particulières, comme son bon contrôle des paramètres et le faible endommagement produit dans le métal de base. Puis, deux métaux d’apport ont été testés – les alliages 5356 et 6061 – avec deux stratégies de réparation : le soudage et le rechargement. Les résultats d’essais mécaniques ont démontré que le rechargement avec l’aluminium 5356 est l’option la plus adaptée pour cette application. Les essais sur pièce réelle ont prouvé la pertinence de cette approche.La zone affectée thermiquement générée, dans l’alliage 6061, par les procédés de soudage à l’arc a également été caractérisée. Il a été mis en évidence une variation de la microstructure associée aux changements de propriétés mécaniques de cette zone. Enfin, les essais exploratoires de soudage homogène à l’arc, c’est-à-dire, avec le métal d’apport en 6061, ont prouvé qu’il était possible, dans certaines conditions, de souder sans générer de fissuration, bien que, cet aluminium soit réputé comme étant insoudable de cette manière
This study responds to an industrial demand of repair using an arc welding process. It concerns an aeronautical piece made in 6061 aluminium alloy. The first part of the study is devoted to the comparison of processes Metal Inert Gas (MIG), pulsed MIG, Tungsten Inert Gas and MIG Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). It is the latter process that was selected for its special abilities, such as its good control of parameters and the low damaging produced in the base metal. Then, two filler alloys were tested – 5356 and 6061 aluminium alloys– with two repairing strategies : welding and building up. The results of mechanical tests showed that building up with aluminum 5356 is most suitable option for this application. The trials on the real piece showed the relevance of this approach.The heat affected zone generated by the arc welding process in the 6061 base metal was also characterized. It was shown a varaition of microstructure associated with the change of mechanical properties in this zone. Finally, exploratory trials of homogeneous arc welding, i.e., with the 6061 filler alloy showed that it was possible, with certain conditions, to weld without generating weld cracking, although, this aluminium is deemed unweldable by this way
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Shepard, Samuel Steven. "The Characterization and Utilization of Middle-range Sequence Patterns within the Human Genome." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1271271172.

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Maheu, Bruno. "Généralisation de la théorie de Lorenz-Mie et applications." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES025.

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Théorie de la diffusion d'un faisceau gaussien par un diffuseur sphérique homogène et isotrope. Les résultats ouvrent sur des applications à la granulométrie optique. On expose par la suite un modèle à quatre flux pour décrire la diffusion multiple d'une onde électromagnétique par un nuage dense de diffuseurs
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Löbbert, Philipp. "Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Teillaststeuerung von Ottomotoren mit vollvariablem Ventilhub." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1161694131099-10201.

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Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Potenziale zur Steigerung des Gesamtwirkungsgrads von stöchiometrisch homogen betriebenen Ottomotoren in der Teillast untersucht. Im Gegensatz zur konventionellen Laststeuerung über die Drosselklappe bezeichnet die betrachtete, drosselfreie Laststeuerung die Quantitätsregelung einzig über den Hubverlauf der Gaswechselventile. Nach einer Zusammenfassung bisheriger Untersuchungen zur drosselfreien Laststeuerung werden konkurrierende Bilanzierungsverfahren von Ladungswechsel- und Hochdruckteil von 4-Takt Verbrennungsverfahren vorgestellt. Anhand theoretischer Betrachtungen folgt für eine belastbare Bewertung der Prozessgüte allein die Bilanzierung in den Grenzen der Unteren Totpunkte (UT-UT). Im ersten Teil der motorischen Untersuchungen am Vollmotor wird das effektive Potenzial mechanisch variabler Ventiltriebe ermittelt. Dabei bleibt die Verbrauchsverbesserung gegenüber einem gedrosselten Referenzmotor aufgrund sinkender Restgasverträglichkeit als Folge einer nachteiligen Abnahme der Ladungsbewegung hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Im Widerspruch zu mechanisch gekoppelten Systemen wird zur bedarfsgerechten Anpassung der Ladungsbewegung die Forderung nach maximaler Flexibilität der Ventilhubgestaltung abgeleitet. Im zweiten Teil der motorischen Untersuchungen am Einzylinder-Forschungsmotor werden die maximalen Freiheitsgrade eines nockenwellenlosen Ventiltriebs basierend auf dem Prinzip eines elektromotorischen Linearantriebs systematisch eingesetzt. Neben konstruktiven Maßnahmen zur Beeinflussung des Einströmvorgangs in den Brennraum wird die Reduzierung der Drosselverluste durch Hubverlaufsformung sowie gezielte Restgasverdünnung im Vergleich von interner zu externer Rückführung betrachtet. Der Einfluss der Gemischbildung wird über die konkurrierende Darstellung von innerer und äußerer Kraftsteinspritzung aufgezeigt. Neben den maximalen Potenzialen werden ebenso die Grenzen der Entdrosselung dargestellt. Im Gegensatz zu mechanischen Systemen gelingt zwar die Realisierung einer bedarfsgerechten Ladungsbewegung mit Hilfe vollvariabler Ventilhübe, jedoch wird eine fortgesetzte Verbrauchsverbesserung durch die Gewährleistung einer sicheren Entflammung limitiert.
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Lindblad, Andreas. "A Treatise on the Geometric and Electronic Structure of Clusters : Investigated by Synchrotron Radiation Based Electron Spectroscopies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Materials Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8463.

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Clusters are finite ensembles of atoms or molecules with sizes in the nanometer regime (i.e. nanoparticles). This thesis present results on the geometric and electronic structure of homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations of atoms and molecules. The systems have been studied with synchrotron radiation and valence, core and Auger electron spectroscopic techniques.

The first theme of the thesis is that of mixed clusters. It is shown that by varying the cluster production technique both structures that are close to that predicted by equilibrium considerations can be attained as well as far from equilibrium structures.

Electronic processes following ionization constitute the second theme. The post-collision interaction phenomenon, energy exchange between the photo- and the Auger electrons, is shown to be different in clusters of argon, krypton and xenon. A model is proposed that takes polarization screening in the final state into account. This result is of general character and should be applicable to the analysis of core level photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of insulating and semi-conducting bulk materials as well.

Interatomic Coloumbic Decay is a process that can occur in the condensed phases of weakly bonded systems. Results on the time-scale of the process in Ne clusters and mixed Ar/Ne clusters are herein discussed, as well observations of resonant contributions to the process. In analogy to Auger vis-à-vis Resonant Auger it is found that to the ICD process there is a corresponding Resonant ICD process possible. This has later been observed in other systems and by theoretical calculations as well in subsequent works by other groups.

Delocalization of dicationic valence final states in the hydrogen bonded ammonia clusters and aqueous ammonia has also been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. With those results it was possible to assign a previously observed feature in the Auger electron spectrum of solid ammonia.

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Kühnlein, Christian [Verfasser]. "Ruthenium(II) complexes bearing Bis(phosphine) and β-aminophosphine [beta-aminophosphine] ligands and their application to homogeneous >C=O reduction = Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe mit Bis(phosphan)- und β-Aminophosphan-Liganden [Beta-Aminophosphan-Liganden] und ihre Anwendung in der homogenen >C=O-Reduktion / vorgelegt von Christian Kühnlein." 2006. http://d-nb.info/978139445/34.

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Books on the topic "Homogeneous mix"

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Abbas, Tahir. Islamophobia and Radicalisation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190083410.001.0001.

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Since the 1970s, there have been three challenges to traditional, homogeneous ‘national’ identities across the Western world: political and socioeconomic inequality; neoliberal globalization; and more diverse, multicultural societies. As in the US and elsewhere in Western Europe, the decline of an old, masculinized national identity has now begun to open a new, dark era for Britain. Ever since the ‘war on terror’ was added to the mix, ‘others’ in Britain have been brutally demonized. Muslims, routinely presented as the source of society’s ills, are subjected to both symbolic and actual violence. Deep-seated and structurally racialized norms amplify the isolation and alienation impeding Muslim integration. Both these ‘left-behind’ Muslims and white-British groups who perceive themselves as the true nation are under pressure from ongoing geopolitical concerns in the Muslim world, as well as widening divisions at home. Tahir Abbas argues that, in this context, the symbiotic intersections between Islamophobia and radicalization intensify and expand. His book is a warning of the world that results: a rise in hate crime, the institutionalization of Islamophobia, and the normalization of war and conflict.
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Stafström, Sven, and Mikael Unge. Disorder-induced electron localization in molecular-based materials. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.25.

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This article examines disorder-induced electron localization in molecular-based materials, using DNA and pentacene molecular crystals as examples. In DNA, the disorder is intrinsic and strong, resulting in very short localization lengths. The pentacene crystal, on the other hand, is intrinsically homogeneous and the disorder is extrinsic and weak, which makes a metal–insulator transition (MIT) possible. After providing an overview of carbon-based materials for electronic applications, the article explains the methodology for calculating the localization properties of a DNA double strand and a pentacene molecular crystal, namely Hamiltonian, transfer matrix, and finite-size scaling. It also discusses the results, which show a substantial increase in the localization length of the electronic state with correlated disorder as compared to the case of uncorrelated disorder.
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Basu, Sanjay. Complexities of Epidemic Modeling. Edited by Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0010.

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The prior chapter derived and simulated the most basic epidemic model, assuming that people can be in only one of three states (susceptible, infected, or recovered) and that people mix homogeneously throughout the population. In this chapter, the author examines how the Kermack-McKendrick model can be extended to simulate a wide variety of complex diseases and circumstances and be adapted to incorporate the complex ways that people contact each other. Once we leave the context of the Kermack-McKendrick model, the calculation of R0 becomes complicated, so that the researcher must resort to simulation to identify what effect a disease will have in a population and to measure the potential impact of a public health intervention on the disease. The author additionally describes methods for simulating individual behavior in response to an epidemic.
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Automation 2021. VDI Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023921.

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In unserer Fachdisziplin bezeichnen wir komplexe technische Systeme als resilient, wenn sie auch beim Auftreten innerer und äußerer Ausfälle und Störungen die angeforderten Systemleistungen aufrechterhalten. Hier sind alle Ingenieurdisziplinen und insbesondere die Automation gefragt, denn eines ist offensichtlich: Die Herausforderungen können wir nur gemeinsam mit einem „Blick über den Tellerrand“ meistern. Unser jährlicher Kongress AUTOMATION ist technologisch geprägt. Das ist Teil des Erfolgsrezepts, welches theoretische Grundlagen, aktuelle Technologieentwicklungen und die Anwendungen in der Produktion – gleichermaßen in der Fertigungs- wie in der Prozessindustrie – vereint. Gerade in Zeiten großer Herausforderungen sind Austausch, Orientierung und Navigation unserer Community besonders notwendig und gefordert. Zugleich gilt es herauszuarbeiten, welche unverzichtbaren Beiträge die Automation ab sofort leisten kann und muss, um die nicht weniger aktuellen und wichtigen Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen. Inhalt (Auszüge) Fertigungsautomation – Digitaler Zwilling A Reference Architecture enabling Sensor Networks based on homogeneous AASs ..... 5 V. Gowtham, A. ...
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Book chapters on the topic "Homogeneous mix"

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Ricciotti, Wilmer, and James Cheney. "Query Lifting." In Programming Languages and Systems, 579–606. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_21.

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AbstractLanguage-integrated query based on comprehension syntax is a powerful technique for safe database programming, and provides a basis for advanced techniques such as query shredding or query flattening that allow efficient programming with complex nested collections. However, the foundations of these techniques are lacking: although SQL, the most widely-used database query language, supports heterogeneous queries that mix set and multiset semantics, these important capabilities are not supported by known correctness results or implementations that assume homogeneous collections. In this paper we study language-integrated query for a heterogeneous query language $$\mathcal {NRC}_{\lambda }( Set,Bag )$$ NRC λ ( S e t , B a g ) that combines set and multiset constructs. We show how to normalize and translate queries to SQL, and develop a novel approach to querying heterogeneous nested collections, based on the insight that “local” query subexpressions that calculate nested subcollections can be “lifted” to the top level analogously to lambda-lifting for local function definitions.
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Diekmann, Odo, Hans Heesterbeek, and Tom Britton. "Stochastic modeling: The impact of chance." In Mathematical Tools for Understanding Infectious Disease Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155395.003.0003.

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This chapter defines a stochastic counterpart to the homogeneous deterministic epidemic model introduced in Chapter 1. The model considers a homogeneous community of individuals that mix uniformly, meaning that there is no social structure in the community. The word “mix” is used in the sense of engaging in a type of contact that may possibly lead to transmission; what mixing is will therefore depend on characteristics of the infectious agent and the host. The randomness in the model stems from the latency and infectious periods being random (i.e., typically different for different individuals), and also from the contact process: infectious contacts of infected individuals occur randomly in time and with randomly selected individuals in a finite population. The chapter highlights two special cases, called the “general” epidemic and the Reed–Frost epidemic in the literature.
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Rana, Vincenzo, Marco D. Santambrogio, and Alessandro Meroni. "Design Methodologies and Mapping Algorithms for Reconfigurable NoC-Based Systems." In Dynamic Reconfigurable Network-on-Chip Design, 110–34. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-807-4.ch005.

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This chapter describes in details the different approaches and design methodologies that can be employed in order to create reconfigurable Network-on-Chip-based systems. The target architecture can be mainly defined either as a homogeneous or as a non-homogeneous grid of tiles. Furthermore, in addition to these architectures, it is also possible to identify a regular non-homogeneous solution, which is a sort of mix of the previous two. A second distinction can be done based on the reconfiguration capabilities that the target system can support. In particular, by using one of the previously introduced architectures, it is possible to develop a reconfigurable system, based on the NoC paradigm, in which the communication infrastructure, the mapping of the computational cores or both can be dynamically configured at run-time.
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Whiteman, C. David. "Atmospheric Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0010.

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Weather phenomena occur over a very broad range of scales of space and time, from the global circulation systems that extend around the earth’s circumference to the small eddies that cause cigarette smoke to swirl and mix with clear air. Each circulation can be described in terms of its approximate horizontal diameter and lifetime. Large-scale weather systems, such as hemispheric wave patterns called Rossby waves, monsoons, high and low pressure centers, and fronts, are called synopticscale weather systems. Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind measurements collected simultaneously all over the world are used to analyze and forecast the evolution of these systems, which have diameters greater than 200 km (125 mi) and lifetimes of days to months. Mesoscale weather events include diurnal wind systems such as mountain wind systems, like breezes, sea breezes, thunderstorms, and other phenomena with horizontal scales that range from 2 to 200 km (1 to 125 mi) and lifetimes that range from hours to days. Mesoscale meteorologists use networks of surface- based instruments, balloon-borne sounding systems, remote sensing systems (e.g., radar, lidar, and sodar), and aircraft to make observations on these scales. Microscale meteorology focuses on local or small-scale atmospheric phenomena with diameters below 2 km (1 mi) and lifetimes from seconds to hours, including gusts and turbulence, dust devils, thermals, and certain cloud types. Microscale studies are usually confined to the layer of air from the earth’s surface to an altitude where surface effects become negligible (approximately 1000 feet or 300 m at night and 5000 feet or 1500 m during the day). A fourth and less rigorously defined term, the regional scale, denotes circulations and weather events occurring on horizontal scales from 500 to 5000 km (310 to 3100 mi). The regional scale is thus smaller than synoptic scale, but larger than mesoscale. The term is often used to describe events that occur within more or less homogeneous physiographic provinces (e.g., the Pacific Northwest region). Major mountain ranges impact the weather on the synoptic scale. They anchor large-scale pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere, cause low and high pressure weather systems to form, and produce large-scale seasonal wind systems in Asia and North America.
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Cantor, Brian. "The Scheil Equation." In The Equations of Materials, 162–79. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851875.003.0008.

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Many materials are manufactured by solidification, either as a final product by casting, or as an intermediate ingot or bar. The Scheil equation describes the partitioning that takes place during solidification and the resulting spatial redistribution of solute, which makes it difficult to maintain a homogeneous material composition, and which leads to unwanted concentrations of harmful impurities. This chapter explains nucleation and growth processes during solidification, the resulting dendritic, faceted, equiaxed and columnar structures depending on thermal conditions and material type, coupled solidification of two-phase eutectic materials, and typical casting methods and associated structures and defects. Very little is known about Erich Scheil, who worked at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart in the mid-20th century.
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Fisher, David. "Xenology." In Much Ado about (Practically) Nothing. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195393965.003.0019.

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Xenon is unique among the Noble Gases in that it has an isotope, 129Xe, that is the fossil daughter of an extinct nuclide. Iodine-129, its precursor, decays to 129Xe with a half-life of about sixteen million years, and since the earth is four and a half billion years old (and since all the elements on earth were created in stars before the earth accreted), there is no 129I on earth today; after the first hundred million years of earth’s existence there would have been less than 2 percent left, after a billion years there would have been too little to measure, and by today we can safely say there is “none” left. But now let’s go back to the very creation of the solar system. We know that the elements that exist today were created earlier in stars and blown out into space, and somehow they accreted into the sun and planets. We know roughly how and in which types of stars the elements were created, but we still don’t know the details of their synthesis, and we know even less about their accretion into the sun and planets, and until the xenon studies we had absolutely no idea when they were created. Suppose that the creation of the elements took place billions of years before solar system formation (after all, the universe is nearly ten billion years older than we are). Then all the 129I would have decayed into xenon long before the sun and planets formed, the 129Xe would have mixed with all the other xenon isotopes, and upon its incorporation into the solid particles of the solar system the xenon would be isotopically homogeneous. The sun, the earth, the meteorites, and the planets and moons would have incorporated differing amounts of xenon, according to their mode of formation and evolution, but they would all have the same mix of xenon isotopes (with perhaps some easily recognized mass fractionation). But suppose instead that the elements were created just previous to solar system formation; that is, within a few half-lives of 129I—say, less than a hundred million years.
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Yoshida, Katsumi. "Application of Electrophoretic Deposition for Interfacial Control of High-Performance SiC Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix (SiCf/SiC) Composites." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 533–52. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch018.

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This chapter reviews the novel fabrication process of continuous SiCf/SiC composites based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD). EPD process is very effective for achieving relatively homogeneous carbon coating with the thickness of several tens to hundreds nanometers on SiC fibers. Carbon interface with the thickness of at least 100 nm formed by EPD acts effectively for inducing interfacial debonding and fiber pullout during fracture, and the SiCf/SiC composites show excellent mechanical properties. From these results, it is demonstrated that the fabrication process based on EPD method is expected to be an effective way to control the interfaces of SiCf/SiC composites and to obtain high-performance SiCf/SiC composites.
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Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. "Introduction—A Bit of History." In An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0006.

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Oscillations of chemical origin have been present as long as life itself. Every living system contains scores, perhaps hundreds, of chemical oscillators. The systematic study of oscillating chemical reactions and of the broader field of nonlinear chemical dynamics is of considerably more recent origin, however. In this chapter, we present a brief and extremely idiosyncratic overview of some of the history of nonlinear chemical dynamics. In 1828, Fechner described an electrochemical cell that produced an oscillating current, this being the first published report of oscillations in a chemical system. Ostwald observed in 1899 that the rate of chromium dissolution in acid periodically increased and decreased. Because both systems were inhomogeneous, it was believed then, and through much of our own century, that homogeneous oscillating reactions were impossible. Degn wrote in 1972 (p. 302): “It is hard to think of any other question which already occupied chemists in the nineteenth century and still has not received a satisfactory answer.” In that same year, though, answers were coming. How it took so long for the nature of oscillating chemical reactions to be understood and how that understanding eventually came about will be the major focus of this chapter. Although oscillatory behavior can be seen in many chemical systems, we shall concentrate primarily on homogeneous, isothermal reactions in aqueous solution. In later chapters, we shall broaden our horizons a bit. While the study of oscillating reactions did not become well established until the mid-1970s, theoretical discussions go back to at least 1910. We consider here some of the early theoretical and experimental work that led up to the ideas of Prigogine on nonequilibrium thermodynamics and to the experimental and theoretical work of Belousov, Zhabotinsky, Field, Körös, and Noyes, all of whom did much to persuade chemists that chemical oscillations, traveling fronts, and other phenomena that now comprise the repertoire of nonlinear chemical dynamics were deserving of serious study. Alfred Lotka was one of the more interesting characters in the history of science. He wrote a handful of theoretical papers on chemical oscillation during the early decades of this century and authored a monograph (1925) on theoretical biology that is filled with insights that still seem fresh today.
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Venkateswarlu, G., M. J. Davidson, G. R. N. Tagore, and P. Sammaiah. "Influence of Process Parameters on Microstructure of Friction Stir Processed Mg AZ31 Alloy." In Materials Science and Engineering, 1293–305. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch051.

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Friction stir processing (FSP) has been developed on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW) as an effective and efficien new method for grain refinement and microstructural modification, providing intense plastic deformation as well as higher strain rates than other conventional severe plastic deformation methods. FSP produces an equiaxed homogeneous microstructure consisting of fine grains, resulting in the enhancement of the properties of the material at room temperature. The objective of the present paper is to examine the influence of friction stir processing (FSP) parameters namely tool rotational speed (RS), tool traverse speed (TS) and tool tilt angle (TA) on the microstructures of friction stir processed AZ31B-O magnesium alloy. This investigation has focused on the microstructural changes occurred in the dynamically recrystallised nugget zone/ stir zone and the thermo mechanically affected zone during FSP. The results presented in this work indicate that all the three FSP process parameters have a significant effect on the resulting microstructure and also found that the rotational speed has greatly influenced the homogenization of the material. The grain refinement is higher at intermediate rotational speed (1150 rpm), traverse speed (32 mm / min and tilt angle (10). It is established that FSP can be a good grain refinement method for improving the properties of the material.
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Peebles, P. J. E. "Cosmological Models." In Cosmology's Century, 36–113. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196022.003.0003.

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This chapter examines two spatially homogenous world pictures which captured most of the attention in cosmology from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s: an evolving universe and a universe in a statistically steady state. The evolving model describes expansion according to general relativity from an exceedingly dense early condition often termed the big bang. In the big bang model, a straightforward extrapolation of its evolution back in time ends at a singularity: a manifest failure of standard general relativity. In the alternative world picture, the continual creation of matter keeps the near-homogeneously expanding universe in a steady state. It lacked Albert Einstein's endorsement, but skillful proponents kept the picture visible in England though generally less so at other research centers. The steady-state cosmology is much more predictive than the big bang, which might have been expected to have added more than it did to general interest in the model.
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Conference papers on the topic "Homogeneous mix"

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Bannerot, Richard. "An Assessment of Myers-Briggs Temperament Indicator Based Team Formation Strategies for One-Semester Design Projects." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13881.

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There has been some discussion in the literature concerning whether homogeneous or heterogeneous design teams produce the better results. This study compares the performances of three aspects of the design process as produced by 81 student teams. The teams are categorized by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicators of their members. The more personality homogeneous teams produced the better quality work. Hence, the study has added some support to the argument that homogeneous teams may be preferable, at least for relatively short projects. However, there are many factors besides similar of personalities, such as past academic performance, age, gender mix, ethnic mix, and work experience, that may affect team performance. Therefore it would be a mistake to assume that forming teams based on personality type alone will significantly and uniformly affect their performances.
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Impens, Nathalie R. E. N., Lesley Adriaensen, Jan Deckers, and Pierre Van Iseghem. "A Room Temperature Stabilization and Waste Volume Reduction Method Tested on Belgian Intermediate-Level Homogeneous Bituminized Waste (Eurobitum)." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59103.

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We developed a room temperature method to recondition intermediate-level homogeneous bituminized waste, called Eurobitum. Using this method, Eurobitum could be separated in an aqueous and an organic effluent, and a solid asphaltene-salt mix. In this paper, we present the results of the room temperature reconditioning method using real radioactive Eurobitum samples. The dissolution and separation processes were optimized. The residual waste could then be pressed towards a material, that might be suitable for geological disposal. The concentration of radionuclides in the two secondary waste effluents was thereafter determined. The aqueous effluent contained radionuclide concentrations below the treatment levels for common radioactive waste water treatment processes, whereas the alpha radioactivity of the organic phase was low enough to consider the possibility to inject it into the CILVA radwaste incinerator where it would undergo a thermal treatment process together with other solid radwaste. Our proposed process could reduce the Eurobitum volume considerably. The most flammable and the least radiation resistant molecules and the nitrates were removed from the original Eurobitum waste. Finally, the residual waste is expected to be more stable in geological disposal conditions.
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Qian, Guian, Markus Niffenegger, Medhat Sharabi, and Nathan Lafferty. "Deterministic and Probabilistic PTS Study for a Reactor Pressure Vessel Considering Plume Cooling Effects." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63869.

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A reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is assumed to be subjected to pressurized thermal shocks (PTSs) as a result of the emergency cooling water injected during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). The cooling flow is not homogeneous but typically in a plume shape (stripe cooling) flowing from the cold leg through the inlet nozzles. This paper aims to analyze the non-uniform cooling effect on the RPV integrity. In this paper, both deterministic and probabilistic methods are used to analyze the integrity of a model RPV subjected to PTS. RELAP5, GRS-MIX, CFD and other semi-analytical methods are used to analyze the transient with and without considering plume cooling effect. Finite element method (FEM), extended finite element method (XFEM) and weight function method are used to calculate KI of the postulated cracks. The FAVOR code is used to calculate the conditional probabilities for crack initiation and failure of the RPV considering different crack distributions. KI based on CFD input is the highest, followed by that based on reference transient, GRS-MIX and RELAP5. Peak KI of the cracks inside the plume increases about 33% compared with that outside. According to the maximum criteria, the maximum allowed RTNDT are 56.9 °C, 90.2 °C, 98 °C, 115.7 °C and 136.2 °C for the crack in the nozzle region based on CFD transient, the cracks in the ring region based on the CFD, reference data, GRS-MIX and RELAP5 calculated transient, respectively. These values are 36 °C, 68.5 °C, 73 °C, 81 °C and 104 °C according to the tangent criteria. The conditional probability inside the plume is more than nine orders of magnitude higher than outside the plume. Considering plume cooling effects increases the total failure frequency by 1–2 orders of magnitude. In order to be conservative, it is necessary to consider the plume effect in the integrity assessment.
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Lieber, Baruch B., Qing Hao, Chander Sadasivan, and Jaehoon Seong. "Experimental Investigation on the Dispersive Transport of Angiographic Contrast Injected Antegradely Into Flow in a Tube." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176606.

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In catheter-based angiography contrast is injected through a catheter into flowing arterial blood to attenuate the X-ray beam such that physicians can view vascular luminal morphology for diagnosis of vascular pathology [1]. Since real time angiography became available the transport of contrast could be visualized and numerous attempts have been made to relate the visualized transport of contrast to blood flow or blood velocity. Since the dispersion of contrast is a complex process and thorough understanding of contrast mixing with the flowing blood is missing, many physicians and researchers alike implicitly assume that mixing of contrast and blood is either instantaneously completed or that mixing does not take place at all during the short visualization period. In the former case many erroneously assume that the visualization of contrast transport directly reflect blood flow characteristics. Yet others attributed homogeneous mixing to turbulence even when the Reynolds number was as low as 77 [2]. In the latter case some reports suggested that since the two do not mix, the contrast, which is denser than blood, will tend to accumulate at low parts of the arterial system due to the gravity. The stereotypical concept is that under laminar flow conditions homogeneous mixing will take a long time and consequently a long distance. The fact that the angiographic contrast is a liquid tracer injected forcefully into the blood, generating an ejector effect is ignored. The velocity mismatch between the injected contrast and the flowing blood plays a major role in laminar mixing of the contrast. In this paper, we report our experimental investigation that was designed to find out how far distal to the catheter tip will the injected contrast reach homogeneous mixing with a blood analog fluid as evident by no further changes in the contrast density profiles measured downstream of the catheter tip.
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Koc¸ak, Mustafa, Eduard Seib, and Afshin Motarjemi. "Improvements to the Fracture Assessment of Welds Using FITNET Fitness for Service Assessment Procedure." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67568.

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Recent developments of the advanced welding processes such as laser beam welding (LBW), solid state friction stir welding (FSW) and hybrid welding, numbers of advanced structures are being designed and constructed in industries such as aerospace, power generation, oil and gas transmission and transportation. Development of new structural aluminum and magnesium alloys as well as high strength steels provide further possibilities for the welded structures in similar and dissimilar (material-mix) configurations. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for “Fitness-for-Service” (FFS) assessment of those advanced welded structures by considering the specific features of these weld joints (such as narrow weld width, high strength mis-match, etc.). In year 1999, Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure SINTAP has been developed for analysis of flaws to avoid fracture within the European Commission funded project SINTAP. Recently, the European Community funded project FITNET in the form of a Thematic Network (TN) organisation has started to review the existing FFS procedures and develop an updated, unified and verified European FITNET FFS Procedure to cover structural integrity analysis to avoid failures due to fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion. This new FFS Procedure has adopted the SINTAP approach for assessing of the welded structures. This paper describes the FITNET FFS weld assessment route and also aims to demonstrate suitability of weld joint assessment route of the FITNET FFS Procedure in prediction of the critical conditions of various advanced welded joints containing flaw. The welded specimens used in this work cover conventional multi-pass welded Inconel-718 turbine blade (T-joint), center cracked wide plates of electron beam welded 13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steel, laser beam welded shipbuilding C-Mn steel and aluminum alloy. The results are showing that the weld strength mismatch analysis option of the FITNET FFS is conservative and degree of conservatism is similar to the analysis options for the homogeneous materials. This provides confidence in the use of the FITNET FFS procedure for assessing of the structural significance of flaws in welded structures.
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Peltola, Toni. "Urban Housing PARIS: Town/Building/ Apartment." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.6.

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The project starts from the idea that to build a town and to build a dwelling emerge from the same principle – the attempt to define the limits of our way of living. The triptych of town, building, and apartment participates to this definition in stages from the intimacy of apartment to the environment of the nearest neighborhood and all the way to the making of the city. The architectural project defines itself also as a social project dealing with the inhabitants’ relation to the other individuals and to the society. The site is located between Zac Rue de Flandre Sud development area and the vast open space ofthe railroad yard of Gare de I ‘Est on the north side of the lively Boulevard de la Villette. The broken context of the turn-of-the-century working class housing is collected with a physical incision to the urban fabric. Green line – park – forms an oasis in the city life and creates public space in the quarter. Visually a whole, the park is divided into parts for each respective block and raised a little above the street level. The nature is set in the architectural frame. It is presented as a different space – living and seemingly homogeneous and confronted with the mix of buildings. The changes along the seasons condition the atmosphere of the park, which is opposite to the stability of the living buildings.
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Hossain, M. I., Y. Wang, A. Belyanin, D. L. Sivco, A. M. Sergent, and O. Malis. "Dual-wavelength homogeneous mid-infrared quantum cascade laser." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Alexey A. Belyanin and Peter M. Smowton. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.906048.

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Girelli, Florian, Etera Livine, Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman, R. Durka, and M. Szczachor. "Field Theories with Homogeneous Momentum Space." In THE PLANCK SCALE: Proceedings of the XXV Max Born Symposium. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3284372.

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Patil, Mayank, Ramesh Annamalai, Brendon Tan, Avinash Kishore Kumar, Chee Hen Lau, and Muhammad Syazwan Bin Saari. "Light Weight Cement Slurry Tailored With Suspended Beads For Optimum Isolation of Highly Depleted Reservoirs in Offshore Malaysia: A Case Study." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21801-ms.

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Abstract Hollow-glass microspheres (beads) are widely used to generate light weight cement slurries for cementing across highly depleted zones and weaker formations; this paper discusses tailoring of a cement slurry and the execution of cementing operations for the successful deployment of an innovative liquid bead solution instead of the conventionally blended beads to achieve zonal isolation for a development well in Malaysia. Usage of dry bulk blended beads poses many challenges, such as rig and vessel silo management, quality control of beads, multiple blends on the rig and excess back-up blends. A new approach has been proposed using a liquid bead system to produce a light weight cement slurry by adding beads stabilized within a suspension fluid as another liquid additive to help eliminate the need of dry bulk blending of beads and at the same time accomplishing all the obligatory cement properties for a production casing section in depleted zones. A successful offshore application of liquid beads was executed in a production casing, meeting all the necessary property requirements for cementing in a depleted zone. The cement slurry was developed in a local field laboratory with standard laboratory testing techniques and equipment. Liquid beads can be added to the cement slurry using liquid additive pumps or batch mixed on the surface. Considering the slurry volume of the production section and the importance of a homogeneous cement slurry, liquid beads were injected into the recirculating line of the cement batch mixer. A yard trial was performed prior to the actual job which validated the easy transfer of liquid beads. Relative to the conventional dry-blended approach, this economically more efficient liquid bead cement system was easy to mix and achieved the required design density without any operational issues. The cementing operation was executed with full returns throughout the job at maximum planned displacement rates. To evaluate cement placement, a post job analysis was performed. The first application of this liquid bead technology in Malaysia was to generate a light-weight cement slurry and was successfully implemented for a 9-5/8" production casing where 167 bbl of the liquid bead base cement slurry was mixed, pumped & effectively placed.
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Mecham, Travis, Galen Stanley, Michael Pelletier, and Jim C. P. Liou. "High Speed Data Communications and High Speed Leak Detection Models: Impact of Thermodynamic Properties for Heated Crude Oil in Large Diameter, Insulated Pipelines — Application Pacific Pipeline System." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-241.

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Recent advances in SCADA and leak detection system technologies lead to higher scan rates and faster model speeds. As these model speeds increase and the inherent mathematical uncertainties in implicit method solutions are reduced, errors and uncertainties in measurement of the physical properties of the fluids transported by pipeline come to dominate the confidence calculations for computer generated leak alerts in the control center. The ability to collect more data must be supported by the need for better model data in order to achieve optimal leak detection system performance. This is particularly true when the products transported are non-homogeneous and have strong viscosity-vs-temperature relationships. These are characteristics of crude oils in California’s San Joaquin Valley where significant heating is required to pump these oils in an efficient manner. Proper characterization and correct mathematical expression of these physical properties in leak models has become critical. This paper presents these new developments in the context of an implementation of this new technology for the Pacific Pipeline System (PPS). PPS is a recently constructed and commissioned 209 km (130-mile), 50.8 cm (20″) diameter, insulated, hot crude oil pipeline between the southern portion of California’s San Joaquin Valley and refineries in the Los Angeles basin. Operational temperatures in this line vary from ambient to 82.2°C (180°F) with pressures ranging from 345 kPa (50 psi) to 11,720 kPa (1700 psi). Due to the unique geometry of the line, facilities along the route include pumping stations, metering stations and numerous “throttle-type” pressure reduction facilities. On PPS, a high-speed leak detection model is supported by a fiber optic (OC-1) communication backbone with data rate capacities in excess of 50 Megabits Per Second (MPS). Total scan times for the distributed communication system have been reduced to 1/4 second — each facility reports data to the SCADA host four times each second. A corresponding 1/4 second leak detection model cycle leads to selection of Methods of Characteristics segments on the order of 260 meters (850 feet). This resolution, in conjunction with the advanced instrumentation package of PPS, makes detection of very small leaks realizable. This paper starts with an overview of the system and combines a mix of the theoretical requirements imposed by the mathematical solutions with a practical description of the laboratory procedures and propagated experimental errors. The paper reviews temperature-related errors and uncertainties and their influence on leak detection performance.
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