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Journal articles on the topic 'Homogeneous Reactions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Koóš, Peter, Martin Markovič, Pavol Lopatka, and Tibor Gracza. "Recent Applications of Continuous Flow in Homogeneous Palladium Catalysis." Synthesis 52, no. 23 (August 3, 2020): 3511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707212.

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Considerable advances have been made using continuous flow chemistry as an enabling tool in organic synthesis. Consequently, the number of articles reporting continuous flow methods has increased significantly in recent years. This review covers the progress achieved in homogeneous palladium catalysis using continuous flow conditions over the last five years, including C–C/C–N cross-coupling reactions, carbonylations and reductive/oxidative transformations.1 Introduction2 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions3 C–N Coupling Reactions4 Carbonylation Reactions5 Miscellaneous Reactions6 Key to Schematic Symbols7 Conclusion

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2

Münster, A., and F. W. Schneider. "Homogeneous Nonlinear Chemical Reactions." PAMM 1, no. 1 (March 2002): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1617-7061(200203)1:1<14::aid-pamm14>3.0.co;2-y.

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3

Hájek, Milan. "Microwave Activation of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, no. 2 (1997): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19970347.

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Microwave heating was applied in homogeneous and in heterogeneous reactions and the results were compared from the point of view of activation of chemical reactions. Reactions including the addition of halo compounds to alkenes catalyzed by copper and ruthenium complexes in different solvents and NaY zeolite catalyzed alkylation of secondary amine in the absence of solvent were studied as model reactions to compare possibilities of microwave activation of reactants and catalysts. Rate enhancement of over one order of magnitude in homogeneous reactions was caused mainly by thermal dielectric heating effect which resulted from the effective coupling of microwaves to polar solvents. Activation of reactants and catalysts was very low if any. In heterogeneously catalyzed alkylation reactions highly efficient activation of zeolite catalyst was recorded. The results indicated that the best reaction conditions were in experiments when both activation of catalyst and performance of reaction were carried out under microwave conditions. Rate enhancement was most probably caused by "hot spots" or by "selective heating" of active sites. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions non-thermal activation (specific effect) was excluded.

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4

Tuulmets, A., G. Cravotto, S. Salmar, and J. Jarv. "Sonochemistry of Homogeneous Ionic Reactions." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157019310791384155.

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5

Tuulmets, Ants. "Ultrasound and polar homogeneous reactions." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 4, no. 2 (April 1997): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4177(97)00013-8.

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6

Compton, Richard G., R. Anthony Spackman, and Patrick R. Unwin. "Homogeneous catalysis of electrochemical reactions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 264, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)80145-7.

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7

Compton, Richard G., and R. Anthony Spackman. "Homogeneous catalysis of electrochemical reactions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 285, no. 1-2 (June 1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(90)87127-6.

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8

Zheng, Zhitong, Xu Ma, Xinpeng Cheng, Ke Zhao, Kaylaa Gutman, Tianyou Li, and Liming Zhang. "Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions." Chemical Reviews 121, no. 14 (February 16, 2021): 8979–9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00774.

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9

Göndös, György, Lajos Gera, Mihály Bartók, and James C. Orr. "Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic asymmetric reactions." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 373, no. 3 (September 1989): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(89)85065-x.

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10

Wittmann, Gyula, Gizella B. Bartók, Mihály Bartók, and Gerard V. Smith. "Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic asymmetric reactions." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 60, no. 1 (May 1990): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(90)85061-l.

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11

Primak, W. "Kinetics of homogeneous reactions in solids." Solid State Ionics 26, no. 2 (March 1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(88)90164-6.

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12

Jenner, Gérard. "Homogeneous catalytic reactions involving methyl formate." Applied Catalysis A: General 121, no. 1 (January 1995): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(95)85008-2.

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13

Vaaland, Ingrid Caroline, and Magne Olav Sydnes. "Consecutive Palladium Catalyzed Reactions in One-Pot Reactions." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 5 (August 11, 2020): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x16666190716150048.

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Combining palladium catalyzed reactions in one-pot reactions represents an efficient and economical use of catalyst. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling has been proven to be a reaction which can be combined with other palladium catalyzed reactions in the same pot. This mini-review will highlight some of the latest examples where Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions have been combined with other palladium catalyzed reactions in one-pot reaction. Predominantly, examples with homogeneous reaction conditions will be discussed in addition to a few examples from the authors where Pd/C have been used as a catalyst.

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14

Ahmed, Sohail, Hang Xu, and Qiang Sun. "Stagnation Flow of a SWCNT Nanofluid towards a Plane Surface with Heterogeneous-Homogeneous Reactions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3265143.

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The homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction in the boundary layer flow of a water-based nanofluid in the stagnation-point region of a plane surface is investigated. The type of small particles explored here is the single-walled carbon nanotubes. The homogeneous nanofluid model is employed for description of behaviours of nanofluids. Here, the homogeneous (bulk) reaction is isothermal cubic autocatalytic, while the heterogeneous (surface) reaction is single, isothermal, and first order. The steady state of this system is analysed in detail, with equal diffusion coefficients being considered for both reactants and autocatalysts. Multiple solutions of the reduced system are captured for some particular sets of physical parameters, which seem to be overlooked in all previous published works with regard to studies of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions modeled by homogeneous nanofluid models. Besides, we discover the significant limitation of previous conclusion about that the solutions by homogeneous nanofluid flow models can be recovered from those by regular fluids.

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15

Kotelenez, Peter. "Fluctuations near homogeneous states of chemical reactions with diffusion." Advances in Applied Probability 19, no. 02 (June 1987): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000186780001658x.

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Conditions are given under which a space-time jump Markov process describing the stochastic model of non-linear chemical reactions with diffusion converges to the homogeneous state solution of the corresponding reaction-diffusion equation. The deviation is measured by a central limit theorem. This limit is a distribution-valued Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and can be represented as the mild solution of a certain stochastic partial differential equation.

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16

Kotelenez, Peter. "Fluctuations near homogeneous states of chemical reactions with diffusion." Advances in Applied Probability 19, no. 2 (June 1987): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427423.

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Conditions are given under which a space-time jump Markov process describing the stochastic model of non-linear chemical reactions with diffusion converges to the homogeneous state solution of the corresponding reaction-diffusion equation. The deviation is measured by a central limit theorem. This limit is a distribution-valued Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and can be represented as the mild solution of a certain stochastic partial differential equation.

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17

Kang, Zhizhong, Shixing Ding, Zhi-ang Shuai, and Baomin Sun. "Modeling of coal combustion in the CFB by the EDC model with the global reaction mechanism." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 963–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2016-0467.

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Purpose This paper aims to shows the ability of the EDC model with a global reaction mechanism to describe reactions in the Eulerian simulation of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). Design/methodology/approach The eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model is embedded in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach to simulate homogeneous reactions. Findings EDC_G is better than ED_FR in describing chemical reactions. The reaction of CH4 with O2 is faster than that of CO with O2, and NH3 is more liable to be converted than HCN. The combustion rate is higher than the Boudouard reaction rate of coal particles.N2O is mainly reduced by carbon, and NO is mainly converted by carbon into N2 and CO2. Originality/value The EDC model with a global reaction mechanism is embedded in a multi-fluid Eulerian approach to simulate the homogeneous reactions in the coal combustion in a CFB, including combustion of volatile gases, desulfurizing reactions and NOx reactions.

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18

Ferreira, Arthur Batista, Abiney Lemos Cardoso, and Márcio José da Silva. "Tin-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions: A Review." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (November 21, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/142857.

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The recent increase in the world biofuels demand, along with the need to reduce costs while improving the environmental sustainability of the biodiesel production, have led to the search for catalysts that should be economically viable, efficient, and environmentally friendly. This paper reviews recent research and development of organic and inorganic tin catalysts; focusing on kinetic properties and catalytic activity in two key reactions for biodiesel production: free fatty acids (FFA) esterification and triglycerides (TG) transesterification. First the basic knowledge of homogeneous tin catalysts in esterification reactions of different carboxylic acids is provided. Second, main advances obtained in the study of FFA esterification reactions catalyzed by tin chloride are covered. The effect of the principal parameters of reaction on the yield and rate of alkyl esters production is described. Kinetic measurements allowed the determination of the activation energy (46.79 kJ mol−1) and a first-order dependence in relation to both FFA and tin chloride catalyst concentration. Aspects related to recycling of the tin chloride catalyst in phase homogeneous are discussed. Third the advances obtained in the development of homogeneous catalysts based on tin complexes in transesterification reactions are summarized. Finally, results obtained from the use of tin organometallics compounds in reactions of vegetable oils transesterification reactions are concisely presented. The optimization of processes catalytic homogeneous utilized in the transesterification reactions can contribute to the improvement of the technology biodiesel production.

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19

Yin, Qiushi, Zihao Xu, Tianquan Lian, Djamaladdin G. Musaev, Craig L. Hill, and Yurii V. Geletii. "Tafel Slope Analyses for Homogeneous Catalytic Reactions." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010087.

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Tafel analysis of electrocatalysts is essential in their characterization. This paper analyzes the application of Tafel-like analysis to the four-electron nonelectrochemical oxidation of water by the stoichiometric homogeneous 1-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)3]3+ to dioxygen catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts, [Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4(γ-SiW10O36)2]10− (Ru4POM) and [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10– (Co4POM). These complexes have slow electron exchange rates with electrodes due to the Frumkin effect, which precludes the use of known electrochemical methods to obtain Tafel plots at ionic strengths lower than 0.5 M. The application of an electron transfer catalyst, [Ru(bpy)3]3+/2+, increases the rates between the Ru4POM and electrode, but a traditional Tafel analysis of such a complex system is precluded due to a lack of appropriate theoretical models for 4-electron processes. Here, we develop a theoretical framework and experimental procedures for a Tafel-like analysis of Ru4POM and Co4POM, using a stoichiometric molecular oxidant [Ru(bpy)3]3+. The dependence of turnover frequency (TOF) as a function of electrochemical solution potential created by the [Ru(bpy)3]3+/[Ru(bpy)3]2+ redox couple (an analog of the Tafel plot) was obtained from kinetics data and interpreted based on the suggested reaction mechanism.

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20

Rosales, Merlin, Gustavo Chacón, Angel González, Inés Pacheco, Pablo J. Baricelli, and Luis G. Melean. "Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 287, no. 1-2 (May 2008): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2008.03.004.

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21

Rosales, Merlin, Angel González, YusbeIi Guerrero, Inés Pacheco, and Roberto A. Sánchez-Delgado. "Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 270, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.01.044.

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22

Rosales, Merlin, Jesús A. Durán, Ángel González, Inés Pacheco, and Roberto A. Sánchez-Delgado. "Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 270, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.01.045.

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23

Balázsik, Katalin, Béla Török, Károly Felföldi, and Mihály Bartók. "Homogeneous and heterogeneous asymmetric reactions: Part 11." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 5, no. 4 (January 1999): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4177(98)00043-1.

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24

Bergmann, K., and J. Robert Huber. "Photoinduced Bimolecular Reactions in Homogeneous [CH3ONO]nClusters." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 101, no. 3 (January 1997): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp962507v.

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25

Weinstock, I. A. "Homogeneous-Phase Electron-Transfer Reactions of Polyoxometalates†." Chemical Reviews 98, no. 1 (February 1998): 113–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr9703414.

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26

José Climent, Maria, Avelino Corma, and Sara Iborra. "Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for multicomponent reactions." RSC Adv. 2, no. 1 (2012): 16–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ra00807b.

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27

Tuulmets, A., G. Cravotto, S. Salmar, and J. Jarv. "ChemInform Abstract: Sonochemistry of Homogeneous Ionic Reactions." ChemInform 41, no. 45 (October 14, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201045262.

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28

Pospech, Jola, Ivana Fleischer, Robert Franke, Stefan Buchholz, and Matthias Beller. "Alternative Metals for Homogeneous Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reactions." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52, no. 10 (February 21, 2013): 2852–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201208330.

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29

Zhang, Guozhu, Yu Peng, Li Cui, and Liming Zhang. "Gold-Catalyzed Homogeneous Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48, no. 17 (April 14, 2009): 3112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200900585.

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30

TUULMETS, A. "ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound and Polar Homogeneous Reactions." ChemInform 28, no. 50 (August 2, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199750338.

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31

Zhang, Guozhu, Yu Peng, Li Cui, and Liming Zhang. "Gold-Catalyzed Homogeneous Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 17 (April 14, 2009): 3158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200900585.

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32

Chern, Jia-Ming, and Friedrich G. Helfferich. "Effective kinetic modeling of multistep homogeneous reactions." AIChE Journal 36, no. 8 (August 1990): 1200–1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360809.

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33

Kramer, Søren. "Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Aryl–Aryl Coupling Reactions." Synthesis 52, no. 14 (April 2, 2020): 2017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690882.

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Synthesis of biaryl motifs are crucial for the development and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and functional materials. During the last decade, gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions have evolved from a curiosity to a well-established research field. This review summarizes the field from early examples up to the latest developments. Facile C–H functionalization and orthogonal reactivity compared to many other types of transition metal catalysis, for example, palladium catalysis, makes gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions highly appealing and valuable.1 Introduction2 Early Examples3 Cross-Coupling with External Oxidants4 Cross-Coupling without External Oxidants5 Conclusions

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34

Grushin, Vladimir V., and Howard Alper. "Homogeneous metal-catalyzed sequential Rosenmund-Tishchenko reactions." Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 17 (August 1991): 5159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00017a031.

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35

Lavy, T., M. Botoshansky, N. Shakkour, S. Speiser, and M. Kaftory. "Homogeneous photochemical reactions in solid inclusion compounds." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 58, s1 (August 6, 2002): c143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767302090736.

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36

Alper, Howard. "Homogeneous and phase transfer catalyzed carbonylation reactions." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 300, no. 1-2 (February 1986): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(86)84052-9.

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37

Savéant, J. M., and K. B. Su. "Homogeneous redox catalysis of multielectron electrochemical reactions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 196, no. 1 (December 1985): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(85)85076-2.

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38

Nadjo, L., J. M. Savéant, and K. B. Su. "Homogeneous redox catalysis of multielectron electrochemical reactions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 196, no. 1 (December 1985): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(85)85077-4.

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39

Rosales, Merlin, Angel González, Ysaias Alvarado, Raúl Rubio, Antida Andriollo, and Roberto A. Sánchez-Delgado. "Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 75, no. 1 (September 1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(92)80098-2.

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40

Barouh, V. A., and M. D. Mikhailov. "Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in a tubular reactor." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 17, no. 1 (January 1990): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(90)90084-w.

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41

Bałdyga, Jerzy. "A closure model for homogeneous chemical reactions." Chemical Engineering Science 49, no. 12 (June 1994): 1985–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(94)80082-0.

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42

Yin, Qiushi, Zihao Xu, Tianquan Lian, Djamaladdin G. Musaev, Craig L. Hill, and Yurii V. Geletii. "Tafel Slope Analyses for Homogeneous Catalytic Reactions." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010087.

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Tafel analysis of electrocatalysts is essential in their characterization. This paper analyzes the application of Tafel-like analysis to the four-electron nonelectrochemical oxidation of water by the stoichiometric homogeneous 1-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)3]3+ to dioxygen catalyzed by homogeneous catalysts, [Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4(γ-SiW10O36)2]10− (Ru4POM) and [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10– (Co4POM). These complexes have slow electron exchange rates with electrodes due to the Frumkin effect, which precludes the use of known electrochemical methods to obtain Tafel plots at ionic strengths lower than 0.5 M. The application of an electron transfer catalyst, [Ru(bpy)3]3+/2+, increases the rates between the Ru4POM and electrode, but a traditional Tafel analysis of such a complex system is precluded due to a lack of appropriate theoretical models for 4-electron processes. Here, we develop a theoretical framework and experimental procedures for a Tafel-like analysis of Ru4POM and Co4POM, using a stoichiometric molecular oxidant [Ru(bpy)3]3+. The dependence of turnover frequency (TOF) as a function of electrochemical solution potential created by the [Ru(bpy)3]3+/[Ru(bpy)3]2+ redox couple (an analog of the Tafel plot) was obtained from kinetics data and interpreted based on the suggested reaction mechanism.

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43

Waini, Iskandar, Anuar Ishak, and Ioan Pop. "Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions." Computers, Materials & Continua 68, no. 3 (2021): 3255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.017643.

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44

Yin, Ken‐Ming, Taewhan Yeu, and Ralph E. White. "A Mathematical Model of Electrochemical Reactions Coupled with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 1051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085714.

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45

Sugisawa, Naoto, Hiroyuki Nakamura, and Shinichiro Fuse. "Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Reactions Using Metal-Free Homogeneous Catalysts." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111321.

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Developments that result in high-yielding, low-cost, safe, scalable, and less-wasteful processes are the most important goals in synthetic organic chemistry. Continuous-flow reactions have garnered much attention due to many advantages over conventional batch reactions that include precise control of short reaction times and temperatures, low risk in handling dangerous compounds, and ease in scaling up synthesis. Combinations of continuous-flow reactions with homogeneous, metal-free catalysts further enhances advantages that include low-cost and ready availability, low toxicity, higher stability in air and water, and increased synthetic efficiency due to the avoidance of the time-consuming removal of toxic metal traces. This review summarizes recently reported continuous-flow reactions using metal-free homogeneous catalysts and classifies them either as acidic catalysts, basic catalysts, or miscellaneous catalysts. In addition, we compare the results between continuous-flow conditions and conventional batch conditions to reveal the advantages of using flow reactions with metal-free homogeneous catalysts.

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46

Lipczynska-Kochany, Ewa. "Degradation of Nitrobenzene and Nitrophenols in Homogeneous Aqueous Solution." Water Quality Research Journal 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1992.006.

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Abstract Degradation reactions of aqueous nitrobenzene (1), 2-nitrophenol (2), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (3) by means of the photolysis in the presence of the Fenton reagent (FeCL2/H2O2) (I) were investigated. The results were compared with those for 4-nitrophenol (4) as well as for direct photolysis (II), the photolysis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (III) and the dark Fenton reaction (IV) of (1)–(3), reported elsewhere. In all the cases, decomposition of the aromatic nitrocompounds was observed. The best results were obtained when the solutions of nitrophenols 2–4, containing the Fenton reagent, were irradiated with the polychromic UV light. The rates of the compounds 1–4 degradation depend on their electronic structures in the ground and excited states. The mechanisms of the degradation of 1–4 by means of direct photolysis, the Fenton reaction, the photochemical reactions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and the Fenton reaction are discussed. The developed method I is concluded to be more effective than II–IV, and therefore recommended for the elimination of the compounds 1–4 from waters and wastewaters.

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47

Wang, W. L., W. Y. Liu, X. L. Weng, Y. Shang, J. J. Chen, Z. G. Chen, and Z. B. Wu. "Organic-free synthesis and ortho-reaction of monodisperse Ni incorporated CeO2 nanocatalysts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 3 (2018): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08872h.

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48

Neuhaus, James D., and Michael C. Willis. "Homogeneous rhodium(i)-catalysis in de novo heterocycle syntheses." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 22 (2016): 4986–5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00835f.

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Rh(i)-catalysed reactions often employ mild reaction conditions and offer excellent functional group tolerance, making them ideal transformations for the preparation of complex molecules. This review surveys examples of these synthetically useful transformations as applied to the synthesis of various heterocycles.

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49

de Poulpiquet, Anne, Bertrand Goudeau, Patrick Garrigue, Neso Sojic, Stéphane Arbault, Thomas Doneux, and Laurent Bouffier. "A snapshot of the electrochemical reaction layer by using 3 dimensionally resolved fluorescence mapping." Chemical Science 9, no. 32 (2018): 6622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc02011f.

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50

Roscoe, John M. "The kinetics of gas phase reactions studied in a "homogeneous reactor"." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-368.

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The use of a "well-stirred" or "homogeneous" reactor in kinetic studies of gas phase reactions has been examined to assess the sensitivity of the method to the criteria upon which its use is based. The effects of heterogeneous and homogeneous secondary reactions are considered and the validity of the assumption of homogeneity has been examined experimentally for conditions similar to those which have been used elsewhere. The atom sink presented by the excess reagent under pseudo first order conditions results in failure of the homogeneity assumption. However, it is found that homogeneity is not required for successful use of the method provided the analytical measurements have good spatial resolution and the reaction volume is well-defined. The method is illustrated by using it to study some reactions of O(3P).

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