Academic literature on the topic 'Homogeneous sample'
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Journal articles on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Bunch, Elaine A., Diane M. Altwein, Lloyd E. Johnson, Joyce R. Farley, and Amy A. Hammersmith. "Homogeneous Sample Preparation of Raw Shrimp Using Dry Ice." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 3 (1995): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.3.883.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sample homogeneity is critical to accurate and reproducible analysis of trace residues in foods. A method of uniform sample preparation using dry ice is described for shrimp. Other sample preparation techniques for raw shrimp produce nonhomogeneous samples. Sample homogeneity was determined through analysis of chloramphenicol added to intact tiger or white shrimp prior to sample preparation. Simulated chloramphenicol residue levels were 50, 15, 10, and 5 ppb. No significant differences were noted when analyses of shrimp inoculated with chlor-amphenicol prior to sample preparation with dry ice were compared with analyses of shrimp spiked after grinding with dry ice. Grinding shrimp with dry ice produced samples with homogeneous chloramphenicol residues. This technique should be applicable to other tissues and vegetable products.
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Li, Shijin, Adrian R. Russell, and David Muir Wood. "Influence of particle-size distribution homogeneity on shearing of soils subjected to internal erosion." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 11 (2020): 1684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0273.
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Internal erosion (suffusion) is caused by water seeping through the matrix of coarse soil and progressively transporting out fine particles. The mechanical strength and stress–strain behavior of soils within water-retaining structures may be affected by internal erosion. Some researchers have set out to conduct triaxial erosion tests to study the mechanical consequences of erosion. Prior to conducting a triaxial test they subject a soil sample, which has an initially homogeneous particle-size distribution and density throughout, to erosion by causing water to enter one end of a sample and wash fine particles out the other. The erosion and movement of particles causes heterogeneous particle-size distributions to develop along the sample length. In this paper, a new soil sample formation procedure is presented that results in homogeneous particle-size distributions along the length of an eroded sample. Triaxial tests are conducted on homogeneous samples formed using the new procedure as well as heterogeneous samples created by the more commonly used approach. Results show that samples with homogeneous post-erosion particle-size distributions exhibit slightly higher peak deviator stresses than those that were heterogeneous. The results highlight the importance of ensuring homogeneity of post-erosion particle-size distributions when assessing the mechanical consequences of erosion. Forming samples using the new procedure enables the sample’s response to triaxial loading to be interpreted against a measure of its initially homogenous state.
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Karachentsev, I. D. "A Homogeneous Sample of Binary Galaxies: Basic Observational Properties." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 124 (1990): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004802.
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AbstractA survey of optical characteristics for 585 binary systems, satisfying a condition of apparent isolation on the sky, is presented. Influences of various selection effects distorting the average parameters of the sample are noted. The pair components display mutual similarity over all the global properties: luminosity, diameter, morphological type, mass-to-luminosity ratio, angular momentum etc., which is not due only to selection effects. The observed correlations must be caused by common origin of pair members. Some features (nuclear activity, color index) could acquire similarity during synchronous evolution of double galaxies.Despite the observed isolation, the sample of double systems is seriously contaminated by accidental pairs, and also by members of groups and clusters. After removing false pairs estimates of orbital mass-to-luminosity ratio range from 0 to 30 f⊙, with the mean value (7.8 ± 0.7) f⊙. Binary galaxies possess nearly circular orbits with a typical eccentrity e = 0.25, probably resulting from evolutionary selection driven by component mergers under dynamical friction. The double-galaxy population with space abundance 0.12±0.02 and characteristic merger timescale 0.2 H−1 may significantly influence the rate of dynamical evolution of galaxies.
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Paronyan, Gurgen M., Areg M. Mickaelian, and Hayk V. Abrahamyan. "Study of a homogeneous X-ray selected AGN sample." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S304 (2013): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314003640.
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AbstractBased on optical identifications of ROSAT sources, we have created a large homogeneous catalog of X-ray selected AGN. The Hamburg-RASS Catalog (HRC) and Byurakan-Hamburg-RASS Catalog (BHRC) made up on the basis of optical identification of X-ray sources from ROSAT Bright Source (BSC) and Faint Source (FSC) catalogues, respectively, have been used. These identiifcations were based on low-dispersion spectra of Hamburg Quasar Survey (HQS). As a result, a new large sample of X-ray selected AGN has been compiled containing 4253 sources with photon count rate CR > 0.04 ct/s in the area with galactic latitudes |b|>20 and declinations δ>0. All these sources are classified as AGN or candidate AGN. We have carried out multiwavelength studies in several wavelength ranges (X-ray, optical, radio). Catalogues that more or less guarantee the completeness condition (all-sky or large area surveys) were used. A number of erroneous classifications were found (some AGN had been classified as stars or galaxies); 1024 and 59 from HRC and BHRC, respectively. Out of 4253 sources, 3352 are spectroscopically confirmed AGN (given in Veron-Cetty & Veron and Roma Blazar catalogs), and the rest 901 are candidate AGN. For 210 of them spectra are available in SDSS DR9, and the results of their classification are given in another paper. We calculated absolute magnitudes, fluxes, improved coordinates and redshifts. An attempt is made to find a connection between the radiation fluxes in different bands for different types of sources, and identify their typical characteristics, thus confirming candidate AGN and in some cases finding new ones.
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Nauck, Matthias, Winfried März, Jochen Jarausch, et al. "Multicenter evaluation of a homogeneous assay for HDL-cholesterol without sample pretreatment." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 9 (1997): 1622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.9.1622.
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Abstract We evaluated a new homogeneous assay for the measurement of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) in six European laboratories. The assay includes two reagents and is applicable to most autoanalyzers, which allows full automation. The total CVs of the new method ranged between 1.3% and 6.7%. Thereby determined HDL-C values were in good agreement with those obtained by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2 or by a combination of ultracentrifugation and precipitation (0.956< r <0.994). The assay was linear up to at least 1500 mg/L HDL-C. Hemoglobin did not interfere, whereas icteric samples with bilirubin >100 mg/L showed discrepancies between the homogeneous and the precipitation assay. Lipemia up to total triglyceride concentrations of 8000 mg/L did not interfere with the homogeneous HDL-C assay. The homogeneous HDL-C assay was easy to handle and produced similar results in all laboratories participating in this study. This method will significantly facilitate the screening of individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Zoe, J. Zreloff, Danielle Lange, D. Vernon Suzanne, R. Carlin Martha, and J. Cano Raul. "Accelerating Gut Microbiome Research with Robust Sample Collection." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12, no. 1 (2023): 15. https://doi.org/10.4172/2320-3528.12.1.003.
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Background: Inferior quality of biological material compromises data, slows discovery, and wastes research funds. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, yet little attention has been given to optimizing collection and processing methods of human stool. Methods: We collected the entire bowel movement from 2 healthy volunteers: one to examine stoolsample heterogeneity and one to test stool sample handling parameters. Sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were used to examine the microbiome composition. Results: The microbiome profile varied depending on where the subsample was obtained from the stool. The exterior cortex of the stool was rich in specific phyla and deficient in others while the interior core of the stool revealed opposite microbiome profiles. Sample processing also resulted in varying microbiome profiles. Homogenization and stabilization at 4ºC gave superior microbial diversity profiles compared to the fresh or frozen subsamples of the same stool sample. Bacterial proliferation continued in the fresh subsample when processed at ambient temperature. Bacteroidetes proliferated and Firmicutes diminished during the 30-minute processing of fresh sample. The frozen sample had good overall diversity but Proteobacteria diminished likely because of the freeze/thaw. Conclusion: The microbiome profile is specific to the section of the stool being sampled. Stool sample collection, homogenization and stabilization at 4ºC for 24 hours provides a neat, high-quality sample of sufficient quantity that can be banked into aliquots with nearly identical microbial diversity profiles. This collection pipeline is essential to accelerate our understanding of the gut microbiome in health and disease
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Prasanna, S. C., C. Ramesh, R. Manivel, and A. Manikandan. "Preparation of Al6061-SiC with Neem Leaf Ash in AMMC’s by Using Stir Casting Method and Evaluation of Mechanical, Wear Properties and Investigation on Microstructures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (October 2016): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.115.
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Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) are promising materials for advanced structural, aviation, aerospace, marine, defense applications, automotive and other related sectors because of their excellent combination of properties. The AMMCs is fabricated by using stir casting method, which is the simplest way of fabricating a material. In this paper aluminium alloy 6061 is been reinforced with SiC along with fly ash and neem leaf ash. The three samples have been fabricated they are Sample1 (Al85%+SiC15%), Sample2 (Al 85%+SiC5%+FlyAsh10%) & Sample3 (Al85% +SiC5%+ Neem leaf ash10%). After fabricating this three sample the following test are conducted like Hardness test, Microstructure Test, Friction and Wear Test. The wettability of SiC and Neem leaf ash particles in the matrix was improved by adding them. The optical and scanning electron micrographs showed a homogeneous dispersion of composition material. The result shows that the Sample-3 (Al80% +SiC10%+ Neem leaf ash10%) shows improvement in mechanical properties like hardness, the wear properties has been reduced and their Micro structural characterization clearly shows uniform distribution of SiC and Neem Leaf ash in the composition.
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Lin, Keng-Fan, and Daniele Perissin. "Identification of Statistically Homogeneous Pixels Based on One-Sample Test." Remote Sensing 9, no. 1 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9010037.
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Mares, J. J., and M. E. Raikh. "Oscillations of the hopping magnetoresistance in a macroscopic homogeneous sample." Physical Review B 45, no. 16 (1992): 9493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.9493.
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Belgio, Erica, Giorgio Tumino, Stefano Santabarbara, Giuseppe Zucchelli, and Robert Jennings. "Reconstituted CP29: multicomponent fluorescence decay from an optically homogeneous sample." Photosynthesis Research 111, no. 1-2 (2011): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9696-3.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Donati, Paolo <1984>. "Homogeneous analysis of a sample of Open Clusters in the context of the BOCCE project and the Gaia-ESO Survey." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6221/1/Donati_Paolo_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The open clusters (OC) are gravitationally bound systems of a few tens or hundreds of
stars. In our Galaxy, the Milky Way, we
know about 3000 open clusters, of very different ages in the range of a few millions
years to about 9 Gyr.
OCs are mainly located in the Galactic thin disc, with distances
from the Galactic centre in the range 4-22 kpc and a height scale on the disc of
about 200 pc. Their chemical properties trace those of the environment in which
they formed and the metallicity is in the range -0.5<[Fe/H]<+0.5 dex.
Through photometry and spectroscopy it is possible to study relatively easily
the properties of the OCs and estimate their age, distance, and
chemistry. For these reasons they are considered primary tracers of
the chemical properties and chemical evolution of the Galactic disc.
The main subject of this thesis is the comprehensive study of several OCs.
The research embraces two different projects: the Bologna Open
Cluster Chemical Evolution project (BOCCE) and the Gaia-ESO Survey. The first is
a long-term programme, aiming at studying the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
disc by means of a homogeneous sample of OCs. The latter is a large
public spectroscopy survey, conducted with the high-resolution spectrograph
FLAMES@VLT and targeting about 10^5 stars in different part of the Galaxy and
10^4 stars in about 100 OCs. The common ground between the two
projects is the study of the properties of the OCs as tracers of the disc's characteristics.
The impressive scientific outcome of the Gaia-ESO Survey and the unique
framework of homogeneity of the BOCCE project can propose, especially once
combined together, a much more accurate description of the properties of the OCs.
In turn, this will give fundamental constraints for the interpretation
of the properties of the Galactic disc.
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Donati, Paolo <1984>. "Homogeneous analysis of a sample of Open Clusters in the context of the BOCCE project and the Gaia-ESO Survey." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6221/.
Full textAbstract:
The open clusters (OC) are gravitationally bound systems of a few tens or hundreds of
stars. In our Galaxy, the Milky Way, we
know about 3000 open clusters, of very different ages in the range of a few millions
years to about 9 Gyr.
OCs are mainly located in the Galactic thin disc, with distances
from the Galactic centre in the range 4-22 kpc and a height scale on the disc of
about 200 pc. Their chemical properties trace those of the environment in which
they formed and the metallicity is in the range -0.5<[Fe/H]<+0.5 dex.
Through photometry and spectroscopy it is possible to study relatively easily
the properties of the OCs and estimate their age, distance, and
chemistry. For these reasons they are considered primary tracers of
the chemical properties and chemical evolution of the Galactic disc.
The main subject of this thesis is the comprehensive study of several OCs.
The research embraces two different projects: the Bologna Open
Cluster Chemical Evolution project (BOCCE) and the Gaia-ESO Survey. The first is
a long-term programme, aiming at studying the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
disc by means of a homogeneous sample of OCs. The latter is a large
public spectroscopy survey, conducted with the high-resolution spectrograph
FLAMES@VLT and targeting about 10^5 stars in different part of the Galaxy and
10^4 stars in about 100 OCs. The common ground between the two
projects is the study of the properties of the OCs as tracers of the disc's characteristics.
The impressive scientific outcome of the Gaia-ESO Survey and the unique
framework of homogeneity of the BOCCE project can propose, especially once
combined together, a much more accurate description of the properties of the OCs.
In turn, this will give fundamental constraints for the interpretation
of the properties of the Galactic disc.
3
Delport, D. J., S. S. Potgieter-Vermaak, and J. H. Potgieter. "A tumbler and pore water expression device to prepare homogeneous samples for the extraction of free chloride in cement paste." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 11, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/627.
Full textAbstract:
Published Article<br>Corrosion of rebar in concrete is commonly associated with the free chloride in the pore water in the cement matrix. Knowing the quantity of chloride in concrete is important because chloride can promote corrosion of steel reinforcement when moisture and oxygen are present. The problem ofphysical extraction and the measurement of the free chloride content in pore water solutions extracted from cement pastes has received attention in literature but has not been explained in full detail. However, the variability of results obtained from the different methods used by various investigators only serves to confuse the issue. This investigation describes the use of a tumbler designed to prepare homogeneous samples and the use of a pore water expression device designed to extract free chloride in cement paste and concrete samples.
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Giorgi, Elena, Bob Funkhouser, Gayathri Athreya, Alan Perelson, Bette Korber, and Tanmoy Bhattacharya. "Estimating time since infection in early homogeneous HIV-1 samples using a poisson model." BioMed Central, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610176.
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BACKGROUND:The occurrence of a genetic bottleneck in HIV sexual or mother-to-infant transmission has been well documented. This results in a majority of new infections being homogeneous, i.e., initiated by a single genetic strain. Early after infection, prior to the onset of the host immune response, the viral population grows exponentially. In this simple setting, an approach for estimating evolutionary and demographic parameters based on comparison of diversity measures is a feasible alternative to the existing Bayesian methods (e.g., BEAST), which are instead based on the simulation of genealogies.RESULTS:We have devised a web tool that analyzes genetic diversity in acutely infected HIV-1 patients by comparing it to a model of neutral growth. More specifically, we consider a homogeneous infection (i.e., initiated by a unique genetic strain) prior to the onset of host-induced selection, where we can assume a random accumulation of mutations. Previously, we have shown that such a model successfully describes about 80% of sexual HIV-1 transmissions provided the samples are drawn early enough in the infection. Violation of the model is an indicator of either heterogeneous infections or the initiation of selection.CONCLUSIONS:When the underlying assumptions of our model (homogeneous infection prior to selection and fast exponential growth) are met, we are under a very particular scenario for which we can use a forward approach (instead of backwards in time as provided by coalescent methods). This allows for more computationally efficient methods to derive the time since the most recent common ancestor. Furthermore, the tool performs statistical tests on the Hamming distance frequency distribution, and outputs summary statistics (mean of the best fitting Poisson distribution, goodness of fit p-value, etc). The tool runs within minutes and can readily accommodate the tens of thousands of sequences generated through new ultradeep pyrosequencing technologies. The tool is available on the LANL website.
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Huang, Yi-ren, and 黃以仁. "A comparison of sample variance and its transformations on homogeneous test of two variances." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67319628062643543949.
Full textBooks on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Levchenko, Boris. Criteria for testing hypotheses about uniformity. Application manual. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/986695.
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The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria are provided.
 
 This publication describes a broader set of criteria. Constructed models of marginal distributions of statistics for some sample criteria of law uniformity are proposed. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing the results of experiments, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. The Legal System and Its African American Constituents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0001.
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Despite popular reports that the legal system is in a state of crisis with respect to its African American constituents, research on black public opinion in general is limited owing to the difficulty and expense of assembling representative samples of minorities. We suspect that the story of lagging legal legitimacy among African Americans is in fact quite a bit more nuanced than is often portrayed. In particular, black public opinion is unlikely to be uniform and homogeneous; black people most likely vary in their attitudes toward law and legal institutions. Especially significant is variability in the experiences—personal and vicarious—black people have had with legal authorities (e.g., “stop-and-frisk”), and the nature of individuals’ attachment to blacks as a group (e.g., “linked fate”). We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes).
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Graphs on structured spaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0010.
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This chapter moves beyond viewing nodes as homogeneous dots set on a plane. To introduce more complicated underlying space, multiplex networks (which are defined with layers of interaction on the same underlying node set) and temporal (time-dependent) networks are discussed. It shown that despite the much more complicated underlying space, many of the techniques developed in earlier chapters can be applied. Heterogeneous nodes are introduced as an extension of the stochastic block model for community structure, then extended using methods developed in earlier chapters to more general (continuous) node attributes such as fitness. The chapter closes with a discussion of the intersections and similarities between the many alternative models for capturing topological features that have been presented in the book.
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Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. The Resolvent Operator. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0011.
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This chapter describes the construction of a resolvent operator using the Laplace transform of a parametrix for the heat kernel and a perturbative argument. In the equation (μ-L) R(μ) f = f, R(μ) is a right inverse for (μ-L). In Hölder spaces, these are the natural elliptic estimates for generalized Kimura diffusions. The chapter first constructs the resolvent kernel using an induction over the maximal codimension of bP, and proves various estimates on it, along with corresponding estimates for the solution operator for the homogeneous Cauchy problem. It then considers holomorphic semi-groups and uses contour integration to construct the solution to the heat equation, concluding with a discussion of Kimura diffusions where all coefficients have the same leading homogeneity.
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Meng, Jing. Fragmented Memories and Screening Nostalgia for the Cultural Revolution. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528462.001.0001.
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This book explores the way personal memories and micro-narratives of the Cultural Revolution are represented in post-2001 films and television dramas in mainland China, unravelling the complex political, social and cultural forces imbricated within the personalized narrative modes of remembering the past in postsocialist China. While representations of personal stories mushroomed after the Culture Revolution, the deepened marketization and privatization after 2001 have triggered a new wave of representations of personal memories on screen, which divert from those earlier allegorical narratives and are more sentimental, fragmented and nostalgic. The personalized reminiscences of the past suggest an alternative narrative to official history and grand narratives, and at the same time, by promoting the sentiment of nostalgia, they also become a marketing strategy. Rather than perceiving the rising micro-narratives as either homogeneous or autonomous, this book argues that they often embody disparate qualities and potentials. Moreover, the various micro-narratives and personal memories at play facilitate fresh understandings of China’s socialist past and postsocialist present: the legacies of socialism continue to influence China, constituting the postsocialist reality that accommodates different ideologies and temporalities.
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Lounsbery, Anne. Life Is Elsewhere. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747915.001.0001.
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This book shows how nineteenth-century Russian literature created an imaginary place called “the provinces”—a place at once homogeneous, static, anonymous, and symbolically opposed to Petersburg and Moscow. The book looks at a wide range of texts, both canonical and lesser-known, in order to explain why the trope has exercised such enduring power, and what role it plays in the larger symbolic geography that structures Russian literature's representation of the nation's space. The book brings to light fundamental questions that have long gone unasked: how to understand, for instance, the weakness of literary regionalism in a country as large as Russia? Why the insistence, from Herzen through Chekhov and beyond, that all Russian towns look the same? In a literary tradition that constantly compared itself to a western European standard, the book argues, the problem of provinciality always implied difficult questions about the symbolic geography of the nation as a whole. This constant awareness of a far-off European model helps explain why the provinces, in all their supposed drabness and predictability, are a topic of such fascination for Russian writers—why these anonymous places are in effect so important and meaningful, notwithstanding the culture's nearly unremitting emphasis on their nullity and meaninglessness.
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Figols, Victor de Leonardo. Globalização e nacionalismo no mundo contemporâneo: Perspectivas de compreensão. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-025-0.
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Since the end of the 19th century, and throughout the 20th century, the world has undergone profound changes. But it was at the end of the 20th century, a new world emerged, where the advances of global capitalism and the free market - as a homogenizing project - had profound impacts on society, politics and culture, questioning the conception of identity, especially those historically rooted identities, that is, national identities. Like the concept of nationalism, globalization is not a recent phenomenon. However, the rapid changes experienced in the last decade of the century brought new problems for the nation-states. Faced with an increasingly multinational (or transnational) logic, the concept of nation was put into question, as well as the concept of individual. On the other hand, the idea of a worldwide network brought a supposed sense of homogenization of culture, politics, and, of course, economics. If, on the one hand, the globalizing discourse appears as a homogenizing process, on the other, it opens up the fragmentation of identities. Thus, discussing the national question in a world that is increasingly fragmented, and at the same time homogeneous, is a challenge for researchers in the humanities in general. If, on the one hand, the globalizing discourse appears as a homogenizing process, on the other, it opens up the fragmentation of identities. In this way, the book in the readers hands is a long term, in which it is possible to perceive the contradictions of this extremely integrated, and at the same time fragmented world.
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Cardoso, Leonardo. Sound-Politics in São Paulo. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660093.001.0001.
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This book is an ethnographic study of controversial sounds and noise control debates in Latin America’s most populous city. It discusses the politics of collective living by following several threads linking sound-making practices to governance issues. Rather than discussing sound within a self-enclosed “cultural” field, I examine it as a point of entry for analyzing the state. At the same time, rather than portraying the state as a self-enclosed “apparatus” with seemingly inexhaustible homogeneous power, I describe it as a collection of unstable (and often contradictory) sectors, personnel, strategies, discourses, documents, and agencies. My goal is to approach sound as an analytical category that allows us to access citizenship issues. As I show, environmental noise in São Paulo has been entangled in a wide range of debates, including public health, religious intolerance, crime control, urban planning, cultural rights, and economic growth. The book’s guiding question can be summarized as follows: how do sounds enter and leave the sphere of state control? I answer this question by examining a multifaceted process I define as “sound-politics.” The term refers to sounds as objects that are susceptible to state intervention through specific regulatory, disciplinary, and punishment mechanisms. Both “sound” and “politics” in “sound-politics” are nouns, with the hyphen serving as a bridge that expresses the instability that each concept inserts into the other.
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Griesel, Jake. Retaining the Old Episcopal Divinity. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197624326.001.0001.
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John Edwards of Cambridge (1637–1716) has typically been portrayed as a marginalized ‘Calvinist’ in an overwhelmingly ‘Arminian’ later Stuart Church of England. In Retaining the Old Episcopal Divinity, the author challenges this depiction of Edwards and the theological climate of his contemporary Church. The author demonstrates that Edwards was recognized in his own day and the immediately following generations as one of the pre-eminent conforming divines of the period, who featured prominently in notable theological controversies concerning contemporaries such as John Locke, Gilbert Burnet, Daniel Whitby, William Whiston, and Samuel Clarke. Despite some Arminian opposition, Edwards’ theological works are shown to have enjoyed a warm reception among sizeable segments of the established Church’s clergy, many of whom shared his Reformed convictions. Instead of a theological misfit, this study contends that the anti-Arminian Edwards was a decidedly mainstream churchman. The author’s reassessment has ramifications far beyond the figure of Edwards, however, and ultimately serves as a prism through which to visualize with much greater clarity the broader theological landscape of the later Stuart Church of England, and particularly the place of Reformed orthodoxy within it. It substantially develops recent research on the persisting vitality of Reformed theology within the post-Restoration Church by demonstrating to an unprecedented extent the sheer strength and numbers of Reformed conforming divines between the Restoration and the evangelical revivals. Finally, the author problematizes the idea that the post-Restoration Church developed a fairly homogeneous ‘Anglican’ identity, and argues instead that the Church in this period was theologically and ecclesio-politically variegated.
Book chapters on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Samoilenko, Sergey V., and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. "A1: Homogeneous Sample – DEA and DTI." In Quantitative Methodologies using Multi-Methods. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003024149-4.
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Samoilenko, Sergey V., and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. "A2: Homogeneous Sample – DEA and ARM." In Quantitative Methodologies using Multi-Methods. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003024149-5.
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Bonoli, C., F. Bonoli, L. Danese, et al. "Multicolor CCD Photometry of a Homogeneous Sample of Seyfert 1 Galaxies." In Active Galactic Nuclei. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0963-2_10.
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Johannsmann, Diethelm. "Homogeneous Semi-infinite Samples." In The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Soft Matter Research. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07836-6_9.
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Nguyen, Doyen, Lawrence W. Diamond, and Raul C. Braylan. "FCM data analysis on nearly homogeneous samples." In Flow Cytometry in Hematopathology. Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-354-5_3.
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Yacout, A. M., R. P. Gardner, and K. Verghese. "Monte Carlo Simulation of the X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra from Multielement Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Samples." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1935-1_16.
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Zhou, Xiaodong, Tienan Wang, and Bowen Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Factors Influencing the Shear Strength of Loess-Mudstone Composite Layer." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_25.
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AbstractGeological slopes are often disturbed by external engineering, leading changes of the upper moisture content and dry density in loess-mudstone composite layer. It directly affects the shear strength of the loess-mudstone composite layer interface. In order to explore the influence of the upper loess moisture content and dry density on the shear strength of the loess-mudstone composite layer, taking the cutting slope in a test base in Shaanxi Province as the engineering background, different loess moisture contents (10%, 13%, 16%, 19%) and dry densities (1.4, 1.45, 1.5, 1.55 g/cm3) are employed to investigate the shear strength of loess-mudstone composite layers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to observe the failure interface of the loess-mudstone composite layer to analyze the failure mechanism of the samples. The results show that: (1) The shear strength of the loess-mudstone composite layer is lower than those of pure loess and mudstone samples. (2) The moisture content of loess will deteriorate the shear strength of the composite layer, and its effect is greater than that of homogeneous loess; but the dry density of loess will enhance the shear strength of the composite layer, and its effect is less than that of homogeneous loess (3) The moisture content and dry density of loess will affect the distribution of pores in the composite layer interface, changing the shear strength of the composite layer. The research can provide certain data and theoretical basis for the prevention and control of landslides at the loess-mudstone interface.
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Prast, Emilie J., and Marian Hickendorff. "How Do Dutch Teachers Implement Differentiation In Primary Mathematics Education?" In Effective Teaching Around the World. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31678-4_35.
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AbstractAdapting education to students’ diverse educational needs is widely recognised as an important, but also complex aspect of effective teaching. In this chapter, we provide insight into how Dutch primary school teachers implement differentiation based on students’ current mathematics achievement level. We review evidence from four independent samples in which the same teacher self-assessment questionnaire was administered (N = 907 teachers in total), supplemented with qualitative data from various perspectives: external observers, students, and teachers. Based on these sources of information, we identify the following general patterns. Teachers generally implement achievement-based differentiation at least to some extent. That is, student achievement is monitored, and efforts are taken to adapt instruction or practice to students’ current achievement level. This is often organised using within-class homogeneous achievement groups. While low-achieving students regularly receive additional instruction, specific instruction for high-achieving students is uncommon. Refined, qualitative strategies to diagnose students’ individual educational needs and to adapt education to these individual needs are also used relatively infrequently. These relatively infrequently used strategies point to areas for improvement. Furthermore, the flexibility of within-class achievement groups seems to vary and deserves more attention in future research and practice.
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Lafont, Cristina, and Nadia Urbinati. "A Sample Embodying Everyone." In The Lottocratic Mentality. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191982903.003.0009.
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Abstract In this chapter, we analyze the conception of representation as “mirror” and “embodiment,” which is a core feature of the lottocratic mentality. Current dissatisfaction with electoral democracy has reactivated two different modalities of “embodied” representation: populism and lottocracy. After analyzing some differences between them, we highlight their common features that are inimical to democracy: exclusionary majoritarianism and the assumption of a homogeneous citizenry. Under the worrisome assumption of a homogeneous people, lottocrats want to take us back to embodiment and ascriptive groups. Instead of citizens choosing their representatives based on their political agendas, they should let themselves be represented by a random sample of individuals who are supposed to share their interests and political values just by virtue of their ascriptive characteristics (such as gender, ethnicity, etc.). As explained in detail, by questioning the priority of political representation over descriptive representation, lottocrats undermine citizens’ political agency and freedom.
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Evans, E. Hywel, and Mike E. Foulkes. "Sampling." In Analytical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199651719.003.0002.
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This chapter distinguishes between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous sample and reviews the process for obtaining a representative sample from solids, liquids, and gases. It illustrates a sampling plan to obtain a representative sample and details of a variety of methods used for collecting samples. It also emphasizes the importance of sample preservation and talks about representative sampling, which is a process that considers how to perform the analysis necessary to establish how to take samples safely from the site in a way that is representative of the site itself. The chapter highlights samples that are taken as a representative in a relationship to the property to be measured from the bulk or source material, which is described as being fit for purpose. It elaborates how to obtain a homogeneous sample that is representative of the bulk material.
Conference papers on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Carrijo-Gonçalves, Gabriel A., Idalina V. Aoki, Tácia C. Veloso, and Vera R. Capelossi. "Modified Salt Spray Test to Evaluate Zinc Electroplating Coating with Co-deposited Natural Particles." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20590.
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Extended Abstract Among the electroplating techniques, the co-deposition of non-metallic particles has become a prominent alternative due their specific properties. The use of natural compounds from agro-industrial residues, such as avocado seed powder (ASP) and garlic peel powder (GPP), in the electroplating bath can improve corrosion resistance, change roughness profile, and modify the coating wettability. This work aims to evaluate the influence of different concentration of agro-industrial residues co-deposited in the zinc coating employing salt spray test (SST), adapting ASTM B117. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were used to characterize the morphology of deposits and it was correlated with salt spray test (SST) results. The coated samples have been monitored every hour until the 8th hour, finishing after 24 h. Different concentrations of ASP and GPP (0.060 g/L, 0.330 g/L, and 0.600 g/L) were evaluated and compared to the coating without natural particles. In the first hours of exposure, the samples began to show corrosion points characteristic of zinc coating. ASP samples did not resist as much as GPP samples after 4 h of exposure. The GPP samples were almost intact after 8 h of exposure. After 24 h, all samples showed generalized corrosion. The GPP samples presented the most homogeneous, compact, brighter, and refined grain deposits by SEM images analysis. This procedure was sensitive enough to indicate that the 0.330 g/L GPP sample showed greater corrosion resistance.
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Rocchini, Gabriele, and Giorgio Perboni. "Electrochemical Characterization of Some Commercial Inhibitors Used for the Acid Cleaning of Steam Generators." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86352.
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Abstract The behaviour of four commercial inhibitors used for the pickling baths and acid cleaning of steam generators in thermal power stations has been investigated and their inhibitor effectiveness has been determined both with gravimetrical tests and with electrochemical measurements. The latter have shown that a complete surface impedance diagram on Argand's plane is very helpful in discriminating the behaviour of a given corrosion inhibitor, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In addition, numerical elaboration of the polarization curves has revealed that corrosion current density gives a satisfactory reproduction of the real behaviour of the metal sample only for one commercial inhibitor. Use of the polarization resistance, however, has proved to be a valuable means of evaluating the inhibiting power. Within the concentration interval of practical interest, polarization resistance has yielded the same results as the gravimetric tests. A very interesting observation is that all four products exhibit a constant efficiency over a fairly wide concentration interval. This is of considerable importance because it is our opinion that the concentration of the inhibitor is never homogeneous during acid cleaning.
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Sanni, Olujide, and Frederick Pessu. "Impact of Multiphase Flow on the Inhibition of Carbonate Scale Deposition." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19425.
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Abstract Several studies aimed at understanding and combating scale formation in the oil and gas industry have been mainly carried out in single phase brine solution, however, for chemical inhibitors to be effectively deployed to mitigate scaling, it is essential to develop an experimental matrix and laboratory tests to assess its effectiveness in the presence of multiphase fluids. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of various organic phases in produced fluids on the inhibition efficiency of polyphosphinocarboxylic acid (PPCA) on calcium carbonate scale precipitation Single and multiphase tests were conducted for CaCO3 precipitation at 30 °C. The mixture of CaCO3 brine (SR 211) and oil fractions was continuously stirred with an overhead impeller blade at 520 rpm to create homogeneous dispersion. The oil fractions include 50ml cyclohexane, 30ml kerosene, 20ml toluene and 0.01% asphaltene, fully dispersed in toluene. The substrate (RCE sample) on which surface deposition was assessed is a cylindrical piece of stainless steel (SS 316L) mounted on a shaft rotated at 400rpm by the overhead stirrer. The impact of the multiphase fluids on chemical scale inhibition was investigated with PPCA inhibitors at minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) determined from the single phase. Bulk samples were taken at different time intervals and analysed by SEM, AAS and XRD to evaluate the precipitation process, size, morphology and kinetics of transformation. The results show an increase in the deposition for the oil-water system containing various organic phases. Under the same condition and duration of test, the MIC required to prevent scale formation in the bulk was shown to vary between the oil-free and the different oil-water systems. These results helps to improve on current understanding of calcium carbonate polymorphs crystallization in the presence of inhibitors.
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Scarlata, Simone, Giorgio Pennazza, Marco Santonico, et al. "E-nose discriminative ability within a highly homogeneous sample of respiratory diseases." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1843.
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Guidorzi, C., D. Rizzuto, P. Romano, et al. "The GRB variability∕peak luminosity correlation on a Swift∕BAT homogeneous sample." In GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 2007: Proceedings of the Santa Fe Conference. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2943486.
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Vanga, Ramana Saketh, and Sunwoo Kim. "Condensation Heat Transfer on a Partially Hydrophobic Surface." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6660.
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Renewable energy systems operated by a thermal energy resource such as geothermal power plants and solar thermal power systems are demanding improvement in their condensation performance [Kutscher & Costenaro, 2009]. While their energy resources are naturally obtained at almost no cost, heat rejecting components become relatively expensive to maintain and operate. In this research, a heterogeneous condensing surface is proposed to enhance the condensation heat transfer coefficient in vapor-to-liquid heat exchangers. On its surface, parallel stripes with hydrophobic feature and ones without it alternate. The effect of the partially hydrophobic condensing surface on the dropwise condensation heat transfer of saturated steam on the flat plate copper surface is experimentally investigated. A vertical flat plat condenser is constructed to evaluate the performance of the heterogeneous condensing surface in comparison with a plain copper sample and a homogeneous hydrophobic-treated copper sample. Experimental results show that condensation heat transfer of steam on the homogeneous hydrophobic-treated sample is superior to that on the plain copper surface despite the fact that both the surfaces stably promote dropwise condensation. The heat transfer coefficients for the heterogeneous surface at lower subcooling temperatures, when its stripes situate horizontally, are as high as the heat transfer coefficients for the homogeneous hydrophobic-treated surface. The enhancement for the horizontal heterogeneous sample over the plain copper sample is approximately 100%. The heat transfer coefficient for the heterogeneous sample with its stripes being vertical at 4 K subcooling is 25% greater than that of the plain copper sample. Higher heat transfer coefficients are observed at lower subcooling temperatures for all the samples. The results and observations of this project suggest that the heterogeneous surface has the potential to enhance the heat transfer coefficients.
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Fayer, Michael D. "Vibrational Dynamics in Liquids and Glasses: Picosecond Infrared Vibrational Photon Echoes and Other IR Experiments." In Modern Spectroscopy of Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msslg.1995.stha1.
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The first vibrational photon echo experiments conducted in the liquid and solid phases [1,2] are used to examine the vibrational dynamics of solute molecules in liquids and glasses. . These experiments are performed using the Stanford superconducting linac pumped free electron laser which provides a source of tunable ~0.7 psec IR pulses. The psec IR vibrational photon echo experiment directly examines the interactions of a particular vibration with phonons and other vibrational modes of the system. In an IR vibrational echo experiment, the laser is tuned to the vibration of interest. Two pulses, one delayed in time, excite the sample. The echo is a third pulse of light that emerges from the sample in a unique direction. The intensity of the echo pulse is measured as a function of the delay between the two excitation pulses. The decay of the echo is a direct measure of the homogeneous dephasing of the vibration. In condensed matter systems, vibrational lines are generally inhomogeneously broadened. Therefore, taking a spectrum does not provide the dynamical information that is available from analysis of the homogeneous spectrum. The echo decay is the Fourier transform of the homogeneous vibrational line. The echo pulse sequence removes inhomogeneous broadening and permits the dynamical information that is contained in the homogeneous line to be obtained.
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Berkman, Ian R., Alexey Lyasota, Gabriele G. de Boo, et al. "In-Situ Single-Photon Detection of Er Sites in Si." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.fm5d.5.
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Using sample-on-SSPD and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, we demonstrate Er sites in Si with inhomogeneous broadening below 100 MHz, a 350 kHz upper bound on the homogeneous linewidth, and electron T1 lower bound of 1 second.
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Brown, Ross. "On the Study of Inhomogeneous Broadening and Related Quantities by Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Chemistry." In Spectral Hole-Burning and Luminescence Line Narrowing: Science and Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/shbl.1992.tub34.
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Most resonances of molecules, such as optical, infra-red or electron spin resonance transitions are shifted and broadened in solids, compared to the spectra of the isolated molecule in the gaseous phase. Inhomogeneous or statistical broadening reflects the variety of surroundings felt by the many molecules probes in a sample while homogeneous broadening, a dynamical effect, is caused for example by the elastic Interaction of the electronic degrees of freedom with intermolecular phonons, or structural rearrangement by tunneling relaxation (two level systems). Homogeneous linewidths at low temperatures are much larger in amorphous materials than in crystals, with quite different temperature dependencies, reflecting the kind and density of modes coupled to the electronic transition. Hence, homogeneous broadening can add to our understanding of the differences between crystals and glasses, and has been studied intensively.
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Zaytsev, E., A. Spirin, V. Krutikov, et al. "Development of material based on nanostructured Cu-Nb alloy for high magnetic field coils of microsecond duration." In 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.s4-o-038401.
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The work is devoted to the development of a Cu-Nb composite material and an approach to the design of reliable tool coils, which require a magnetic field of about 40 T with a microsecond duration. A powder method has been applied to obtain homogeneous samples from a fine Cu-Nb composite alloy. The dependence of electrical and mechanical properties on annealing temperature was investigated. Layered sample was produced and tested under conditions of high magnetic field generation in comparison with a commercial wire.
Reports on the topic "Homogeneous sample"
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Baltagi, Badi H., Georges Bresson, Anoop Chaturvedi та Guy Lacroix. Robust dynamic space-time panel data models using ε-contamination: An application to crop yields and climate change. CIRANO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/ufyn4045.
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This paper extends the Baltagi et al. (2018, 2021) static and dynamic ε-contamination papers to dynamic space-time models. We investigate the robustness of Bayesian panel data models to possible misspecification of the prior distribution. The proposed robust Bayesian approach departs from the standard Bayesian framework in two ways. First, we consider the ε-contamination class of prior distributions for the model parameters as well as for the individual effects. Second, both the base elicited priors and the ε-contamination priors use Zellner (1986)’s g-priors for the variance-covariance matrices. We propose a general “toolbox” for a wide range of specifications which includes the dynamic space-time panel model with random effects, with cross-correlated effects `a la Chamberlain, for the Hausman-Taylor world and for dynamic panel data models with homogeneous/heterogeneous slopes and cross-sectional dependence. Using an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study, we compare the finite sample properties of our proposed estimator to those of standard classical estimators. We illustrate our robust Bayesian estimator using the same data as in Keane and Neal (2020). We obtain short run as well as long run effects of climate change on corn producers in the United States.
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Carpio, Carlos, Manuel Garcia, Ana R. Rios, Tullaya Boonsaeng, Juan M. Murguia, and Alcido Wander. Static and Dynamic Economic Resilience Indicators for Agrifood Supply Chains: The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004976.
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Given its enormous adverse effects on production systems and the economy, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in studying resilience in agrifood systems; however, only a few studies have used formal methods for resilience measurement. This study's overall objective was to identify, develop, and use indicators to measure the resilience of the agrifood supply chain. Specific research objectives were 1) to identify and develop survey-based indicators of the economic resilience of agribusinesses; 2) to use the indicators to measure and analyze the economic resilience of the agrifood supply chain in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) to evaluate differences in the economic resilience of agribusinesses in the different supply chain stages to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data for the study were collected through two online surveys conducted in 2020 and 2022. Two resilience indicators were identified and developed: a static (SRES) and a dynamic (DRES) indicator. SRES measures the ability of businesses to avoid business losses within each study period. DRES measures firms capacity to recover business activity after an initial negative revenue shock. Study results reflect that, on average, the LAC agrifood supply chain firms in the sample were able to adapt and recover from the disruptions of a global health pandemic. The effects of the pandemic were not homogeneous across firms, nor was their adaptive resilience to the disruption.
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Stewart, S. Recovering Large Volumes of Homogeneously Shocked Samples. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059074.
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Álvarez Marinelli, Horacio, Samuel Berlinski, Matías Busso, and Julián Martínez Correa. Research Insights: Can Training and Coaching Teachers and the Provision of Structured Materials Improve Early Literacy among First-Grade Students? Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004606.
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AUTHORÁlvarez Marinelli, Horacio; Berlinski, Samuel; Busso, Matías; Martínez Correa, JuliánDATEDec 2022READ: English (4 downloads) View Online Download Spanish (5 downloads) View Online Download DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004606A one-year teacher professional development program was effective at improving students literacy skills by the end of first grade (0.39 of a standard deviation in overall literacy proficiency). Literacy gains persisted through the second and third grades, even though teachers in those grades were not part of the program. Gains were homogeneous across students of different characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status, and initial levels of literacy skills.
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Robles, Adrian, and Marcos Robles. Changes in Welfare with a Heterogeneous Workforce: The Case of Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011722.
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This paper argues that the assumption of a homogeneous workforce, which is implicitly invoked in the decomposition analysis of changes in welfare indicators, hides the role that schooling and its returns may have on the understanding of these changes. Using Peruvian cross-sectional data for a period of ten years (2004-2013) and counterfactual simulations, this paper finds that the main factor contributing to poverty reduction has been individuals' changes in labor earnings, and the role of these changes has been less important in reducing income inequality. The main driving force of reduced income inequality has been the fall in returns to education, which at the same time has been one of the important factors to constraining the period's remarkable progress in poverty reduction and expansion of the middle class.
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Un, Leang, Somolireasmey Saphon, and Serey Sok. Gender Analysis of Survey on Cambodia’s Young and Older Generation: Family, Community, Political Knowledge and Attitudes, and Future Expectations. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2019. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.117.201909.
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Cambodia, following more than two decades of impressive economic performance and development, is fast becoming one of Asia’s new tiger economies. Sustained robust GDP growth of over 7 percent has supported improvements in physical infrastructure (economic and social) and substantial poverty reduction. This economic improvement, mostly made possible by rapid manufacturing (garment industry), construction and tourism growth, is paving the way for rapid urbanisation. The pace of urbanisation combined with demographic change, improved access to education, and widespread internet use is playing a significant role in shaping and changing perceptions, thoughts and behaviours, especially among women. This report attempts to observe these changes through a gendered analysis of a nationally representative survey, conducted by CDRI from October 2017 to January 2018, of 1,600 Cambodian citizens (aged 16 to 65 years) in 101 (72 rural, 29 urban) villages in five provinces and Phnom Penh (Eng et al. 2019). The survey questionnaire comprised 101 questions covering six sections: demographics, identity and values, trust and respect, outlook, political participation, and media. This report uses the survey responses as its sole primary data and classifies them into four main themes: family, attitudes towards community, political knowledge and attitudes, and future expectations. Each theme is divided into subthemes for detailed analysis, as follows: Family:generational gap, decision making in the family, decision making about marriage. Attitudes towards community: trust and caring about country, community participation. Political knowledge and attitudes: gender perspectives on leadership and social and political participation, concern about social issues and services. Future expectations: the country’s future direction, individuals’ future prospects. The following techniques and methods were used to analyse the data: Women were not treated as a homogeneous group, but as equipped with seven different attributes: age, place of residence, level of education, marital status, type of employment, employment status, mobility and internet use. The aim was to observe whether or not women with different attributes have different perceptions towards certain issues. For place of residence, the survey question was open, but for this report, responses were categorised into Phnom Penh residents and non-Phnom Penh residents. For level of education, the survey categories were 1) never attended school, 2) primary school, 3) secondary school, 4) high school, 5) vocational training, 6) university (tertiary education), 7) other, 8) no response. This nominal data was changed into basic education or lower, and higher than basic education.1 For marital status, the survey categories were 1) single (never been married), 2) married, 3) widow, 4) separated/divorced, 5) no response. These were converted into single and non-single. For type of employment, the survey categories were 1) self-employed (own business), 2) homemaker/family caretaker, 3) working in family business/farm, 4) paid government employee, 5) paid employee for non-profit organisation, 6) paid employee for a private business/for profit, 7) unemployed, 8) student, 9) no response. The report converted these into paid and non-paid employment. For mobility, the survey focused on migration, which was converted into mobility. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and crosstab was applied to generate comparative data on the seven selected attributes across the four themes selected for the study. Independent Sample T-Test was applied to compare the mean scores of two independent groups on each variable, data allowing. Crosstabulation generated 567 tables, analysis of which was beyond the scope of this report. The following criteria were therefore used to reduce the number of tables: Relevance of the survey questions to the four themes selected for the study. Percentage differences between the responses against each attribute. Data allowing, differences were ascertained with statistical testing; otherwise, a 10 percent difference was used as the threshold. Frequency with which the same or similar questions are raised, discussed and prioritised by government, scholars, research surveys and studies.
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Pettit, Chris, and D. Wilson. A physics-informed neural network for sound propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41034.
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We describe what we believe is the first effort to develop a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer. PINN is a recent innovation in the application of deep learning to simulate physics. The motivation is to combine the strengths of data-driven models and physics models, thereby producing a regularized surrogate model using less data than a purely data-driven model. In a PINN, the data-driven loss function is augmented with penalty terms for deviations from the underlying physics, e.g., a governing equation or a boundary condition. Training data are obtained from Crank-Nicholson solutions of the parabolic equation with homogeneous ground impedance and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the effective sound speed in the moving atmosphere. Training data are random samples from an ensemble of solutions for combinations of parameters governing the impedance and the effective sound speed. PINN output is processed to produce realizations of transmission loss that look much like the Crank-Nicholson solutions. We describe the framework for implementing PINN for outdoor sound, and we outline practical matters related to network architecture, the size of the training set, the physics-informed loss function, and challenge of managing the spatial complexity of the complex pressure.