Relevant bibliographies by topics / Homoplasie

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Academic literature on the topic 'Homoplasie'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Homoplasie"

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Wilkinson, Mark, and Michael J. Benton. "Cladistics and the rate of homoplastic morphological evolution." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008741.

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Estimates of evolutionary rates require measurement of amounts of change and the period of time over which such change has occurred. Many methods of estimating amount of morphological change are available (including phenetic and morphometric measures) but in cladistics the unit of change is the step or transformation.For a given cladistic data set the length (total number of steps) of the most parsimonious cladogram gives a lower bound estimate of the amount of evolution that has occurred within the clade. This measure is correlated with numbers of characters and taxa (and other internal parameters) in the data sets and so cannot be used to compare amounts of evolution in different clades where data set sizes vary. Further, the number of characters incorporated into cladistic studies varies widely and is likely to be a poor basis for an estimate of overall amounts of change.One approach to the measurement of amounts of change which avoids some of these problems is to focus upon comparative levels of homoplasy rather than total amounts of morphological evolution. Most parsimonious cladograms provide lower bound estimates of the amount of homoplasy measured as extra steps.Maximally homoplastic data provides the theoretical upper limit to the amount of homoplasy that can be estimated for a particular data set. Combining this with estimates of group duration derived from the fossil record or from molecular clocks provides an estimate of maximum rates of homoplastic evolution that can be measured using cladistic parsimony and discrete data.Randomly permuted data provides a measure of the amount of homoplastic evolution that would be reconstructed by parsimony analysis for character data that is independent of phylogeny. Combining this with estimates of group duration provides estimates of rate of homoplastic evolution that would be sufficient to render the application of parsimony to the problems of phylogeny reconstruction inappropriate.Comparative estimates of the rates of homoplastic evolution in different clades can be used to test macroevolutionary theories.
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ASSIS, LEANDRO C. S., MARCELO R. DE CARVALHO, and QUENTIN D. WHEELER. "Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process in evolution, but with a secondary role for morphology?" Zootaxa 2984, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2984.1.3.

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David Wake and colleagues provided a thought-provoking review of the concept of homoplasy through the integration, within a phylogenetic framework, of genetic and developmental data (Wake et al. 2011). According to them (p. 1032) “Molecular sequence data have greatly increased our ability to identify homoplastic traits.” This is made clear, for example, in their flow chart for homoplasy detection (Figure 2, p. 1034), wherein homoplasy is discovered through the mapping of “traits of interest” onto a phylogram, a practice common in the molecular phylogenetic paradigm. The “mapping” is usually of morphological characters that are employed to support the chosen (molecular) topology, but which, as a consequence, do not themselves contribute to the formation of those topologies (Assis & Carvalho 2010).
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Sanderson, Michael J. "In Search of Homoplastic Tendencies: Statistical Inference of Topological Patterns in Homoplasy." Evolution 45, no. 2 (March 1991): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409669.

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Sanderson, Michael J. "IN SEARCH OF HOMOPLASTIC TENDENCIES: STATISTICAL INFERENCE OF TOPOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN HOMOPLASY." Evolution 45, no. 2 (March 1991): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04409.x.

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Tay, W. T., G. T. Behere, D. G. Heckel, S. F. Lee, and P. Batterham. "Exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) PCR markers ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 5 (June 16, 2008): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530800583x.

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AbstractApplying microsatellite DNA markers in population genetic studies of the pest mothHelicoverpa armigerais subject to numerous technical problems, such as the high frequency of null alleles, occurrence of size homoplasy, presence of multiple copies of flanking sequence in the genome and the lack of PCR amplification robustness between populations. To overcome these difficulties, we developed exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) nuclear DNA markers forH. armigerabased on ribosomal protein (Rp) and the Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) genes and sequenced alleles showing length polymorphisms. Allele length polymorphisms were usually from random indels (insertions or deletions) within introns, although variation of short dinucleotide DNA repeat units was also detected. Mapping crosses demonstrated Mendelian inheritance patterns for these EPIC markers and the absence of both null alleles and allele ‘dropouts’. Three examples of allele size homoplasies due to indels were detected in EPIC markers RpL3, RpS6 and DDC, while sequencing of multiple individuals across 11 randomly selected alleles did not detect indel size homoplasies. The robustness of the EPIC-PCR markers was demonstrated by PCR amplification in the related species,H. zea,H. assultaandH. punctigera.
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Yamato, K. T. "Heteroplasmy and homoplasmy for maize mitochondrial mutants: a rare homoplasmic nad4 deletion mutant plant." Journal of Heredity 90, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/90.3.369.

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Sookias, Roland B. "Exploring the effects of character construction and choice, outgroups and analytical method on phylogenetic inference from discrete characters in extant crocodilians." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 670–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz015.

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Abstract Phylogenies for fossil taxa must be inferred from morphology, but accuracy of inference is questionable. Here, morphological characters for extant crocodilians are investigated to assess how to improve inference accuracy. The homoplasy of characters is assessed against a DNA-based phylogenetic tree. Cranial characters are significantly less homoplastic, but this result is perhaps confounded by research effort. Meristic characters are significantly more homoplastic and should be used with caution. Characters were reassessed first hand and documented. Those characters passing tests of robust construction are significantly less homoplastic. Suggestions are made for means to improve coding of discrete characters. Phylogenies inferred using only robust characters and a reassessed matrix, including corrected scorings, were not overall closer to the DNA tree, but did often place the gharial (Gavialis) in a position agreeing with or closer to it. The effects of the choice of analytical method were modest, but Bayesian analysis of the reassessed matrix placed Gavialis and Mecistops (slender-snouted crocodile) in DNA-concordant positions. Use of extant rather than extinct outgroups, even with the original matrix, placed Gavialis in a more DNA-concordant position, as did factoring out 3D skull shape. The morphological case for placement of Gavialis outside other extant crocodilians is arguably overstated, with many characters linked to skull shape.
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Garraffoni, André Rinaldo Senna. "Towards a phylogeny of Euthelepus (Polychaeta: Terebellidae): the absence of synapomorphies in the subfamily Thelepodinae and genera." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407054367.

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The phylogenetic relationships of Euthelepus (Polychaeta: Terebellidae: Thelepodinae) were studied by means of a parsimony analysis of 40 external characters. The ingroup terminals included four species of Euthelepus, and the outgroup included 14 species of eight Thelepodinae genera, three belonging to the subfamily Terebellinae, one species of Trichobranchinae, and one species of Polycirrinae. Only two most parsimonious cladograms were found. However, the analysis revealed a large number of homoplastic characters supporting the thelepodin branches. The monophyly of the genus Euthelepus was not supported, and the monophyly of the other thelepodin genera, as well as the entire subfamily, is questioned. The large number of homoplasies indicated by the analysis emphasizes the need to further evaluate these hypotheses by using additional characters. A re-classification based on phylogenetic results must be considered.
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Chen, Zhe, Yun Qi, Stephanie French, Guofeng Zhang, Raúl Covian Garcia, Robert Balaban, and Hong Xu. "Genetic mosaic analysis of a deleterious mitochondrial DNA mutation in Drosophila reveals novel aspects of mitochondrial regulation and function." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 4 (February 15, 2015): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1513.

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Various human diseases are associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, but heteroplasmy—the coexistence of mutant and wild-type mtDNA—complicates their study. We previously isolated a temperature-lethal mtDNA mutation in Drosophila, mt:CoIT300I, which affects the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CoI) locus. In the present study, we found that the decrease in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was ascribable to a temperature-dependent destabilization of cytochrome a heme. Consistently, the viability of homoplasmic flies at 29°C was fully restored by expressing an alternative oxidase, which specifically bypasses the cytochrome chains. Heteroplasmic flies are fully viable and were used to explore the age-related and tissue-specific phenotypes of mt:CoIT300I. The proportion of mt:CoIT300I genome remained constant in somatic tissues along the aging process, suggesting a lack of quality control mechanism to remove defective mitochondria containing a deleterious mtDNA mutation. Using a genetic scheme that expresses a mitochondrially targeted restriction enzyme to induce tissue-specific homoplasmy in heteroplasmic flies, we found that mt:CoIT300I homoplasmy in the eye caused severe neurodegeneration at 29°C. Degeneration was suppressed by improving mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, suggesting that Ca2+ mishandling contributed to mt:CoIT300I pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate a novel approach for Drosophila mtDNA genetics and its application in modeling mtDNA diseases.
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Takeda, K., K. Kaneyama, M. Tasai, S. Akagi, M. Yonai, N. Miyashita, A. Onishi, T. Tagami, K. Nirasawa, and H. Hanada. "90 GERM-LINE TRANSMISSION OF DONOR MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN NUCLEAR TRANSFER-DERIVED COWS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab90.

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In embryos derived by nuclear transfer (NT), fusion, or injection of donor cells with recipient oocytes caused mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Previous studies have reported varying patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission in cloned calves. Distribution of donor mtDNA found in offspring of NT-derived founders may also vary from donor–host embryo heteroplasmy to host embryo homoplasmy. Here we examined the transmission of mtDNA from NT cows to their progeny. NT cows were originally produced by fusion of enucleated oocytes with Jersey (J) or Holstein (H1) oviduct epithelial cells, or Holstein (H2) or Japanese Black (B) cumulus cells, as previously reported (Goto et al. 1999 Anim. Sci. J. 70, 243–245; Yonai et al. 2005 J. Dairy Sci. 88, 4097–4110; Akagi et al. 2003 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 66, 264–272). Transmission of donor cell mtDNA was analyzed by PCR-mediated single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis of the mitochondrial D-loop region. Eleven NT founder cows were analyzed, 4 (2 = J-NT, and 2 = H1-NT) of them were heteroplasmic whereas 7 (1 = J-NT, 1 = H1-NT, 2 = H2-NT, and 3 = B-NT) were homoplasmic for the host embryo mitochondria. The proportions of donor mtDNA detected in one J-NT cow was 7.7%, and those of other cow lineages were <2%. Heteroplasmic NT cows delivered a total of 9 progeny. Four of the 9 progeny exhibited heteroplasmy with high percentages of donor cell mtDNA populations (52%, 37%, 17%, and 43%). The other 5 progeny were obtained from heteroplasmic NT cows, and all samples of the 10 progeny obtained from the homoplasmic NT cows did not harbor detectable donor cell mtDNA. A genetic bottleneck in the female germ-line will generally favor the transmission of a single mitochondrial population, leading to a return to homoplasmy. Thus, some of progeny maintained heteroplasmy with a higher ratio than that of their NT mothers, which may also reflect a segregation distortion caused by the proposed mitochondrial bottleneck. These results demonstrated that donor mtDNA in NT cows could be transmitted to progeny with varying efficiencies, in a lineage-specific fashion.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Homoplasie"

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Segura-Delorme, Magali. "Phylogénie des ranidae rhacophorinae : confrontations des analyses moléculaires et morphologiques, et étude de caractères." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0043.

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Les relations phylogénétiques des Rhacophorinae sont très méconnues. J'ai étudié 1712 pb de trois gènes (12S, 16S et Rhodopsine), sur 83 Rhacophorinae et 35 autres Ranidae. Et j'ai également étudié 83 caractères de morphologie externe sur 40 Rhacophorinae et 28 autres Ranidae. L'homophylétisme des Rhacophorinae est soutenu. Buergeria se positionne basalement en leur sein. L'étroite relation entre Theloderma et Nyctixalus a été mise en évidence. Les espèces de Philautus se regroupent par ensembles géographiques. Toutes les espèces caractérisées par un développement direct de leurs larves formeraient un groupe particulier. Kurixalus pourrait être le groupe-frère de toutes ces espèces de Philautus. La capacité à fabriquer des nids d'écume soutient en une branche les genres Rhacophorus, Polypedates, Chirixalus et Chiromantis. L'espèce-type de Chirixalus ressort comme l'espèce-sœur du genre africain Chiromantis. Les résultats morphologiques sont soutenus par des données moléculaires. L'homoplasie n'est pas répartie de façon homogène sur le corps des Anoures ; les membres, surtout, gardent des traits de caractères témoins d'un lien de parenté
The phylogenetic relations among Rhacophorinae are undefined. I studied 1712 pb of three genes (12S, 16S and Rhodopsin), on 83 Rhacophorinae and 35 other Ranidae. And I also studied 83 external morphological characters on 40 Rhacophorinae and 28 other Ranidae. The homophyletism of Rhacophorinae is constant. Buergeria appears to be the sister-group of all remaining Rhacophorinae. The close relation between Theloderma and Nyctixalus is strongly supported. The species of Philautus groups by geographical sets. All these species characterized by larvae with direct development form a particular group. Kurixalus could be the sister-group of all these species of Philautus. The ability to make foam nests supports a particular branch the genus Rhacophorus, Polypedates, Chirixalus and Chiromantis. The type-species of Chirixalus arises like the sister-group of the African genus Chiromantis. The morphological results are supported by the molecular data. The homoplasy is not distributed in a homogeneous way on the body of the Anura; the members, especially, keeps more easily characters of the past
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Jabbour, Florian. "Homoplasie de la symétrie bilatérale chez les eudicotsQuels rôles de l’architecture florale et du développement ?Quelles bases génétiques ?" Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112195.

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La symétrie bilatérale (ou zygomorphie) est un caractère floral apparu de manière récurrente et indépendante au cours de l’évolution des angiospermes, à partir de formes ancestrales de fleurs à symétrie radiale. La zygomorphie est considérée comme une innovation clé des plantes à fleur et est souvent associée à des phénomènes de radiations adaptatives. Certains facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la mise en place de la zygomorphie sont désormais connus chez quelques espèces modèles d’eudicots dérivées et le gène CYCLOIDEA, identifié chez Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae), joue un rôle clé dans le déterminisme de ce caractère. Cependant, les causes moléculaires de la zygomorphie restent encore mal connues chez les eudicots basales et les monocots et il demeure de ce fait impossible de déterminer dans quels groupes taxonomiques l’évolution répétée de la zygomorphie résulte d’une évolution parallèle ou convergente. L’apparition répétée de ce caractère homoplasique résulte aussi probablement de l’action de contraintes de développement, le canalisant au cours de l’évolution dans certaines directions privilégiées. Ce travail de thèse a tout d’abord consisté à identifier de potentielles contraintes de développement dans le groupe des Asteridae (core eudicots), grâce à des méthodes phylogénétiques comparatives. Dans ce groupe, une mérosité variable du périanthe et des étamines nombreuses se sont avérés être des facteurs limitant les transitions vers la zygomorphie. Une comparaison avec un travail similaire effectué sur les Ranunculales a montré que le développement des Asteridae était plus canalisé et moins apte à former des combinaisons variées de caractères. Ces résultats laissent supposer l’existence d’un contrôle génétique de la zygomorphie différent entre les eudicots dérivées et basales. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, les bases moléculaires de la zygomorphie ont été étudiées chez les Ranunculaceae (Ranunculales) par une approche évo-dévo de type gène candidat. La diversité ainsi que les profils d’expression des gènes homologues de CYCLOIDEA (RANACYL) ont été examinés dans différentes espèces et pour différents organes et stades de développement. Le développement des espèces étudiées a auparavant été décrit, en insistant particulièrement sur la mise en place de la zygomorphie. L’approche évo-dévo a montré que les gènes RANACYL ont subi une première duplication avant la divergence des Ranunculaceae et une seconde, cette fois-ci avant la divergence du seul clade à fleurs zygomorphes de la famille. La duplication spécifique aux Delphinieae est un argument en faveur d’un rôle des gènes RANACYL dans la zygomorphie, mais les profils d’expression, à ce stade de l’étude, n’apportent pas de véritable confirmation. La poursuite de ce travail nécessitera l’utilisation de techniques de génétique inverse (VIGS) et de biologie moléculaire (études fonctionnelles par hybridations in situ) pour déterminer si l’évolution de la zygomorphie chez les Ranunculaceae résulte du même type de mécanismes moléculaires que ceux identifiés chez les eudicots dérivées
Floral bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) evolved several times independently in angiosperms, from radially symmetrical ancestors. The evolution of this floral trait is generally associated with adaptive radiation and high speciation rates. The genetic control of zygomorphy is well described in some core eudicot species and it was shown that the CYCLOIDEA gene, characterized in Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae), is a major determinant of this character. However, molecular investigations of bilateral symmetry control are still patchy in basal eudicots and monocots and determining in which taxonomic group the repeated evolution of this homoplasious character is the result of convergent or parallel evolution is still a challenging question. Moreover, flower symmetry is an integrated phenotype, whose establishment during development can be controlled by historical associations among morphological traits, revealing either physical constraints or common genetic bases. The objectives of this study were to compare the morphological and phylogenetic contexts in which zygomorphy evolved in core and basal eudicots, and then to conduct an evo-devo approach combining a developmental study with the investigation of a candidate gene diversity and expression in Ranunculaceae. This work aimed first at identifying potential developmental constraints in Asteridae (core eudicots), using Phylogenetic Comparative Methods. The impact of perianth merism and stamen number on floral symmetry evolution was evidenced. A comparison with Ranunculales (basal eudicots) showed that in core eudicots there were fewer evolutionary trends associated with transitions toward zygomorphy and that development was more canalized. These results could indicate a different molecular control of zygomorphy between core eudicots and Ranunculales. The second step was to investigate the role of CYCLOIDEA homologs in shaping floral symmetry in Ranunculaceae (Ranunculales). The evo-devo approach showed that the lineage of CYCLOIDEA homologs of Ranunculaceae (RANACYL genes) was duplicated first before the divergence of Ranunculaceae and a second time likely in the lineage leading to the single zygomorphic clade of the family. The expression patterns of the members of the RANACYL multigenic family were uncovered in different species, organs and developmental stages. These were chosen after having described the development of our study species, giving a timing of the major landmarks and focusing on the establishment of zygomorphy. Even if a gene duplication specific to Delphinieae is an argument in favor of the involvement of RANACYL genes in controlling symmetry, the way these genes are expressed during development does not show clear evidence for this for the moment. This evo-devo study must be continued to assess whether the molecular pathways responsible for zygomorphy in Antirrhineae and Ranunculaceae are similar or not
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Gatto, Laurent. "Comparaison de l'utilité et de l'efficacité de différents marqueurs moléculaires à des fins d'inférence phylogénétique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210855.

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Parmi les paramètres influençant l'inférence d'arbres phylogénétiques, nous nous sommes penchés d'une part sur (i) l'utilisation et l'efficacité de différents marqueurs et (ii) l'influence de la radiation évolutive (la succession rapide d'événements de spéciation) dans la construction d'arbres phylogénétiques et, d'autre part, sur l'applicabilité du modèle de substitution nucléotidique GTR (General Time Reversible).

La première partie de ce travail étudie l'évolution des cétacés en se basant sur les séquences des génomes mitochondriaux, sur le motif d'insertion de rétroposons SINEs (short interspersed elements) nouvellement isolés et les loci nucléaires de ces derniers. Le choix des cétacés est motivé par la présence, durant leur évolution, de radiations évolutives, qui sont propices au tri différentiel de lignées généalogiques: si des séquences de gènes ou des allèles restent polymorphes entre des événements de spéciations, il est possible, et même probable, d'observer une incompatibilité entre les histoires évolutives de ces marqueurs, malgré que celles-ci soient bien correctes. Nous abordons l'étude du tri différentiel des lignées généalogiques par le biais des SINEs, dont l'insertion aléatoire et irréversible confère à ces marqueurs un risque de convergence particulièrement faible.

Notre approche multi-marqueur nous permet de reconstruire un arbre robuste à partir duquel nous analysons ces différents marqueurs à l'aide des rapports signal/bruit (la qualité du contenu informatif du marqueur) et effort/signal (les efforts à mettre en oeuvre pour obtenir du signal phylogénétique). Nous discutons également les relations conflictuelles/incorrectes obtenues à partir des différents marqueurs, notamment des motifs d'insertion de SINEs pour lesquels nous décrivons un test objectif nous permettant de différencier le tri différentiel de lignées généalogiques et la convergence.

Les modèles de substitutions nucléotidiques sont à la base de nombreuses méthodes d'inférence phylogénétiques. Parmi ces modèles, le modèle GTR est un des plus complets et des plus utilisés. Waddell and Steel [1997] ont décrit une procédure qui permet d'estimer les distances et les taux instantanés de substitution pour des séquences évoluant selon les hypothèses du modèle GTR. Il existe néanmoins des conditions qui rendent cette procédure, et donc l'utilisation du modèle GTR, inapplicables.

Nous avons simulé l'évolution de séquences d'ADN le long de 12 arbres caractérisés par un ensemble de conditions biologiquement plausibles (différentes longueurs de branches, des conditions de (non-)homogénéité de la matrice de taux instantanés de substitution et différentes longueurs de séquences). Pour chaque ensemble de conditions, nous avons évalué (i) l'applicabilité du modèle GTR et (ii) la qualité des alignements obtenus à partir des données simulées.

Nos résultats indiquent que l'inapplicabilité de la procédure de Waddell and Steel [1997] peut effectivement être considérée comme un problème pratique car elle apparaît avant les difficultés d'alignement (étape nécessaire et préalable à toute inférence phylogénétique). La probabilité de cette inapplicabilité dépend du taux de substitution et de la taille des données.


Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Trontin, Jean-François. "Caractérisation et variation d'une famille multigénique, l'ADN ribosomique 5S nucléaire, chez quatre espèces forestières des genres larix M. (Pinaceae) et Quercus L. (Fagaceae)." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0186_TRONTIN.pdf.

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La structure, l'organisation et les variations de la famille de l'adn ribosomique 5s nucleaire (adnr 5s) chez deux arbres forestiers sympatriques (chenes pedoncule et sessile) et chez deux arbres forestiers allopatriques (melezes d'europe et du japon). Comme chez la plupart des plantes superieures, cette famille multigenique est organisee en longues series d'unites repetees en tandem qui sont chacune constituee d'un gene 5s tres conserve entre les especes (120 pb) et d'un espaceur intergenique de taille variable. Une seule classe d'unites ( 350 pb) representee par 1000-2000 copies par genome a ete detectee chez les chenes. En revanche, deux classes d'unites tres divergentes, les unes courtes ( 650 pb) et les autres longues ( 870 pb), comportant chacune 1500-3000 copies par genome, ont ete observees chez les melezes. Ces unites courtes et longues alternent majoritairement au sein de series composites dont l'etablissement est sans doute ancien car le meme type d'organisation a ete retrouve chez 4 autres especes de melezes. L'analyse d'un croisement de chenes pedoncules et d'un croisement de melezes d'europe et du japon a montre que les marqueurs fournis par l'adnr 5s presentent generalement un mode d'heredite mendelien gouverne par un unique locus. Dans le cas du chene pedoncule, le locus a pu etre cartographie sur le groupe de liaison g5 correspondant a la paire de chromosomes n o2. Les unites d'adnr 5s evoluent en longueur par duplication en tandem, insertions et deletions surtout localisees dans la zone centrale des espaceurs. Les estimations de diversite nucleotidique intraspecifique des genes 5s (0,005-0,066), des espaceurs de chenes pedoncule et sessile (0,047-0,057), des espaceurs courts (0,098-0,067) ou longs (0,015-0,037) des melezes d'europe et du japon sont comparables a celles obtenues pour les especes herbacees a cycle court. Chez ces dernieres, le niveau de divergence interspecifique des espaceurs est bien correle au polymorphisme intraspecifique.
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McFarland, Robert. "The identification and characterization of homoplasmic mitochondrial tRNA mutations." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438010.

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Sanderson, Michael John. "Patterns of homoplasy in North American Astragalus L. (Fabaceae)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184764.

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Patterns in the distribution of homoplasy are investigated from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The history of the term "homoplasy" as used by morphologists, evolutionary systematists, cladists, and others is reviewed, especially in relation to its complement, "homology." Homoplasy is defined relative to homology, which is viewed as any similarity shared through an unbroken line of common ancestry. An investigation of levels of homoplasy based on a statistical analysis of 60 published phylogenies reveals a strong dependence of homoplasy on the number of taxa included. This relation is independent of number of characters, type of data, taxonomic rank, or organism, and suggests that large taxa should be the focus of empirical studies of homoplasy. Hence, a phylogenetic analysis of the large genus Astragalus was undertaken using 113 representative species (and varieties) found in North America. Fifty-seven binary and multistate characters were scored and the resulting matrix was subjected to numerical cladistic analysis. Two large sets of equally parsimonious trees were found at 595 and 596 steps. The sets were analyzed using consensus methods, robust clades were discussed in detail, and the phylogenies were compared to previous classifications. Character evolution of a large set of taxonomically important and morphologically varied traits was investigated. Statistical tests were developed to detect patterns of topological clustering of homoplastic character changes in cladograms. The tests use Monte-Carlo computer simulations of four null models of character evolution in an attempt to reject the hypothesis of random homoplastic distributions. For the Astragalus data set only two of 17 characters were significantly clustered, and this is close to random expectation. Another data set from the literature was also tested, and in it no characters were clustered at the 5 percent level. The explanation for these negative findings regarding homoplastic "tendencies" is explored with respect to "scope", "scale", and character "resolution," factors believed to play an important role in the analysis of character evolution.
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Tanaka, Simone Missae. "Análise de homoplasmia de plantas transplastômicas de fumo via PCR em tempo real." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-07022012-161104/.

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A transformação plastidial oferece uma série de vantagens em relação à transformação nuclear, como: altos níveis de expressão de proteínas, capacidade de expressar múltiplos transgenes em operons e contenção gênica pela ausência de transmissão pelo pólen. Devido ao alto número de cópias do genoma plastidial por cloroplasto e ao alto número de cloroplastos por células vegetais, são necessários ciclos de regeneração sob condições seletivas para obter transformantes homoplásmicos. A análise de homoplasmia é realizada pela metodologia de Southern blot ou pelo teste de herança do transgene pela germinação de sementes em meio seletivo. O Southern blot é trabalhoso, demorado e para maior sensibilidade envolve o uso de radioisótopos, enquanto o teste de germinação é realizado somente após a produção de sementes necessitando de um ciclo de reprodução da planta. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método rápido, sensível e eficaz para determinar o grau de homoplasmia de plantas transplastômicas, baseado na técnica de PCR em tempo real. Folhas de fumo foram transformadas com vetores compostos pelos genes 9 dessaturase (pMR1), 15 dessaturase (pMR3), -3 elongase (pMR5) e 12/3 dessaturase (pMR10), todos contendo o gene de seleção aadA. No total, 44 plantas foram obtidas, sendo 21 plantas positivas para a inserção do transgene. O grau de homoplasmia foi determinado pela proporção entre o número de cópias do transgene e o número de cópias do gene endógeno. Inicialmente, misturas de DNA de plantas transplastômicas homoplásmicas (pMR1 e pMR3) com DNA de planta tipo selvagem foram preparadas para simular diferentes graus de homoplasmia. DNA da planta transplastômica ou do plasmídeo foi diluído em série para construção das curvaspadrão, com a quantidade dos genes sendo estimada por meio da plotagem nessas curvas. Os índices de homoplasmia detectados na PCR em tempo real foram compatíveis com os resultados do teste de germinação com valores abaixo de 1 para plantas heteroplásmicas, 1 para a planta homoplásmica e 0 para as plantas sem a inserção do transgene. Os resultados das análises de amostras coletadas após o primeiro ciclo de regeneração mostraram que 13 das 21 plantas já se apresentavam em estado homoplásmico não sendo necessários mais ciclos de regeneração. A PCR em tempo real mostrou ser um método eficiente para análise do grau de homoplasmia de plantas transplastômicas.
Plastid transformation offers several advantages in relation to nuclear transformation, such as high-level of protein expression, the feasibility of expressing multiple transgenes in operons and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. Due to the high copy number of plastidial genome in chloroplasts and the high number of chloroplasts per plant cells, regeneration cycles under selective conditions are necessary to obtain homoplasmic transformants. Homoplasmy analysis is performed by Southern blot methodology or transgene inheritance test through seed germination in selective medium. Southern blot is laborious, time consuming and for more sensitivity it would require the use of radioisotopes, while germination test can be performed only after seed production which require a plant reproduction cycle. The objective of this study was to develop a fast, sensitive and effective method to determine the homoplasmy degree of transplastomic plants, based on real-time PCR. Tobacco leaves were transformed with vectors containing the 9 desaturase (pMR1), 15 desaturase (pMR3), -3 elongase (pMR5) and 12/3 desaturase (pMR10) each one with the aadA selection gene. In total, 44 plants were obtained, of which 21 were positive for the insertion of the transgene. The homoplasmy degree was determined by the proportion between the number of transgene copies and the number of endogenous gene copies. Initially, mixtures of homoplastomic plants DNA (pMR1 and pMR3) with wild-type plant DNA were prepared to simulate different degrees of homoplasmy. Transplastomic plant DNA or plasmid DNA was diluted to construct the standard curves and the gene amount was detected by plotting in this curves. The homoplasmy rate detected in real-time PCR were consistent with the results of germination test with values below 1 for heteroplasmic plants, 1 for homoplasmic plants and 0 for plants without the transgene insertion. The results obtained from the samples collected after the first regeneration cycle showed that 13 of the 21 plants were already in a homoplasmic state and did not require more cycles of regeneration. The real-time PCR proved to be an effective method for analyzing the homoplasmy degree of transplastomic plants.
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Cloutier, Alison. "Assessment of size homoplasy at three microsatellite loci in the California market squid Loligo opalescens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61542.pdf.

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Wölfer, Jan. "The morphology of the scapula and femur of sciuromorph rodents in light of scaling, lifestyle, homoplasy, and macroevolutionary modelling." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21639.

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Der Bewegungsapparat der Sciuromorpha, einer monophyletische Gruppe von ca. 300 Arten, wurde verwendet um den Effekt der Lebensweise und der Körpermasse auf die Scapula- und Femurmorphologie zu untersuchen. Diese Nagetierklade weist eine breite Vielfalt an Lebensweisen (arboreal, fossoriell, aerial) als auch Körpermassen (drei Größenordnungen umfassend) auf. Die fossorielle Lebensweise hat sich höchstwahrscheinlich dreimal unabhängig von einem arborealen Vorfahren entwickelt. Mehr als die Hälfte der rezenten Arten wurden untersucht. Die Scapulae wurden fotografiert, während Computertomographie (CT) und Oberflächenlaserscans für die Femora verwendet wurden. Es wurden funktionsrelevante Merkmale analysiert, wie die effektive Länge der Skelettelemente, die Muskeleigenschaften soweit aus der Geometrie der Knochen ableitbar, sowie die Robustheit. Die CT-Scans wurden verwendet, um die Querschnitts- und Trabekeleigenschaften des Femurs zu analysieren. Die Gestalt wurde mittels geometrischer Morphometrie untersucht. Phylogenetic comparative methods wurden unter anderem verwendet, um den Einfluss der Phylogenie zu beurteilen als auch, ob sich die unabhängige Aneignung einer fossoriellen Lebensweise in der Evolution homoplastischer Morphologien widerspiegelt. Die Phylogenie spielte bei der Merkmalsevolution eine vernachlässigbare Rolle. Das Auftreten signifikanter Merkmalsunterschiede zwischen den Lebensweisen sowie allometrischer Anpassungen aufgrund Veränderungen in der Körpermasse hingen von dem jeweiligen Merkmal ab. Bei einigen Merkmalen unterschied sich der Einfluss der Körpermasse signifikant zwischen den einzelnen Lebensweisen, was aber nicht die Regel zu sein scheint. Die Evolution homoplastischer Morphologien war sehr unwahrscheinlich bei den fossoriellen Gruppen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine komplexe, aber adaptive Evolutionsgeschichte dieser Skelettelemente bei den Sciuromorpha hin.
The vertebrate locomotor apparatus of Sciuromorpha, a monophyletic group of ca. 300 species, was used to investigate the effect of lifestyle and body mass on the scapular and femoral morphology. This rodent clade displays a broad diversity of lifestyles (arboreal, fossorial, aerial) and body masses spanning three orders of magnitude. The fossorial lifestyle evolved most probably three times independently from an arboreal ancestor. More than half of the extant species were included. Scapulae were photographed and computed tomography (CT) and surface laser scans were acquired for the femora. Functionally relevant traits were analysed, e.g., the effective length of the skeletal element, the properties of attaching muscles as inferred from the geometry of the bones, and robustness properties. The CT scans were used to analyse the cross-sectional and trabecular properties of the femur. Bone shape was investigated using geometric morphometrics. Phylogenetic comparative methods were utilized, e.g., to assess phylogenetic inertia and whether the independent acquisition of a fossorial lifestyle is reflected in the evolution of homoplastic morphologies. Phylogenetic inertia played a neglectable role in the trait evolution. Significant differences among lifestyles as well as allometric scaling adjustments depended on the trait under consideration. For some traits, scaling differed significantly among lifestyles, although this did not appear to be the rule. Morphological homoplasy was unlikely among the fossorial groups. The results suggest a complex, but adaptive evolutionary history of these skeletal elements in Sciuromorpha.
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Wölfer, Jan [Verfasser]. "The morphology of the scapula and femur of sciuromorph rodents in light of scaling, lifestyle, homoplasy, and macroevolutionary modelling / Jan Wölfer." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122069049X/34.

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Books on the topic "Homoplasie"

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Morphological evolution, aptations, homoplasies, constraints and evolutionary trends: Catfishes as a case study on general phylogeny and macroevolution. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2005.

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Homoplasy. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-618030-5.x5000-x.

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J, Sanderson Michael, and Hufford Larry 1958-, eds. Homoplasy: The recurrence of similarity in evolution. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.

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El jano de la morfología : de la homología a la homoplasia, historia, debates y evolución - 1. edición. Universidad Autónoma de Mexico, 2014.

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Diogo, Rui. Morphological Evolution, Adaptations, Homoplasies, Constraints, and Evolutionary Trends: Catfishes As a Case Study on General Phylogeny and Macroevolution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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Diogo, Rui. Morphological Evolution, Aptations, Homoplasies, Constraints, And Evolutionary Trends: Catfishes As A Case Study On General Phylogeny And Macroevolution. Science Publishers, 2004.

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Diogo, Rui. Morphological Evolution, Adaptations, Homoplasies, Constraints, and Evolutionary Trends: Catfishes As a Case Study on General Phylogeny and Macroevolution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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Wolfgang, Maier, and Zoglauer Thomas, eds. Technomorphe Organismuskonzepte: Modellübertragungen zwischen Biologie und Technik. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Homoplasie"

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Wiesemüller, Bernhard, Hartmut Rothe, and Winfried Henke. "Homoplasie und Merkmalskonflikte." In Phylogenetische Systematik, 117–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55799-6_9.

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Verma, Priyanka, and Kiran Singh. "Homoplasy." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_73-1.

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Hodos, William. "Homoplasy." In Comparative Neuroscience and Neurobiology, 46. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6776-3_18.

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Capinera, John L., Thomas O. Crist, John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Severiano F. Gayubo, Aurélien Tartar, Pauline O. Lawrence, et al. "Homoplasy." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1835. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1372.

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Wake, David B. "Homoplasy, a Moving Target." In Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, 111–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9412-1_5.

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Dezulian, Tobias, and Mike Steel. "Phylogenetic Closure Operations and Homoplasy-Free Evolution." In Classification, Clustering, and Data Mining Applications, 395–416. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17103-1_38.

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Meyer, Axel. "Homology and Homoplasy: The Retention of Genetic Programmes." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 141–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515655.ch10.

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Wake, David B. "Homoplasy, Homology and the Problem of ‘Sameness’ in Biology." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 24–46. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515655.ch3.

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Zhou, Jingwen, Liming Liu, Guocheng Du, and Jian Chen. "Biolistic Transformation of Candida glabrata for Homoplasmic Mitochondrial Genome Transformants." In Fungal Biology, 119–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_11.

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Song, Yun S., Yufeng Wu, and Dan Gusfield. "Algorithms for Imperfect Phylogeny Haplotyping (IPPH) with a Single Homoplasy or Recombination Event." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 152–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11557067_13.

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