Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Homosexuals' rights'

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Esta dissertação de mestrado visa abordar o tema movimento homossexual, violência e a garantia de direitos dos homossexuais. A idéia central é traçar um contexto histórico social da formação do movimento homossexual brasileiro e suas conquistas no que diz respeito a garantia de direitos fundamentais para os homossexuais. Os conflitos gerados por conta da orientação sexual na sociedade como um todo e no núcleo familiar, trazendo à reflexão uma questão social. A violência – seja física ou simbólica/psicológica – contra homossexuais é entendida como fator determinante que dificulta à garantia dos direitos destes indivíduos. A presente dissertação apresenta também uma breve discussão acerca da relação entre amor, poder e proteção entre pais e filhos. é fundamental que a reflexão em torno da homossexualidade permeie todos os espaços profissionais relacionados ao campo da assistência social, ou áreas afins, para que se possa combater a homofobia e garantir o acesso a todos os espaços da sociedade.
This master's thesis aims to address the homosexual movement theme, violence and guarantee the rights of homosexuals. The central idea is to trace a historical context of the social formation of the Brazilian gay movement and its achievements with regard to guarantee fundamental rights for homosexuals. The conflicts generated by the account of sexual orientation in society as a whole and the family, bringing to reflect a social issue. Violence - whether physical or symbolic / psychological - against homosexuals is seen as a determining factor that makes the guarantee of the rights of these individuals. This dissertation also presents a brief discussion about the relationship between love, power and protection between parents and children. it is essential that the debate on the homosexuality permeated all professional areas related to the field of social welfare, or related areas in order to combat homophobia and securing access to all areas of society.

The protection of the rights of sexual minorities in Africa is a controversial issue. It is not unusual to find newspaper reports on gross violations suffered by this minority group. Gays and lesbians are victims of violence, sometimes resulting in death. Sexual minorities in Africa are often confronted with government actions such as those of the Nigerian government that recently submitted to the parliament a Bill to make provisions for the prohibition of relationships between persons of the same sex, celebration of marriage, registration of gay clubs and societies and publicity of same sex relationships. The objective of this study was to suggest possible legal protection and recognition of sexual minority rights under the African human rights system.

SANTRAUKA Seksualinės mažumos – asmenų grupė, kurių lytinė orientacija, lytinė tapatybė, ar seksualinės charakteristikos skiriasi nuo daugumos gyventojų. Kadangi šis terminas yra labai platus, magistriniame darbe didžiausias dėmesys bus koncentruotas į LGBT bendruomenės narius. Juos sudaro lesbietės, gėjai, biseksualai ir transeksualai. Dėl visuomenėje susiformavusių stereotipų, šie asmenys dažnai susiduria su teisinės ir socialinės atskirties problema. Todėl seksualinių mažumų teisių ir laisvių užtikrinimas yra viena iš labiausiai diskutuojamų temų Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – atliekant Lietuvos, Norvegijos, Nyderlandų ir Didžiosios Britanijos Konstitucinių žmogaus teisių ir įstatyminių nuostatų analizę, palyginti Lietuvos ir pasirinktų šalių užtikrinamas seksualinių mažumų teises ir laisves. Atsižvelgiant į atliktą lyginamąją analizę, pateikti išvadas, kurios atkleistų seksualinių mažumų teisių užtikrinimo padėtį Lietuvoje. Darbą sudaro įvadas, du skyriai ir išvados. Pirmoji darbo dalis skirta seksualinių mažumų sąvokos ir homoseksualios lytinės orientacijos sampratos atskleidimui, taip pat analizuojamos Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintos žmogaus teisės ir šalyje galiojantys įstatymai, kurie suteikia seksualinėms mažumoms teisę į apsaugą, lygiateisiškumą, saviraišką ir privatumą, aiškinamasi realus šių teisių įgyvendinimas. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama seksualinių mažumų teisinis reguliavimas Norvegijoje, Nyderlanduose ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
SUMMARY The objective of this Master‘s Thesis is to analyze and compare Lithuania, Norway, Netherlands and The Great Britain Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich ensure the rights and freedoms of sexual minorities. With regard to the comparative analysis of the present findings, disclosed the sexual minority rights in Lithuania. The Thesis consists of an introduction followed by two chapters and conclusions. The first chapter deals with the conceptions of sexual minorities and homosexual orientation. Also analyzed the Lithuanian Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich provide the right to protection, equality, freedom of expression and privacy of sexual minorities. The second section consist legal acts analysis wich regulate sexual minorities rights in Norway, Netherlands and Great Britain. Specifying Constitutional rights and statutory provisions which are providing legal rights to protection, equality, freedom of expression and privacy of sexual minorities. Analyze and compare Lithuania, Norway, Netherlands and Great Britain Constitutional human rights and legal provisions wich ensure the rights and freedoms of sexual minorities. Sexual minorities are groups of people whose sexual orientation, gender identity or sexual characteristics are different from the presumed majority of the population, which are male or female heterosexuals. The term referred primarily to lesbians and gays, bisexuals and transgender people. These four categories... [to full text]

Homoseksualumas – lytinė orientacija, kuri paprastai suprantama kaip priešinga heteroseksualumui, nes pasižymi lytiniu potraukiu tos pačios lyties atstovams, ir todėl visuomenėje dažnai pripažįstama nukrypimu nuo normos, o tai suponuoja šių asmenų diskriminaciją. Darbe analizuojamos Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos tendencijos, susijusios su baudžiamosios atsakomybės už homoseksualius santykius panaikinimu, ginant šių asmenų teisę į privatumą. Atskleidžiama, kad Teismas pasisako prieš bet kokį baudžiamąjį persekiojimą, grindžiamą lytine orientacija, siekdamas, kad Europos Tarybos valstybėse būtų pripažįstamos ir saugomos homoseksualių asmenų teisės. Šiandien vis garsiau kalbama apie homoseksualių asmenų teisę į santuoką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama EŽTT praktika, siekiant nustatyti, ar kartu gyvenančių homoseksualių asmenų santykiai patenka į šeimos gyvenimo apimtį. Be to, ar pagal Europos žmogaus teisių konvenciją valstybės turi pozityvią pareigą teisę į santuoką užtikrinti ne tik skirtingų lyčių poroms, t.y. neatsižvelgiant į lytinę orientaciją. Egzistuojantis registruotos partnerystės institutas yra alternatyvi forma įteisinti homoseksualius santykius, tad siekiama nustatyti, ar EŽTT įpareigoja valstybes suteikti minėtą galimybę tos pačios lyties poroms savo nacionalinėje teisėje. Homoseksualių asmenų teisė įsivaikinti yra viena iš kontraversiškiausių teisių, nes siejasi su vaiko teisėmis, jo geriausiais interesais. Tad magistro baigiamajame darbe yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Homosexuality – sexual orientation which is the opposite of heterosexuality because it is characterized as sexual desire for persons of the same sex. That is why a society often acknowledges it like a deviation from norms and this may sometimes result as an act of discrimination. The Master’s thesis analyses the tendency of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights which is related to abolishing the criminalisation of private homosexual relations. It is important because of defending the right to privacy of homosexuals. The Court speaks against criminal prosecution on the ground of sexual orientation and finds that Member States of the Council of Europe should recognize and protect the rights of homosexual persons. Today the discussions about the right to the same-sex marriage are becoming louder and louder. The thesis attempts to ascertain whether the cohabitation of homosexuals falls in the ambit of a family life according to the European Court of Human Rights as well as whether the Member States of the European Convention on Human Rights have a positive obligation to ensure the right to marry for the same-sex couples. Furthermore, the institute of a registered partnership is an alternative form for legalizing homosexual relationships. Thus, it is necessary to identify whether the Court puts an obligation to the Member States to make that opportunity for the same-sex couples in the national legal systems. The right of adoption of homosexuals is a highly... [to full text]

In the last decade several western countries have greatly enhanced the rights of sexual minorities in their societies. Same-sex marriage is now legal in most states in the United States, while about twenty three countries in Europe presently allow same-sex marriage or some form of civil partnership. Africa on the other hand is witnessing a rise in the number of countries further criminalizing sexual minorities and homophobia is rising across the continent. Homosexuality is illegal in 76 countries in the world, 38 of which are in Africa and of these 38, homosexuality is punishable by death in 4. Though a growing discourse, existing literature and scholarly papers till date have rarely focused on the impediments to LGBT rights in the African continent. The few existing literature have looked at LGBT rights in Africa from the policy perspective without taking the popularity of anti-gay laws into consideration as seen in a country like Nigeria where 98 percent of the population supports anti-gay measures. An explorative qualitative research study was used to explore the impediments to LGBT rights in Nigeria and how they can be addressed. Secondary data from verifiable sources and primary data from semi-structured, formal, open ended interviews with individuals deeply informed of the discourse in Nigeria was used for the research. Data retrieved was analysed using thematic analysis to identify recurrent themes from the interview transcripts before a comprehensive discussion and triangulation of both primary and secondary data was conducted. The research found that religious beliefs and the existence of LGBT knowledge gaps are the major impediments to LGBT rights in Nigeria. The research findings suggests that closing these LGBT knowledge gaps through enlightenment will over time repress the strong religious and ideological views held against LGBTs. With the decline of these views, the research suggests that LGBT rights will naturally emerge. The study also developed three testable hypotheses for future studies.

Magister Legum - LLM
For many, the human rights which South Africa has been able to secure for LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) people has been very progressive. However, with the conflation of sexual orientation and gender identity, the assumption of access to human rights for all within the LGBTI and society at large, has led to transsexual people not being able to claim their rights and assert their existence as human beings effectively within our constitutional democracy. Currently, there is a vacuum in South Africa's law of marriage based on its inability to accommodate spouses who married as a 'heterosexual' couple but where the one spouse subsequently undergoes gender affirmation, conforming the relationship to what is perceived as 'homosexual'. On account of this, the Department of Home Affairs are subjecting these couples to compulsory or forced divorces by refusing to have the transsexual spouse recognised within his or her affirmed gender on the marriage certificate. This means that the transsexual spouse either remains married under the Marriage Act and is subject to being recognised as his or her birth-sex, or submits to a compulsory or forced divorce in order to be recognised as his or her affirmed sex on a marriage certificate issued under the Civil Union Act upon them 'remarrying'. This thesis addresses the inequalities and inequities brought about by the Marriage Act. It investigates the history of marriages within South Africa that were prohibited based on characteristics such as race which people have no control over. It looks at how the State, through its departments, has imposed itself on the social relationships people formed subject to its legal terms and conditions. This thesis questions whether the State through its action is acting in a way that is administratively just. It argues that the successfulness of a divorce decree is dependent on at least one party voluntary applying for it. This presupposes the idea that whenever couples who are validly married are forced or compelled to divorce one another that this, in fact, cannot be seen as one of the valid ways in which to obtain a divorce decree legally. Before venturing into the legal aspect concerning this research topic, a theoretical framework will be advanced to position these couples in a greater social context. Subsequently, in order to establish the legal position of these couples, this thesis will draw on the current South African human rights discourse that has been developed by and for the LGBTI community, especially as it relates to the law of marriage. It will also establish the international and foreign human rights discourses that assert or, at least, seek to assert LGBTI human rights broadly. Ultimately, a constitutional analysis will be conducted to establish the position of these couples under the Marriage Act.

O presente trabalho pretende analisar a possibilidade do reconhecimento jurídico de novas formas de famílias advindas da união entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. Partindo do pressuposto de que a sociedade reclama por uma nova estrutura na prestação das relações jurídicas, além de uma nova estrutura na satisfação do direito pleiteado, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo traçar um paralelo entre a trajetória das normas jurídicas que disciplinam as relações familiares e os novos arranjos sociais que constituem a família contemporânea em razão dos novos conceitos estabelecidos pela sociedade do séc. XXI, ainda em razão de o Estado possuir a responsabilidade de adequar os meios e os fins, com o intuito de garantir a melhor e plena aplicabilidade do direito. Busca-se identificar o novo conceito de família, a partir do art. 226 da Constituição Federal e dos Princípios Constitucionais, agregado a pluralidade de arranjos sociais identificáveis. Ademais, apresenta a preocupação em estabelecer essas novas regras jurídicas do direito de família em consonância com a realidade social do território brasileiro, para que garanta o acesso pleno à justiça, bem como respeito ao princípio da isonomia e da liberdade nas relações intersubjetivas
This study aims to examine the possibility of legal recognition of new forms of families arising from the union between same-sex. Assuming that society calls for a new structure in the provision of legal relations, and a new structure in the satisfaction of the right claimed, this research aims to draw parallels between the trajectory of the legal rules that govern family relations and new social arrangements that constitute the contemporary family as a result of new concepts established by the society of the century XXI, yet because of the state have the responsibility to adapt the means and ends, in order to ensure the best and full application of the law. Seek to identify the new concept of family, from the art. 226 of the Federal Constitution and Constitutional Principles, attached to the plurality of identifiable social arrangements. Moreover, it presents the concern in establishing these new legal rules of family law in line with the social reality of Brazil, to ensure full access to justice and respect for the principle of equality and freedom in interpersonal relations

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This doctoral thesis aims at investigating the ways in which the discursive repertoires on same-sex relationships and the rights of sexual minorities are formed in the legal scope. In May 2011, the Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brazilian Supreme Court), in an unprecedented verdict, recognized same-sex unions as family entity, which set new directions to the homosexual movements in Brazil. Although STF s decision indicates a paradigm shift, it is noticeable that unfavorable notions on same-sex relationships and the rights of sexual minorities are still being spread throughout society. In this sense, trying to delineate how law and legal institutions have contributed to the emancipatory processes of the sexual minorities, the discursive repertoires produced in two legal spheres have been analyzed. Those spheres are namely the STF and the academic legal community, which have influenced to a large extent the ways in which the law and society are conceived. In the first study, lexical (ALCESTE) and textual analyses (critical discourse analysis) showed the similarities and differences between the arguments and justifications used by the STF ministers during the pronouncement of their favorable votes to the recognition of same-sex unions. It has been verified the existence of discursive repertoires that vary from the acceptance and recognition of equality to the idea of tolerance (stand with indulgence), supported by the emphasis on differences. From the results collected in the analysis of the STF ministers votes, a questionnaire, marked by objective and essay questions, was elaborated, in order to progress to two more studies (second and third), which were directed to students and professors of the law course at Universidade Federal da Paraíba. In the second study, students and professors opinions were evaluated in relation to three questions: STF ministers justifications; legal, moral, political and social consequences created by the verdict; possible factors to explain homosexuality. In relation to the STF ministers justifications, a lexical analysis proved the existence of discursive repertoires that, even though they reproduce many antagonisms in the STF ministers decision, they did not present in their content the discourse of tolerance. Regarding the consequences created by the verdict, a bigger percentage of repertoires that highlighted the decision as a legal event that helped the social inclusion of sexual minorities may be pointed out. As for the possible factors which can explain homosexuality, the majority of discursive repertoires highlighted the idea that it is a sexual orientation as any other, not a disease. In the third study, it was observed the importance of the insertion in different social groups in the students and professors opinions on those questions, from psychosocial factors: position in the educational process (student or professor), sex, marital status, and religion. The results from the cross-frequency analyses by Pearson s chi-squared test (χ²) indicated that the different social positions of the individuals influenced their visions on the questions asked, especially in what concerns religion. In conclusion, it may be affirmed that, in Brazilian contemporary scenario, the jurisprudential decisions have become important mechanisms to put into effect the rights of minority groups, in a sense that the formation of legal professionals seems to have become increasingly significant when it comes to deconstructing the processes of social inequality.
O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo investigar como se configuram, no âmbito jurídico, os repertórios discursivos acerca da homoafetividade e dos direitos das minorias sexuais. Em maio de 2011, em uma decisão inédita, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) reconheceu a união homoafetiva como entidade familiar, imprimindo novos rumos à causa dos movimentos homossexuais no Brasil. Contudo, apesar da decisão do STF indicar uma mudança de paradigma, verifica-se que as concepções desfavoráveis sobre a homoafetividade e os direitos das minorias sexuais continuam sendo difundidas pela sociedade. Sendo assim, na tentativa de delinear como o direito e as instituições jurídicas estão contribuindo para os processos de emancipação das minorias sexuais, foram analisados os repertórios discursivos construídos em dois ambientes jurídicos institucionais que têm influenciado fortemente o modo de pensar o direito e a sociedade: o STF e a comunidade acadêmica jurídica. No primeiro estudo, análises lexicais (ALCESTE) e textuais (análise crítica do discurso) mostraram as similitudes e variabilidades existentes entre os argumentos e justificativas utilizados pelos ministros do STF ao proferirem seus votos favoráveis ao reconhecimento da união homoafetiva. Verificou-se a existência de repertórios discursivos com conteúdos que variaram desde a aceitação e o reconhecimento da igualdade até a ideia de tolerância (suportar com indulgência), amparada pela ênfase nas diferenças. A partir dos resultados encontrados na análise dos votos dos ministros do STF, elaborou-se um questionário com perguntas objetivas e subjetivas, a fim de realizar mais dois estudos (segundo e terceiro), com discentes e docentes dos cursos de graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. No segundo estudo, foram avaliadas as opiniões de alunos e professores acerca de três questionamentos: as justificativas utilizadas pelos ministros do STF; as consequências jurídicas, morais, políticas e sociais geradas pela decisão; e os possíveis fatores explicativos da homossexualidade. Em relação às justificativas utilizadas pelos ministros do STF, uma análise lexical mostrou a existência de repertórios discursivos que, apesar de reproduzirem vários antagonismos presentes na decisão do STF, não apresentaram em seu conteúdo o discurso da tolerância. No que diz respeito às consequências geradas pela decisão, pode-se destacar uma maior porcentagem de repertórios que ressaltaram a decisão como um acontecimento jurídico que auxilia na inclusão social das minorias sexuais. Já no que se refere aos fatores explicativos da homossexualidade, a maior parte dos repertórios discursivos destacaram a ideia de que se trata de uma orientação sexual como outra qualquer, e não de uma doença. No terceiro estudo, verificou-se a importância da inserção em diferentes grupos sociais nas avaliações dos alunos e professores acerca desses questionamentos, a partir dos fatores psicossociais: lugar no processo educativo (aluno ou professor), sexo, estado civil e religião. Os resultados das análises cruzadas de frequências por meio do teste do qui-quadrado (χ2) de Pearson indicaram que as distintas posições sociais dos indivíduos influenciaram as suas visões acerca dos questionamentos realizados, sobretudo no que concerne à religião. Em conclusão, pode-se dizer que, no cenário brasileiro atual, as decisões jurisprudenciais têm se constituído como importantes ferramentas para a efetivação dos direitos de grupos minoritários, de modo que a formação dos profissionais de direito parece ter um papel cada vez mais considerável na desconstrução dos processos de desigualdade social.

L'objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de montrer comment la victoire de la liberté dans le domaine matrimonial a permis à la communauté LGBT de se mettre en ordre de bataille, Etat après Etat, pour mettre fin à une citoyenneté de seconde zone, sensibiliser et éduquer les américains sur les réalités de la vie homosexuelle, marquée par une longue histoire de discrimination et de préjugés hostiles aux homosexuels, souvent véhiculés par des chrétiens fondamentalistes. Nous reviendrons sur les origines historiques de cette guerre culturelle contre l'homosexualité pour montrer comment celle-ci structure encore aujourd'hui le système de gouvernement et alimente la polarisation politique, en partant du postulat que la brèche dans le mur de séparation entre l'Eglise et l'Etat est en partie responsable de nombreux blocages institutionnels et d'un patchwork de lois inégalitaires à travers le pays. Le combat pour l'égalité des droits de la communauté LGBT se révèle être, en définitive, un formidable observatoire de la démocratie américaine qui continue d'affecter l'efficacité du système démocratique des contre-pouvoirs par différents processus dynamiques liés au changement et à l'affirmation de la liberté religieuse
The ojective of this PhD dissertation is to show how the victory for the freedom to marry enabled the LGBT community to gear up for a national State-by-State campaign to put an end to second-class citizenship, raise awareness, and educate the American people to a reality that is marked by a long history of discrimination and hostile prejudice against homosexuals, with such hostility often being expressed and disseminated by fundamentalist Christians. We will revisit the historical origins of the culture war against homosexuality to show it still structures the system of government tody, and fuels political polarization, starting from the premise that the breach in the separating wall between Church and State is partly responsible for the numerous institutionnal deadblocks as well as a patchwork system of unegquel laws across the country. the LGBT community's fight for equal rights ultimately turns out to provide a particularly powerful insight into American democracy, and continues to affect the democratic system of checks and balances through various dynamic processes which are bound up with change and with the assertion of religious freedom

This paper analyzes the legal arguments that have been used toallow the gradual introduction of same-sex marriage and civil unions in some Latin American countries. The author makes a critical account of the contentious cases and legislative responses to claims for recognition and protection of human rights of people with a particular sexual orientation. The most representative Latin American countries are analyzed from the point of view of its relevance in comparative terms.
En el presente trabajo se exponen los argumentos jurídicos que han servido para permitir la introducción paulatina del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y las uniones civiles en algunos países de Latinoamérica. El autor hace una descripción crítica de los casos contenciosos, así como las respuestas legislativas a las demandas de reconocimiento y protección de los derechos humanos de las personas con una orientación sexual determinada. Se analizan los países de Latinoamérica más representativos desde el punto de vista de relevancia comparada para efectos de extraer observaciones y argumentos que puedan servir para explicar la realidad en otros tantos países del mismo entorno geográfico.

Après la chute du régime communiste en 1989, la société roumaine connaît l’émergence d’un nouveau type de revendications, celles relatives aux droits et aux libertés des personnes lgbt. Les questions homosexuelles deviennent dans le contexte roumain une thématique qui sollicite des réponses appropriées, qui impose des exigences adaptatives, qui provoque des affrontements, qui réclame des transformations. Ces revendications se focalisent principalement sur la dépénalisation des relations homosexuelles. L’article 200 du Code pénal roumain hérité du régime communiste criminalisait les relations homosexuelles entre adultes consentants, en privé ; cet article a été abrogé en 2001, par Ordonnance d’urgence du Gouvernement.

Ce changement législatif représente le point de départ pour cette analyse : nous nous sommes penchée sur les processus par lesquels l’ordre hétéronormatif imposé par le régime communiste commence à chanceler et cède petit à petit le terrain face à la légitimation d’un mode de vie alternatif, défini par l’option pour l’homosexualité. Le processus de déconstruction de ce dispositif répression / libération dans le cas roumain est analysé à la fois à travers les dynamiques politiques et les acteurs sociaux qui se sont investis dans l’action, à savoir les porteurs des revendications.Cette recherche revient donc à faire le point sur un univers social complexe et mobile, qui se déplace continuellement à la frontière de différentes espaces, tant au plan local ou national, qu’au plan global ou international.

Echappant à une focalisation exclusive sur un seul axe d’analyse, notre approche se propose donc de suivre les interactions entre des acteurs pluriels à travers des structures multiples qui influencent leurs actions. Une attention particulière est accordée aux individus, ce qui permet d’affiner l’analyse. Privilégier les variations des niveaux d’observations et la confrontation des logiques sociales sur diverses échelles nous permet au bout du compte de saisir à la fois la singularité du cas roumain, mais surtout son inscription dans un contexte global, transnational.

L’homosexualité constitue un phénomène qui s’inscrit dans une perspective politique et sociale et qui ne peut être compris que grâce à des facteurs d’ordre interne et externe à la communauté homosexuelle. Elle est, en même temps, un phénomène dont l’étude peut apporter un éclairage sur l’évolution de la société roumaine contemporaine, sur l’état de la démocratie, tout aussi bien que sur les dynamiques de l’européanisation. Les échanges autour de cette thématique révèlent la complexité des enjeux de la démocratisation : les décalages entre les normes et les mentalités, les déséquilibres entre les priorités de la politique interne et les priorités au niveau européen, les limites du domaine de la démocratie et les extensions de la morale dans la vie politique. Ces questions forment un ensemble complexe et hétéroclite dont cette recherche tente de donner les moyens de comprendre les logiques, les argumentaires, les transformations.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe constitue un tournant pour le droit de la famille en France. Cette loi, qualifiée parfois véritable tsunami est l’aboutissement de la prise en considération des revendications des homosexuels à constituer une famille. Avant 2013 le droit français ne permet pas au couple homosexuel de constituer une famille homoparentale : il n’autorise pas le mariage entre personnes de même sexe. De plus, la PMA est réservée aux seuls couples hétérosexuels et la GPA est totalement interdite en France. Ce consensus en apparence figé sur la non-reconnaissance de la famille homosexuelle est conforté par le droit européen, en particulier la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dont la jurisprudence marque encore peu de signes d’évolution. Pourtant, dès 2008, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme se prononce avec l’arrêt E.B c/ France sur la question de l’adoption par un célibataire homosexuel, opérant un revirement en nette rupture avec sa jurisprudence antérieure Fretté c/ France. Cette évolution jurisprudentielle de la CEDH s’inscrit dans un mouvement plus vaste des droits nationaux vers la reconnaissance de la famille homosexuelle. Pour autant, après 2013, des questions restent en attente, en particulier pour la PMA et la GPA. La constitution de la famille homosexuelle n’est pas encore achevée
The 2013-404 law of 17 May 2013 which opened up the possibility for people of the same gender to get married shows a turning point for the family rights in France. This law, sometimes described as a real tsunami, is the outcome of taking into account the homosexuals' claim for starting a family. Before 2013 the French right did not allow a homosexual couple to be a homoparental family. It did not authorize people of the same gender to get married. Moreover Assisted Reproduction is only reserved to heterosexual couples and Gestation for Others is strictly forbidden in France. This seemingly constrained consensus on the non-legal recognition of the homosexual family is reinforced by the European right, particularly the European Court of Human Rights whose precedents still show few signs of evolution. Yet, from 2008 the European Court of Human Rights gave a verdict with the 'EB against France' decision on the question of child adoption by a homosexual person ; it implements a major change and marks a break with its prior 'Fretté against France' precedent. This jurisprudential evolution of the EC of HR is part of a larger movement of national rights towards the recognition of the homosexual family. For all that,some questions have been on hold since 2013, particularly for the Assisted Reproduction and the Gestation for Others. The composition of the homosexual family has not yet reached the end

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les mouvements LGBT en Belgique, en France et en Espagne à travers une double comparaison (entre les cas et à travers le temps) qui intègre également les échanges et influences transnationaux et internationaux. Elle examine l’émergence et le développement de la revendication d’ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe dans ces pays, analysant les convergences en termes de contenu des demandes et de timing des mobilisations. Par conséquent, elle porte sur des convergences au niveau des mouvements sociaux, à l’inverse de la majeure partie de la littérature, qui se concentre sur les convergences de politiques publiques. Cette situation impose de construire une grille d’analyse basée sur la littérature sur les mouvements sociaux, les politiques publiques et les relations internationales (influence des normes internationales). Le développement des revendications relatives au droit au mariage a été retracé de manière généalogique depuis la fin des années 1980. La comparaison repose sur la méthode du most different systems design et un travail empirique important combinant analyse documentaire et entretiens a été réalisé. Cette thèse confirme l’importance de l’étude des échanges et des influences internationaux et transnationaux pour comprendre la politique domestique et insiste sur l’influence cruciale du réseautage transnational sur les revendications des mouvements sociaux. Elle révèle aussi quelques cas de diffusion entre mouvements sociaux et montre comment des caractéristiques et des contraintes communes peuvent inciter les mouvements sociaux à formuler des revendications similaires. Par ailleurs, les discours en faveur du droit au mariage ont été analysés avec soin. L’émergence de cette revendication a aussi été mise en perspective sur le plan historique, ce qui implique de réfléchir aux modalités de transformation des mouvements LGBT au cours des trente dernières années. Pour terminer, la notion de citoyenneté sexuelle a été interrogée et la manière dont l’accès à la citoyenneté a été posé a été examinée à partir du concept de resignification proposé par Judith Butler.

This dissertation looks at LGBT movements in Belgium, France and Spain through a double comparison (between cases and through time), which also takes into account transnational and international exchanges and influences. It investigates the simultaneous emergence and development of same-sex marriage claims in these countries, examining convergences in the content of the claims and the timing of protest. Therefore, it looks at convergences at the level of social movements, unlike most of the literature, which focuses on convergences in public policies. This specific research interests implies building an analytical model based on the literature on social movements, public policies and international relations (influence of international norms). It has also required a genealogical account of the development of same-sex marriage claims in each country from the end of the eighties until now. The comparison is based on the most different systems design method, and an extensive field work combining archives analysis and interviews has been carried out. This dissertation confirms the importance of taking into account international and transnational exchanges and influences to understand domestic politics, and insists on the crucial influence of transnational networking on social movements claims. It also discloses some cases of diffusion between social movements and shows how common characteristics and constraints may induce social movements to make similar but independent decisions. Discourses in favour of same-sex marriage have been carefully analysed, and the emergence of this claim has been put into a historical perspective. This implies a reflection on the transformations of the LGBT movement over the last thirty years. Finally, this dissertation interrogates the notion of sexual citizenship and examines the specific mechanisms through which access to citizenship has been proposed, discussing Judith Butler’s concept of resignification.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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This thesis deals with changes in conceptions of homosexuality and homosexual subculture as of something basically different, as they developed from the second third of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century among Czech lawyers and physicians, as well as with changes of self-conceptualization of the Czech homosexual subculture itself, having occurred in the same time interval. It focuses mainly on attitudes and efforts of those who aimed at contributing to social emancipation of this subculture or - in times of increased persecution of homosexuality during the Nazi occupation - on the impossibility to carry on such efforts. The thesis is divided in five parts - in the first one, the legal context which provoked the emancipation efforts in times of the 1852 Penal Code being in force (i.e. until 1950) is explained; the next four parts focus on these efforts separately in four distinct periods. Thus, the second part deals with the expansion of the modern concept of homosexual identity in the Czech lands before WWI, the third part deals with sexual reform efforts by liberal lawyers and physicians as well as on emancipatory and political efforts by the homosexual community itself in the democratic First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938), aiming at decriminalization of homosexual acts,...

碩士
臺北市立大學
人文藝術學院國民小學教師在職進修公民與社會教學碩士學位班
105
The issue of marriage equality has attracted more and more attention in recent years. About one fifth of the countries in the world have amended the law for protecting the rights of same sex relationships. In Taiwan, same-sex marriage has not been legalized yet. Since May 20, 2015, local governments in Taiwan have accepted household registration of same-sex relationship in their household registration systems. It is not certain what the purpose and effectiveness of the household registration of same-sex relationship are. Therefore, this study aims to discuss four practical issues about the household registration of same-sex relationship: the reason of the local governments promoting the household registration of same-sex relationship, the actual legal effectiveness of it, the recognition of the general public towards such policy, and the practical implications for promoting marriage rights in Taiwan. The mentioned issues are discussed through literature reviews and in-depth interviews.One the ground of literature about same-sex marriage in other countries, we analyzed the policy of the household registration of same-sex relationship promoted by the local governments. Through in-depth interviews, the opinions of the general public towards the promotion of the household registration of same-sex relationship were then addressed.The research results show that the practice of the household registration of same-sex relationship helps protect the rights of same sex relationships and promote marriage equality in Taiwan. In addition, after the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan, through the implementation of sex education and human rights education, reduce the equal rights of the buyer and the opposing party conflict, prompting the legislature in the development of same-sex marriage regulations more harmonious.

碩士
國立中正大學
政治系研究所
104
What is "homosexuality"? There is no correct answer to this question. Homosexuality is gradually developed through many explorations and is not an innate cognition. Besides, the identity of homosexuality is mobile, and is affected by the society’s degree of acceptance. Because the legalization of homosexual marriage involves value judgment concerning the marriage system, child raising, inheritance, social insurance, medical care, legal residency, entitlement to retirement pension or annuity, artificial reproduction as well as the fields of psychology, medicine, religion and sociology, the social impact of equal rights for homosexual marriage and the possible change to the marriage system in the future are worth an in-depth study. This paper conducts a partial review of the "Diverse Family Formation Act" and analyzes the "equal rights of homosexual marriage" issue mainly from the perspectives of law, family ethics and Christianity. "Policy stakeholders" possibly involved in the "equal rights of homosexual marriage" issue are selected as interviewees, and the qualitative research method is used to obtain important information for the research. In the research process of "equal rights of homosexual marriage", we can find that it is a public issue of disagreement. No matter what views and religious beliefs of the interviewees, the impact of legalization of "equal rights of homosexual marriage" to the existing marriage system is foreseeable. From the perspective of policy analysis, because "equal rights of homosexual marriage" has the characteristics of a public issue, the government must paid more attention to it. Research results show that from the family ethics perspective, regardless of supportive or opposing views, homosexual marriage will certainly bring a change to traditional family ethics. It is undeniable that as the time progresses, many ideas will be facing challenges. Today's society is diverse and complex, and issues like divorce, single parenting or grand parenting make family problem more thorny. Policy makers should therefore be more prudent in the marriage system reform. From the legal perspective, there are currently 21 countries which have legalized homosexual marriage, and Germany, France and Canada also have a partner system which can be referred to. The researchers agree that no gender is superior or inferior, and it is most adults' dream to form a family, regardless of homosexuals or heterosexuals. On the referendum of "homosexual marriage", there are more people opposing to this idea either because they think homosexual marriage is not a constitutional issue and is not suitable for a referendum, or because the threshold is too high, or a referendum for this issue can easily arouse social opposition. These are views worthy of the competent authority’s reference. On the Christianity perspective, most of the interviewees with a Christian background acknowledge that under the values and teachings of the Bible the acts of homosexuals are not recognized, or are a kind of sin. However, some interviewees believe that "God loves the world", and Jesus Christ was always with the social vulnerable, the poor and those rejected by the society in his time. Different views are the results of self reflection and independent judgment, and the researchers think they all should be respected without any prejudice. The supportive views can be used for the thought of Christians. In the future the issue of homosexual marriage is still likely to impact the teachings of the church and Christianity, and the church or religious groups should be more cautious in the response to this issue to avoid any misunderstanding of the religion. The pursuit of truth in faith in a worldly environment is indeed difficult, therefore the Bible says the path to heaven is narrow, and only few people can find it. In a world of divergent views, Christians need to be more brave to face the challenges of the world. Finally, this study has the following policy recommendations on the issue of homosexual marriage: 1.Before homosexual marriage is legalized, government entities should attach importance to the protection of homosexual couples’ rights, and make some adjustments in relevant provisions. 2.Establish a communication platform for both supporting and opposing groups, such as the setup of programs similar to political talk shows or radio and internet platforms to allow specific groups to make their statements and views in order to reduce conflicts and relieve social tensions. 3.Refer to the German homosexual partner system and its legislative model to establish a system similar to the marriage system and provide legal protection to homosexual couples.

This dissertation is the product of research into white, South African masculinities. It is concerned with the official treatment of white, gay men in this country by the governments of the day from the 1960s to 2000 and the government’s control of hegemonic masculinity in order to maintain power. By looking at gay masculinities the threat to hegemonic masculinity was ascertained as well as the different versions of heterosexual masculinities. This thesis also analyses the degree of change in the toleration or acceptance of white homosexuality in South Africa from churches, society, and elements within the SAP and the SADF as well as within gay organisations. Legislative achievements in the Constitutional Court show the most extreme changes in the perceptions of gay masculinities. This dissertation primarily begins in the 1960s, looking at why it was necessary to set up the 1968 Select Committee. This committee investigated criminalising all male homosexual acts, including those in private and also aimed to dictate societal norms and maintain white, privileged, hegemonic masculinity established and defined by the NP government. The state had always repressed homosexuality through law; even colonial legislation proved this. It was the creation and maintenance of hegemonic masculinity that advocated such legislation. 1966 was the focal year where white homosexuality became a recognisable problem. A gay party was held at a Johannesburg residence, which made white homosexuality visible and alerted the police to this alternative masculinity. The Select Committee, however, did not fulfil its initial aims. Once elements within the SAP were faced with the visibility of white homosexuality, their power thereby being challenged, Major van Zyl set about requesting stricter legislation by proposing amendments to the Minister of Justice regarding the 1957 Immorality Act and submitting evidence to the Select Committee. However, numerous submissions to and interviews by the Select Committee proved that it was unnecessary and illogical to criminalise private homosexuality. Such submissions showed white homosexuality was no societal threat and that some in white society recognised gay masculinities and challenged hegemonic masculinity. Consequently the Select Committee did not propose stricter legislation regarding homosexuality. Furthermore, repressive official treatment of white, male homosexuals was evident in the SADF in the 1970 and 1980s. Through a military perception of masculinity, that is, aggressive masculinity, most in the SADF were intent on conforming its white soldiers to the traditional definition of masculinity, the NP government’s definition of white masculinity, which did not include homosexual men. Dr Levine used electro-shock therapy to ‘cure’ gay conscripts at 1 Military Hospital. This extreme practice of ensuring conformity was no longer utilised by the 1980s and there was also some unofficial acceptance of white homosexuality within the SADF by some white commanders and soldiers. There was no gay liberation movement to speak of until the 1980s. GASA, a white gay organisation, led the movement but it was to be unsuccessful in that it supported the NP government, that is, it benefited from hegemonic masculinity because GASA’s membership was predominantly white men. Because of this GASA was seen to support the government’s policy of apartheid and there ensued the consequent debate between gay essentialism and gay rights as part of the broader struggle. GASA was purely reactionary, because in effect it did not really want change and was therefore ineffective. The gay movement grew but it did not unify. This failure to unify meant the gay liberation movement, as a movement had failed, even though, later, liberation and much change was achieved, mainly through the work of the NCGLE. Like the 1968 Select Committee, the President’s Council was set up in 1985 to once again investigate stricter penalties against homosexuality. The ANC was still very quiet on the issue of gay rights, supporting heterosexist hegemony and not recognising gay masculinities. The President’s Council did not recommend stricter legislation against homosexual men but the 1988 Sexual Offences Act retained the penalties against homosexuality as stipulated by the 1969 Immorality Amendment Act. Gay essentialism damaged any headway regarding gay rights, especially when it came to gaining the support of progressive organisation in the broader political struggle because there was so much in-fighting regarding defining gay masculinities. Race could not be discounted in this equation and the RGO, a black gay organisation, challenged GASA’s support of the NP government. New gay organisations only contributed to the failure of the gay liberation movement because again there was no unity. In 1989 Albie Sachs of the ANC met with a liberal gay organisation, OGLA, and finally gay rights were beginning to be taken seriously, culminating in the protection of gay rights in the 1996 Constitution. This was due to individual members of the ANC and Kevan Botha, the lawyer hired by the NCGLE to represent gay rights at CODESA. Once sexual orientation was retained in the equality clause of the Constitution it was left to the NCGLE to fight for the legal practice of equality for gay men and lesbians. There was also greater toleration and even acceptance of homosexuality by the South African society at large, both black and white, the churches, and the SAP, especially officially. Hence, although the gay liberation movement had failed, gay rights had been entrenched and change allowed for potential equality, the last of which would be legal gay marriage, which remains to be seen.
Prof. L. Grundlingh

The master thesis "Public attitude towards parenting of homosexual individuals and couples" deals with an attitude of Czech public towards parental rights of homosexuals and attitude of European public towards alternative family forms with focus on homoparental families. The topic requires attention as part of Czech legislators currently tries to pass the novella of Registered Partnership Act, which would enable homosexuals to adopt children of their partners; and with regard to the impact of public attitude towards homoparental families on these families. The current legislation concerning homosexual rights is described in the paper along with the up to now legislative process of submitted novella of the law. Also other ways of becoming parents besides the adoption of partner's child which homosexuals can use in the Czech Republic or elsewhere are presented. The thesis then focuses on adoption and assisted reproduction. Attitude of Czech public towards these parental rights of homosexuals is subject of own quantitative research, in which also predictors of this attitude and groups of people with more negative and more positive attitude than the rest of the population are identified. The following analysis of publicly accessible data shows the development of Czech attitude towards adoption of...

Sexual practices in prisons the world over are almost the same. Men incarcerated for many years in limited space with other men without the opportunity for normal heterosexual sexual outlet end up practicing homosexual sex. South African prisons are not an exception. In this dissertation I tackled a number of issues from a Christian Ethics perspective, with a slant from the Evangelical wing of Christianity as this is my background. The few issues I investigated from a South African prison system are the following. Firstly the issue of homosexuality was looked at from an Evangelical perspective. The conclusion was that the practice of homosexuality is a sin just like any other sexual deviation from the God ordained sex within marriage. Secondly empirical research was done to verify homosexual sex in prisons in South Africa. The results of this research confirmed that homosexual sex acts are a daily occurrence in our prisons. The results also showed that the aspect of indecent assault, forced or coerced homosexual sex acts now classified as “male rape,” was rife in prisons. Other factors related to this matter were that prison gangs and Correctional members’ complicity aggravated this issue of “male rape”. Thirdly we looked at the policy of “no sex in prison” as set out by the Department of Correctional Services. A number of discrepancies were uncovered. Firstly, there is unfair discrimination in the treatment of heterosexuals and homosexuals in prisons. Whereas heterosexuals are legally barred from having sex with their spouses while in prison, homosexuals are having sex in prison with their partners. Although the DOCS insists on the policy of no sex in prison, they appear to be condoning it in that they provide free condoms to inmates. In accordance with the stipulation of the Bill of Rights regarding unfair discrimination, the DOCS should treat inmates equally. To make matters worse, the South African Government has sanctioned same sex unions but failed to put in place effective control measures in correctional service centres to ensure that the policy of no sex in prison is not undermined. The DOCS should look at either allowing heterosexuals to have conjugal visits or ensure that homosexuals are not put together in the same cell, so as to adhere to this policy. Fourthly the issue punishment and rehabilitation was also investigated. This was done from a Christian ethical perspective. The Department of Correctional Services says that their objective is not to punishment but to rehabilitate. The discussion showed that putting convicted criminals in prison was a punishment on its own. It was further discussed that punishment is biblical, and that whilst punishment should be left to God, He in turn has put governments on earth as His servants to mete out punishment to those who deserve it. It was also discussed that rehabilitation does not happen automatically, that it needs a buy in by the individual concerned as seen from the examples of individuals cited in the thesis. Lastly, the causes of such sexual behaviour in prison were investigated. Corrupt officials, overcrowding and inadequate food supply, among others, are matters to be rectified in dealing with this problem. Alternatives to jail sentences for minor offences are also strongly suggested so as to alleviate the problem of overcrowding.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Dogmatics and Christian Ethics
unrestricted

Althoughitislegalized by law to adoptchildren by homosexualindividuals in the Czech Republic now, mainfocusofthechapters in this thesis dealswithadoptivechildrenofregisteredhomosexualcouples in the country. Exceptforothergoals, the thesis aimsatthistopicfromthe point oftheethic and morality as thesociety´svalues. Italsosets up a discussionaboutthefactthatthischanceisgiven to theindividuals but not thecouplesthatofficiallyvalidatetherelationship, whichshowsthatthey are not aware to admittheirorientation. The thesis takes in theaccount not only second and philosophic bibliografy, but it si alsosupported by the public discoursebeing in progress in media and online editorials. These ale alsoimportant to beconsideredwhilesolvingthissituation.