Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945"

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LIN, MAN-HOUNG. "Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990370.

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AbstractFor the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries.1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.
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Fu, Poshek. "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800043x.

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AbstractThis article explores a little-explored subject in a critical period of the history of Hong Kong and China. Shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, China was in the throes of civil war between the Nationalists and Communists while British colonial rule was restored in Hong Kong, The communist victory in 1949 deepened the Cold War in Asia. In this chaotic and highly volatile context, the flows and linkages between Shanghai and Hong Kong intensified as many Chinese sought refuge in the British colony. This Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus played a significant role in the rebuilding of the post-war Hong Kong film industry and paved the way for its transformation into the capital of a global pan-Chinese cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. Focusing on a study of the cultural, political and business history of post-war Hong Kong cinema, this article aims to open up new avenues to understand 20th-century Chinese history and culture through the translocal and regional perspective of the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus.
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Shive, Glenn. "Refugees and Religion in Hong Kong: 1945–1960." International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301007.

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This article points to the importance of religion for refugees and the migration process. After World War II and civil war in China, many refugees flocked to Hong Kong (HK) for safe haven in the British colony, and possible subsequent migration abroad. Christian congregations in HK, and missionaries who themselves were refugees from China, offered hospitality and support services across refugee groups. They advocated for the colonial government to help settle refugees by building low-cost urban housing, schools, medical clinics and new infrastructure. This new workforce was crucial to HK’s industrialization which took-off in the 1950s. With the decline of HK’s trade economy due to the Cold War embargo of China, many refugees became entrepreneurs-of-necessity by starting family businesses that absorbed migrant labour. Religiously-inspired assistance to refugees, from within one’s group and beyond, made a big difference in assimilating newcomers and helping them to rebuild their lives in adverse conditions. Beyond Christian responses, the article also explores the role of the Wong Tai Sin Taoist temple in Kowloon, itself uprooted from Guangzhou and replanted in HK. It reassured displaced people with cultural continuity to their ancestor halls and offered psycho-social assistance through spirit-writing divination, herbal medicine and Taoist worship adapted from rural Chinese villages to urban workers struggling to improve their lives and adapt to Hong Kong.
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Zhuang, Xue Ying, and Richard T. Gorlett. "Forest and forest succession in Hong Kong, China." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 6 (November 1997): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400011032.

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ABSTRACTHong Kong is on the northern margin of the Asian tropics. The original forest cover was cleared centuries ago but secondary forest has developed since 1945 at many sites protected from fire and cutting. There are also older forest patches maintained behind villages for reasons of ‘feng shui’, the Chinese system of geomancy. All plants >2 cm dbh were identified and measured in forty-four 400-m2 plots. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a floristic continuum, with the montane sites (>500 m) most distinct and some overlap between lowland post-1945 secondary forest and the feng shui woods. The 30–40 year-old secondary forest is dominated by Persea spp. Montane forest is similar but lacks several common lowland taxa of tropical genera and includes more subtropical taxa. The feng shui woods have the most complex structure and contain some tree species not found in other forest types. Their origin and history is obscure but we suggest that both planting and selective harvesting have had a role in their current species composition
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Hook, Brian. "China, Britain and Hong Kong 1895–1945. By Chang Lau Kit-Chino. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990. 479 pp.]." China Quarterly 131 (September 1992): 807–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000046506.

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Chan, Gordon Y. M. "Hong Kong and Communist Guerrilla Resistance in South China, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 29, no. 1 (November 2003): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tcc.2003.29.1.39.

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Chan, Gordon Y. M. "Hong Kong and Communist Guerrilla Resistance in South China, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 29, no. 1 (2003): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2003.0000.

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Wilbur, C. Martin. "China, Britain, and Hong Kong, 1895–1945. By Chan Lau Kit-Ching. Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990. 479 pp." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (August 1992): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2057964.

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Chu, Calida. "William Newbern and Youth Hymns: The Music Ministry of the C&MA in South China in the Mid-Twentieth Century." International Bulletin of Mission Research 43, no. 3 (July 2019): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939319832280.

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American missionary William Newbern (1900–1972), one of the first C&MA missionaries to China, is known as the father of the Hong Kong Alliance Bible Seminary. Newbern, a successful evangelist and educator, also made a major contribution to Chinese hymnology in the mid-twentieth century, especially in his editorial role in preparing Youth Hymns, whose hymns are still used in Chinese churches today. As primary sources, I use mainly his autobiography ( The Cross and the Crown), his articles in Alliance Magazine, and his music commentaries Narrating Hymns ( Shengshi mantan).
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Cheng, James. "Introduction." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2018): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01202006.

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This issue contains three research articles and one obituary, which of them includes “Self-Initiated Expatriates: Taiwanese Migrant Professionals in China’s Global Cities” by Jianbang Deng, “Cultural Adaptation of Taiwanese Female Marriage Migrants in Hong Kong” by Lan-Hung Nora Chiang and Chia-Yuan Huang, “Settling Across the Strait of Taiwan under Japanese Colonialism (1895–1945)” by Leo Douw, and his another paper “Arif Dirlik (1940–2017) Obituary.” These four papers were invited to submit to the Translocal Chinese editorial board after a small conference entitling “Research on Taiwanese Overseas Qiaomin (台灣海外僑民之研究)” at Soochow University on 19 January 2018, but only two of them was accepted after blind peer review. Douw’s articles later joined this issue, which constructs a significantly common topic for the three research papers—Taiwanese Migration to Mainland China in Different Ages. Deng’s paper explores how about the transformation of Taiwanese migrants into self-initiated expatriates in China’s global cities. Chiang and Huang explain how successful the Taiwanese female marriage migrants in Hong Kong despite their ever much difficulties. Douw tells the distinct identities between Registered Taiwanese (台灣籍民) in China and Taiwanese Huaqiao (台灣華僑) in Taiwan.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945"

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Drémeaux, François. "Présences françaises à Hong Kong dans l’entre-deux-guerres : rôles, interactions et représentations." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0034/document.

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Il n’existe pas, à proprement parler, une histoire des Français de l’étranger. La définition même de ce terme reste floue et connaît de nombreuses variantes selon les auteurs qui se sont penchés sur le sujet ; ces derniers sont d’ailleurs rarement des historiens. Autre constat, le concept de présence française recouvre une multitude de réalités. C’est un terme polysémique qui n’a pas encore reçu, chez les historiens du moins, de définition claire et précise. Pour explorer ces pistes, il a semblé que Hong Kong dans l’entre-deux-guerres était un terrain propice.C’est une parenthèse active sur un territoire aux influences multiples ; la colonie britannique est aux portes de la Chine, voisine de l’Indochine, et elle connaît des développements et des remous nombreux entre 1918 et1941.L’ambition de ce travail est d’assembler les différentes formes de la présence française, souvent étudiées individuellement dans d’autres cadres chronologiques ou géographiques, pour offrir un tableau complet de ce que signifie réellement ce terme et réfléchir aux concepts contemporains de Français de l’étranger et de culture tierce. Au regard des spécificités géographiques et politiques de Hong Kong dans l’entre-deux-guerres, en quoi peut-on dire que la colonie britannique joue un rôle particulier pour la France, et qu’à ce titre, elle est un observatoire privilégié de la vie des Français de l’étranger à cette époque ? Cette interrogation cache évidemment de multiples articulations car la présence française suppose l’existence d’une communauté vivante et hétérogène, mais aussi une implantation purement matérielle et parfois abstraite
Strictly speaking, the History of French people abroad does not exist. The meaning of this term in itself is quite vague and there are lots of variations, depending on the scholars who may have flown over this subject; seldom are they historians. Another significant aspect is that the notion of French presence also covers many different realities. It is a polysemous term which, as yet, has never been given a clear and proper definition yet, at least among historians. In order to explore those tracks, using Hong Kong during interwar period as a search field was thought to be relevant.It is an active parenthesis on a territory animated by multiple influences; the British colony is on China’s doorstep, a neighbour of Indochina, and it has known quite a number of developments and upheavals between 1918and 1941.The purpose of this work is to gather different forms of the French presence, often studied separately and individuallyin other geographical and historic contexts, in order to offer a complete picture of what this concept really means. This is an opportunity to debate on the contemporary notions of fFrench people abroad and Third Culture. Because of the geographical and political specificities of Hong Kong during the interwar period, in what way can we consider that the British colony is playing a particular role for France in the area ? And, on this basis, how can it be considered a privileged observatory of the life of French people abroad at that time? Those questions are obviously hiding many others because French presences suppose the existence of a lively and heterogeneous community, but also a material and sometimes abstract implantation
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MARQUIE, SOPHIE. ""du colonialisme britannique a l'autoritarisme de beijing : la democratie impossible a hong kong?" etude du systeme politique de hong kong dans la perspective de son rattachement a la chine." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010272.

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Le 1er juillet 1997 la chine recouvrira sa souverainete sur hong kong. S'agit-il d'un simple phenomene de decolonisation? la realite est plus complexe car pendant un siecle. Les theories liberales britanniques combinees au sens du commerce des chinois ont cree une societe originale avec une identite proprement hongkongaise. Hong kong a atteint un niveau de prosperite et de liberte sans commune mesure avec celui de son futur maitre : la chine. A l'aube de ce changement de souverainete allant a l'encontre de l'histoire,, plusieurs questions meritaient d'etre soulevees: - pourquoi n'y a-t-il jamais eu de mouvement nationaliste ou independantiste? - comment a fonctionne le gouvernement de hong kong qui tout en etant non-democratique garantissait a ses sujets les libertes fondamentales? - la declaration conjointe sino-britannique, accord international cense regle le futur de hong kong, a-t-elle des chances d'etre appliquee? - pourquoi la democratisation politique est-elle intervenue si tard dans le territoire? - comment expliquer le durcissement de la politique chinoise vis-a-vis de hong kong? - que risque-t-il de se passer apres le 1er juillet 1997? si le 30 juin 1997 a minuit, le systeme politique de hong kong aura ete demantele, les democrates marginalises et les libertes baillonnees, toute analyse prospective du devenir de hong kong doit tenir compte de l'incertitude qui pese sur l'evolution interieure de la chine ainsi que des caracteristiques propres de hong kong (forte identite culturelle et internationalisation du territoire) ; autant de donnees qui compliquent l'equation hongkongaise
July ist 1997, china will recover the sovereignty over hong kong. Is it a simple decolonisation phenomen? the reality is more complexe. For over a century, the british liberal theories combined with the chinese commercial feeling have created an original society with own identity. Hong kong has achieved a level of prosperity and of liberty unequaled with that of china. At the down of this profond change, several questions need to be raised : - why has there never been a nationalistic or independantist movement? - how did the government of hong kong function as a non-democratic yet allowing all fundamental liberties to its subjects? - will the join declaration between china and great britain, an international agreement drawn up for the futur of hong kong, have a chance to be applied? - why did the political democratisation interviene so late? - how can the chinese harsh political attitude towards hong kong be explained? - what might appen after july ist 1997? the 30th of june 1997, at midnight, the hong kong political system will have been dismantle. The democrates will have been marginalized and the liberties restrained. A prospective analysis of hong kong must take into account all the uncertainties that weight on the internal evolution of china as well as the particularities of hong kong (strong cultural identity and internationalization of the territory). These factors must not be ignored as they will be determinant factors for the futur of hong kong
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Quentin, de Gromard Olivier. "Le développement de Hong Kong dans les dernières années de la souveraineté britannique : des paradoxes et ressorts de la dynamique économique." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030067.

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Au lendemain de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, Hong Kong est à reconstruire et la colonie n'est qu'un vaste camps de réfugiés. En 1997, au terme de la souveraineté britannique, le PIB par habitant du territoire dépasse celui de la Grande-Bretagne, le pays en charge de sa tutelle, ce qui n'a pas de précédent dans l'histoire coloniale. L'objet de cette étude est d'examiner cette réussite et ses paradoxes, en se concentrant sur les années 1978-1997, une période exceptionnelle qui va de l'ouverture de l'économie chinoise à la fin de la tutelle britannique. Quelles sont les principales caractéristiques de ce développement ? Quel a été l'apport de la Grande-Bretagne, de la Chine, du monde chinois et de la population de Hong Kong, ainsi que le rôle joué par le contexte de la mondialisation ? Quelles étaient les fragilités du système économique qui expliquent la crise qui a suivi la rétrocession ? Telles sont les principales interrogations auxquelles l'étude s'efforce de répondre
After World War II, everything had to be rebuilt in Hong Kong : the colony was a vast refugee camp. In 1997, at the end of British rule, Hong Kong's per capita Gross Domestic Product was greater than that of Great Britain, a unique phenomenon in colonial history. This study investigates the key factors contributing to the successes and paradoxes of the development of Hong Kong between 1978 and 1997: an exceptional period beginning at the opening of the Chinese economy and ending on the last day of British Sovereignty. What were the main characteristics of this development ? What were the contributions of Great Britain, China, the Chinese world, the population of Hong Kong and also the part played by economic globalisation in this success story ? What were the weak points of Hong Kong's economic system which can explain the crisis which occurred after the hand-over ? These are the main questions this study tries to answer
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Monvoisin, Frédéric. "Pour une approche géopolitique du cinéma en Asie (Hong Kong, Corée du Sud, Japon, Taiwan) : la fin du cinéma asiatique ?" Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030171.

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La question géopolitique, loin d’être un "mécanisme" abstrait participe à l’évolution de l’espace local, de son organisation aux manifestations qui en émanent. L’étude de cinématographies nationales telles que Hongkong, La Corée du Sud, le Japon et Taiwan est l’occasion de mettre en correspondance par parallélisme les spécificités géopolitiques de chacun de ces "pays" et certains éléments constitutifs de leurs cinémas respectifs, pouvant jouer aussi bien dans une dimension historique, qu’institutionnelle ou esthétique. L’approche géopolitique se présente comme une contre-proposition à l’uniformité culturelle proposée par la notion de "cinéma asiatique" et entend, à partir d’une reformulation de la conception lefebvrienne de la notion d’espace (concret, social, mental), exhumer les qualités spécifiques de chacun des cinémas étudiés. Existe-t-il un art asiatique ? Un cinéma asiatique ?
The geopolitical issue, far from being a "mechanism" abstract part in the evolution of the local space, organization events that flow from them. The study of national film industries such as Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan is an opportunity to match the specific geopolitical alignment with each of these "countries" and certain elements of their respective theaters, which may play both in a historical dimension, and institutional or aesthetic. The geopolitical approach is presented as a proposal to cons-cultural uniformity proposed by the notion of "Asian cinema" and hears from a reformulation of the design Lefebvrian the notion of space (concrete, social, mental), exhume the specific qualities of each of the movies studied. Is there an Asian art? An Asian cinema?
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Wong, Cham-Li, and 黃湛利. "Government-business relations in Hong Kong, 1945-1993." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235396.

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Tse, Kin-kuen, and 謝建權. "An evaluation of anticorruption policy in Hong Kong since 1945." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974594.

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Chow, Wing-ying, and 周永英. "'Making room': squatter clearance in Hong Kong, 1945-1999." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968570.

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Chow, Ka-kin Kelvin. "Hong Kong and Malaya under the Japanese occupation 1941-1945." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574833.

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曾昭朗 and Chiu-long Carol Tsang. ""The limits of fertility": birth control in Hong Kong, 1945-1997." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557054.

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Lo, Tit Wing. "The censure of corruption in Hong Kong and China after 1945." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386184.

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Books on the topic "Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945"

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China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895-1945. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1988.

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Kit-ching, Chan Lau. China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895-1945. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990.

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Shulman, Anna See Ping Leon., ed. Doctoral dissertations on Hong Kong, 1900-1997: An annotated bibliography : with an appendix of dissertations completed in 1998 and 1999 = [Xianggang yan jiu bo shi lun wen zhu shi shu mu : 1900 zhi 1997. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001.

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Hong Kong as an international financial centre: Emergence and development 1945-1965. New York: Routledge, 2001.

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San shi qi kong yao dong yu hong se Zhongguo. Beijing: Jie fang jun wen yi chu ban she, 2006.

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1920-, Harris John R., ed. The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945: Hostage to fortune. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.

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R, Harris John, ed. The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945: Hostage to fortune. Staplehurst: Spellmount, 2005.

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Not the slightest chance: The defense of Hong Kong, 1941. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003.

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Greenhous, Brereton. "C" force to Hong Kong: A Canadian catastrophe, 1941-1945. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997.

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Zhong, Baoxian. Chinese business groups in Hong Kong and political change in South China, 1900-25. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945"

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Balachandran, G. "Crossing the Last Frontier: Transatlantic Movements of Asian Maritime Workers, c. 1900-1945." In Maritime Transport and Migration. Liverpool University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973893434.003.0007.

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This essay explores the maritime migration network between Asia and America by way of Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. It pays particular attention to the maritime activity of ‘lascar’ seamen, and the movement of labour between Britain, America, India, China, and Hong Kong. It examines the changes that underwent the network over time, the quantities of migrants and their intended destinations, and the period of upheaval caused by each World War. It also examines the racial, social, political, and cultural factors that shaped British and US immigration policies during the period. It concludes by stating that the US was undoubtedly a primary destination for Asian labourers, despite the well-broatcast perils relating to wages, racism, nationalism, and subjugation.
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"Hong Kong and China 1945–51." In Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia. Routledge, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203183298.ch2.

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"Hong Kong and China 1945–51." In Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre, 32–57. Routledge, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203183298-6.

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Bonin, Hubert. "British hegemony in China in the years 1900–1930." In French Banking and Entrepreneurialism in China and Hong Kong, 28–40. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429265075-3.

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Bonin, Hubert. "China as a commercial target for France (1900–1914)." In French Banking and Entrepreneurialism in China and Hong Kong, 41–53. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429265075-4.

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"The War in China." In Thirteen Months in China, edited by Anand A. Yang, translated by Kamal Sheel and Ranjana Sheel, 33–54. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199476466.003.0002.

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The chapter recounts Gadadhar Singh voyage to China on board the ship Palamcottah. He and his 7th Rajputs Regiment sailed from Calcutta on June 29, 1900, and made brief stopovers in Singapore and Hong Kong en route to Tianjin. The author opens with his reflections on China seemingly on the verge of collapse, Japan on the rise, and India already subordinated and closes with his thoughts on such topics as the Arya Samaj; ‘sea voyages’ or kala pani, i.e., the issue of Hindus crossing the ‘black waters’; the differential treatment of white and black soldiers; and the martial identity and ideology of Rajputs. As his ship approaches China, Singh launches into a discussion of religion and the deep compassion he felt towards the Chinese even though he was there to wage war on them.
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Johnman, Lewis, and Hugh Murphy. "Scotts of Greenock, 1711-1945." In Scott Lithgow, 1–28. Liverpool University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973893403.003.0001.

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This initial chapter outlines the founding of the Scotts Shipyard of Greenock in 1711, and follows the history of the company through to the end of the Second World War. It documents the company’s major accomplishments, business developments, finances, ownerships, and technical developments throughout the period before the postwar expansion. Events considered include the 1794 construction of the timber vessel, Caledonia, the largest Scottish vessel of the period; an association with the Admiralty; links with Liverpool shipyards; trade links with China and Hong Kong; the quick transition to steam technology; naval contracts; the twentieth century increase in naval demand; and secretive membership in the ‘Warship Group’ of private shipbuilders - a ring that aimed to protect prices from competition. The chapter concludes in 1945, noting that though the forward-thinking Scotts took advantage of wartime inflation and a boom in ship prices for financial stability, no one could predict the size of the postwar maritime expansion that would follow.
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Johnson, Elizabeth Lominska, and Graham E. Johnson. "Settling In: Kwan Mun Hau, 1968–1970." In A Chinese Melting Pot, 84–110. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888455898.003.0005.

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Hong Kong was occupied by Japanese military forces from 1941-45. The occupation was brutal. Many died and women were abused by soldiers. There was clandestine support for guerilla activities. Civil war, and revolution, in China after 1945 brought investment by, especially, industrialists from the Shanghai area and the onset of industrialization, primarily in textiles. There was mass migration from China which provided labour for industry but caused major housing problems. Village lands were overwhelmed by industry and immigrants which reduced the original Hakka inhabitants to a numerical minority, but brought them rental income. Their distinctive land rights were key for development of the growing town and allowed kin groups and some families to flourish. The original inhabitants maintained political dominance through the Rural Committee. Some villages were re-sited away from the growing town centre in the early 1960s, but development was compromised by colony-wide disturbances in 1967-68. The town had great linguistic diversity in the 1950s and 1960.
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