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Journal articles on the topic 'Hong Kong (Chine) – 1900-1945'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

LIN, MAN-HOUNG. "Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 5 (December 2, 2009): 1053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990370.

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AbstractFor the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries.1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.

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2

Fu, Poshek. "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800043x.

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AbstractThis article explores a little-explored subject in a critical period of the history of Hong Kong and China. Shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, China was in the throes of civil war between the Nationalists and Communists while British colonial rule was restored in Hong Kong, The communist victory in 1949 deepened the Cold War in Asia. In this chaotic and highly volatile context, the flows and linkages between Shanghai and Hong Kong intensified as many Chinese sought refuge in the British colony. This Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus played a significant role in the rebuilding of the post-war Hong Kong film industry and paved the way for its transformation into the capital of a global pan-Chinese cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. Focusing on a study of the cultural, political and business history of post-war Hong Kong cinema, this article aims to open up new avenues to understand 20th-century Chinese history and culture through the translocal and regional perspective of the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus.

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3

Shive, Glenn. "Refugees and Religion in Hong Kong: 1945–1960." International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301007.

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This article points to the importance of religion for refugees and the migration process. After World War II and civil war in China, many refugees flocked to Hong Kong (HK) for safe haven in the British colony, and possible subsequent migration abroad. Christian congregations in HK, and missionaries who themselves were refugees from China, offered hospitality and support services across refugee groups. They advocated for the colonial government to help settle refugees by building low-cost urban housing, schools, medical clinics and new infrastructure. This new workforce was crucial to HK’s industrialization which took-off in the 1950s. With the decline of HK’s trade economy due to the Cold War embargo of China, many refugees became entrepreneurs-of-necessity by starting family businesses that absorbed migrant labour. Religiously-inspired assistance to refugees, from within one’s group and beyond, made a big difference in assimilating newcomers and helping them to rebuild their lives in adverse conditions. Beyond Christian responses, the article also explores the role of the Wong Tai Sin Taoist temple in Kowloon, itself uprooted from Guangzhou and replanted in HK. It reassured displaced people with cultural continuity to their ancestor halls and offered psycho-social assistance through spirit-writing divination, herbal medicine and Taoist worship adapted from rural Chinese villages to urban workers struggling to improve their lives and adapt to Hong Kong.

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4

Zhuang, Xue Ying, and Richard T. Gorlett. "Forest and forest succession in Hong Kong, China." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 6 (November 1997): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400011032.

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ABSTRACTHong Kong is on the northern margin of the Asian tropics. The original forest cover was cleared centuries ago but secondary forest has developed since 1945 at many sites protected from fire and cutting. There are also older forest patches maintained behind villages for reasons of ‘feng shui’, the Chinese system of geomancy. All plants >2 cm dbh were identified and measured in forty-four 400-m2 plots. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a floristic continuum, with the montane sites (>500 m) most distinct and some overlap between lowland post-1945 secondary forest and the feng shui woods. The 30–40 year-old secondary forest is dominated by Persea spp. Montane forest is similar but lacks several common lowland taxa of tropical genera and includes more subtropical taxa. The feng shui woods have the most complex structure and contain some tree species not found in other forest types. Their origin and history is obscure but we suggest that both planting and selective harvesting have had a role in their current species composition

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5

Hook, Brian. "China, Britain and Hong Kong 1895–1945. By Chang Lau Kit-Chino. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990. 479 pp.]." China Quarterly 131 (September 1992): 807–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000046506.

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6

Chan, Gordon Y. M. "Hong Kong and Communist Guerrilla Resistance in South China, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 29, no. 1 (November 2003): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tcc.2003.29.1.39.

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7

Chan, Gordon Y. M. "Hong Kong and Communist Guerrilla Resistance in South China, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 29, no. 1 (2003): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2003.0000.

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8

Wilbur, C. Martin. "China, Britain, and Hong Kong, 1895–1945. By Chan Lau Kit-Ching. Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990. 479 pp." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (August 1992): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2057964.

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9

Chu, Calida. "William Newbern and Youth Hymns: The Music Ministry of the C&MA in South China in the Mid-Twentieth Century." International Bulletin of Mission Research 43, no. 3 (July 2019): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939319832280.

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American missionary William Newbern (1900–1972), one of the first C&MA missionaries to China, is known as the father of the Hong Kong Alliance Bible Seminary. Newbern, a successful evangelist and educator, also made a major contribution to Chinese hymnology in the mid-twentieth century, especially in his editorial role in preparing Youth Hymns, whose hymns are still used in Chinese churches today. As primary sources, I use mainly his autobiography ( The Cross and the Crown), his articles in Alliance Magazine, and his music commentaries Narrating Hymns ( Shengshi mantan).

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10

Cheng, James. "Introduction." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 12, no. 2 (May 27, 2018): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01202006.

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This issue contains three research articles and one obituary, which of them includes “Self-Initiated Expatriates: Taiwanese Migrant Professionals in China’s Global Cities” by Jianbang Deng, “Cultural Adaptation of Taiwanese Female Marriage Migrants in Hong Kong” by Lan-Hung Nora Chiang and Chia-Yuan Huang, “Settling Across the Strait of Taiwan under Japanese Colonialism (1895–1945)” by Leo Douw, and his another paper “Arif Dirlik (1940–2017) Obituary.” These four papers were invited to submit to the Translocal Chinese editorial board after a small conference entitling “Research on Taiwanese Overseas Qiaomin (台灣海外僑民之研究)” at Soochow University on 19 January 2018, but only two of them was accepted after blind peer review. Douw’s articles later joined this issue, which constructs a significantly common topic for the three research papers—Taiwanese Migration to Mainland China in Different Ages. Deng’s paper explores how about the transformation of Taiwanese migrants into self-initiated expatriates in China’s global cities. Chiang and Huang explain how successful the Taiwanese female marriage migrants in Hong Kong despite their ever much difficulties. Douw tells the distinct identities between Registered Taiwanese (台灣籍民) in China and Taiwanese Huaqiao (台灣華僑) in Taiwan.

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11

SCHENK, CATHERINE. "Another Asian Financial Crisis: Monetary Links between Hong Kong and China 1945—50." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 3 (July 2000): 739–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00003826.

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At the beginning of July 1997 Thailand was forced to allow the baht to fall 20% against the $US, triggering a financial crisis across Asia. This crisis toppled governments in the region and sent out a series of shock waves that threatened prosperity in the rest of the world. The main symptom of the crisis was a profound distrust in the currencies of developing countries in Asia which precipitated repeated devaluations in the ‘miracle’ economies of Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia. One of the results of the Asian financial crisis is renewed interest in the monetary relations of the region, and in the mechanics of the transmission of currency instability between countries.

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12

Baker, Hugh D. R. "The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation. By Philip Snow. [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. xxvii+477 pp. £25.00. ISBN 0-300-09352-7.]." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004350290.

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This title has been used before, but usually with reference just to the conquest of Hong Kong by Japan in 1941, and here the battle for the territory is covered in a mere 20 pages. The main subject matter is indeed the Japanese occupation, but the title may be taken to have double reference because it is Snow's thesis that it was this brief period of less than four years that led inexorably to the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. He argues that the loss of Britain's imperial prestige was exacerbated and set in concrete by the clear message of post-1945 history that it was the Chinese who were the driving power behind Hong Kong and her development. Too weak (sometimes too insensitive) to take full economic advantage from events, the British presided over “an astonishing explosion of wealth. But in the process their own role had become so exiguous that it no longer really mattered, was indeed barely noticeable . . .“ This may be rather too harsh a judgement on the British (who in their ‘second innings’ hung on for more than half a century after all) but Snow is surely right in tracing the beginning of the distant end to the Japanese conquest which drew a line under received truths and cleared the way for the emergence of new attitudes on all sides.The political history of the pre-invasion period from the late 1930s, of the occupation itself, and of the immediate years after British resumption of control in August 1945 is nicely pieced together from a wide variety of sources, and Snow has tried hard to draw on Chinese, Japanese and Eurasian writings as well as on the much greater wealth of British accounts, both official and private. In this striving after balance he has had only limited success, the result still being an Anglocentric history, though certainly not entirely an Anglophile one. The problem is not of his making, but reflects the relatively sparse and unsystematic nature of sources available at present in Chinese especially.

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13

Gardella, Robert Paul. "Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Change in South China, 1900-1925 (review)." China Review International 6, no. 2 (1999): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.1999.0016.

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14

Faure, David, Steve Yui-Sang Tsang, and David M. MacDougall. "Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China, and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1945-1952." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163524.

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15

Baker, Hugh D. R. "China, Britain and Hong 1895–1945. By Chan Lau Kit-Ching. pp. xxiv, 479. 30 illus. Hong Kong, The Chinese University Press, 1990. US $30.00." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002273.

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16

Chan, Wellington K. K. "Personal Styles, Cultural Values and Management: The Sincere and Wing on Companies in Shanghai and Hong Kong, 1900–1941." Business History Review 70, no. 2 (1996): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116879.

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While retailing a great variety of goods under one roof and single management already existed in China by the late nineteenth century, modern style department stores on the China coast began only in 1900. Organized by Chinese entrepreneurs who had started their careers in Australia, they consciously borrowed managerial techniques from abroad. Sincere and Wing On, the two premier Chinese department stores, expanded rapidly during diese years and, in the process, developed new forms of organization and strategy based on western models as well as on traditional Chinese business practices and cultural values. When political and economic turmoil during the 1920s and 1930s slowed the growth of these companies, Wing On emerged more successfully tban Sincere. Wing On's path diverged from that of its competitor because its stronger management team was better at blending individual personality, western organization and Chinese cultural values.

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17

Selia, Jin Hua Tan. "Kaiping Village Planning Thoughts during the Late Qing-Dynasty and the Republican Period (1900 -1949)." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2208.

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Located in mid-southern part of Guangdong Province and southwest of the Pearl River Delta, Kaiping County stretches over an area of 1,659 sq. km. It comprises more than 2,700 villages, with a total population of 0.68 million. There are also 0.75 million Kaiping people residing abroad in 67 countries and regions (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). Kaiping people started to make a living abroad after the Opium War (1860), when China was forced to open their doors to the Western world. Most of them went overseas to North America, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Those people came back to their hometown area to build houses for their families during the later Qing Dynasty and the Republican Period (c.1900-1949). They combined new ideas with their traditional village planning principles when they established new villages. This article attempts to focus on local planning regulations and tries to explain how Western planning ideas were brought back and used in local village planning.

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18

Sommer, Matthew H. "Obsession: Male Same-Sex Relations in China, 1900–1950. By Wenqing Kang. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009. x, 191 pp. $49.50 (cloth), $27.95 (paper); Varies (electronic)." Journal of Asian Studies 71, no. 1 (February 2012): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002440.

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19

Schenk, Catherine R. "Commercial Rivalry between Shanghai and Hong Kong during the Collapse of the Nationalist Regime in China, 1945–1949." International History Review 20, no. 1 (March 1998): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1998.9640815.

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20

MacPherson, Kerrie L. "Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China, and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1945–1952. By Steve Yui-Sang Tsang. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988. xxxiv, 254 pp. HK $165.00." Journal of Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (November 1989): 844–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058153.

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21

Sidel, Mark. "The Re-emergence of China Studies in Vietnam." China Quarterly 142 (June 1995): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000035049.

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After war, years of hostility and a long period of gradually improving Party and state relations, the study of China has begun to re-emerge in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam has had a sinological tradition for hundreds of years, linked to China by history, language, trade, a common border and in a myriad of other ways. From the mid-1950s until the early 1970s, thousands of Vietnamese students and officials studied in the People's Republic of China. Today the People's Republic remains Vietnam's key strategic threat. But the PRC, Taiwan, Hong Kong and overseas Chinese communities are also among Vietnam's key trade partners and a growing source of investment for its economic reforms.Given this close relationship – including the direct hostility in the late 1970s and early to mid–1980s, one of a series of conflicts going back hundreds of years – it is perhaps paradoxical that the study of China in Vietnam has remained relatively weak. During the war against the French which led to the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and the victory at Dien Bien Phu, Vietnamese sinology was a field largely limited to one or two universities and institutes in Hanoi and some additional capacity in Hue and Saigon, with scholars trained in either the older Vietnamese or French tradition. The thousands of Vietnamese who studied in China in the 1950s and 1960s were trained largely for other fields, although Chinese studies did see some development during the 1949 to 1966 period.

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22

Dott, Robert. "Two Remarkable Women Geologists of the 1920s: Emily Hahn (1905-1997) and Katharine Fowler (1902-1997)." Earth Sciences History 25, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.25.2.e064106t42phh300.

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Emily Hahn and Katharine Fowler challenged gender barriers decades ahead of modern feminism, and, together with other pioneering women geologists, they provide inspiration for all. They met at the University of Wisconsin in 1925. Hahn had chosen engineering because a professor said women can not be engineers. Rejecting an office-only mining career, she then found her ultimate calling as writer and world traveler, spending two years in the Belgian Congo (1931-33) and eight in China (1935-43). During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, she had a daughter by a British officer, whom she married in 1945. Fowler came from Bryn Mawr College to Wisconsin to compete in a men's world. They forced acceptance as the first women to take a mining geology field trip and a topographic mapping field course. Later, in disguise, Fowler gained admission to a Black Hills mine and then did Ph.D. field work alone in Wyoming. After an African Geological Congress, she worked in the Sierra Leone bush (1931-33) and then began teaching at Wellesley College (1935). She attended a 1937 Soviet Union Geological Congress, taking harrowing field trips in the Caucusus Mountains and Siberia. From 1938, she and her new husband, Harvard geologist Marland Billings, collaborated in important New England research.

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23

Clark, A. Trevor. "Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1945–52. By Steve Yui-Sang Tsang. [Hong Kong and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. East Asian Historical Monographs. 254 pp. £18.50.]." China Quarterly 119 (September 1989): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000023092.

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24

Chen, Han, Xiaohui He, Hongfeng Yang, and Jiangyang Zhang. "Fault-Plane Determination of the 4 January 2020 Offshore Pearl River Delta Earthquake and Its Implication for Seismic Hazard Assessment." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 3 (January 6, 2021): 1913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200232.

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Abstract On 4 January 2020, an ML 3.5 earthquake occurred in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and was felt at a distance of more than 200 km. According to the China Earthquake Networks Center, this event has been the only M>3 earthquake within the PRE since 1900. The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Bay Area (GHMBA) surrounding the PRE is one of China’s most critical financial circles, and coastal earthquake hazard has become an increasing concern. Investigating the source parameter and causative fault of this earthquake is helpful for seismic hazard estimation and mitigation in the GHMBA. In this study, we first determined the focal mechanism of the mainshock using the cut-and-paste method. We then used the sliding-window cross-correlation method to detect foreshocks and aftershocks before relocating the earthquakes. Finally, we conducted forward modeling to retrieve the rupture directivity of the mainshock, using waveforms of one aftershock as empirical Green’s functions. The results demonstrate that this earthquake was an Mw 3.7 strike-slip event, with a focal depth of 10 km. The rupture direction of the mainshock was 78°, consistent with the northeast-east-trending fault system in the region. The identified source fault confirmed a seismogenic segment of the northeast-east-trending fault system in the PRE, which is the primary source of seismic hazard in the area.

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25

Ma, Zhao. "Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900–1937. By Shuk-Wah Poon. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. vi, 208 pp. $45.00 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 71, no. 1 (February 2012): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002543.

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26

Palmer, David A. "Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900–1937, by Shuk-wah Poon. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. x + 208 pp. US$45.00 (hardcover)." China Journal 69 (January 2013): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668942.

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27

Tsai, Jung-Fang. "Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Change in South China, 1900–1925. By Stephanie Po-yin Chung. [Basingstoke: Macmillan; and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. xix + 188 pp. £42.50. ISBN 0-333-67101-5.]." China Quarterly 159 (September 1999): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000003635.

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28

Overmyer, Daniel L. "The Religious Question in Modern China. Vincent Goossaert and David A. Palmer. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. ix + 464 pp. $40.00; £ 26.00. ISBN 978-0-2226-30416-8 - Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900–1937. Shuk-Wah Poon. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. ix + 208 pp. $45.00. ISBN 978-962-996-421-4." China Quarterly 207 (September 2011): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011000920.

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29

Chan, Gordon. "Hong Kong and Communist Guerrilla Resistance in South China, 1937–1945." Twentieth-Century China 29, no. 1 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/152153803796517683.

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30

Chen, Han, Xiaohui He, Hongfeng Yang, and Jiangyang Zhang. "Fault-Plane Determination of the 4 January 2020 Offshore Pearl River Delta Earthquake and Its Implication for Seismic Hazard Assessment." Seismological Research Letters, January 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200232.

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Abstract On 4 January 2020, an ML 3.5 earthquake occurred in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and was felt at a distance of more than 200 km. According to the China Earthquake Networks Center, this event has been the only M>3 earthquake within the PRE since 1900. The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Bay Area (GHMBA) surrounding the PRE is one of China’s most critical financial circles, and coastal earthquake hazard has become an increasing concern. Investigating the source parameter and causative fault of this earthquake is helpful for seismic hazard estimation and mitigation in the GHMBA. In this study, we first determined the focal mechanism of the mainshock using the cut-and-paste method. We then used the sliding-window cross-correlation method to detect foreshocks and aftershocks before relocating the earthquakes. Finally, we conducted forward modeling to retrieve the rupture directivity of the mainshock, using waveforms of one aftershock as empirical Green’s functions. The results demonstrate that this earthquake was an Mw 3.7 strike-slip event, with a focal depth of 10 km. The rupture direction of the mainshock was 78°, consistent with the northeast-east-trending fault system in the region. The identified source fault confirmed a seismogenic segment of the northeast-east-trending fault system in the PRE, which is the primary source of seismic hazard in the area.

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31

"The missing girls and women of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan: a sociological study of infanticide, forced prostitution, political imprisonment, "ghost brides," runaways, and thrownaways, 1900-2000s." Choice Reviews Online 50, no. 01 (September 1, 2012): 50–0583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-0583.

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32

Flanders, Tammy. "Bubonic Panic: When Plague Invaded America by G. Jarrow." Deakin Review of Children's Literature 6, no. 3 (January 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20361/g27w3x.

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Jarrow, Gail. Bubonic Panic: When Plague Invaded America. Calkins Creek, 2015.If public health seems like it would be one of those topics that would send you to sleep, then Bubonic Plague: When Plague Invaded America by Gail Jarrow will change your mind. This is the final book in her trilogy about Deadly Diseases for middle grades and higher.Jarrow is fairly succinct in presenting the history, transmission, and trajectory of various waves of plague around the world. She briefly charts its first appearance in 541 in Turkey, then vividly describes the second wave that started in 1346 and at its most virulent was named the Black Death, killing millions in Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa. The majority of the book focuses on the third wave, when it reached North America.The third pandemic began in the mid-1800s when China became ground zero for this next wave, which spread to Hong Kong by 1894. Hong Kong was a busy port town and trade and travel on steamships allowed for rapid dispersion of the disease. Researchers from a number of countries sought feverishly to identify the source of the epidemic and learn how it was spread. By the late 1890s two of them had proven it was rat fleas. Unfortunately almost nobody believed them, which became problematic when in 1900 San Francisco saw its first deaths in Chinatown.Jarrow provides a fascinating look at the political and social climate of this period in relation to the attitudes of Americans towards Chinese immigrants and the impact quarantining San Francisco’s Chinatown would have on businesses reliant on trade and tourism. It became a complicated and fraught tug-o-war between politicians, businessmen, doctors and public health officials, fighting about whether to recognize and publicize the deaths and quarantine when the evidence seemed inconclusive as to their cause. Even after proof was offered action was surprisingly slow to follow and the disease was able to spread, although the number of deaths was comparatively low, being in the low hundreds.This well researched book also includes information about contemporary cases in the United States, ongoing research and treatments for all three strains of plague. There are extensive source notes and bibliography, a glossary, timeline, index and an author’s note explaining her keen interest in public health and the importance it had in the past,and will have when the next global pandemic hits. Also included are numerous photographs (some a little gruesome), newspaper clippings, cartoons, posters and illustrations to engage readers’ interest.This will pair perfectly with a middle grade novel, Chasing Secrets by Gennifer Choldenko, 2015 that gives a fictional account of the outbreak in San Francisco.This is a strong finish to a fascinating series that combines history, social issues, scientific research, technological developments and culture in America, showing long term implications for today’s government policies towards health.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Tammy FlandersTammy is the Reference Coordinator in the Doucette Library of Teaching Resources at the University of Calgary. She also reviews juvenile resources with an eye to classroom use in her blog, Apples with Many Seeds.

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33

"steve yui-sang tsang. Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China, and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1945–1952. Foreword by david m. macdougall. New York: Oxford University Press. 1988. Pp. xxxiv, 254. $36.00." American Historical Review, October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/95.4.1170.

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34

Ba Duy, Dinh, Ngo Duc Thanh, Tran Quang Duc, and Phan Van Tan. "Seasonal Predictions of the Number of Tropical Cyclones in the Vietnam East Sea Using Statistical Models." VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4379.

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Abstract: In this study, the equations for estimating the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) at a 6-month lead-time in the Vietnam East Sea (VES) have been developed and tested. Three multivariate linear regression models in which regression coefficients were determined by different methods, including 1) method of least squares (MLR), 2) minimum absolute deviation method (LAD), 3) minimax method (LMV). The artificial neural network model (ANN) and some combinations of the above regression models were also used. The VES was divided into the northern region above 15ºN (VES_N15) and the southern one below that latitude (VES_S15). The number of TCs was calculated from the data of the Japan Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RMSC) for the period 1981-2017. Principal components of the 14 climate indicators were selected as predictors. Results for the training period showed that the ANN model performed best in all 12 times of forecasts, following by the ANN-MLR combination. The poorest result was obtained with the LMV model. Results for the independent dataset showed that the number of adequate forecasts based on the MSSS scores decreased sharply compared to the training period and the models generated generally similar errors. The MLR model tended to give out the best results. Better-forecast results were obtained in the VES_N15 region followed by the VES and then the VES_S15 regions. Keywords: Tropical cyclone, Seasonal prediction, Vietnam East Sea (VES). References: [1] W. Landsea Christopher, Gerald D. Bell, William M. Gray, Stanley B. Goldenberg, The extremely active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season: Environmental conditions and verification of seasonal forecasts, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126 (1998) 1174-1193[2] W. Landsea Christopher, William M. Gray, Paul W. Mielke, Jr, Kenneth J. Berry, Seasonal Forecasting of Atlantic hurricane activity, Weather. 49 (1994) 273-284.[3] M. Gray William, Christopher W. Landsea, Paul W. 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