Academic literature on the topic 'Hongaren'

Pada tahun 2015, wilayah Uni Eropa mengalami keadaan yang disebut situasi krisis imigrasi massal, termasuk Hongaria yang mengalami keadaan ini. Untuk menanggapi situasi tersebut, pada Mei 2015, Hongaria memperkenalkan sistem pengaplikasian suaka terbaru yang dikeluarkan Pemerintahannya yang dituangkan dalam amandamen Act CXXVII of July 2015 dan Act CXL of 4 September 2015. Kedua kebijakan ini menyatakan adanya prosedur pengaplikasian suaka terbaru, dikenalkannya ‘prosedur perbatasan’ dengan dibangunnya pagar perbatasan di zona transit Hongaria-Serbia, dan juga diperkenalkannya pemidanaan kepada para pencari suaka yang melintasi perbatasan secara ilegal, pengrusakan pagar perbatasan secara sengaja, dan menghalangi pembangunan pagar perbatasan. Isi dari kebijakan ini banyak dikritik sebagai pelanggaran yang dilakukan Hongaria dibawah ketentuan Hukum Pengungsi Internasional maupun Hukum UE, terlebih pada Pasal 31 Konvensi 1951. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kebijakan dan tindakan yang dilakukan Hongaria ini sesuai atau melanggar Konvensi 1951 terlebih Prinsip Non-Penalization yang harus dipatuhi oleh Negara Anggota walaupun Hongaria dapat melakukannya berdasarkan kedaulatan negaranya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yaitu suatu penelitian yang bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode kajian studi kepustakaan (library research). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penahanan yang dilakukan oleh Hongaria dengan alasan untuk melindungi kedaulatan mereka atau karena pengungsi memasuki wilayah Hongaria secara ilegal dan tidak sah menurut Pasal 31 Konvensi 1951 atau prinsip non-penalization adalah salah dan tidak dapat dibenarkan.

By the concept of redesign, the embroidery insole fabric elements of Hongan in Eastern Hubei Province is extracted and applied, and the application research of diversified creative products is carried out. On the premise of inheritance and innovation, the regional characteristics and cultural connotation of Hongan embroidered insole in Eastern Hubei Province are analysed. By understanding the connotation of the elements of Hongan embroidered insole fabric, the composition characteristics of common embroidered insole fabric is grasped, and the traditional fabric themes of Hongan embroidered insole is analysed and arranged; Extract the typical pattern fabric elements that can resonate with modern life, and extract, organize and redesign them; then through integration and reconstruction, carry out diversified application design of creative products. The fabric elements of Hongan embroidered insole are redesigned and applied in fashion, home textile products, clothing, interior decoration, etc. By redesigning, this paper analyses and arranges extracts and redesigns, integrates and reconstructs the elements of embroidered insole fabric in Hongan, Eastern Hubei Province, and studies the application of diversified creative product redesign. This modern process method and diversified application mode is not only the dynamic inheritance of traditional regional culture, but also the innovation and development of folk culture in Eastern Hubei Province. The inheritance and development of art traditional culture has important practical significance.

A l’inici del 1907 el catalanòfil hongarès Albin Kőrösi demana a Benet Roura Barrios, el seu corresponsal barceloní, trobar traductors per a set poemes de Sándor Petőfi, poeta nacional d’Hongria. Aquest treball repassa el procés de gestació de les versions, de les qual només quatre van arribar a Kőrösi: dues realitzades per À. Guimerà i dues pel poeta valencià Francesc Badenes.

Penulisan makalah penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilik dan mengkaji adanya tendensi politik negara-negara Visegrad yang telah jatuh pada gelombang populisme. Grup Visegrad (V4) merupakan grup aliansi antara empat negara di kawasan Eropa Timur dan Tengah (ETT), yakni: Republik Ceko, Slowakia, Hongaria, dan Polandia. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan sosial-ekonomi untuk mengkaji latar belakang munculnya gerakan populisme di kawasan tersebut. Makalah ini akan berusaha untuk menjawab tentang bagaimana latar belakang kemunculan gerakan politik populisme dalam negara-negara Visegrad? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian di atas, analisis ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Materialisme Historis dan Determinisme Ekonomi Marx serta Tesis Ekonomi Downsian.

Abstrak: Program pengabdian internasional ini memfokuskan pada kegiatan Baitul Arqom Internasional bagi Pimpinan Cabang Istimewa Muhammadiyah (selanjutnya disebut PCIM) Jerman dan Hongaria. Program ini sangat penting mengingat PCIM merupakan ujung tombak Muhammadiyah dalam melaksanakan dakwah Islam berkemajuan bagi masyarakat Indonesia maupun masyarakat asli negara tersebut. Tujuan utama pengabdian ini adalah menyamakan persepsi pengurus PCIM dengan Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah, sekaligus meningkatkan pemahaman gerakan internasionalisasi yang dilakukan Muhammadiyah. Metode pengabdian yang dilakukan dalam bentuk Musyawarah dan Rencana, Realisasi, dan Rawat (M3R) dengan jumlah peserta aktif 40 orang dari PCIM Jerman dan Hongaria melalui daring (dalam jaringan) dengan menggunakan platform zoom cloud meeting. Untuk mengukur peningkatan pemahaman dan komitmen berorganisasi peserta mengisi kuesioner dengan beberapa pernyataan secara daring. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan adanya signifikansi peningkatan, sebelum dan setelah pengabdian. Sebelum pengabdian nilai rata-rata peserta sebesar 82,5%, dan setelah dilakukan program pengabdian sebesar 90,8 %, artinya terdapat peningkatan sebesar 8,3% dari nilai rata-rata peserta. Hasil pengabdian bahwa PCIM merupakan tombak dakwah internasionalisasi Muhammadiyah di berbagai negara di dunia. Model dakwah gerakan yang dibangun adalah kosmopolitanisme Islam, yaitu gerakan pemikiran Islam yang reformis - modernis – kritis yang menebarkan Islam tengahan atau wasathiyah, sekaligus mengikis Islamophobia di Eropa. Selain itu, untuk membangun sistem organisasi PCIM yang berkelanjutan perlu dilakukan beberapa penguatan, yaitu: penguatan kelembagaan yang memiliki status hukum, seperti e.V di Jerman. Pengembangan amal usaha dan membangun kolaborasi dengan institusi lain baik di Jerman, Hongaria, Indonesia maupun negara lain; serta yang terakhir memperkuat sistem kaderisasi dan hubungan kekeluargaan antar sesama kader.Abstract: The international community service program focuses on Baitul Arqom International activities for the Leaders of the Special Branch of Muhammadiyah/ Pimpinan Cabang Istimewa Muhammadiyah (PCIM) in Germany and Hungary. This programme is very important considering that PCIM is the spearhead of Muhammadiyah in preaching progressive Islam for the Indonesian people and the country's original people. The main purpose is to create the same perception between the PCIM and the Muhammadiyah Central Board and increase the understanding of the internationalisation of Muhammadiyah for the PCIM. Deliberations Planing, Realisation, and Monitoring- Evaluation is the community service method, and 40 active participants are online using the Zoom cloud meeting platform. The results saw a significant increase before and after the service. Before the service, the average score of the participants was 82.5%, and after the service programme, it was 90.8%, an increase of 8.3%. Due to this commitment, PCIM is at the forefront of Muhammadiyah in several countries. The da'wa model in European is Islamic cosmopolitanism. It is a reformist-modernist-critical thinking movement (Islam Wasathiyah) while decreasing cases of Islamophobia in Europe. Several strengthenings are required to build a sustainable organisational system, including institutional strengthening with legal status, for example, e.V in Germany. Hence, business charity development and collaboration with other institutions in Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, and other countries. Last, strengthening the regeneration system and brotherhood among Muhammadiyah cadres.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyimpangan bahasa puisi dalam sastra siber. Untuk mengetahui hal tersebut, maka penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lima puisi yang terdapat dalam sastra siber dengan data sampelyang diambil dari laman sastradigital.com melakukan penyimpangan bahasa. Kelima puisi itu ialah puisi Kidung Rindu Bagi Perempuanku karya Alif Raung Firdaus melakukan penyimpangan sintaksis, penyimpangan historis, dan penyimpangan leksikal, puisi Aek Sarulla karya Mangasi Sihombing melakukan penyimpangan dialek dan penyimpangan historis, puisi mimpi dari Milimeter Jarak Sepi karya Ujianto Sadewamelakukan penyimpangan sintaksis dan penyimpangan semantis,puisi Bukan Kopi Hongaria karya Cecep Samsul Harimelakukan penyimpangan semantis dan penyimpangan dialek, dan puisi Di Jembatan Pasupati karya Fajar M. Fitrah melakukan penyimpangan sintaksis, penyimpangan grafologis, penyimpangan register, dan penyimpangan dialek.

En aquesta tesi s’analitza el procés de transició de l’economia hongaresa en el seu doble vessant d’estabilització macroeconòmica i d’adaptació del marc institucional, amb una incidéncia especial en els mecanismes de privatització. S’aporten dades provisionals sobre els resultats empírics del procés i s’analitzen els seus condicionants i els seus obstacles, entre els quals es troba el sistema bancari, que és objecte d’un tractament específic. A les conclusions, remarquem el caràcter no estratègic de les mesures adoptades, la visió a curt termini i l’influéncia de les inversions estrangeres.

Mereological models are often used to account for distributive reference, which arises when the denotation of a linguistic expression holds of certain parts of the plurality to which it is applied. It is general praxis in the theory of distributivity to employ structural atoms, which are entities that lack proper parts, to represent the base entities of which pluralities are formed. This thesis offers a revision of the notion of atom used in the theory of distributivity and argues in favor of employing relative atoms, which are entities that are atomic only with respect to a certain property. With relative atoms, we can account for why atomic and nonatomic parts of a plurality can equally be involved in distributive reference, in accordance with newly obtained empirical evidence. We can also capture the unexpected ways in which Hungarian reduplicated numerals and reciprocal constructions interact.
Els models mereològics s’utilitzen sovint per explicar la referència distributiva, que apareix quan la denotació d’una expressió lingüística conté certes parts de la pluralitat a la qual s’aplica. El fet d’utilitzar àtoms estructurals, que són entitats sense parts pròpies, per representar les entitats bàsiques sobre les quals es formen les pluralitats és una pràctica habitual a la teoria de distributivitat. Aquesta tesi ofereix una revisió de la noció d’àtom utilitzada a la teoria de distributivitat i exposa arguments a favor de la utilització d’àtoms relatius, que són entitats atòmiques només en relació amb una propietat determinada. Gràcies als àtoms relatius podem explicar perquè les parts atòmiques i no atòmiques d’una pluralitat poden estar involucrades en la referència distributiva, segons proves empíriques obtingudes recentment. A més, podem reflectir les diferents maneres imprevistes amb què interactuen els numerals reduplicats i les construccions recíproques en hongarès.

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie studie is onderneem om 'n biografie daar te stel van dominee Kálmán Papp II, predikant van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (sedert 1951) en stamvader van die familie Papp in Suid-Afrika. Daar sal uiteraard ook gekyk word na sy teologiese posisie as predikant en verkondiger van die Evangelie van die Here, Jesus Christus. Die studie val uiteen in vier hoofstukke. Die eerste hoofstuk skets die agtergronde waaruit Papp afkomstig is. Die geskiedenis, land en taal van die Hongaarse volk kom eerste aan die orde, vervolgens die geskiedenis van die Christendom en die geskiedenis en etos van die Hervormde Kerk van Hongarye, en laastens Papp se genealogiese agtergrond. Die tweede hoofstuk van hierdie studie beskryf Papp se kinder- en studentejare in Hongarye (1924-1946): sy geboorte en opwindende kleuter- en laerskooljare in Mándok, sy vaderlose hoërskooljare aan die Lévai Jószef Hervormde Gimnasium in Miskolc, sy bedrywige studentejare aan die Graaf Tissza István Universiteit in Debrecen, sy aangrypende ervarings tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog, en sy vertrek na Nederland vir nagraadse studie. In die derde hoofstuk word Papp se verblyf in Nederland en sy studie van bykans twee jaar (1947-1949) aan die Universiteit van Utrecht beskryf, asook sy noodgedwonge emigrasie na Suid-Afrika. Papp se interessante lewensverloop in Suid-Afrika (1949-2008) word in die laaste hoofstuk van hierdie studie, wat uit ses afdelings bestaan, beskryf. Sy aankoms en vestiging in Suid-Afrika, studentetyd aan die Univer-siteit van Pretoria, toelating tot die evangeliebediening, afloswerk as proponent en huweliksbevestiging word in die eerste vier afdelings beskryf. Die vyfde afdeling beskryf Papp se voltydse bedieningstyd van veertig jaar in die gemeente Krugersdorp (1951-1991). Hierdie afdeling beslaan die grootste gedeelte van hierdie studie en is onderverdeel in vier afdelings wat elk 'n periode van ongeveer een dekade dek. Die eerste onderafdeling dek onder andere sy ontvangs in die gemeente, die kort maar aangename tydperk van sy eerste medeleraarskap, sy eerste publikasies en openbare optredes, die vreugdevolle geboorte van sy vyf kinders, die afstigting van die gemeentes Magaliesburg in 1953 en Krugersdorp-Oos in 1954, sy toegewyde betrokkenheid by die sinodale aktiwiteite van die kerk, onbaatsugtige hulpverlening aan en bediening van die Hongaarse vlugtelinge van 1956, lojale lidmaatskap van en betrokkenheid by die Paardekraal Feeskommissie, die ywerige bevordering van ekumeniese bande en die sewentigste verjaardagviering van die gemeente Krugersdorp. Die tweede onderafdeling beskryf Papp se deernisvolle betrokken-heid by die Jac van Belkum Kinderhuis te Krugersdorp, die periode van 'n ongelukkige tweede medeleraarskap, die noodgedwonge afstigting van 'n derde gemeente (Krugersdorp-Noord), sy sterk en entoesiastiese leiding met die oprigting van 'n nuwe pastorie en inrigting van 'n kerksaal, en die vreugdevolle viering van die gemeente Krugersdorp se 75ste bestaansjaar. In die derde onderafdeling word Papp se intensiewe betrokkenheid in die gemeenskap van Krugersdorp, by name by die Sterkfontein Hospitaal en Laerskool Burgershoop, en sy geesdriftige bearbeiding van die gemeente Outjo in die destydse Suidwes-Afrika onder andere beskryf, asook die viering van sy 25ste ampsjubileum, en die legitimasie en ordening van sy twee predikanteseuns en skoondogter. Die vierde onderafdeling dek onder andere die geboorte van Papp se eerste kleinkinders, sy aktiewe betrokkenheid by die 1983 Bybelfees en die ontvangs van verskeie familielede, gaste en besoekers uit die buiteland. Verskeie hoogtepunte in Papp se lewe word ook in hierdie onderafdeling beskrywe - sy amnestie, die eeufees van die gemeente Krugersdorp, wat met sy emeritaat saamgeval het, en die verskyning van Papp se gedenkalbum oor die geskiedenis van die gemeente Krugersdorp. Verskeie terugslae in Papp se lewe word ook in hierdie afdeling beskryf - die persoonlike probleme en egskeidings van sy kinders en die dood van verskeie familielede en vriende. Die laaste afdeling van hierdie studie beskryf Papp se aftreejare (1992-2008) - sewentien jare waarin verskeie hoogtepunte en terugslae mekaar voortdurend afgewissel het. Onder die hoogtepunte tel Papp se prominente deelname aan die Paardekraal Geloftefees, die erkenning van sy dienswerk aan die gemeenskap van Krugersdorp, die hertoelating van sy oudste seun en skoondogter as predikante, drie reise na Hongarye, die viering van sy tagtigste verjaardag, goue bruilof en 50ste ampsjubileum, en die toekenning van 'n ereprofessoraat. Onder die terugslae tel verskeie operasies en die tragiese dood van sy derde seun. Die studie word afgesluit met 'n samevattende teologiese evaluasie en ‘n waarderende beskrywing van Papp se sonderlinge gawes en unieke persoonlikheid. ENGLISH: The purpose of this study has been to compile a biography of the Reverend Kálmán Papp II, minister of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (since 1951) and progenitor of the Papp family in South Africa. Naturally his theological position as minister and preacher of the gospel of the Lord, Jesus Christ, will be looked at. The study consists of four chapters. In the first chapter, which deals with Papp's historical backgrounds, the history, land and language of the Hungarian nation, the history and ethos of the Reformed Church of Hungary, and the history of Papp's forefathers, with specific reference to the ministers of religion, are dealt with briefly. In more detail, the second chapter describes Papp's childhood and student years in Hungary (1924-1946): his exciting toddler and primary school years in Mándok, his fatherless high school years at the Lévai Jószef Gymnasium in Miskolc, his bustling student years at the Count Tissza István University of Debrecen, his gripping experiences during World War II, and his departure to the Netherlands for post graduate study. Papp's residence in the Netherlands, his two years at the University of Utrecht (1947-1949) and his hasty emigration to South Africa, are dealt with in chapter three. In the last chapter of this study, which consists of six sections, Papp’s interesting course of life in South Africa (1949-2008) is described. His arrival and settling in South Africa, student years at the University of Pretoria, admission to the ministry, temporary service as a candidate minister, and his marriage, are described in the first four sections. The fifth section deals with Papp's ministry of forty uninterrupted years in the Krugersdorp congregation of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk (1951-1991). This section forms the main part of this study and is subdivided into four subsections, each covering a period of approximately one decade. The first subsection covers Papp's reception in the congregation, the short but fulfilling period of his first joint ministry, his first publications and public appearances, the birth of his children, the formation of two new congregations (Magaliesburg in 1953 and Krugersdorp-Oos in 1954), his dedicated involvement in synodical activities of the church, unselfish assistance and support to the Hungarian refugees of 1956, the loyalty portrayed in his involvement in the cultural life of Krugersdorp, his diligent promotion of ecumenical relations and his part in the seventieth anniversary of the Krugersdorp congregation. The second subsection describes Papp's sympathetic involvement with the Jac van Belkum orphanage in Krugersdorp, the period of an unhappy second joint ministry in the congregation, the compelled forming in 1964 of a third new congregation (Krugersdorp-Noord) Papp's strong and enthusiastic guidance in the building of a new parsonage and the transformation of an old abattoir into a church hall, as well as the celebration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of his congregation. In the third subsection Papp's intense involvement in the community life of Krugersdorp, more specifically with the Sterkfontein Psychiatric Hospital and Burgershoop Primary School, and his zealous work in the church's Outjo congregation in the former South West Africa are dealt with. Then there are also referred to the celebration of his twenty-fifth year in the ministry and the ordination of two of his sons and his daughter in law. The fourth subsection covers the birth of Papp's first grandchildren, his active involvement in the Bible Festival of 1983, and the reception and accommodation of various family members, guests and visitors from abroad. Several high lights of his life are also described in this section: his amnesty, the centenary celebrations of his congregation, which coincided with his retirement, and the publication of his album on the history of the Krugersdorp congregation. However, several set backs in Papp's life are also described in this section - the personal problems of his children, the failure of the marriages of both of his sons in ministry and the passing away of various family members and friends. The last section of this study describes Papp's seventeen years after retirement (1992-2008) - years in which several high lights and set backs occurred. Amongst the high lights were Papp's prominent part in the Day of the Covenant celebrations at Paardekraal, the acknowledgement of his service to the community of Krugersdorp, the re-admission of his eldest son and daughter in law into the ministry, three trips to Hungary, the celebration of his eightieth birthday, his fiftieth wedding anniversary and his fiftieth year in office as a church minister, and last but not the least, the conferment of a honorary professorate. Amongst the set backs were several illnesses and surgeries, and worst of all, the tragic death of his third son. The study concludes with a summarized theological evaluation and an appreciative description of Papp's exceptional gifts and unique personality.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Church History and Church Policy
unrestricted

L’étude ici présentée porte sur l’histoire de la traduction et de la réception de Stendhal en Chine depuis les années 1920. Il s’agit de mettre en relief, par une approche comparatiste, les images nuancées du romancier et les caractéristiques de la réception de ses œuvres dans les différentes époques. En effet, les études sur Stendhal en Chine sont étroitement liées au contexte social et politique de la société chinoise. Le Rouge et le Noir, roman étranger qui connaît le plus de traductions chinoises, est considéré tantôt comme un chef-D’œuvre de la littérature réaliste, tantôt comme une « herbe vénéneuse » contre le Parti communiste. La réception de Stendhal en Chine reflète, dans une certaine mesure, celle de toute la littérature occidentale. Nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence les facteurs essentiels à la réception de Stendhal en Chine et les transformations des œuvres du romancier face à l’épreuve d’une culture et d’une société étrangères
The study hereby presented tackles the history of the translation and reception of Stendhal in China since the 1920s. The aim is to point out, by the comparative approach, different images of the novelist and features of reception of Stendhal’s works in China during different periods. The study of Stendhal in China is closely associated with social and political contexts of China’s society. The Red and the Black, the most translated foreign novel in China, is sometimes considered as a masterpiece of realist literature, sometimes as a poisonous weed against the Communist Party. The reception of Stendhal in China reflects the whole history of reception of western literature to some degree. We have tried to reveal the essential factors for the reception of Stendhal in China and the transformation of his literary works during this experience in the foreign culture and society

The study of biomimetic robotic fish has received a growing amount of research interest in the past several years. This thesis describes the development and testing of a novel mechanical design of a biomimetic robotic fish. The robotic fish has a structure which uses oscillating caudal fins and a pair of pectoral fins to generate fish-like swimming motion. This unique design enables the robotic fish to swim in two swimming modes, namely Body/Caudal Fin (BCF) and Median/Paired Fin (MPF). In order to combine BCF mode with MPF mode, the robotic fish utilizes a flexible posterior body, an oscillating foil actuated by three servomotors, and one pair of pectoral fins individually driven by four servomotors. Effective servo motions and swimming gaits are then proposed to control its swimming behaviour. Based on these results, fish-like swimming can be achieved including forward, backward, and turning motions. An experimental setup for the robotic fish was implemented using machine vision position and velocity measurement. The experimental results show that the robotic fish performed well in terms of manoeuvrability and cruise speed. Based on the experimental data, a low order dynamic model is proposed and identified. Together, these results provide an experimental framework for development of new modelling and control techniques for biomimetic robotic fish.

碩士
玄奘大學
宗教學系碩士在職專班
102
Abstract Ci-shang Temple is located on Jie-yue Street, Hualien. It was constructed by a Japanese monk in 1917 and called “Nishi Hongan-ji (Xi-ben-yuan Temple).” In November 1946, when Taiwan was restored after World War II, the Taiwan Provincial Committee which was in charge of the Japanese property handed it over to the Hualien County Government. Then Master Miao-xian, the founder of Ci-shang Monastery, was made to take over the temple. The foundation, constituted as a juristic person and called “Ci-shang Temple, Hualien City, Hualien County,” was established in November 1978. Master Da-ying was made to succeed the temple in April 1987, and she led the temple to prosperity and kept it moving on and on until now. Having experienced the restoration of Taiwan, the temple has almost gone through one century. Therefore, to explore the changes and the developments in different stages of this temple becomes the main concern of this research. This research focuses on the connections between stages, the succession of different generations, the constructions of the temple, and the abbot’s or abbess’s endeavors and achievements in each stage, trying to make clear what happened in the past. This research has thoroughly examined historical traces and combed through the changes and developments of temples and monasteries in the eastern part of Taiwan, hoping to manifest the difficult and arduous processes in each stage and the noble spirit to work for Buddha dharma and Buddhism. This may be a great inspiration for the general public. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One explains the motivation, the purposes, the field of study, the research methods, and the literary reviews. Chapter Two explores how Japanese preached Buddhism at Hualien. At that time, three Japanese farming settlements were established, and so “Hualien Harbor Preaching Center” was founded in 1917. Two years later, the Japanese monk, Yoshitoshi Takeda, moved the center to where the temple is now. Chapter Three and Chapter Four elaborate on how the temple, called Nishi Hongan-ji then, was transferred to Master Miao-xian through the government after World War II when Japanese were repatriated. Master Miao-xian’s and Master Da-ying’s admirable leadership, achievements, and contributions were fully described in these two chapters as well. Chapter Five makes reviews and conclusions; it also details the promising future prospects of the temple. Based on the explorations and analyses, this research has reached the following conclusions: 1. Under the guidance of each abbot or abbess, this temple has been showing different characteristics ever since it was founded. In the period of the Japanese occupation, Xi-ben-yuan Temple (Nishi Hongan-ji) operated in the Japanese way. Monks or nuns were allowed to get married, and they were not vegetarians. Most of all, they regarded their country and their religious order, a subdivision of Buddhism, as the supreme leadership authority. After World War II, nuns in Ci-shang Monastery were living a very simple and austere life, practicing meditation through reciting buddhas’ names. They availed themselves of every opportunity to preach, especially on the occasions of folk custom activities and festivals, in hope of bringing peace to people. And Ci-shang Temple, under Master Da-ying’s kind guidance, has long been famous for its practice of humanistic Buddhism, which has served as one of its main features. 2. The four objectives Master Da-ying set up for Ci-shang Temple are: (1) to promote preaching Buddha dhama, (2) to contribute to social and cultural education, (3) to work on environmental protection, and (4) to strive for philanthropy. 3. Ci-shang Temple is interacting with its faithful followers in a genuine way, urging them to “follow their own nature and abilities to face the reality and do what they can.” There isn’t any strict mode for management. The temple operates spontaneously and compassionately and emphasizes “that one should cherish opportunities and work with joy.” Therefore, they follows the practice of “being happy to lead a simple and virtuous life as well as willing to work for philanthropy,” so they fully identify with “unconditional loving kindness and universal compassion.” The future successor of the temple is supposed to continue with its unique style as well as dedicate herself to preaching Buddha dhama. In the meanwhile, the temple should also try to appeal to more people and maintain proper economy. 4. Miao-xian Kindergarten has been run extremely well by the temple for years. At present, the classrooms and facilities are used mainly in preschool education, while they are offered for the use of community college in the evening. This is to provide people of different ages with opportunities to receive more education or continue their life-long learning, and, hopefully, this accomplishment will improve the educational or cultural level. The curricula are still focused on the Buddha dhama, which will in turn help them attain proper views and understanding of things, inspiring them to gain wisdom. Thus they might face the true reality of the world without getting lost. This research gives the following suggestions: 1. Ci-shang Temple is advised to combine talented or qualified persons to organize a mental counseling team under the title of “Buddhist Guan-in Line on the Air,” which will give general public easy access to psychological or religious guidance. It is necessary to do so, for they may be in trouble oftentimes. Therefore, to set up “Buddhist Guan-in Line on the Air” is a convenient way to deliver all sentient beings. 2. Ci-shang Temple used to strive for multiple goals in humanistic Buddhism and to learn from the spirit of a “human Bodhisattva”. I suggest that Ci-sheng Temple continue the practice in this manner so that it may benefit the society by helping to purify the general mood of the society and form a proper set of social norms. 3. For the sake of philanthropy, I suggest the temple keep on providing social assistance to those in need. In addition, the temple is supposed to give feedback to the general public when necessary because it has also gained sufficient resources from the society. Key Words：Xi-ben-yuan Temple (Nishi Hongan-ji), Ci-shang Temple, Buddhism in Taiwan, Preaching Center, Master Da-ying

This chapter analyses the texts writen by Hōnen Shōnin on Myōe Shōnin's work. Soon after the death of Hōnen Shōnin 法然上人 (1133–1212) which occurred on January 25th, 1212, Myōe Shōnin 明恵上人 (1173–1232) successively published two books severely criticizing Hōnen’s great writing on the significance of the Nembutsu practice, the Senchaku hongan nenbutsu shū 選択本願念仏集 (abbreviated hereafter as Senjakushū 択 集).

Abstract This chapter explores Hōnen’s teachings of the nembutsu presented in the Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū, a doctrinal text of the Pure Land Buddhism founded in Japan in the twelfth century ce. It is shown how intriguing and astute Hōnen is, especially with regard to his sole endorsement of the nembutsu and his insight into its psychological implications. It is argued particularly that his teachings of the nembutsu are informed by his own spiritual journey of profound self-reflection and self-realization, and he consequently places much weight on the psychological process of the nembutsu practice in which the practitioner’s sense of the self becomes transformed to the point where she “forgets herself.” It aims to show the authenticity of the Senchaku-Shū, as it represents personal experiences and awareness of what it is to be a human, written by someone who indeed underwent very common aspects of human life—failure and disappointment.