Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hooligans'

Projecto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Criminologia
Desde os anos 70, têm sido desenvolvidos vários estudos em diversas áreas do saber sobre o fenómeno da violência entre adeptos nos jogos de futebol, mas poucos relacionam este fenómeno com a Criminologia. A conduta desordeira e comportamento destrutivo daqueles que assistem aos jogos de futebol, especialmente na Europa, tem vindo, nos últimos 30 anos, a receber uma maior atenção da parte dos órgãos de comunicação social, e por conseguinte, merecem uma especial atenção por parte da Criminologia. O Hooliganismo, no futebol, é considerado uma atividade criminal. É, no entanto, única, tendo em consideração a sua natureza e a sua especificidade. Ocorre quase inteiramente nas localidades e/ou nas proximidades dos estádios onde ocorrem os jogos de futebol. Este projeto explora a necessidade de explicações criminológicas para o comportamento dos elementos que integram os grupos de adeptos, muitas vezes conotados como hooligans, tendo por base a literatura já existente. Irá também tentar descrever e interpretar a violência observada no contexto desportivo, evidenciando alguns discursos que a legitimam. Para atingir o objetivo anteriormente mencionado será efetuada uma revisão bibliográfica extensiva, que contemplará vários autores. Procurou-se assim contextualizar o fenómeno do Hooliganismo e do Movimento Ultra assim como o surgimento destes nos jogos de futebol.
Since the 70s, several studies have been developed in several areas of knowledge on the phenomenon of violence among supporters at football matches, but few relate this phenomenon with Criminology. The disorderly conduct and destructive behavior of those who attend football games, especially in Europe, has been in the last 30 years, to receive greater attention from the media, and therefore deserve special attention by the Criminology. The Hooliganism in football is considered a criminal activity. It is, however, only taking into account their nature and specificity. Occurs almost entirely in the locations and / or near the stadium where occurs football games. This project explores the need for criminological explanations for the behavior of the elements that comprise groups of supporters, often connoted as hooligans, based on the existing literature. Will also try to describe and interpret the violence observed in the sports context, highlighting some speeches that legitimate. To achieve the goal mentioned above will be performed an extensive literature review, which will include several authors. Thus sought to contextualize the phenomenon of Hooliganism and Ultra Movement as well as the emergence of these football games.

The topic of this word is hooliganism at football stadium. The first chapters are focused on the definitiv and history of hooliganism in the world. Another point is the history of hooliganism in the Czech republic and the incidents that happened at football stadium in the Czech republic in recent years. The main goal of this work is to determine what costs are manifestations of hooliganism Czech football clubs. This informatik is obtained from persons who are responsible for safety during the home games of thein clubs. Another problem of the work is legislativ in the Czech republic associated with fight against manifestations of hooliganism at football stadium.

The practice of Hooliganism, or violent and aggressive styles of support linked to one or more specific football club, first emerged in England in the 1960’s. A combination of mass media, films such as Green Street Hooligans, and increases in law enforcement enabled Hooliganism to spread all over Europe. This paper seeks to explain Hooligan cultures, how they emerge, their characteristics and the type of individual they attract. Furthermore, this paper examines the situational variables present on match-day that lead to supporter violence. Additionally, this paper aggregates numerous findings on crowd behavior and Hooliganism, and then applies them three case studies: the Rome, Lisbon and Athens derbies. Case studies seek to highlight some of the mediating and moderating factors in that particularly rivalry, as well the differences in Hooligan cultures across countries.

En France, certains supporters de football se revendiquent ultras ou hooligans et mettent en scène leur sentiment d’appartenance. Ces entités, qui regroupent majoritairement de jeunes hommes, apparaissent de façon embryonnaire à la fin des années 1970 en France et plus certainement au milieu des années 1980.Cette thèse analyse l’émergence et le développement des groupes de supporters radicaux de football. Il s’agit ici d’interroger le phénomène dans la durée, de « contextualiser » son avènement et son développement en France.En outre, grâce à un corpus de sources endogènes, les pratiques supportéristes sont étudiées, le fonctionnement hiérarchisé des groupes est objectivé et les systèmes de valeurs de ces subcultures sont explicités.À travers cette recherche doctorale, c’est aussi la régulation du phénomène qui est questionnée. En effet, certaines de leurs pratiques culturelles se heurtent à des interdits sociaux et la médiatisation des violences supportéristes fait de la gestion de cette « jeunesse dangereuse » un nouvel enjeu politique
In France, certain types of football supporters claim to be “ultras” or hooligans by displaying the feeling of belonging. These entities, which primarily include young men, started to appear embryonically in France at the end of 1970s, but then more certainly in the mid-1980s.This thesis analysis the raising and development of hardcore football fan groups. In particular, it questions such phenomenon over time, contextualising its advent and development in France.Furthermore, based on a collection of endogenous resources, this work studies the supporters’ habits, it defines their groups sexualised and hierarchical functioning, and it explains the system of values within this subculture.This PhD research work also questions the regulation of this phenomenon. Indeed, going some of their cultural habits against social prohibitions, and being supporters’ violence increasingly covered by media; the management of this so-called “dangerous youth” has become a new political challenge

En esta tesina trataremos el doblaje español de la película Green Street Hooligans y mediante una investigación cualitativa estudiamos cómo las elecciones generales, entratar el habla de los personajes, y las elecciones específicas, cómo se han manejado los saludos, han afectado la percepción de dos personajes escogidos y la película en sí. Los resultados que han sido revelados es que los rasgos tanto dialectales como idiolectales han sido normalizados a un español estándar y esto ha contribuido en crear un estilo, en la versión española, que es menos vívido, más formal, y menos conectado con los personajes que la versión original. Por eso, la vista que pueden tener los espectadores españoles al ver la película se diferencia mucho de la que pueden tener quienes que venla película en inglés. Esto ya que no van a poder sobreentender la pertenencia a una clase social, origen espacial y el estilo personal de los personajes solamente viendo la versión doblada de la película.

Depuis que l'opinion publique a été prise de frayeur par les images transmises du Heysel et de Sheffield, chaque évènement footballistique est l'occasion du supputations angoissées sur le sens des violences qui pourraient y advenir. Pour comprendre, il convient de revenir sur l'aliénation des foules et dresser le décor dans lequel se produit la violence, le stade, dont l'architecture dépend étroitement de la manière de gérer les masses. Dans cet univers, les frustrations individuelles convergent vers une expression commune, si le hooliganisme trouve son origine dans le rapport particulier du football britannique à la culture ouvrière du pays, avec la médiatisation des enjeux, les débordements de violence sont devenus de plus en plus préoccupants. Ils ont conduit les responsables a s'interroger sur le moyen de les contrôler et dans quelle mesure la mise en place de stratégie coertivive n'a pas effrayé l'opinion publique et renforce la notoriété de ceux qui voulaient martyriser les populations festives. Depuis que l'image règne sans partage sur toutes les manifestations sportives et orchestre la mobilisation humaine par la mise en scène des enjeux, le supporter trouve aux yeux du monde un moyen pour extérioriser ses frustrations en une visibilité médiatique; la stratégie du paraitre a tous prix s'est codifiée pour affirmer une existence. On replace le phénomène dans d'autres limites, celles de la communication et on entrevoit une nouvelle dimension a la mythologie future, celle de l'imaginaire artificialisé. Cette recherche démontre que le sport et son spectacle occupent une part croissante dans notre société, que sa fonction peut être de libérer les tensions que créent les contraintes sociales, que le violences correspondant a une dialectique spécifique, que les foules sportives sont des laboratoires privilégies pour réfléchir sur l'évolution des rapports sociaux : en reprenant les études traditionnelles et en introduisant les problématiques contemporaines, c'est a une analyse renouvelée du spectacle sportif et une nouvelle vision de la violence
Since the public was gripped by fear by the images broadcast from the Heysel and the Sheffield stadiums, every football match has been a source of anguished consideration about the sense of the violence which might take place. To understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to dwell upon the alienation of crowds and to describe the place where violence gushes forth -- i. E. The stadium, whose architecture closely influences the way to keep crowds under control. In such a realm, individual frustrations merge towards a common outlet. If hooliganism is deeply rooted in the special relationship between british football and britain's working-class culture, the outbursts of violence have become more and miore worrying, due to the "mediatization" of what is at stake. Such outbursts have led our leaders to question the mans used to control the: : has coercion not scared public opinion and strengthened the reputation of those who wanted to torture the celebrating communities ? Since the media has been orchestrating sports shows and human gatherings through the "mediations" of the stakes

Our aim with this study is to examine Swedish tabloid press and how football supporters of the Stockholm teams; Hammarby, AIK and Djurgården are represented. The method used in the study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA); Van Dijks model of micro and macro analysis. We have analyzed three different events for the three teams searching for how the textual language represents the team’s supporters and trying to find patterns for supporters in Stockholm. The result shows similarities between the tabloids using textual language dramatizing the supporters and the events due to theories explained in the essay.

We have in this study preformed a quantitative examination on how hooligans use film and new technologies to spread private videos on the Internet. With today´s technologies it is very easy for hooligans to publish their videos. In this study, we have choosen to do a questionnaire poll based on seven questions about what people think of hooliganviolence on online video sharing sites. We have also conducted an online interview with a former swedish hooligan. The people who participated in our study are all anonymous, and therefore we have no age or gender included in our study. Most of the videos discussed here are used as entertainment, according to their publishers/viewers, but also as a method of advertising the supporterclubs of different teams. Following our study we can conclude that new technologies have a huge importance for the spread of these videos.

The aim of the research is to evaluate crowd violence as it pertains to sports and its spectators. In particular, the research examines sports riots. "A sports riot is defined as violence-vandalism, throwing/shooting missiles, rushing the field or court, committing arson, and/or fighting- committed by five or more individuals in a crowd of one hundred people associated with a formally organized sporting event" (Lewis, 2007). On a micro level, the most prevalent form of spectator violence is the act of Hooliganism in relation to football (soccer). The research on this aggression has been primarily inherent in Europe and South and Central America in concert with soccer matches. One of the goals of the research is to see if this unique type violence has the potential to occur in North America when comparing it to Europe and more specifically the United Kingdom. Currently, the average Major League Soccer (MLS) teams are capturing slightly higher attendance numbers than the NBA and the NHL. In the 2010-11 season, the average MLS attendance was 17,869, compared to 17,319 and 17,126 respectively (ESPN.com, 2011). With the expansion and globalization of the sport when traveling groups from Europe and South/Central America play United States teams (municipalities or the National team) in a "friendly" (exhibition match) or a World Cup qualifiers stateside, it is understood that supporter firms (hooligan gangs) will travel to support their team. Are hooligans simply looking for a violent result under the guise of being football supporters? "It's a lot more widespread than the general public realize. They might hear of one or two big incidences a year. But this thing happens week in week out at different grounds around England" (Hooligans: No one likes us, 2002). Collective behavior is the most apparent theoretic way to view these outbursts. This research however will examine this social phenomenon through symbolic interaction perspective as well.; The hooligan culture is embedded with symbols of social disorder and rebellion. Racism, xenophobia homophobia and even patriotism are the tent poles of this social phenomenon. Additionally, from firm (gang) to firm (gang), socially constructed deviance such as rival history, improper police conduct, the media and alcohol are overarching factors. The final facet of the research examines how to curb the violence. Since Hooliganism is surprisingly tactical in and of itself, how authorities can potentially identify trouble makers and anticipate violence will be assessed. Since the English have customarily been deemed by the international community as some of the worst cohort participants, the tactics that authorities abroad have utilized (successful and otherwise) will be evaluated. Recommendations to prevent and combat this problem will be made in the hopes that a proactive approach can be developed domestically.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Sociology

The overall aim of this work is to uncover, describe and analyse the phenomenon of soccer hooliganism both as it appears and in the was that it presents itself to consciousness. But why "think through" football hooliganism at all? Surely quite enough has already been said and written about this highly Publicise, form of public disorder? Already there have been Psychological, sociological, soci. o-psychological., historical and media study accounts - to say nothing of numerous articles and newsreports in the popular media. Upon the basis of their distinctive ways of setting up and relating to this phenomenon, these accounts have produced various types of policy-orientated reactions and explanations in terms of psychological immaturity, the Alienation of traditional working class fans from "their club" in an age of consumer capitalism, ritualised aggression, the expression of a traditional male working class form of territorial localism and finally as the outcome of and subsequent reaction to the "labelling" of fans and "moral panic" of the media. In all honesty, what more is there to say? Why has not the author tackled an area of crime that has yet to be so fully documented? This study is not primarily concerned with adding to the ever escalating and add academic enterprise of reviewing reviews of reviews from pre-conceived standpoints upon standpoints about such standpoints etc., which themselves rarely address the possibility conditions of that which they theorise about. A brief glance down the booklist of this research will confirm that there is currently no shortage of studies which concern themselves with the rehashing of all that which has been previously written about both phenomenology and soccer violence. What, in the face of all-this, WOULD truly be an achievement is the APPLIED phenomenological explication of the phenomenon itself. Undoubtedly the purported explanations mentioned above have, { taken as a whole, responded, to the problematic presence of something our culture understands as hooliganism in such a way as to explain this "something" in terms of the presence of something else. Only for as long as we understand research purely in terms of this causal-explanatory manner and policy-reactive mode, can this area be said to be unquestionably well researched. It is on this implicit basis that there appears little justification for yet another study of football hooliganism. But are the possibilities of academic research exhausted by the setting up and responding to the established presence of phenomena "out there" in the real world in line with the dictates of established disciplines? The title of this studs summarises a foundational Project in that both the thinking and the object "thought through" are brought together. It is a major'contention of phenomenology -- the method of our foundational research - that all the activities of consciousness and experience are intimately connected to an experienced object or "phenomenon", so that all experience is experience OF some thematic object meant and meant in a distinctive manner. Thus prior to the questions "Why is there football hooliganism"?, and "What should be done about it? ", is a more fundamental or "foundational" problematic: one which precedes explanation and addresses the possibility-conditions for the cultural presence of both the phenomenon and our accepted ways of responding to our awareness of it.

I den här kvalitativa studien har två reklamfilmer granskats och analyserats utifrån en semiotisk analysmetod med denotation, konnotation och myter som huvudfokus. Efter analysen har även en jämförelse mellan reklamfilmerna genomförts. Studiens huvudsakliga teoretiska ramverk är baserat på just semiotiken och tidigare nämnda begrepp, men fokus har även legat på kontext, symboler, ikoner och index. Materialet som har undersökts är producerat av det statliga företaget Svenska Spel. Det är två reklamfilmer och båda gör reklam för samma spel, nämligen Stryktipset. I studien har filmerna undersökts för att dels analysera de manifesta budskapen men även för att lyfta fram de latenta budskap som finns i bakgrunden. Syftet med att göra analysen var att undersöka hur myten om fotbollssupportrar såg ut i reklam för ett spel om pengar med stark koppling till fotbollen. Myten om supportrar som har funnits i de olika reklamfilmerna har sedan jämförts för att se hur den har förändrats mellan åren 2009 och 2017. Eftersom Svenska Spel är ett statligt företag är det viktigt att deras egen policy om att lyfta fram de positiva effekter sporten och deras supportrar har i samhället syns i reklamfilmerna. Studiens resultat visar att myten om fotbollssupportrar som framställs skiljer sig mellan de olika reklamfilmerna. Framför allt ser man skillnad i vart supporterskapet är riktat, mot laget eller mot sporten. Myterna som framställs har likheter och båda passar in i den generella mytbildning som finns kring fotbollssupportrar idag. Det förekommer även tecken som har koppling till huliganism men den har inte en stor roll i reklamfilmerna.
In this study, two commercials have been reviewed and analyzed with a semiotic analysis method, where denotation, connotation and myths have the main focus. After the analysis, the two commercials where compared. The main theoretical framework used in this study is based on semiotics and previously mentioned terms, but focus has also been on context, symbols, icon and index. The two commercials, who have been analyzed, are both produced by the state company Svenska Spel. The commercials both advertise the same product, Stryktipset. In the study the commercials have been reviewed partly to analyze the manifest messages but also to bring forward the hidden messages underneath. The purpose for doing the analysis was to look into how the myth about football supporters was produced in commercials for gambling with a strong connection to football. Later, the myth presented in the different commercials are compared to each other to see how it has changed between 2009 and 2017. Since Svenska Spel is a state company it’s important that their own policy about showing all the good sides that comes with sport and its supporters are noticeable in the commercials. The result of the study shows that the presented myth differs between the two commercials. The main difference is in where the focus of the supporters is, on the team or on the sport itself. The myth presented also have some similarities and they both fit into the general myth about football supporters in society today. There are also signs that are connected to hooliganism but they don’t play a big role in the commercials.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka huliganism som ett socialt fenomen, där det ingått att undersöka vilken mening det kollektiva våldet inom huliganismen fyller för individerna, på vilket sätt huligankulturen är organiserad, samt vad som karaktäriserar den typiske huliganen. Studiens empiri bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med två aktiva huliganer och två före detta huliganer. Förutom intervjuer har även inspiration från Swedbergs (2016) definition av teoretisering använts som metod i denna studie. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs framförallt av Ahrne och Brunssons (2011) teori om partiell organisering och Littman och Palucks (2015) teoretiska förståelse för varför individer väljer att bruka våld på uppdrag av en grupp. Som ett teoretiskt verktyg i analysen har även Simmels (se Korllos, 1994) teori om sociala typer använts. Resultatet visade att våldet fyller en känsla av gemenskap, men kan även användas som ett sätt bevisa sig inför andra huliganer. Inom huliganismen kunde de organisatoriska elementen medlemskap, hierarki, regler och sanktioner hittas. I resultatet framkom även att den typiske huliganen är lojal mot andra huliganer, han kan socialisera sig med andra medlemmar av gruppen, han har en vilja att slåss, och våldet medför att han ljuger för personer utanför huligankulturen.

Football hooliganism has been prevalent in almost every country where the game is played for a number of years. This has particularly been the case in Britain, where the phenomenon has produced consequences of varying degrees of severity. Many existing academic investigations have examined the problem by gauging opinions of hooligans and to a lesser extent, the police. However, the perspectives of the nonviolent majority of supporters have been consistently overlooked, and yet they often share the same space, rituals and social characteristics as hooligans, and also witness football violence and the processes that instigate and escalate it. This research therefore involved obtaining the views of numerous non-hooligan supporters who regularly attend both home and away matches from eight British teams. This is a descriptive investigation that adopted a phenomenological approach in order to access the inter-subjective lifeworld of supporters. To this end, extensive participant observation was undertaken, with the more directed qualitative methods of focus groups and interviews supplementing this data. This investigation involved attending 411 matches in domestic and international competition in twenty-one countries during live consecutive seasons. Attitudes were examined regarding how the phenomenon and related terminology may be defined, the severity of the problem and media coverage, what causes hooliganism and finally preventative measures. Supporters considered hooliganism to relate to violent behaviour in a football context, and therefore acts of non-violent 'disorder' were not explored here. The phenomenon was not thought to be a particularly serious current problem on a national scale. However, it was claimed that 'grudge' matches such as local derbies produce violence to varying degrees on a relatively regular basis. Also, respondents offered a variety of value judgements, with a large minority expressing positive viewpoints, indicating a liking for the phenomenon. Many stated that hooligans serve to protect non-violent fans, distract rival supporters from attacking those who do not wish to engage in violence, and make a positive contribution to a club's reputation. This contradicts the popularly expressed contention, namely that with the exception of those who engage in violence, supporters dislike the culture and threat of football hooliganism. Respondents also argued that media coverage was typically sensationalist and disproportionate, but only considered this to be problematic in terms of how supporters are treated in international competition. This is because foreign police and supporters are said to often lack a realistic frame of reference by which to assess the reliability of such media representation. Respondents did not explain involvement in hooliganism according to drug use or any particular demographic. Instead, personal characteristics were discussed, focusing on an individual's desire to engage in or be seen to be involved in violence. Hooliganism was also thought to reflect expressions of strong emotional ties to a club, nation or locality, whilst excluding conflicting identities. This was particularly considered to be the case in grudge match contexts, where jealousy, contempt or bitterness can be manifested in violent confrontation with an `enemy'. Many also considered the perception of being marginalised, controlled or insignificant to produce violence as an attempt to reassert an identity. Supporters were virtually unanimous in claiming that hooliganism will never be completely omitted from English football. However, many considered it possible to further reduce the problem by continuing to improve the effectiveness of police intervention by encouraging police to develop a better understanding of the intricacies of supporter cultures. Also, interventions such as banning orders were commended in theory, although the application of such measures was heavily criticised. Indeed, many intelligence-led responses were considered disproportionate, with oppressive measures serving as unjust and ineffective solutions. This was emphasised particularly when compared to legal and police responses to similar behaviour in non-football contexts. Such inappropriate intervention was perceived to only alienate the police, and complicate their task of understanding supporters and developing constructive relationships with them. Supporters considered the most effective way to reduce the problem to involve a combination of self-policing from non-violent supporters, effective deterrents, and evident and proportionate police presence and intervention, underpinned by a sound understanding of what causes hooliganism.

Amidst the countless and seminal contributions by Stuart Hall to discourses around race, representation, politics and identity, it is easy to overlook the equally countless essays about ‘minor’ fields in which he covered a broad range of related topics. One of these texts is an article about football hooliganism from 1978, entitled “The Treatment of ‘Football Hooliganism’ in the Press” from a volume edited by Hall and his colleagues Roger Ingham, John Clarke, Peter Marsh and Jim Donovan. The collection of essays is based on a conference held that previous year at the University of Southampton about football fans and violence, a topic that had become a major concern in the British public and that in consequence became a mainstay for research in the field of sociology. As this is Hall’s only text dealing with violence around football, the essay fills only a minor niche in his oeuvre. Within the field of hooligan studies, however, his contribution to the discipline is still seen as an important addition.

Studies of football hooliganism have developed in a number of academic disciplines, yet little of this literature directly relates to criminology. The fighting, disorderly conduct, and destructive behavior of those who attend football matches, especially in Europe has blossomed over the past thirty years and deserves criminological attention. Football hooliganism is criminal activity, but is unique because of its context specific nature, occurring almost entirely inside the grounds or in proximity to the stadiums where the matches are played. This project explores the need for criminological explanations of football hooligans and their behavior based on literature which indicates that subcultural theories may be valuable in understanding why this behavioral pattern has become a preserve for young, white, working-class males. This study employs Albert Cohen's (1955) theory of subcultural delinquency to predict the hooligan activities of young, white, working-class males. West and Farrington's longitudinal study, the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development provides a wealth of data on numerous topics, including hooliganism, and is used to explore the link between hooliganism and criminological theory. The running hypothesis, grounded in Cohen's theory of subcultural delinquency, is that the less middle-class the youths are in their values the more likely they will be to engage in football hooliganism. Cohen initially identified a locus of nine middle-class values: ambition, individual responsibility, achievement and performance, delayed gratification, rationality and planning, etiquette and the cultivation of social skills, self-control, wholesome leisure, and respect for property. These middle-class values have been modified into a shorter set of values; constructive leisure, acceptable conduct, self-reliance, and success, that are more mutually exclusive and easier to test empirically. Scales were constructed for each dimension of the modified version of Cohen's middle-class values using factor analysis with orthogonal rotation. Each scale then underwent reliability analysis using Chronbach's alpha. From there the scales for the middle-class values, the dependent variable of football hooliganism, and controls were tested using both bivariate and multivariate procedures. Results indicate that these modified middle-class values may be an important explanatory factor for football hooliganism.
Ph. D.

Football violence was a rare phenomenon in France until the nineteen eighties. Harsh economic times coupled with the challenges of unemployment brought a different type of fanatic to football stadia. To vent their frustration about the economic difficulties of their time, some fans found an easy scapegoat: the increasing number of African immigrants in France. These fans, known as hooligans, have become organized and can be found supporting most major French football clubs, disrupting what once was a relatively tranquil national pastime. This thesis traces their development in France, looks at what they borrowed from Italian and English fan groups, and suggests how their organization is now uniquely French.

In December 22, 2010, the hockey clubs AIK and Djurgården played against each other in front of an audience of more than 11 000 people in Ericsson Globe Arena, Stockholm. Although it was one of the biggest games of the year, afterwards no one was talking about the actual game on the ice. The reason; several times during the game, hooligans from both sides started big quarrels and the hockey dome felt more like a war scene than a place for a hockey game. From a branding point of view, and along with similar incidents from the past, the night in December did not create a good situation for AIK and their image.   Therefore, in this essay I want to investigate how AIK communicated through the crisis. I also want to evaluate whether their communication was good or bad from the perspective of different crisis communication theories. The essay’s research questions are: How did media describe the crisis and AIK´s part in it? What effect did AIK´s previous history of similar problem have on the ongoing crisis? How did AIK communicate through the crisis? How was AIK´s image affected by the crisis? What did AIK do well/what could AIK have done better? To be able to answer these questions, several news articles from the sports paper “Hockeyexpressen” has been analyzed as well as a text from AIK itself. The answers from the analysis has then been weighed against Hearit´s and Benoit´s theories on apologia as well as Coombs theory on the impact from previous crisis. An important conclusion is that AIK protects its image during the crisis by using the strategy “shifting the blame”. AIK also redefines the picture of a true supporter by questioning the acts of some of their so called “fans”. AIK´s redefinition also serve to correct the news papers misleading use of different epithets on the same category of people. However, although their image stays more or less intact AIK fail to communicate the need of a broader responsibility from the society when it comes to the problems caused by sports related hooliganism.

This dissertation employs network analysis in the study of crime. This methodological approach is the common factor in the three studies included in the dissertation. The overall objective is to see what the network analytical approach has to offer to the study of different aspects of crime. The data employed in the analyses comprise offences registered by the Stockholm police that have also been tied to a suspect. In the study of supporter violence, this data is supplemented with information on offences for which persons have been convicted. The first study focuses on supporters whom the police regard as particularly prone to violence. The criminal networks of these supporters are studied for the years 1994-1997. The supporters are also compared with their known co-offenders. The study shows that a large proportion of the crimes committed by the supporter group are violent offences. For the most part, the supporters’ are involved in loose-knit criminal networks and in general their co-offenders are more criminally active than they are themselves. Certain of the supporters appear to constitute links between the supporter group and more serious criminals active in the Stockholm area. The second study examines the ethnic composition of networks of youths suspected of violent offences during 1995, as well as the persons against whom these young people commit their offences. The study shows that the registered violent crime committed by youths in Stockholm is characterised by ethnic heterogeneity. The conclusion is that whom these youths commit crimes with and against respectively is primarily decided by factors other than the youths’ ethnic background. The third study focuses on gender factors relating to networks of youths suspected of violent offences during the course of 1995. The study compares the structure of the registered violent offending of girls and boys respectively. The study is based on the theoretical assumption that acts of violence may constitute an opportunity to construct gender. The study shows that apart from previously established differences in the levels of violent activity presented by girls and boys respectively, the structure of their violent offending is strikingly similar. A further conclusion is that the violent crime of girls and boys is characterised by sexual homogeneity. This is seen as indicating that gender construction by means of violent crime primarily takes place between boys and other boys and between girls and other girls. The assertion of superiority that violence involves is thus most often directed at persons of the same sex, girls primarily attempt to assert superiority over other girls, and boys over other boys. The dissertation also contends that as a method, network analysis has made several important contributions to the study of the research questions. In all three pieces of research, network analysis has made possible important insights into the phenomena under study, which would not have been identified had alternative methodological approaches been employed.

Alternativ titel: Tre perspektiv på brottsliga nätverk: Supporterbråk, etnicitet och genus

This research aims to provide an accurate and more conceptually advanced view of football violence as practiced by Cardiff City fans both past and present, than the accepted views of football already available at an academic level. Expanding on work carried out at dissertation level, the research will attempt to provide a new model of football violence, and this will be constructed through the use of a variety of research methods to better understand football hooliganism as a socio-cultural phenomenon existing within the general field of football. Football as a field of activity will be discussed, as will the fact that whilst being a field of socio-cultural activity, professional football also has developed as a distinct market. The work aims to show why certain Cardiff City F.C. fans are not content to just watch their team participate, but who through a small leap of imagination cast themselves in the role of direct participant representing the team in the contest that is football hooliganism. Also to be discussed is why certain fans (usually at a formative age) would see those with a hooligan identity at Cardiff City F.C. as best representing their interests within the field, and who then go on to adopt a hooligan identity. The interests of Cardiff City fans within the field are explored, as are the specific set of social relations that have emerged. The emergence of the casuals as a socio-cultural category is examined as is media representations of them and in a reflexive manner the role of the police within the field is also examined. Finally the research aims to show how a group such as the Soul Crew, has by a combination of continued presence and growth within the field, gone on to become one of the dominant forces within the activity.

In this study we have examined how Swedish tabloid newspapers portray supporters in regard to the deadly assault at the Allsvenskan premiere in Helsingborg between Helsingborgs IF and Djurgårdens IF in 2014. We have analyzed published articles in the two biggest tabloid newspapers in Sweden – Aftonbladet and Expressen. Our main findings show that journalists tend to generalize and stigmatize all supporters when writing about hooligans. There is also confusion regarding different groups within the supporter community.

I takt med expanderingen av evenemangsturism växer även kraven på säkerhetshanteringen i samband med evenemangen. Hot som huliganism är vanligt förekommande vid vissa evenemang och behöver handskas med för att undvika eventuella påverkningar på besöksnäringen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur aktörer arbetar kring säkerhet inför och under evenemang för att säkerställa individens hälsa i omständigheter där huliganism är närvarande och ofredar besöksnäringen. Fortsättningsvis vill vi även komma fram till vilken grad huliganismen påverkar besöksnäringen och i sådana fall, på vilket sätt. För att kunna svara på syftet och våra frågeställningar, har vi använt oss av en kvantitativ undersökning som hjälpt oss att påvisa denna företeelse. Frågorna berör mycket om huliganism och om liknande våldsbrott får individer att välja bort vissa evenemang som en följd av huliganismen. För att kunna komplettera det resterande av syftet har vi även valt att använda oss av en kvalitativ undersökning. Poängen med den kvalitativa undersökningen var att den skulle ge oss en bredare uppfattning om ämnesområdet, samtidigt som den skulle besvara vår andra frågeställning angående evenemangssäkerhet. Insamlingen av samtliga undersökningar, speciellt den kvantitativa, visar på att hot som huliganism har en negativ effekt på evenemangsturismen. Hanteringen håller på att effektiviseras genom nya metoder som förhoppningsvis kan motverka den rädsla som numera finns utpräglad hos besökare.
In pace with the expansion of events tourism, requirements for security management in connection with the events are also increasing. Threat of hooliganism is common at certain events and needs to be dealt with to avoid possible impacts on the tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the actors working on security before and during events ensure the health of the individual in circumstances where hooliganism is present and harasses the hospitality industry. Henceforth we want to arrive at the degree of hooliganism affect the tourist industry and in such cases, in which way. In order to respond to the aim and our issues, we have used a quantitative survey that helped us to demonstrate this phenomenon. The questions concern much about hooliganism and similar violent crimes get individuals to opt out of certain events as a result of hooliganism. In order to complete the remainder of the purpose, we have chosen to use a qualitative survey. The point of the qualitative survey was that it would give us a broader understanding of the subject, while it would answer our second question regarding security events. The collection of all of the studies, especially the quantitative, shows that threats like hooliganism have a negative effect on events tourism. The management is being streamlined through new methods that can hopefully counteract the fear that seems to have arisen within certain visitors.

Denna uppsats är en socialpsykologisk och kvalitativ undersökning som syftar till att förstå hur man kan, utifrån ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv förstå varför vissa individer ansluter sig till en huliganfirma och varför de stannar kvar. Fotbollshuliganism blev som störst i Sverige på 1990-talet och det pågår ett arbete i samhället för att försöka minska detta samhällsproblem då huliganismen innebär våld och vandalisering. Uppsatsen grundar sig på tio intervjuer med personer som har varit eller är aktiva i olika huliganfirmor i Sverige. Den vetenskapsteoretiska ansats som använts är hermeneutiken. Det insamlade empiriska materialet är analyserat med hjälp av följande socialpsykologiska teorier och begrepp: sociala band, skam och stolthet (Scheff 1994), interaktionsritualer och emotionell energi (Collins 2004), avvikande beteende (Becker 2005), maskulinitetsteori (Connell 2008), beroende och kickar (Giddens 1992), ungdomsfaser (Erikson 1988). Med utgångspunkt i dessa teorier har vi försökt att lyfta fram en socialpsykologisk förståelse för hur man kan förstå de drivkrafter som är orsaken till att man ansluter sig till en firma och vad som håller en kvar. Resultatet pekar på att en firma kan för individen ersätta en icke tillfredsställd livssituation. Resultatet visar också att gruppen är så viktig för individen att det kan skapa ett destruktivt beroende samt hur mycket den kan påverka individen att handla på ett sätt som denne aldrig hade gjort ensam.
This is a social psychology and qualitative research studying what kind of people who become football hooligans and what makes them stay. Football hooliganism became a phenomenon in Sweden society in the 1990s and the community tried to reduce this because hooliganism involves violence and vandalism. The essay is based on ten interviews with people who have been or are active in a hooligan firm in Sweden. The epistemological approach is used as hermeneutics. The collected empirical material is analyzed using the following social psychological theories and concepts: social bonds, shame and pride (Scheff 1994), interaction rituals and emotional energy (Collins, 2004), abnormal behavior (Becker 2005), masculinity theory (Connell 2008), dependency and kicks (Giddens 1992), juvenile stages (Erikson 1988). Based on these theories, we have tried to highlight a social psychological approach of how to understand the reasons of why you join a company and what makes you stay. We concluded that a firm can replace a non satisfied life situation. We also concluded that the group is that important to the individual that it can create a destructive addiction and how much it can influence individuals to act in ways that he had never done alone.

The aim of the present research is to investigate three factors, namely perceptions of fairness in intergroup situations, ingroup identification and spatial dimensions that are assumed to contribute to why individuals participate in violence against the police in soccer stadiums. In Study 1 perceptions of fairness, identification and spatial perspective were manipulated and the results indicated a significant interaction effect between identification and spatial perspective. This interaction effect had a significant influence on negative behavioural tendencies towards police. In Study 2, identification and spatial perspective were manipulated and once again the interaction effect between identification and spatial perspective was found. A main effect of identification was found in that participants who identified lower with fans showed significantly more positive attitudes towards police. The results of the two studies highlight the importance of looking beyond the inherent nature of the crowd itself when analysing situations of police/fan conflict, and also the need to further investigate the spatial dimension and how it influences social judgment and decision making.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate two Swedish, national newspapers and their depiction of football related violence. Through a critical discourse analysis this essay aims to illuminate the discourse practices that are being reproduced in media and also how the discourses have changed over time. The essay analysis articles around two casualties in Sweden (2002 & 2014) that are a direct result of football violence. The material contains of twenty-four analyzed articles from Aftonbladet and Expressen. A critical discourse analysis has been used for both the theoretical framework and method, with Fairclough’s three-dimensional model as analytical tool.   The result shows that both Aftonbladet and Expressen depict football violence through a wide perspective and describes the problem with the help of multiple agents that have varied experience on the subject. The main discourses that have been distinguished have been named; The discourse of responsibility, The discourse of amendment and The discourse of security. Another less recurrent discourse that have been distinguished is the discourse of the victim. In the analysis it is manifested that the order of discourses has changed over time and that some discourses have been more or less established.

The goal of the diploma thesis is insight into the problematics of spectator's violence at football stadiums and elaboration of proposal of the precautions which would lead to elimination of football hooliganism. Theoretical part contains general characteristic of football hooliganism, history of destructive behaviour at football stadium and activities regarding ensuring security during football matches. Practical part includes marketing research, benchmarking and proposal of the precautions which would solve problematics of spectator's violence at football stadiums in the Czech Republic.

The thesis is a contribution to the analysis of media representation through the use of critical discourse analysis of twelve English written articles by Russian and international media sources. The articles were chosen in relation to the unauthorised Pussy Riot protest in the Cathedral in Moscow back in February 2012, and the societal changes that have taken place thereafter. The analysed articles have been written and published between February 2012 and January 2014. The aim with the study is to see how media sources from different geographical backgrounds described the same events and news.

This study was made by two students for their bachelor theses in Tourism Studies at Södertörns högskola in Sweden. The aim of the study was to investigate the social aspects of football tourism from a sustainable perspective. The study investigated what's essential for football travellers when they travel both abroad, but also in Sweden, to see a football game. Another factor that was investigated was how the locals, especially those living near a arena, are influenced by the behavior of the football travelers when a football event is taking place. The problems that may arise with a football trip are that locals and travelers can end up in conflicts that can lead to social consequences at the destination as well as reduce social sustainability. This study investigated this phenomenon and by identifying the problems which arise with a football trip, it can help to increase the social sustainability of the destination.  The method which was used to investigate the phenomenon of this study consisted of interviews with football travelers, the locals around Friends Arena, employees at Friends Arena and a football organizer. This was considered to contribute to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and also give an understanding from different perspectives. At the same time, an observation was also performed on a football game to increase knowledge and understanding of a football event, but also to gain insight into the behavior of football travelers. The material that was gathered in form of interviews was then combined with theories to get a better perception of the phenomenon. The result of the study showed that the biggest motive for a football trip was to get and feel belonging with other supporters. It was the feeling of identity with other travelers that mattered the most. The result also showed that football travelers end up in a free zone where everything is allowed, which contributed to changing their behavior during the trip. Alcohol turned out to be a big part of this belonging with others and a significant part of the travel, especially in Sweden. This contributed that the local population, especially the older group, felt worried when there was a football event. It also turned out that because of this they had to adapt their personal needs and could not be near the arena when there was a football event. This also contributed to social conflicts among football travelers and locals and reduced social sustainability at the destination.  The problems surrounding football tourism proved to arise among the locals when they felt worried and had to adapt to a football event. Football travelers didn't see this as a problem because they ended up in a free zone and ignored individuals around them. Sustainable tourism should satisfy the needs of the tourist while not having to destroy the need of the local population. This was not achieved in this case, which also makes the social sustainability of football tourism difficult to achieve.
Denna studie genomfördes av två studenter för deras examensarbete inom Turismvetenskap på Södertörns högskola i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka fotbollsturismens sociala aspekter utifrån ett hållbart perspektiv. Därav undersöktes vad som är väsentligt för fotbollsresenärer när de väljer att resa både utomlands, men även inom Sverige, för att se en fotbollsmatch. En annan faktor som undersöktes var hur lokalbefolkningen, speciellt de som bor nära en arena, blir påverkade av fotbollsresenärernas beteende när det pågår ett fotbollsevent. Problematiken som kan uppstå med en fotbollsresa är att lokalbefolkningen och resenärer kan hamna i konflikter och detta kan leda till sociala konsekvenser på destinationen samt minska den sociala hållbarheten. Studien undersökte fenomenet och genom att identifiera vilka problem som uppstår med en fotbollsresa kan det även leda till att öka den sociala hållbarheten på destinationen.  Metoden som användes för att undersöka fenomenet i studien bestod i form av intervjuer med fotbollsresenärer, bofasta kring Friends Arena, anställda på Friends Arena samt en fotbollsarrangör. Vilket bidrog till en fördjupad förståelse för fenomenet och som kunde bidra till en förståelse utifrån olika perspektiv. Samtidigt utfördes även en observation på en fotbollsmatch för att öka kunskap och förståelse kring hur ett event går till, även för att få en insikt kring fotbollsresenärers beteende. Det materialet som samlades in i form av intervjuer sammanfogades sedan med teorier för att få en bättre uppfattning om fenomenet.  Resultatet i studien visade att det största motivet för en fotbollsresa är att känna en gemenskap med andra supportrar. Resultatet visade även att fotbollsresenärer hamnar i en frizon där allt är tillåtet, vilket bidra till att deras beteende under resan förändras. Alkohol visade sig vara en del av gemenskapen och en väsentlig del av resorna, speciellt inom Sverige. Detta bidrog till att lokalbefolkningen, speciellt den äldre gruppen, kände oroligheter när ett fotbollsevent pågick. Det visade sig även att på grund av detta var de tvungna att anpassa sina personliga behov och inte kunde visa sig inom arenaområdet. Detta bidrog även till att sociala konflikter uppstod bland fotbollsresenärer och lokalbefolkningen och minskade den sociala hållbarheten på destinationen. Problematiken kring fotbollsturism visade sig uppstå bland lokalbefolkningen, då de kände oroligheter och tvingades anpassa sig efter ett fotbollsevent. Fotbollsresenärerna såg inte detta som ett problem då de hamnade i en frizon och förbisåg individer runtomkring sig. Hållbar turism ska tillfredsställa turistens behov samtidigt som behoven inte ska förstöra för lokalbefolkningen. Detta stämmer inte i det här fallet vilket bidrar till att den sociala hållbarheten inom fotbollsturismen blir svår att uppnå.

What motivates extreme pro-group action, such as heroism and self-sacrifice on the battlefield? Despite much scholarly attention in recent years, the question is yet to be fully explained. Recent research suggests that shared dysphoric experiences are one way of generating identity fusion, a visceral sense of 'oneness' between individual and group that has been shown to motivate willingness to fight and die for the group. Using two special populations - British and Brazilian football fans - this thesis investigates the causes and consequences of fusion. Football fan cultures are diverse, globally popular, and ripe for examining intergroup conflict. This thesis focuses on two related components of the 'shared dysphoria pathway' to fusion: emotional arousal (e.g. watching one's team suffer a particularly bitter defeat) and the sense of 'self-transformativeness' that ensues from intense, shared experiences. Across four studies, it is shown that for some individuals, sharing the agony of defeat can be emotionally and physiologically arousing to such a degree so as to transform their sense of personal identity. In turn, this leads to a more porous boundary between group and individual identities, i.e. individuals become 'fused' with their groups. Fused people are documented as engaging in some of the most extreme and potentially dangerous social behaviours we know. Two related consequences of fusion are examined: extreme pro-group action and outgroup hostility. Football hooliganism is a persistent, global problem, which is addressed in a fifth study. This thesis refutes past work suggesting that hooligans are social misfits, instead contending that hooligans are especially fused to their group and motivated to defend their 'brothers-in-arms', which results in outgroup violence. These findings suggest that a more thorough understanding of the causes and consequences of fusion could conceivably impact a great many areas, perhaps most importantly conflict resolution and policies relating to intergroup conflict.

Rien de prime abord ne rapproche le sport et la violence. Le sport contribue à un épanouissement personnel alors que la violence est un moyen d’oppression. Du fait de l’augmentation croissante des violences sportives, le droit du sport s’est trouvé dépassé. Le droit pénal est alors intervenu à son secours afin de réprimer et de faire diminuer ces violences. Au fil du temps, le droit pénal a pris une place de plus en plus importante dans le contentieux sportif, de sorte qu’un droit pénal spécifique du sport a émergé. Si le droit pénal ne peut plus intervenir dans le contentieux sportif en raison du particularisme fort qui caractérise le droit du sport, la création d’un droit pénal du sport est devenue nécessaire, avec ses incriminations spécifiques, en conservant toutefois un droit pénal commun, également applicable en droit du sport. Pour autant le droit du sport est encadré par le droit pénal mais également par le droit disciplinaire. Toutefois, le droit du sport s’autorégule si bien qu’il se suffit à lui seul et qui n’a pas besoin de recourir systématiquement au droit pénal. Peu à peu une dépénalisation s’est mise en place. Le droit pénal a alors pu prendre ses distances avec le droit du sport afin de laisser la pratique sportive s’épanouir. En somme, si l’intervention du droit pénal en droit du sport est devenue inéluctable, il n’en demeure pas moins que le droit du sport, compte tenu de sa spécificité, est capable de s’autoréguler
Nothing at first only brings sport and violence. Sport contributes to personal fulfillment while violence is a means of oppression. Due to the increasing violence of sports, sports law has been overtaken. Criminal law is then stepped to his aid to suppress and decrease the violence. Over time, criminal law has become an increasingly important litigation in the sports, so that a specific criminal law of sport has emerged. If the criminal law can no longer intervene in the sports litigation because of the strong individualism that characterizes sports law, the creation of a criminal law sport has become necessary, with specific offenses, keeping however a common criminal, also apply in the sports law. However sports law is framed by the criminal law, but also by the disciplinary law.However, sports law regulates itself so that it is sufficient in itself and does not need to systematically use the criminal law. Gradually decriminalization was implemented. Criminal law was then able to distance sports law to allow the sport to flourish. In sum, if the intervention of criminal law sports law has become inevitable, the fact remains that sports law, given its specificity, is able to regulate itself

L’objet de la recherche consiste à mettre en évidence que la prise en compte des violences émeutières requiert une évolution de l’environnement juridique et des méthodes de maintien de la paix publique hérités de notre histoire. Notre dispositif de gestion de l’ordre public est particulièrement adapté au modèle français de manifestation. C’est considérable et exemplaire à beaucoup d’égards mais cela ne peut clore le débat sur les formes de la réaction sociale nécessaires pour répondre aux différentes formes du répertoire de la protestation en particulier à la dynamique complexe des désordres émeutiers.Alors que la manifestation, son encadrement par les forces de sécurité intérieure et son environnement juridique ressortissent à la culture de l’organisation et de l’ordre, les violences émeutières relèvent, quant à elles, de comportements colériques naturels. Elles constituent un objet et un enjeu différents que traduisent notamment la récurrence des crises en milieu urbain et la difficulté d’y faire face de façon satisfaisante.Sur le plan opérationnel comme sur le plan juridique, l’éventail de la réponse aux désordres est particulièrement large, mais il traduit également un double embarras :• Les violences émeutières sont le plus souvent des violences d’expression. Qu’ils en soient conscients ou non, face à ces comportements, le juge et le politique se sont montrés fréquemment indulgents dans un contexte juridique où la liberté d’expression est un droit fondamental et la manifestation une conquête sans équivalent dans notre pays. Les réponses sociale et judiciaire se caractérisent donc par une mansuétude parfois légitime, parfois inadaptée mais souvent mal comprise.• Les modes d’action policiers et les outils du Droit façonnés par l’environnement juridique et la culture de la manifestation, peuvent se révéler inadaptés pour répondre aux émeutes urbaines et conduire à des évolutions aussi variées qu’inappropriées comme la banalisation du recours à des régimes juridiques d’exception et la sédimentation d’une culture d’affrontement entre police et population.Le concept retentissement / identification et l’analyse des colères rebelles et insoumises ouvrent la voie à une adaptation du droit et de la réponse sociale conciliant le respect des droits fondamentaux et le maintien de la paix publique dans l’espace urbain. Tel est l’enjeu de la dialectique « Libertés - Droit - désordres »
The object of the research is to highlight that rioting violence cannot be dealt with without an evolution of the legal framework and public-order policing inherited from our History. Our way to manage public-order policing is particularly suitable to our French traditional demonstration pattern. It is significant and exemplary in many respects but that alone cannot close the debate about the forms of social reaction that would be necessary to answer the various forms of the repertoire of protest especially the complex dynamics of rioting disorders.Even though the demonstration, its framing by the police and its legal framework are both an order issue and a cultural issue, rioting acts of violence are a natural irascible behaviour of the human nature. Riots are an object and an issue which translate into in recurring urban crises and the difficulty to satisfactorily deal with them.From an operational point of view and from a judicial one, there is a wide range of answers to the disorders but this results in a double embarrassment:• Riots are very often a means of expression. Consciously or not, the judge and the policy-maker have frequently been indulgent with these behaviours in a legal context in which freedom of expression is a fundamental human right and demonstrating a conquest without equivalent in our country. Social and judicial answers are characterized by indulgence, sometimes legitimate, sometimes inadequate and often ill-understood.• Policing and the tools of the law that were shaped by the legal framework and the culture of demonstration can prove to be inadequate to cope with urban riots and they can result in various as well as inappropriate answers like the trivialization of emergency legal schemes and the sedimentation of a culture of clash between people and the police.The repercussion and identification concept and the analysis of the rebel and unsubdued bouts of anger pave the way to an adaptation of the law and the social response aiming at balancing both the expression of the basic rights and the preservation of public peace in urban areas. This is what is at stake with the dialectics « Liberties – Law – Disorder »

Streszczenie rozprawy doktorskiej „Problematyka przestępczości chuliganów piłkarskich w Polsce”. mgr Karol Borchólski Środowisko pseudokibiców było tematem wielu opracowań autorstwa zarówno psychologów jak i socjologów, jednak dotychczas nie powstało żadne kompleksowe opracowanie prawnicze przedstawiające problematykę chuliganów piłkarskich. Prawnicy zaczęli interesować się tym środowiskiem w momencie przyznania Polsce i Ukrainie prawa organizacji Mistrzostw Europy Euro 2012 i wówczas tematyka pseudokibiców została przez nich dostrzeżona. Wcześniej zarówno ustawodawca, jak i niektórzy przedstawiciele doktryny twierdzili, że problem pseudokibiców nie istnieje lub uznawali problematykę przestępczości chuliganów za mało istotną. Tymczasem polscy pseudokibice nie pojawili się dopiero w 2007 roku, albowiem początków ich działalności należy upatrywać w latach 70-tych i 80-tych XX wieku. W latach 90 – tych XX wieku nie byli dobrze zorganizowani, przestępstw dokonywali głównie w sposób spontaniczny, natomiast miejscem ich popełnienia były stadiony piłkarskie. Natomiast obecnie chuligani przeobrazili się w dobrze zorganizowane grupy mające na celu popełnianie przestępstw nie tylko na obiektach piłkarskich. Zorganizowane grupy przestępcze chuliganów zaczęły wykorzystywać swoje struktury do popełniania przestępstw, które nie mają żadnego związku z piłką nożną, czego przykładem mogą być przestępstwa narkotykowe. Niniejsza praca ukazuje problematykę polskich chuliganów piłkarskich zarówno od strony teoretycznej, jak i praktycznej. Uregulowania teoretyczne sprowadzają się do szczegółowego omówienia aktów prawa międzynarodowego, krajowego, jak i wewnętrznych uregulowań związków piłkarskich. Jednocześnie ukazano zastosowanie powyższych uregulowań w praktyce m.in. na przykładzie konkretnych postępowań karnych. Zagadnienia praktyczne koncentrują się m.in na szczegółowym rozpoznaniu środowiskowym kibiców piłkarskich poprzez ukazanie ich typologii, charakterystycznych zachowań, zasad obowiązujących w tym środowisku, wzajemnych relacji pomiędzy kibicami. Celem pracy jest kompleksowe przedstawienie problematyki przestępczości chuliganów piłkarskich. Problematyka przestępczości chuliganów piłkarskich wymagała posłużenia się różnymi metodami badawczymi. Jedną z nich była metoda socjologiczna, w ramach której przeprowadzono badania ankietowe wśród prokuratorów – łącznie 1484 ankiety oraz wśród funkcjonariuszy Policji z Oddziałów Prewencji bezpośrednio zajmujących się zabezpieczaniem meczy piłkarskich – łącznie 769 ankiet. Pomimo kilku prób, nie udało się przeprowadzić badań ankietowych wśród kibiców z uwagi na hermetyczność tego środowiska oraz negatywny stosunek do jakichkolwiek czynności badawczych. W ramach metody socjologicznej przeprowadzono również wywiady jawne z funkcjonariuszami Policji zajmującymi się zwalczaniem przestępczości pseudokibiców, członkami związków piłkarskich, przedstawicielami klubów, którzy zastrzegli sobie anonimowość oraz wywiady ukryte z chuliganami, ultrasami oraz zwykłymi kibicami. W okresie od 2007 – 2013 roku przeprowadzono obserwację środowiska chuliganów. Badając przestępczość chuliganów piłkarskich wykorzystano metodę prawno – dogmatyczną, która posłużyła do analizy aktów prawa krajowego, międzynarodowego oraz orzecznictwa. W ramach tej metody dokonano analizy obowiązujących przepisów prawa międzynarodowego w tym Europejskiej Konwencji w sprawie przemocy i ekscesów widzów w czasie imprez sportowych, która jest podstawowym międzynarodowym aktem normatywnym mającym na celu zapobieganie przestępczości chuliganów piłkarskich. Ponadto dokonano szczegółowej analizy obowiązujących przepisów prawa krajowego, w tym ustawy o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych oraz jej aktów wykonawczych. Wskazano na uregulowania ustawy, które mają na celu zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych, w tym meczy piłki nożnej oraz szczegółowo omówiono czyny zabronione przewidziane przez ustawę. Jednocześnie dokonano analizy zmian przepisów kodeksu karnego i kodeksu postępowania karnego, które mają na celu skuteczniejsze zwalczanie przestępczości pseudokibiców. Ponadto dokonano analizy wewnętrznych uregulowań Polskiego Związku Piłki Nożnej, klubów piłkarskich. W badaniach wykorzystano również metodę prawno - porównawczą, która umożliwiła przedstawienie regulacji prawnych wybranych państw w zakresie zwalczania i zapobiegania przestępczości chuliganów piłkarskich. Metoda ta pozwoliła na porównanie przepisów obowiązujących w innych krajach z polskim ustawodawstwem. Metoda statystyczna posłużyła do przeprowadzenia analizy danych statystycznych PZPN-u w zakresie raportów o stanie bezpieczeństwa na stadionach piłkarskich, danych Komendy Głównej Policji w zakresie raportów dotyczących bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych. W niniejszej pracy dokonano analizy danych statystycznych wynikających ze sprawozdań Prokuratury Generalnej dotyczących spraw prowadzonych w jednostkach organizacyjnych prokuratury z pobudek rasistowskich lub ksenofobicznych (art. 256, 257 kk) Metoda statystyczna pozwoliła na przedstawienie rozmiaru przestępczości pseudokibiców w oparciu o różne źródła. Ponadto na losowo wybranej próbie 39 spraw karnych przeprowadzono badania aktowe postępowań dotyczących przestępstw popełnianych przez chuliganów. Postępowania odnosiły się do przestępstw z ustawy o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych, których było 21 i dotyczyły 23 czynów, jak również przestępstw powszechnych w liczbie 18 spraw, które dotyczyły 26 czynów. Doctoral thesis - abstract “Issues Concerning Football Hooligan Delinquency in Poland” mgr Karol Borchólski Football hooligan community was the subject of multiple studies of both psychologists and sociologists, yet there is no comprehensive legalistic study presenting issues concerning football hooliganism. Jurists have commenced to take interest in this community when Poland and Ukraine were awarded right to organize European Cup Euro 2012 and only then the subject had been noticed. Previously, both the legislators and some representatives of the doctrine claimed that the problem of football hooliganism did not exist or regarded the issues of football hooligan delinquency as insignificant. However, Polish football hooligans did not come into being as late as in 2007 and their origins can be traced back to 70's and 80's of the XX century. In 90's of XX century they were lacking in organization and committed crimes primarily in spontaneous way, while football stadiums were their crime scenes. Conversely, football hooligans mutated into well-organized groups aiming to extend their criminal activity beyond football venues. Organized criminal groups of hooligans begun to employ their structures to commit crimes unconnected from association football, such as drug-related offences. This paper demonstrates issues related to football hooliganism both from theoretical and practical aspects. Theoretical view includes a detailed discussion of the international and national legal acts and internal regulations of football associations. At the same time we show a practical application of the above, including concrete criminal proceedings. Practical aspects are focused, among other issues, on detailed scrutiny of the football fan communities, typology of the fans, their specific behaviour inter-group rules of conduct and mutual relations between them. By this paper we aim to provide a comprehensive view on issues related to football hooligan delinquency. In order to do so, various research methods had to be employed. One of them was sociological method, within framework of which we conducted an opinion poll among public prosecutors – 1483 queries in total, and riot police officers involved directly in security during football matches – 769 queries in total. Notwithstanding a few attempts, no queries were conducted among football fans due to the communities' imperviousness and negative attitude to any research whatsoever. As a part of sociological method we also conducted open interviews with police officers combating football hooligan delinquency, representatives of football clubs who requested their personal details to be kept confidential and anonymous intervews with hooligans, ultras and ordinary fans. The hooligan community was observed in the period from 2007 until 2013. When researching football hooligan delinquency, legal doctrinal method was used to analyse national and international legal acts and judicial decisions. As part thereof, we analysed provisions of international law in force, including European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events, which constitutes the basic international normative act aiming at prevention of football hooligan delinquency. Moreover, we made a detailed analysis of the provisions of the national law in force, including the Mass Events Safety Act and related executive orders. We indicated the provisions of the Act made in order to maintain safety on mass events, including football matches, and we discussed prohibited acts as defined in the Act in detail. Internal regulations of the Polish Football Associations and football clubs were also subject to analysis. Legal comparative method was also used and enabled us to present legal provisions concerning combating and prevention of football hooligan delinquency in selected countries. This method enabled us to compare legal provisions in other countries and in Polish law. Statistical method was used to conduct analysis of the statistical data from the Polish Football Association concerning reports on security status at football stadiums, data of the National Police Headquarters concerning reports on security status at mass events. This paper analyses statistical data acquired from General Public Prosecutors' Office concerning cases of racist or xenophobic offences (Articles 256, 257 of the Criminal Code) investigated in the local public prosecutors' offices. Statistical method allowed us to present volume of football hooligans delinquency based on various sources. Moreover, case files of randomly chosen 39 criminal cases of offences committed by hooligans were examined. The investigations concerned the offence of the Mass Events Safety Act, 21 cases in total with 23 offences investigated, and the general offences, 18 cases in total with 26 offences investigated.

The thesis deals with the topic of the criminal offense of disorderly conduct focusing on disruption of organised sport events. This action is also referred to as spectator violence. The term of spectator violence, sometimes simplified as hooliganism, is used in different ways and it is not strictly defined. It usually includes violent or dangerous behaviour of spectators during sport events. The content is divided into eight chapters, which aim at defining this term and offer a complex and clear analysis. Opening passages are dedicated to criminal offense of disorderly conduct as such. They include an analysis of prerequisites conditioning the committing of criminal offense of disorderly conduct according to the § 358 of penal code. It serves as a vocabulary of terms for further study and for understanding of the mutual interconnection with the term spectator violence. Chapter III is an attempt at a proper definition of the spectator violence phenomenon through the description of values and ideals that are threatened by this conduct and through the overview of the methods used while committing this crime. The next part deals with the profiles of the perpetrators established through the criminological characteristics. Psychological motivation of the spectators to visit the stadiums is also looked...

This diploma thesis is aimed at the spectator violence during the football matches from the point of view of criminal law. Due to the size of this problematics, the part of the thesis is also devoted to the administrative and private legislation. The term spectator violence can include a whole range of dangerous and violent behavior of fans at the football match. Most often we can qualify such behavior as disturbing the preparations and the progress of organized sports match, so as the criminal offense of disorderly conduct. The first chapter is dedicated to characteristics and typology of visitors of the football matches as potential perpetrators, focusing on football hooligans. The second chapter deals with the various manifestations of spectator violence and the development of this phenomenon in the Czech Republic. The third chapter is devoted to selected offences that can include the spectator violence most frequently. The largest part is devoted to the analysis of current legislation of the criminal offence of disorderly conduct, focusing on the explanation of vague legal terms and the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression. Furthermore it is dedicated to theoretical analysis and practical examples of other selected offences related to spectator violence such as assault, rioting,...

The focus of this master thesis is the comparison of extreme football fans, more specifically ultras and hooligans in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland and the influence of the European migrant crisis on these groups. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the general characteristics of the hooligans subculture, its origins, and development will be described. Furthermore, the functioning of the extreme fan groups in the neighbouring countries of the Czech Republic, i.e. Germany and Poland will be outlined. Moreover, the political stances of these countries on the issues related to the migrant crisis are depicted. These stances have a large impact on shaping of public opinions, including the aforementioned groups. The analytical part of this thesis consists of six interviews. These interviews should help with understanding the views on the migration of the members of the radical fan groups in the selected countries and moreover closely depict the hooligans scene across specific regions. The goal of this thesis is hence to depict the origins, development, and the members of a hooligans subculture on one side. And on the other side, to explain how the European migrant crisis (historical phenomenon of the past decade in Europe) has influenced the stances of the hooligan subculture on the influx...

The diploma thesis "Football Supporters as a Part of Civil Society" deals with the phenomenon of football supporterism from the perspective of the relationship between fan groupings and civil society. After the introduction and the aims of the thesis, where the main aim is the basic description and classification of various forms of grouping of football fans, follows the theoretical part focusing on three main topics: civil society, social movements and subcultures and the world of football supporters. In the empirical part the author presents the results of her qualitative research using particularly methods of participant as well as non- participant observation, informal interviews and the study of documents. The author introduces her own typology of fan groups and organizations and describes their activities within the civil society. In the final part she summarizes the answers to the research questions. The thesis is supplied with a summary, a list of sources, an index, a glossary and three appendices.

Sport is one of the most important leisure activities in today's Euro-American civilisation. We are not talking here only of active engagement in sport, but also of sport as a source of mass-entertainment for millions of people. In this thesis I focus above all on the conduct of spectators in football stadiums in the Czech Republic. I will approach this theme by way of oral history, where the narrators providing me with interviews regularly go to matches in the First and Second Divisions of the Czech Football League. I concentrate here above all on the motivation and attitudes of the various groups of spectators to the events in the football stadiums, and I pick out three groups in particular: normal fans, ultras and hooligans. I endeavour to delineate the main differences between these groups which, in my view, are rooted not only in their varying motivation, but also in their modes of communication, as well as in their social composition and their age-structure. At the same time, however, I also attempt to highlight the specific environment of football terraces in which, though all the spectators may conduct themselves as individuals, they at one and the same time become, in a certain way, part of a mass of spectators, and they may therefore be in certain circumstances overcome by the situation...

The Diploma thesis focuses on examination of real interconnection between political extremism and hardcore fans of Bohemians 1905, Slavie Praha and Sparta Praha. The research itself is therefore concentrated primarily on people associated with political extremism and their relation to groups of ultras and hooligans and furthermore their influence on these groups. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces theory of political extremism, typology groups of people attending football games, their development and the reasons of their politicization. The analytical part elaborates particulary the different Prague football clubs and their fans. Part of the data is applied from fourteen half-structured interviews with ultras and hooligans representatives of these clubs. The goal of the thesis is to clarify the real scale of interconnection between political activists and hardcore fans on the one hand, and on the other hand to point out and explain the attempts of political extremist to penetrace into this enviroment and assess the degree of their success.

碩士
臺北市立大學
運動教育研究所碩士在職專班
106
The purpose of this study was to reconstruct my young and ridiculous years through experience and to reflect on the influence and significance of the Judo campaign. Reconstruct the text of the story in a narrative way, and further explain and reflect the significance of the story through thematic analysis. The story is about the researcher joining the gang under the conditions of busy parents and of being without satisfaction on studies and afterwards find the meaning of life. With the spiritual growth and the character cultivation, Judo brings me a change not just in one day. It may also be the nature of the martial arts class to shift the focus of the fight itself to the training of judo, but the outcome is not the same. It was found that family atmosphere, parental accompany, school support, and stage presentation can enable a lost child to go back to the right path and find a child's sense of belonging because the sense of belonging is what affects the life of the black rose. It is hoped that through this study, parents and teachers will be able to pay more attention to the students' internal voices and avoid the children's feelings of helplessness. They can help children solve problems from different perspectives and assist them in finding the direction in their lives.

The following thesis titled Zavedené nepořádky: Českoslovenští fotbaloví fanoušci v letech pozdního státního socialismu thematises Czechoslovak football hooliganism from a historical point of view with a special emphasis on the contextualisation of the whole phenomena into the field of the Czechoslovak contemporary history. It is specifically concerned with detailing various aspects of this specific community's everyday life but it also thematises broader questions about the community's members relation to the social order in which they themselves lived and were surrounded by. On one hand, the thesis accepts some basic aspects from the subcultural theory, but at the same time it offers interpretative alternatives inspired by the concepts of socialist everydayness. The whole thesis is thus not only a description of a very specific community of football hooligans in the era of late state socialism but also a contribution to a broader discussion on the character of late state socialism in the last years of its duration. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que tinha como propósito verificar as condições situacionais nos casos de homicídio relacionado à disputa entre adeptos de futebol no Brasil. Para consecução desse objetivo, após análise da literatura pertinente ao “hooliganismo”, à criminalidade violenta, à gestão de risco e criminologia ambiental, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, baseado na análise de conteúdo de notícias e dados colhidos em processos judiciais versando sobre 77 homicídios relacionados à disputa entre adeptos de futebol ocorridos nos últimos 20 anos no Brasil. Com o escopo de diminuir a subjetividade da análise de conteúdo, foram realizadas entrevistas com membros de grupos organizados de adeptos e autoridades brasileiras, visando a identificar as perceções e critérios de oportunidade para as ações violentas e definir meios factíveis para obstruir as oportunidades para a prática de crimes. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as mortes ocorridas nos conflitos são uma contingência aceita na subcultura dos grupos organizados de adeptos no Brasil, até mesmo porque a excitação advinda da possibilidade de praticar atos de violência é o que motiva a adesão de muitos de seus filiados. Além disso, constatou-se que os homicídios são cometidos predominantemente por jovens integrantes de grupos organizados de adeptos, do sexo masculino, e que as agressões são, em sua maioria, de natureza predatória, realizadas mediante emprego de armas, contra vítimas também jovens e integrantes de grupos organizados de adeptos rivais. A maior parte das agressões ocorre em locais distantes do estádio, em dias de jogo, muito embora os conflitos não estejam necessariamente vinculados à disputa de uma partida entre as equipas de futebol rivais. A acirrada rivalidade entre clubes e adeptos e a inexistência de proteção policial adequada foram constantes verificadas nos homicídios analisados. Ao final, elaboramos um quadro relacionando as técnicas de prevenção indicadas para as condições situacionais verificadas, tendo em vista os objetivos de aumentar o risco e o esforço exigido para as ações ilegítimas e diminuir a recompensa, as justificativas e as provocações em relação aos agentes.
This study presents the results of an investigation that aimed to verify situational conditions in homicide cases related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil. To achieve this objective, an analysis of the literature relevant to hooliganism, violent crime, risk management and environmental criminology was conducted. Next, a qualitative study was made, based on the analysis of news content and data collected from judicial proceedings on 77 homicides related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil during the last 20 years. With the aim of reducing subjectivity of content analysis, interviews were conducted with members of organized groups of supporters and Brazilian authorities. The goal of the interviews was to identify perceptions and criteria leading up to the violent actions, and to define feasible means to obstruct future opportunities for these crimes. The results of this study suggest that deaths in these conflicts are an accepted consequence in the subculture of the organized groups of supporters in Brazil. This is in part because the excitement arising from the possibility of practicing acts of violence is what inspires the cohesion of many of their members. Furthermore, it was found that the homicides are predominantly committed by violent young male members of organized sub-groups of soccer team fans. Most of these attacks are of a predatory nature, and involve the use of weapons against other young victims who are members of rival organizedsub-groups of violent fans. Most of the aggressive acts occur on match days in places far from the stadium, even though the conflicts are not necessarily linked to disputes between rival soccer teams competing that day. The fierce rivalry between teams and fans, combined with the lack of adequate police protection, were found to be consistent in the homicides that were analyzed. To summarize the results of this study, a chart was created that lists the prevention techniques that address the problematic situations and conditions that have been identified and verified. The chart further addresses society’s objectives of increasing the risk and effort required to commit these acts of violence, and to decrease the provocations, justifications, and rewards for members of these sub-groups.

Thesis "Social work with football fans in the European Union countries as an inspiration for the Czech Republic" is about specific kind of social work with football fans and so called fan projects. Work consists of introduction of specifics of football fans, resp. hooligans when describes history of this area and also the most recent situation. This is followed by theoretical and fundamental part of the work that describes working projects or projects that can be taken as an example. This part includes international projects of fan's embassies and explains the concept of fan project of fan management. This is covering also social prevention and contact work suitable for fan project. Description of the target group of fan projects, their financing and summary of recommended competence of fan worker. The end of theoretical part describes in details a fan project which comes from contact work and youths clubs. It includes description of activities that are offered, services and how it is served. This is the most important part of the whole work as it brings exact description for realization that can be used for a future projects. The practical part completes theoretical part and investigates level of information of football club in this social work area, their opinion on role and responsibilities of...

Thesis "Social work with football fans in the European Union countries as an inspiration for the Czech Republic" is about specific kind of social work with football fans and so called fanprojects. Work is focusing on description of topics and projects realized at international Europe level, following by description of situation in England, Italy and Germany. Projects mentioned in work are either already working or are mentioned as inspiration for CZ. Work explaining approach in each country including description of organization activities. Projects that are covering this topic in Czech Republic, are also listed in work. Also international project of fans embassy as an example of social service with football fans are included in work. Fan project including example of best practices is part of the work. Practical part of work - qualitative research is supplementing theoretical part and it is coming in several parts. Part of research is describing attitude of football clubs for this king of social work, part is describing interviews with employees of organization working with football fans in Europe. Another part is analyzing documents of specific Fanclub and analyze of email communication with members of fans associations. Practical part is complementing theoretical part. At the end there is...