Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Horce racing'

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Includes bibliography.

Post Time is a non-fiction video program depicting some of the careers found at North American horse race tracks. Through the use of videotaped footage taken at eight race tracks and three training farms, the horse racing industry's trainers, jockeys, owners and grooms are profiled in the world they call the backstretch. The video begins with a brief history of horse racing and the origins of thoroughbred horses followed by closer examinations of the economic and social experiences faced by the owners, trainers, jockeys, and grooms as they attempt to prepare horses for racing every week.

'Betting by the Book' details the steps taken in, and results obtained from, an examination of the processes followed, especially in Australia, of those persons who bet on thoroughbred horseracing. The work briefly describes the evolution of the practice of this form of gambling and details the extent of the activity in the Australian nation. Note is made of the obvious limited amount of attention previously given to the topic by academia. Using illustrations of the extent of the complexity and resulting uncertainty of outcome in selecting winning horses the study finds that the consequential behaviour of almost all those who bet is the adoption of a co-ordinated process of selection commonly referred to as a system. As hypothesised the study found three major categories,viz., logical, naive and superstitious. Sub-types of the three categories, devised as a part of the study, are listed and defined. Unexpectedly the work brought to attention the finding that most bettors, even those following logical systems, will, at times, adopt superstitious practices. Examples are provided of logical, yet simple, selection systems that could be beneficially adopted by those persons who would otherwise follow naive and superstitious systems of selection. Finally the study notes the considerable opportunities that exist for the education of bettors.
Master of Arts (Hons) (Gambling Studies)

Thesis (M.A.Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002].
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney to fulfil the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Honours) Gambling Studies " Bibliography: leaves 277-290.

This thesis is concerned with equine attachment as a form of interspecies fictive kinship, in relation to the practices, social relations, and motivations of participant groups within the Canterbury thoroughbred racing industry. Exploring the interconnections between intimacy and investment, as both financial and emotional commitments, the different sectors of the industry are analyzed as actor-network assemblages in which boundaries between professional, economic, and social relations are porous. The thesis argues that the parameters of a distinct equine community are delineated through regulated forms of haptic access. Distinctions regarding those who are and are not permitted to touch horses, articulates with a regime of risk regulation, which is more broadly explored in its physical, social, financial, and emotional dimensions. Also integral to the character of this networked community of practitioners is the symbolism of naming and branding thoroughbreds, as well as the secular rituals of the auction and the race-day. Conceived as a naturalcultural phenomenon, the race is analyzed in terms of the cross-species meanings and experiences of jockeys and apprentices, who are understood as representatives of an occupational sub-culture. Finally, this thesis also explores the preponderance of women in South Island racing; charting the path by which they have successfully adopted traditionally male-dominated roles.

Dissertation (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to investigate whether environmental and/or genetic factors had an effect on the incidence of epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage among racehorses in Southern Africa. A further aim was to estimate the heritability of liability to epistaxis in the Southern African Thoroughbred population. For the purpose of the environmental study, the data covering the period 1986-2001 and involving a total of778 532-race runs, were analysed. This included the following race start information: date of race (day/month/year), age, sex, breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, weight carried, centre of racing and altitude. The genetic part of the data was two-fold in nature and included firstly the analysis of all horses that suffered epistaxis whilst racing in Southern Africa from 1986 to 2001 and involving 1118 individual bleeders. The second genetic analysis included the same Southern African population plus those Southern African horses exported to Mauritius and then being recorded as bleeders in that country (1252 bleeders in total). Pedigree data covering the period 1960-1986 was used as required to calculate the incidence of bleeding amongst ancestors of the post 1986 era. Only pedigrees of horses that raced were included in this study as it was not possible to predict whether non-runners would have bled had they raced. Consequently all non-runners and also those that raced overseas in countries where bleeding occurrence was not recorded were excluded. Veterinarians employed by the Jockey Club suspended officially recorded horses that showed epistaxis as demonstrated by frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing. Oncourse endoscopy is not employed as a routine on any of the Southern African racetracks. In the environmental study epistaxis was identified in 1 287 race starts (0.165%). Epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage was significantly (p<0.001) associated with altitude, age, race year, month and the day of racing. More horses demonstrated epistaxis at sea level than at altitude, between the months of May - October than the rest of the year, in older horses than in horses less than three-years old, after 1995 than between the years 1986 and 1995, and on Fridays and Sundays than on any other week day. No association could be established between epistaxis and breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, sex and weight carried. The heritability of liability method as described by Falconer (1989) was used to estimate the relative importance of heredity and environment. For the period investigated, the population incidence for epistaxis in Southern African horses was 2.1%. The estimation of heritability ofliability showed that first-degree relatives had a figure of 55.4%. The heritability of second- and third degree relatives were 41.3% and 30.4% respectively. The data investigated depicts horses that bled almost exclusively on race days as only a small percentage (- 5%) was reported as having bled during exercise. Accordingly, the full extent of epistaxis amongst racing Thoroughbreds in Southern Africa is difficult to gauge. Pedigree and race run data from Thoroughbreds racing in Southern Africa, covering the period 1986-2002 (63 146) horses in pedigree data-set and 778 532 race runs, were further analysed in order to study genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of epistaxis as associated with EIPH (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage). As fixed effects for the model, variables that were tested significantly in a preliminary data analyses, were included. Various combinations of such variables namely age, weight, altitude, sex, month and going were tested. Fixed effects that were included in the fmal model were gender, going and altitude. The heritability estimates from a logit transformed analysis for epistaxis fitting both the animal and sire generalized mixed models were 0.23 and 0.40 respectively, which indicated that epistaxis as associated with EIPH in the Southern African Thoroughbred sires has a strong genetic basis. Genetic trends indicating an increase in epistaxis were also found. It is concluded that the frequency of epistaxis related to pulmonary haemorrhage is associated with altitude, winter and spring months and the horse's age. It is suggested that racing at a lower altitude may increase the probability of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. It is clear that epistaxis in the racing Thoroughbred has a strong genetic basis. It is further suggested that horses showing frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing or exercise, be suspended and not used for breeding purposes. This would result in relatively fast progress being made towards eradicating this costly scourge of the modem Thoroughbred racehorse. Affected stallions and those racing whilst being treated with furosemide, should be barred from breeding and not be considered as future sires. Estimated breeding values for epistaxis should be used as a tool for selecting against it and be considered in breeding programmes to decrease the incidence thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n GENETIESE ANALISE VAN DIE VOORKOMS VAN LONGBLOEDING IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE RENPERD: Die doel met hierdie studie was om vas te stelof omgewings- of genetiese faktore enige invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd het. 'n Verdere doelstelling was om die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedpopulasie te bepaal. Vir die omgewingstudie is data wat oor die periode 1986-2001 strek en wat 'n totaal van 778 532 wedren-deelnames ingesluit het, statisties ondersoek. Die data het die volgende inligting ingesluit: datum van deelname, ouderdom, geslag, teler, afrigter, afstand van wedren, jokkie, toestand van baanoppervlakte, gewig gedra, sentrum waar deelname plaasgevind het en die hoogte bo seespieël van die sentrum. Die studie van die genetiese aspekte het eerstens 'n analise van al die perde wat longbloeding tydens 'n wedren in Suider-Afrika gedurende die jare 1986-2002 ondervind het (I118 perde), en tweedens dieselfde populasie perde, plus die Suiderlike-Afrikaanse perde wat uitgevoer is na Mauritius en bloeding daar ondervind het, (1252 perde), ingesluit. Ter aanvulling is uitgebreide stamboomdata van voorouers gedurende 1960-1986 gebruik om die voorkoms van longbloeding tydens die post 1986 tydvak te bepaal. Slegs stambome van renperde wat aktief aan renne deelgeneem het, is in die data ingesluit aangesien dit nie moontlik was om te voorspel of 'n perd wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het nie, longbloeding sou ondervind indien dit wel deelgeneem het. Dus is alle renperde wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het, asook daardie perde wat in die buiteland deelgeneem en waar longbloeding nie aangeteken word nie, uitgesluit. Alle perde wat bloeding van die neus na wedrenne getoon het, is deur veeartse in diens van die Jokkie Klub van Suid-Afrika ondersoek, as 'n bloeier aangeteken en van verdere deelname aan wedrenne geskors. Endoskopie word op geen van die Suid- Afrikaanse renbane as 'n standaard praktyk na wedrenne uitgevoer nie. Longbloeding het in 1 287 perde of gedurende 0.165% van alle wedrenne plaasgevind. Longbloeding soos geassossieer met EIPH, (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage), is betekenisvol (p<0.001) met hoogte bo seespieël, ouderdom, dag van deelname, maand, en jaar verbind. Meer perde het longbloeding by seevlak in vergelyking met hoër vlakke bo seespieël ondervind, tussen die maande Mei-Oktober as die res van die jaar, in perde ouer as drie-jaar, na 1995 as tussen die jare 1986-1995, op Vrydae en Sondae as enige ander dag van die week. en meer by reuns as by merries of hingste. Geen verwantskap kon tussen bloeding en teler, afrigter, afstand, jokkie, toestand van baan, geslag en gewig gedra, gevind word nie. Die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding vir longbloeding soos omskryf deur Falconer (1989), is gebruik om die relatiewe belangrikheid van oorerflikheid en omgewing te bepaal. Vir die periode bestudeer, was die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd 2.1%. Die oorerflikheid van longbloeding was 55.4% vir eerste-graadse verwantes. By tweede-graadse verwantes was die ooretlikheid 41.3% en by derde-graadse verwantes 30.4%. Die data wat ondersoek is, was bykans uitsluitlik die van perde wat tydens wedrenne gebloei het en slegs 'n baie klein persentasie (~ 5%) was aangeteken as perde wat tydens oefening gebloei het. Dus is die volle omvang van longbloeding in Suider-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde moeilik om akkuraat te bepaal. Die stamboom- en wedrendata van Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde is verder ontleed in 'n poging om die genetiese en omgewingsfaktore se invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding, soos geassosieer met EIPH te bepaal. As vaste effekte vir die model is veranderlikes wat betekenisvol gevind was, ingesluit. Verskeie kombinasies van hierdie veranderlikes soos ouderdom, gewig, hoogte bo seespieël, geslag, maand en toestand van die baan is ingesluit. Die vaste effekte wat in die finale model ingesluit is, was geslag, toestand van die baan en hoogte bo seespieël. Die beraamde oorerflikheid verkry vanaf 'n "logit" getransformeerde analise vir longbloeding wat beide die diere- en vader- gemengde model gepas het, was onderskeidelik 0.23 en 0.40, wat 'n aanduidending is dat longbloeding, soos geassosieer met ElPH, 'n sterk genetiese grondslag het. Genetiese tendense het ook gedui op 'n toename in die voorkoms van longbloeding, veraloor die laaste vyf jaar van die studie. Samevattend is die bevinding dat die frekwensie van longbloeding 'n betekenisvolle verwantskap toon met hoogte bo seespieël, winter en lente maande en die perd se ouderdom. Dit word voorgestel dat renperde wat deelneem aan wedrenne by laer vlakke van hoogte bo seespieël, meer onderhewig aan longbloeding sal wees. Uit die resultate verkry is dit duidelik dat longbloeding 'n genetiese grondslag het. Dit word voorgestel dat perde wat fisiese simptome van neusbloeding na of gedurende wedrenne toon, geskors word van verdere deelname en ook nie toegelaat word om mee te teel nie. Hierdie maatreëls behoort aanleiding te gee dat relatief vinnige vordering gemaak sal word in die strewe om hierdie ongewenste sindroom in die moderne Volbloed te verminder. Aangetaste hingste, asook die wat aan wedrenne deelgeneem het terwyl hul behandeling ontvang met furosemide, moet nie toegelaat word om te teel en nie as toekomstige teelhingste oorweeg word nie. Die waarde van voorspelde teelwaardes vir longbloeding moet nie onderskat word in seleksie daarteen nie en moet in teelprogamme om die voorkoms daarvan te verminder, oorweeg word.

A retrospective investigation of Thoroughbred racehorses euthanazed as result of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) at four racetracks in Gauteng, South Africa during the period of 1998-2004 was performed. Fifty-five cases of CMI from 103 603 starts were evaluated. The incidence of CMI per 1000 starts was 0.53, similar to the incidence reported worldwide. The affected limb of 32 of 55 horses with a CMI was evaluated radiographically, ultrasonographically and dissected. CMI occurred unilaterally and predominantly in the forelimbs, the left forelimb (LF) being most commonly affected. The suspensory apparatus, particularly the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) was predominantly affected, mostly in the LF. Sixty-nine percent of the PSB fractures occurred biaxially, the medial PSB most commonly affected. PSB fractures were often associated with extensive damage to the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Lateral condylar fractures were more common than medial, and the right forelimb predominantly affected. Significant risk factors for CMI in this study were gender, racing interval, and weight carried. Gender relative to the number of starts had the highest statistical significance (intact males P<0.001 and geldings P=0.010). Intact males were 14.8 times more at risk than females and 5.3 times moreso than geldings. Horses carrying more than 59kg were 3.3 times more at risk of breakdown than horses carrying 54-59kg of weight (P=0.006). Horses with a racing interval of less than one week were approximately three times more at risk than those with longer intervals (P=0.025 and P=0.029 respectively). Statistically insignificant risk factors were racing year, going, distance, racetrack, age, size of field and draw. It is of paramount importance that CMI is strictly monitored and risk factors identified to implement preventative measures to circumvent occurrence of CMI, which may have a negative impact on this important spectator sport. This study provides benchmarks for the racing industry to monitor racetrack fatalities in Gauteng and to evaluate intervention strategies. Copyright
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
unrestricted

Šis reljefas „Arklių lenktynės“ yra skulptoriaus Gedimino Jokūbonio diplominis darbas, sukurtas 1952 m. Dėl netinkamų laikymo sąlygų lauke, gipsinis reljefas buvo blogos būklės. Restauravimo metu darbas nuvalytas, antiseptikuotas, suklijuotas, pagamintas tvirtas metalinis rėmas, atliktas antikorozinis metalo armatūros apdorojimas, atkurtos netektys, sutankintas poringas gipso paviršius.
This relief „Horse race“ is a graduation work by Gediminas Jokūbonis made in 1952. Due to unsuited outside storing conditions the gypsum relief was in bad shape. The artwork was cleaned, antisepted, glued; a strong metal frame added; anti corrosive treatment applied to the metal armature; loses reconstructed; the porous gypsum surface densened.

Strategy is generally considered as one of the most important factors of organizations´ success. However, it can be supposed that this theory is applicable for all sectors. The diploma thesis focused on the perception of strategy, strategic planning cycle and its impact on the particular sports industry. This industry is Thoroughbred horse racing. The field of research was application of management theory in the particular horse racing club, its use and the impact on the clubs´ performance, which could lead to potential implementation of necessary changes. The research was conducted using qualitative approaches. Research was based on two pillar, in-depth interviews and participant observation. This approach increased the validity of the statements thanks the triangulation of sources. The findings discuss that the strategy seems to be unimportant for clubs´ managers, although they significantly work on some parts of the strategic planning cycle. However, this fact do not negatively affect the clubs´ performance. It is therefore desirable but not necessary, to make changes and create the strategy.

Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.

This thesis is concerned with the use of some optimization methods in harness racing. In the first part of the thesis, both critical path method and critical chain method of the project management are applied to horse racing projects. Then a comparison is made in order to choose a suitable method under various conditions. As a result, we can suggest improvements in horse racing organization. In order to determine optimal number of racing days, races and other aspects within a season, an optimization model is created in the second part of the thesis. Minimization of cost or maximization of number of starts can be chosen as an objective function. Various constraints are considered.

La radiculopathie cervicale caudale a été identifiée comme cause de boiterie affectant le membre antérieur chez le cheval. Les affections dégénératives des articulations intervertébrales des processus articulaires entraînent un remodelage périarticulaire pouvant comprimer les racines du nerf spinal ou leur rameau ventral. Les objectifs de l’étude étaient de décrire la réalisation d’injections échoguidées périneurales du rameau ventral des nerfs spinaux cervicaux 7 et 8 (RV7 et RV8), d’évaluer sur des cadavres de chevaux par dissection la diffusion péri-nerveuse d’une solution colorée ainsi que de décrire chez des chevaux sains les signes cliniques associés à une anesthésie périneurale échoguidée du RV7 et RV8 individuellement. Dans l’étude post-mortem, 5 RV7 et 5 RV8 ont été visualisés échographiquement et colorés par une injection de 7 ou 14 ml de solution colorée. Une portion du tronc nerveux a été trouvée coloré pour chaque injection. La coloration était uniforme transversalement sur toute la largeur du nerf et couvrait une longueur supérieure à 2 cm pour 8 RV alors qu’une coloration de la moitié crâniale du RV sur une longueur de moins de 2 cm pour un RV7 et un RV8. L’étude sur cheval sain portait sur 4 chevaux sains sans image radiographique anormale de la colonne cervicale. Six RV7 et 8 RV8 ont été anesthésiés de la Lidocaïne 2% mélangés à du iohexol. Toutes les injections ont entraîné boiterie antérieure ipsilatérale de l’injection. Les boiteries les plus sévères correspondaient à une parésie du nerf suprascapulaire pour RV7 et à une parésie radiale pour RV8. Cette étude a montré qu’il était possible de réaliser une injection périneurale des RV 7 et RV8 chez le cheval et que l’anesthésie tronculaire des deux racines provoque une atteinte motrice essentiellement de la fonction nerveuse. Ces résultats contribuent à mieux comprendre la symptomatologie des compressions nerveuses cervicales chez le cheval
Caudal cervical radiculopathy has been identified as a cause of frontlimb lameness in horses. Degenerative conditions of articular process joint result in periarticular remodeling responsible for compression of spinal nerve roots or their ramus ventralis (RV). The objectives of the study were to describe how to perform perineural RV injection under ultrasonographic guidance, to evaluate on cadaver perineural RV staining after a dye solution injection, as well as describe clinical signs associated with a perineural ultranosonography-guided anesthesia of RV7 and RV8 respectively. In the post-mortem study, the RV of the spinal cervical nerves was visualized in all cadavers. Eight RV had a uniform transversal staining of the nerve trunk that covered longitudinally a distance greater than 2 cm. One C7 and one C8 RV showed incomplete transversal staining with a more concentrated color on its half cranial aspect and a longitudinal coverage of less than 2 cm. The in vivo study included 6 RV7 and 8 RV8 perineural injections of a local anesthetic agent, performed on 4 horses that had no abnormal finding on cervical radiographs. All anesthetic injections (lidocaine 2% and iohexol) resulted in modifications of the locomotion with variable degree of lameness on the ipsilateral frontlimb. Severe lameness was characteristic of a suprascapular paresis for RV7 and a radial paresis for RV8. Mild to moderate lameness on the ipsilateral frontlimb included decreased anterior phase of the stride, intern circumduction of the limb and sometimes stumbling for that same frontlimb. Signs of ataxia on the hindlimbs were encountered for 3 injections. This study showed that it is possible to perform perineural injections of RV7 and RV8 in horses and that perineural anesthesia of RV7 and RV8 results in motor dysfunction. These findings constitute a contribution to understanding clinical signs associated with cervical nerve compression in horses

The growth and development of sport in Co. Tipperary, 1840 to 1880, was promoted and supported by the landed elite and military officer classes. In the instances of cricket, rugby union and association football, the military were the principle agency through which these sports were disseminated among the people of Tipperary. Sporting trends which were fashionable in Great Britain also became evident in Ireland, and by extension, Tipperary. The thesis demonstrates the emergence of these sports at a micro-level in Tipperary and the qualitative research is indicative of the trends by which they became apparent. The degree to which horse racing and hunting to hounds became an integral aspect of the social lives of the elite class is reflected countywide. The associational culture among this class became evident in summer time recreations most notably archery, lawn tennis and cricket. Cricket was the one sport which was quickly diffused throughout the sporting community of Tipperary as it became, in the 1870s, the most prolific team sport in the county and played by all classes. Sport took place without borders and to this end patronage was a key element of this support. There were some notable supporters who gave of their time and money to ensure that the best resources were in place to bring this about. In this respect the 3rd Marquis of Waterford was a leading figure. The thesis clearly shows that sporting diversions continued through the traumatic famine period. As everyday life continued, so too did recreational sport. Hurling remained a part of Tipperary life and the research identifies new sources to demonstrate this. The growth and evolution of sport in Co. Tipperary, 1840-1880, is put into context with comparable studies in Ireland and Great Britain as the Victorian penchant for sport manifested itself in this part of rural Ireland.

Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques
Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities

The role risk taking has played in American history has helped shape current legislation concerning gambling. This thesis attempts to explain the discrepancies in legislation regarding distinct forms of gambling. While casinos are heavily regulated by state and federal laws, most statutes dealing with lotteries strive to regulate the activities of other parties instead of those of the lottery institutions. Incidentally, lotteries are the only form of gambling completely managed by the government. It can be inferred that the United States government is more concerned with people exploiting gambling than with the actual practice of wagering. In an effort to more fully understand the gambling debate, whether it should be allowed or banned, I examined different types of sources. Historical sources demonstrate how ingrained in American culture risk taking, the core of gambling, has been since the formation of this nation. Sources dealing with the economic implications of gambling were also studied. Additionally, sources dealings with the political and legal aspects of gambling were essential for this thesis. Legislature has tried to reconcile distinct problems associated with gambling, including corruption. For this reason sports gambling scandals and Mafia connections to gambling have also been examined. The American government has created much needed legislature to address different concerns relating to gambling. It is apparent that statutes will continue to be passed to help regulate the gambling industry. A possible consideration is the legalization of sports wagering to better regulate that sector of the industry.

Lau Siu Ping.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 44).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Pari-Mutuel System --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Different Types of Betting --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Overview --- p.6
Chapter 2 --- Testing on Tipsters Prediction --- p.8
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Summary Tables on Tipsters Performance --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Tipsters Prediction Vs Random Betting --- p.15
Chapter 3 --- Multinomial Logistic Regression --- p.19
Chapter 3.1 --- Review --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Proposed Models for the Horse Racing --- p.23
Chapter 3.3 --- Simulation and Result --- p.26
Chapter 3.4 --- Comparison between four Models --- p.35
Chapter 3.5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.36
Appendix I --- p.37
Reference --- p.44

Retirement from sport can be a problematic and traumatic experience for athletes. Retirement from professional horse racing can be particularly distressful for jockeys. This thesis describes how former professional jockeys' adjusted to retirement. The participants in the present study were 72 retired jockeys, who had been retired between one and forty-one years. Retired jockeys were examined in relation to physical, mental, and social adjustment to retirement. Adjustment was also assessed for the different forms of retirement, namely, voluntary and involuntary retirement. Adjustment to retirement of involuntarily retired jockeys was also examined according to length of retirement, that is, less than 10 years, between 10 and 20 years, and greater than 20 years. Adjustment to retirement was measured using the Retired Jockeys Questionnaire (Speed et al., 2001). Descriptive analysis indicated that retired jockeys experienced physical health problems (e.g., back, hip, arthritis), and mental problems (e.g., forming an identity outside the racing industry, emotional distress). In addition, jockeys experienced social problems (e.g., losing contact with friends within the racing industry, maintaining a social life within the racing industry). Inferential analysis was used to identify differences between the retirement experiences of voluntarily and involuntarily retired jockeys. In ail cases, jockeys who retired involuntarily reported more health problems than jockeys who retired voluntarily. Specifically, differences between voluntary and involuntary retirees were found for arthritis, F (1,71) = -4.59, p < ,001, d = 1.39, osteoporosis, F (1,71) = -3.74, p < .001, d = .82, immune system, F (1,71) = - 3.73, p < .001, d = .79, and kidney problems, F (1,71) = -3.62, p < .001, d = 0.77. Involuntary retirement was associated with a higher reported level of problems universally. Differences between the voluntary and involuntary retirees were also found for mental health issues, specifically for, identity difficulties leaving the racing industry, F (1,71) = -2.99, p < .004, d = 1.22, and identity opportunities, F (1,71) = -2.31, p < ,024, d = 0.94. Jockeys who retired involuntarily also experienced greater problems with social issues. There was a significant difference between voluntary and involuntary retirees for social support from friends, F (1, 71) = -1.95, p < .001, d = 0.78, social support from family, F (1,71) = -1.85, p < .001, d = 0.74, social support from other jockeys F (1,71) = -2.57, p < .001, d = 1.04, social support from the racing industry I: (1,71) = -3.68, p < .001, d= 1.50, social isolation F (1, 71) = -2.32, p < .001, d = 0.93, and social difficulties with old racing friends F (1,58) = -2.26, p < ,030, d = 0.91. Differences were found between the three groups of involuntarily retired jockeys, for joint problems, F (1, 58) = 2.70, p < .08, R2 = ,081, and back problems, F (1, 58) = 1.20, p = .30, R2 = ,039, showing that those jockeys retired for less than 10 years and those retired more than 20 years reported more problems than those jockeys who had been retired for between 10 and 20 years. There were differences for mental health issues between the three involuntarily retired groups, particularly for those jockeys who had been retired for between 10 and 20 years, who experienced more problems with identity after leaving the racing industry, than those jockeys retired for less than 10 years or greater than 20 years. There were differences between the three retirement groups with respect to social issues, specifically family relationship difficulties, F (I, 58) = 2.90, p < .06, R2 = .089, whereby those jockeys who had been retired for less than 10 years reported experiencing more problems. The results indicate that the type of retirement experience, voluntary or involuntary and the length of involuntary retirement had an influence on the adjustment to retirement for jockeys. Implications for professional and applied work in the area of career termination are discussed, and suggestions are made regarding future research on career transitions from sport.

Retirement from sport can be a problematic and traumatic experience for athletes. Retirement from professional horse racing can be particularly distressful for jockeys. This thesis describes how former professional jockeys' adjusted to retirement. The participants in the present study were 72 retired jockeys, who had been retired between one and forty-one years. Retired jockeys were examined in relation to physical, mental, and social adjustment to retirement. Adjustment was also assessed for the different forms of retirement, namely, voluntary and involuntary retirement. Adjustment to retirement of involuntarily retired jockeys was also examined according to length of retirement, that is, less than 10 years, between 10 and 20 years, and greater than 20 years. Adjustment to retirement was measured using the Retired Jockeys Questionnaire (Speed et al., 2001). Descriptive analysis indicated that retired jockeys experienced physical health problems (e.g., back, hip, arthritis), and mental problems (e.g., forming an identity outside the racing industry, emotional distress). In addition, jockeys experienced social problems (e.g., losing contact with friends within the racing industry, maintaining a social life within the racing industry). Inferential analysis was used to identify differences between the retirement experiences of voluntarily and involuntarily retired jockeys. In ail cases, jockeys who retired involuntarily reported more health problems than jockeys who retired voluntarily. Specifically, differences between voluntary and involuntary retirees were found for arthritis, F (1,71) = -4.59, p < ,001, d = 1.39, osteoporosis, F (1,71) = -3.74, p < .001, d = .82, immune system, F (1,71) = - 3.73, p < .001, d = .79, and kidney problems, F (1,71) = -3.62, p < .001, d = 0.77. Involuntary retirement was associated with a higher reported level of problems universally. Differences between the voluntary and involuntary retirees were also found for mental health issues, specifically for, identity difficulties leaving the racing industry, F (1,71) = -2.99, p < .004, d = 1.22, and identity opportunities, F (1,71) = -2.31, p < ,024, d = 0.94. Jockeys who retired involuntarily also experienced greater problems with social issues. There was a significant difference between voluntary and involuntary retirees for social support from friends, F (1, 71) = -1.95, p < .001, d = 0.78, social support from family, F (1,71) = -1.85, p < .001, d = 0.74, social support from other jockeys F (1,71) = -2.57, p < .001, d = 1.04, social support from the racing industry I: (1,71) = -3.68, p < .001, d= 1.50, social isolation F (1, 71) = -2.32, p < .001, d = 0.93, and social difficulties with old racing friends F (1,58) = -2.26, p < ,030, d = 0.91. Differences were found between the three groups of involuntarily retired jockeys, for joint problems, F (1, 58) = 2.70, p < .08, R2 = ,081, and back problems, F (1, 58) = 1.20, p = .30, R2 = ,039, showing that those jockeys retired for less than 10 years and those retired more than 20 years reported more problems than those jockeys who had been retired for between 10 and 20 years. There were differences for mental health issues between the three involuntarily retired groups, particularly for those jockeys who had been retired for between 10 and 20 years, who experienced more problems with identity after leaving the racing industry, than those jockeys retired for less than 10 years or greater than 20 years. There were differences between the three retirement groups with respect to social issues, specifically family relationship difficulties, F (I, 58) = 2.90, p < .06, R2 = .089, whereby those jockeys who had been retired for less than 10 years reported experiencing more problems. The results indicate that the type of retirement experience, voluntary or involuntary and the length of involuntary retirement had an influence on the adjustment to retirement for jockeys. Implications for professional and applied work in the area of career termination are discussed, and suggestions are made regarding future research on career transitions from sport.

This thesis is the first substantive analysis of unregistered proprietary horse racing (or pony racing, as it was popularly known) in Sydney, an extremely popular form of the sport conducted weekly or more frequently between 1888 and 1942. However, a number of researchers working on its periphery have contributed commentary and judgements to a discourse on it that has existed since the establishment of the Sydney Turf Club (STC) in 1943. Their writings have created an orthodox view of the sport that suggests inter alia it was a cultural expression of a ‘needy and greedy’ element of the working class and that its constituency was excluded from that of the racing of the Establishment, conducted by the Australian Jockey Club (AJC). This orthodoxy also holds unregistered racing was subject to endemic corruption, haphazardly conducted, inexpensive to attend, provided poor money and was in general a burlesque of AJC racing. The thesis engages this discourse and tests the tenets of the orthodoxy through examination or re-examination of relevant primary sources, including parliamentary papers, contemporary newspapers and journals, race books and other documents, administrative records, photographs, and the memoirs and transcripts of oral history provided by human participants.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Xiong, Liying.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leave 34).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Hong Kong Horse Racing Market and Models in Horse Racing --- p.3
Chapter 2.1 --- Hong Kong Horse Racing Market --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Models in Horse Racing --- p.5
Chapter 3 --- Probit Regression Model Incorporating with Public Estimates --- p.9
Chapter 3.1 --- Estimation under No Particular Conditions --- p.10
Chapter 3.2 --- Estimators under Particular Condition --- p.15
Chapter 4 --- Prediction and Testing --- p.23
Chapter 4.1 --- Prediction of Win Probability --- p.24
Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.32
Bibliography --- p.34

碩士
國立成功大學
歷史學系碩博士班
98
Through undergoing Industrial Revolution in 18th century, British were devoted to the overseas expansion for the raw materials and marketing; therefore began the safari and emigration. In the mid-19th century, because of the coming of the British, people in the East Asia Area encountered with the British culture. In 1860, the British established the Concession at Tianjin according to the Convention of Peking between Qing and British Empire after defeating the late Qing Authority. Therefore, some British emigrated into the Concession at Tianjin, and introduced the Horse Racing into this Northern China city. After 1886, Detring（1842-1913）, the chairman of British Concession at Tianjin, propagated Horse Racing and made it popular among the foreigners in Tianjin Concessions though the Chinese people were prohibited from the Racing Club. In 1925, May 30th Movement made a great impact on the Sino-British relation; the Tientsin Racing Club therefore was partially opened for high-class Chinese people. Horse Racing involving gambling was more popular among Chinese of Tianjin, which brought them a hope of becoming wealthy; however, it caused some social problems, such as people tend to opportunistic, family bankruptcy, and so on. British Horse Racing affected Jai Alai of Italy Concession at Tianjin as well, which contributed to the harmful climate of prevailing gambling activities. Japan invaded China in 1937, concurrently dominated the Foreign Concessions at Tianjin, and took over the Tientsin Racing Club in 1941.

碩士
輔仁大學
資訊管理學系
98
Horse Racing is an equestrian sports that a man riding on the horse. Which have been popular in different countries all over the world, including the earliest origins of the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong and Macao. Horse Racing seems became a worldwide sport. In Asia, horse racing in Hong Kong is more familiar to the general public. Therefore, this article is mainly based on analysis Hong Kong’s horse racing industry. Gene Expression Programming is a new algorithm by combined all the advantages of both Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming method. Its linear fixed-length coding, and flexible tree structure, not only can handle the complex issues, it also can enable a better answer. This paper used Gene Expression Programming theory provided by Candida Ferreira in 2001 as a predictive model of the modeling tools replace the statistical analysis and applied to predict the results of the competition of horse racing. It deals with problems of predict horse racing results through the basic Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and (GEP-RNC) these two Gene coding model. From the experiment of this study, the results shows: it could evolve a model on average three to five minutes and five to six seconds would evolve the forecast results. It has good stability, fast convergence, which means that GEP can be used in a large data volume and the situations that need to get the answers quickly. This study focuses on the 10 projects of horse racing as the relevant variables; using the 1:300 proportion of the training data; acceded the timeliness of analysis data and confined the analysis data within four years. We set experiments based on it and also adjust the parameter mutation rate, population size appropriate and increase the usability of function. Then the results showed that the average win rate on forecast was 60%, the odds of horse-race betting are 4.3 times higher than the average. This study also presents systematic horse-race betting techniques. These strategies are developed by diagnosing sample pools of race odds. Through analytical betting combination, returns received from each race outcome are most appropriate.

Law Shun-ying, Shirley.
Thesis submitted in: June 2003.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-138).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
List of Tables --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.vi
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- The Hong Kong Jockey Club --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- History of Sand Mesh System in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Problems Encountered in Track Maintenance --- p.3
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF STUDY
Chapter 2.1 --- Sand and Sand Mesh Systems --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- The Basic Components of a Turf Track System --- p.11
Chapter 2.3 --- Track Characteristics --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Hardness --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Stability --- p.17
Chapter 2.4 --- Problems Encountered in Sand Mesh Systems --- p.20
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Maturity of sand mesh system --- p.20
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Surface instability in the early years after construction --- p.22
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Shading of sections of the Happy Valley track --- p.24
Chapter 2.5 --- Objectives of Study --- p.26
Chapter 2.6 --- Hypothesis of Study --- p.26
Chapter 2.7 --- Significance of Study --- p.27
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3.1 --- Components of a Turf Track --- p.28
Chapter 3.2 --- Age Development in Sand Based Turf --- p.30
Chapter 3.3 --- Surface Stability of Sand Rootzone --- p.32
Chapter 3.4 --- Physical Properties and Botanical Cmposition --- p.34
Chapter 3.5 --- Significance of Macropores --- p.42
Chapter 3.6 --- Water Retention --- p.43
Chapter 3.7 --- Ideal Sand Medium --- p.45
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY
Chapter 4.1 --- Study Site --- p.46
Chapter 4.2 --- Sampling Period
Chapter 4.2.1 --- "September, after the commencement of first race" --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Mid-December to January --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.3 --- April --- p.52
Chapter 4.2.4 --- "June, before the on-set of summer renovation" --- p.52
Chapter 4.3 --- Sampling Method --- p.53
Chapter 4.4 --- Physical Qualities of Sand
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Moisture release characteristics --- p.54
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Saturated hydraulic conductivity --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity --- p.59
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Oxygen diffusion rates --- p.62
Chapter 4.5 --- Grass Bio grass
Chapter 4.5.1 --- "Topgrowth, stolons and roots" --- p.63
Chapter 4.6 --- Performance Indicator
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Track hardness --- p.65
Chapter 4.6.2 --- Shear strength --- p.67
Chapter 4.6.3 --- Divot assessment --- p.68
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND PROFILE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Chapter 5.1 --- Performance Indicators
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Race times --- p.71
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Shear strength --- p.73
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Vertical penetration resistance and hardness --- p.77
Chapter 5.2 --- Analysis of Physical Properties of Sand
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Moisture release characteristics
Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Age and moisture release curves (MRC) in Shatin Turf Track --- p.80
Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- MRC and profile design in Happy Valley Old and New Sections --- p.83
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Hydraulic conductivity in Shatin --- p.85
Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Hydraulic conductivity in Happy Valley --- p.87
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Oxygen diffusion rates
Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- ODR and profile age in Shatin --- p.90
Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- ODR and profile design in Happy Valley --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Grass biomass
Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Biomass and variation in profile age in Shatin --- p.92
Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Biomass and variation in profile design in Happy Valley --- p.93
Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Biomass and the effect of shade in Happy Valley --- p.93
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Track hardness
Chapter 5.2.5.1 --- Track hardness and variation in profile age in Shatin --- p.94
Chapter 5.2.5.2 --- Track hardness and variation in profile design in Happy Valley --- p.96
Chapter 5.2.6 --- Shear strength
Chapter 5.2.6.1 --- Shear strength and variation of profile age in Shatin --- p.98
Chapter 5.2.6.2 --- Track hardness and variation in profile design in Happy Valley --- p.99
Chapter 5.3 --- Correlation between Soil Physical Properties and Performance index
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Correlation between soil physical properties and shear strength value --- p.100
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Correlation between soil physical properties and surface hardness --- p.101
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.118
Chapter 6.2 --- Implications of Study
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Target levels of performance indicators --- p.120
Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- Surface strength target level --- p.121
Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Surface hardness target level --- p.122
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Turf management and cultural practice implications
Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Effect of aging and variations of profile age in Shatin --- p.123
Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Effect of different profile design in Happy Valley --- p.125
Chapter 6.2.2.3 --- Effect of shading in Happy Valley --- p.126
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Construction material and design --- p.126
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Managing user intensity --- p.127
Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of Study --- p.128
Chapter 6.4 --- Further Studies
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Shear strength tester --- p.129
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Maximum life of sand mesh profile --- p.129
Chapter 6.4.3 --- Problems with newly constructed profile --- p.130

Cheung Man-Yuen.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-40).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Rank Regression --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Clustering --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Modeling of the ranked data --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Application in Horse Racing data --- p.4
Chapter 2 --- Semi-Parametric Regression Model --- p.7
Chapter 2.1 --- Review --- p.7
Chapter 2.2 --- Parameter Estimation --- p.9
Chapter 3 --- Random Effects --- p.11
Chapter 3.1 --- Definition --- p.11
Chapter 3.1.1 --- A Simple Estimation Algorithm --- p.13
Chapter 3.2 --- Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm for Simulating Random Effects --- p.14
Chapter 3.3 --- EM Algorithms for Maximizing the Likelihood --- p.16
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Stochastic EM Algorithm --- p.17
Chapter 3.3.2 --- MCEM Algorithm --- p.18
Chapter 4 --- Application --- p.20
Chapter 4.1 --- Fundamental Variables and Variable Selection --- p.21
Chapter 4.2 --- Simulation Results --- p.23
Chapter 4.3 --- Betting Strategies and Comparisons --- p.25
Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Further Studies --- p.29
Appendix --- p.31
Bibliograply --- p.35

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
97
The goal of our research is to analysis the participants'' attitude toward the development of horse racing betting in Taiwan. The participants of this research are members of the Equestrian Association of the Republic of China. After reviewing the articles, we used questionnaire survey and deep interviews as research methods. The analyzed results show as below: On the aspect of cognition, our participants, the members of horse related community, have better knowledge about horse racing betting activities. They think that allowing horse racing can be beneficial to the running of race courses. Also, they concern all the horse related activities and reports. However, they have inconsistent views that whether betting on the horse racing is a gambling activity or not. On the aspect of attitude, they consider horse racing betting as a proper leizure activity and it is distinct from other gamblings. They do not agree that horse racing activities will damage the welfare of horses. Furthermore, they disagree that allowing horse racing betting will do harm to the social values. They think that if the horse racing betting campaign fails, the ineffectiveness of government management should be blamed. They endorse that Taiwan should allow this activity. On the aspect of action, the participants agree that we should develop the horse racing betting by promoting horse riding activities. They will invest more and the level of horse related industries will be elevated if the activity is allowed. However, they have inconsistent opinions on whether the punters will be satisfied or not when the ratio of bets and rewards is 75% and whether the enterance fee is free or not in order to promote horse racing activities. On the aspect of legislation, the participants agree that having the completed laws is the most important thing if allowing horse racing betting. So far, there are only ranch related laws to follow, which are not appropriate for the race course. Therefore, the authority concerned should plan a set of reasonable laws and rules for the race course. The participants also agree that it is a workable way to apply the race course as a leisure farm based on the “casual approach to agricultural management”. If the race course can do well on the environment management, it can be established in the city. On the aspect of management, the participants agree that instead of price controlling, the management of horse racing betting should limit the monopolist by restriction of interest rate return. The ideas are not consistent that if the horse racing betting industries should be state-run or not. They are not consentient about selling the rights of horse racing betting to the bidder of the highest prices. Through the research and analyses, our suggestion may be useful for the development of horse racing betting

Inflammatory Airway Disease has been reported in young racehorses worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airway inflammation in an actively racing population of horses and to describe and quantify the degree of lung lesions in this population of horses. The Ontario Death Registry program provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the lungs of actively racing horses that died or were euthanized due to catastrophic injuries while racing or training. Lung sections of 95 horses were included in the study and evaluated using a previously validated histological airway scoring system. Additionally, staining with Toluidine blue and immunohistochemical labeling was performed on a subset of horses to further characterize the inflammation. Inflammatory cell infiltration, smooth muscle hyperplasia and hemosiderin were commonly found. The airway lesion scores were significantly higher in the caudal and dorsal sections of the lungs than in other areas. There was no correlation between the individual scores and either breed, sex, age, cause of death or performance index. The inflammatory and smooth muscle scores were normally distributed and the hemosiderin score was not. The inflammatory cell infiltration was composed of mononuclear cells, with increased number of mast cells and eosinophils in 3/20 and 12/95 horses respectively. Immunohistochemical labeling showed the inflammation around the airway to be composed of 41.0% CD3-positive T cells and 5.8% CD79a-positive B cells. In addition to the airway findings, inflammatory cell aggregates were observed around the pulmonary blood vessels and in the alveolar septa in 67/95 and 71/95 horses respectively. In conclusion, this study provides a histologic evaluation of a population of actively racing horses in which airway inflammation is a common finding.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
臺灣史研究所
107
Recreational activities are a comparison of necessary physiological behaviors, such as sleeping and eating, as well as compulsory behaviors, such as working and studying. Most of the recreational activities are carried out in the spare time, and they can help to relieve people’s physical and mental stress and restore their energy. As one of these recreational activities, except for the offshore islands, horse racing activities were held throughout the main island of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period. For Japanese military, Taiwan is a very important base for the South Forward Policy. Japan encouraged horse breeding in Taiwan in order to produce horses that can withstand hot weather in the south. Spreading the idea of horse affairs was the most important reason for horse racing in Taiwan, and it also allowed people to better know the breed as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the horses. Through participating in horse racing and purchasing betting tickets, people were involved in the national defense indirectly. Therefore, Taiwan's horse racing became a special recreational activity that pulled people into the war. Taipei area was the birthplace of Taiwan’s horse racing. In 1928, the first horse racing was held in Taipei. Since then, people were addicted to the horse racing every year. Taipei was Taiwan's political and economic center during the Japanese colonial period, men and women of different ages from Japanese and Taiwanese were very enthusiastic about horse racing. As time went by, the numbers of horse racing spectators increased and so did the sales amounts. In the spring horse racing of 1941, Taipei’s horse racing became the top sales in Taiwan, and clearly shown the idea of horse affairs was most popular in Taipei. Therefore, this thesis discusses the military, industrial, leisure, and ethical issues brought by horse racing from 1928, the nascent period of Taipei’s horse racing to 1943, the last year before the war ended.

碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
103
Horse racing is one of the most historical sports and recreational entertainment in the word, notwithstanding the related wagering.　Following by the development of technology, humanitarianism and the commercialization of pari-mutual wagering activities foster the emergence of immense legal issues of it, e. g., the question about safety and integrity of the industry, and the use of drugs. To enhance and prolong the development of horse racing, the indivisible regulations over the horse racing industry, which includes both the governmental regulations and the internal bylaws of the autonomous organizations of the industry. This article is intending to refer mainly the empirical data of the horse racing industry of America. Firstly, to introduce alone the American racing history from seventeenth century till now, the related legal, e. g., issues on drugs, and its consequent responsibility rules; and to discuss the impact of internal bylaws of the organizations of which spontaneously and voluntarily took actions. Secondly, to evaluate the consequence of the operation of the industry. As for the legal issues of horse racing industry, there exist state regulations and federal bills, and the bylaws promulgated by the state racing authorities. On the other hand, non-profit or not, racing-related and well-functioning organizations or groups managed to deal with the issues and the problems mainly describe above through the internal rules. With the above study a tentative reflection over the possible horse racing industry Taiwan and its regarding scheme is provided as part of the conclusion.

The significance of horse in the life and culture of the nomadic societies is a well-known fact. A large part of Mongolian oral traditions and folklore is related to horses. But the horse plays an important role in the oral tradition of sedentary peoples of Europe as well. The diploma thesis is based on field research, written sources and existing sources of folklore of Mongolia and Eastern Slovakia, where the traditional horse breeding still continues to exist. The aim of the thesis is to outline Mongolian perception of the world and the bond between the Mongol and nature through the description of the relationship between man and horse, which is compared with non-nomadic, sedentary culture of the Eastern Slovakia.