Journal articles on the topic 'HoReCa market'

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of marketing activities in the field of logistics of the hotel and restaurant business, which is the most essential element in merchandise distribution in HoReCa markets. The author finds out that material flows of goods in HoReCa markets are divided into two relatively independent subgroups, which differ both in time and content characteristics, and in marketing tools which are used: commodity and material and technical support of enterprises of hotel and restaurant profile (sale points) and distribution of goods and services by sale points themselves. HoReCa product market is specific in the aspect of the structure of product groups, which include B2B products (business to business), goods for resale without surplus value, semi-finished products and food products which are modified with concurrent surplus value in the production process. An important feature of merchandise distribution in HoReCa markets is that the consumption of a hotel and restaurant product takes place directly at the sale points in contrast to retail trade businesses. The analysis of the volume, dynamics and structure of HoReCa markets at different levels shows that the essential point of marketing activities of HoReCa market participants is the choice of commodities and suppliers, establishing communications with suppliers, substantiating price decisions in the procurement of goods. Other elements of the marketing complex for the hospitality industry in HoReCa markets can be characterized as limited ones. The paper reveals that one of the most significant issues on the way of introducing the Crimean hotel and restaurant service to the modern level is its underdevelopment and poor structuring of the Crimean HoReCa market. So, the main direction of improving the marketing component in the HoReCa market is establishing and using communications for supplying goods and materials by leading Russian and international companies representing themselves as specialized participants in the HoReCa market. The obtained results can be used for subsequent research of markets of HoReCa goods in trade, including ways to improve the efficiency of trade by regulating the flow of goods and methods of promoting goods.

The article is devoted to the research of local determinants of HoReCa sphere subject economic behavior in the wholesale markets of agricultural production under hospitality sphere globalization in Ukraine. The authors generalized the key provisions of consumer market behavior theories and its formation factors in HoReCa sphere. The peculiarities of agricultural wholesale market functioning are defined and the competitive surrounding of wholesale food market in western region of Ukraine is characterized. Main principles of business organization in HoReCa sphere are studied; the impact of globalization and foreign economic activity vectors on this sphere internationalization is outlined. The results of research project made by the authors are given, which was aimed at examining motives and peculiarities of HoReCa customers market behavior when wholesale purchasing agricultural production for their own business. The research was conducted on the basis of “Shuvar” market of agricultural production Ltd. - the largest in Western Ukraine wholesale agricultural market. It consists of several specialized food halls, including HoReCa centre. The structure of HoReCa establishments, that are “Shuvar” wholesale market clients, is analyzed. The factors influencing their managers’ decisions, concerning purchase assortment, its frequency, the most convenient time of goods delivery, are investigated. The evaluation of significance degree of certain products purchase, including price, products homogeneity, their constant availability, exclusiveness, is received. HoReCa sphere subjects’ wishes were studied, concerning purchase information support in the wholesale market, for service quality improvement.

PT XYZ is one of agribusiness companies which offers horticultural products in Indonesia which are considered as eco-profit and low-pesticide-based-products. The purpose of this research is to describe and improve the business model of PT XYZ based on the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach and SWOT analysis then the analysis is carried out the preparation of a new business model prototype for PT XYZ. This study utilizes structured interviews assisted with questionnaire instruments as data collection procedures and both Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach and identification of SWOT as research methodology. The results of the SWOT analysis on nine elements of Business Model Canvas (BMC) show that there are internal and external factors that become strengths and weaknesses for the company in carrying out its business model and also what opportunities and threats from external factors affect PT XYZ's business processes are. The SWOT identification results then used as background to formulate a new business improvement model. Improvement of PT XYZ's business model is aims to streamline production in satisfying the demand of Horeca (Hotel, Restaurant, Catering) customers. In supporting expansion of PT XYZ by having effective and efficient business model, the improvements that need to be done are escalating production management, doing production forecast, creating and socializing SOPs to farmers as the main partner, enhancing offline promotion by joining events held by Horeca (Hotel, Restaurant, Catering) events and dividing customer segment into three segments by sorting them based on priority which are Horeca (Hotel, Restaurant, Catering) as the first market segment, modern markets as the second market segment, and traditional market as the third market segment.

The paper discusses the ways to enhance the personnel management efficiency in hotel and restaurant business by suggesting an integrated method of traditional personnel management and new strategies and techniques affecting the employee motivation in the hotel and restaurant sector. The relevance and the need to implement the key personnel management tools in the hotel and restaurant business to increase its competitiveness in the services market have been grounded. It has been estimated that human resources management in the hotel and restaurant business employs a range of methods and managerial decisions which directly affect the overall business processes arrangements for hospitality industry personnel to attain the organizational objectives through ensuring high service quality. During the study, the following research methods have been applied: analysis and synthesis – to identify the strengths and weaknesses of personnel management methods and styles in the hotel and restaurant business; a method of statistical observations – to analyze the HoReCa hospitality industry development indices. Based on the study of best practices of HoReCa world market leaders, the most effective management styles have been identified. It is argued that successful and efficient use of primary, fundamental theoretical concepts in the personnel management context will facilitate further economic development and business stability under market uncertainty and volatility. Evidence is provided that the modern personnel management process in the hotel and restaurant business accumulates the major research findings on employee management and a set of contemporary mechanisms associated with their interaction, promoting creativity of staff, integration of efforts to achieve the goals set. Proactive employee-management interaction proves to be a positive indicator of hotel or restaurant effective performance.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a survey-based study performed on Italian SMEs in the “hotel, restaurant, café” (HORECA) sector, aimed at investigating the relationship between pro-environmental strategies and competitiveness and how such strategies can be exploited to outperform competitors. Design/methodology/approach The survey involved 317 Italian SMEs. Regression models have been developed to analyze the causal relationship between three dimensions of competitiveness (competitive advantage over competitors, customer satisfaction and employees’ motivation), and environmental practices that can be adopted by HORECA SMEs. Findings Top management commitment emerges as a key driver of competitiveness, confirming the strategic relevance of a sound approach to sustainability also in SMEs operating in the tourism sector. Moreover, actions aimed at investing in green food products (e.g. organic food) and awareness campaigns emerge as strong predictors of good business performance. Finally, at managerial level, entrepreneurs and owners evaluate the implementation of internal sustainability monitoring systems as a relevant support to increase their competitive performance. Research limitations/implications Since the results are limited to Italian HORECA businesses, a cross-country comparison could represent a potential improvement of the research. Moreover, since the sector is characterized by the predominance of small and micro firms, specific attention should be devoted to the role played by entrepreneurs’ personal values in shaping business strategies. Originality/value The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the relationship between SMEs in the tourism sector and the environmental dimension analyzing the link between the adoption of “green” practices and the competitive performance. The results suggest that customer involvement represents an essential pre-requisite to turn sustainability into an opportunity of market distinctiveness and stress the strategic role of the implementation of performance monitoring systems.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the meat market in Poland. The meat market is an important part of the Polish economy. Production of slaughter animals (pork, beef and poultry) accounts for over 1/3 of agricultural commodity production, and the meat industry (red meat and poultry) is the largest branch of food processing. The COVID-19 pandemic, which also reached Poland, did not significantly shake this market. A sign of the introduced restrictions in social and economic life was a short-term massive purchase of food with an extended shelf life. Lockdown slightly changed the eating and shopping habits of Poles. In the first half of 2020, exports of beef and poultry decreased by 3-5%, and exports of pork decreased by 28% compared to the first half of 2019. The meat market continued to struggle with African Swine Fever (ASF) and, in addition, with bird flu. The HoReCa segment was the most affected part of the market.

The COVID-19 pandemic has set new challenges for the HoReCa industry. Lockdowns have coincided with and strongly impacted the industrial transformation processes that have been taking place for a decade. Among the most important HoReCa transition processes are those related to the rapid growth of the delivery-food market and ordering meals via internet platforms. The new delivery-food market requires not only the development of specific distribution channels, but also the introduction of appropriate, very specific food packaging. Food packaging and its functionality are defined by the administrative requirements and standards applicable to materials that have contact with food and principally through the prism of the ecological disaster caused by enormous amounts of plastic waste, mainly attributed to the food packaging. To meet environmental and administrative requirements, new technologies to produce food packaging materials are emerging, ensuring product functionality, low environmental impact, biodegradability, and potential for composting of the final product. However, predominantly, the obtained product should keep the nutritional value of food and protect it against changes in color or shape. Current social transformation has a significant impact on the food packaging sector, on one hand creating a new lifestyle for society all over the world, and on the other, a growing awareness of the negative impact of humans on the environment and increasing responsibility for the planet. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to develop a circular economy based on the paradigm of shortening distribution channels, using local raw materials, limiting the consumption of raw materials, energy, water, and above all, minimizing waste production throughout the life cycle of products, all of which are in line with the idea of low-carbon development.

This article studies the impact of the economic recession, labor market deregulation and social security reforms on the level of non-compliance in Greece. It examines the theoretical framework of non-compliance in post-industrial economies, as well as the design of social security systems in preventing contribution evasion. To assess the evolution of non-compliance, especially under conditions of crisis, we examine the results of the INE-GSEE survey on the HORECA sector. According toour research findings, employers follow non-compliant practices in order to maximize their profits, taking advantage of the precariousness of workers, whereas workers accept or collude with non-compliance as a survival tactic within a highly competitive environment. Non-compliance in the Greek labour market appears to be a multi-factor phenomenon that cannot be explained exclusively in terms of a unique perspective.

Для большинства направлений бизнеса, необходимо обладать инструментом прогнозирования конечного спроса на предлагаемые товары и услуги. Это дает дополнительные возможности для обоснованного планирования логистики, для производственных программ на протяженный горизонт, для найма персонала, для строительства или приобретения B&M инфраструктуры, для закупок в сфере услуг, закупок лекарств в сфере оказания медицинских услуг, в сегмент HORECA. Предлагаемый в работе математический аппарат позволит вести любую коммерческую деятельность с опорой на достоверные оценки будущих рыночных потребностей. При разработке математической модели учитывалось, что непосредственные сделки с конечным потребителем происходят после прохождения продуктом длинной цепи производителей и посредников. При этом каждое из звеньев данной цепи обладает временным лагом. Результаты исследования могут применяться на практике менеджерами различного уровня.[1] Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках научного проекта №20-014-00029 For most business areas, it is necessary to have a tool to forecast the final demand for the goods and services offered. This provides additional opportunities for sound logistics planning, for production programs over a long period of time, for hiring HR, for building or purchasing B&M infrastructure, for service procurement, for purchasing medicines in the medical service sector, and for the HORECA segment. The proposed in the paper mathematical apparatus will enable any commercial activity to be conducted on the basis of reliable estimates of future market needs. The mathematical model takes into account that direct transactions with final users take place after a product has passed through a long chain of manufacturers and intermediaries. Moreover, every link of this chain has a time lag. The results of this research can be implemented in practice by managers at various levels.

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the work is the issue related to making investment decisions on the Polish market of café services in Warsaw. The work contains a theoretical and an empirical part. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of different ways of running a café in the form of creating your own brand, a network café franchise or cooperation based on an agency agreement. Materials and methods: The work was based on the problem literature, materials made available by companies offering cooperation in the cafeteria industry and reports from a research company regarding the HoReCa market. A prospective ex-ante analysis has been given the form of a business plan for a newly created coffee shop. Results: The basics of creating a new enterprise were discussed and the undertaking was characterized taking into account the location, competition, employment plan, marketing and risk assessment. A SWOT analysis and financial forecasts were prepared, taking into account capital expenditures, demand forecast, revenues, costs and margins, as well as the analysis of other financial parameters. Conclusions: Available business models offer the investor a wide range of investment options. The choice of a business model depends both on the investor’s expectations and its proneness to risk taking as well as on the location of the planned undertaking.

Abstract Tourism is one of the consistent branches of the national economy, which can ensure some concrete results and a tailor-made contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product. The tourism industry is also called invisible trade in the sense that, although it does not export goods and services, by practicing it, by developing it, it ensures consistent revenues to the state budget, but also ensures the possibility of increasing Gross Domestic Product. Analysing the current situation of the health and economic-financial crisis, it is found that in 2020 HoReCa, the tourism industry, complementary services have decreased alarmingly. Against this background, tourism has reduced its contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, which can lead to an even greater decrease. Investments in tourism are eroding. There is no possibility of refinancing despite support measures provided by the authorities. We say in spite of some measures granted because the postponement of some payments, the postponement of some credits, the transition to technical unemployment and others will be coupled later with other measures with almost devastating effect for the Romanian economy. Thus, many jobs will be lost. On the other hand, tourism companies will not be able to move from technical unemployment to normal activity and give a minimum of six months to those in this situation. The tourist market practically does not exist because there are only sequential possibilities in which it takes place, but especially under the rule of business activities, which are also considered tourist activities. The tourist activity materialized through arrivals, overnight stays, arrivals and departures has decreased steadily and this result mainly from the data subject to the study we mentioned. It is necessary to interpret these data and possibly find ways to recover.

The article is devoted to the generalization of the design features of visual communication of hospitality brands. Visual communications is a separate field of design, which began to take shape in the 1950s. Its purpose was to study a set of problems related to the interaction of the system "man - environment", designed to organize spatial content. Visual communications of design have become an important component of the modern consumer market, finding its expression not only in advertising, but also in the image of the seller and the product itself. Visual communications have become a link between design, science and economics. Based on the results of the study, the authors analyzed the impact of visual communication design on the branding process in the HoReCa segment. The share of perception through visual images, signs, systems is incredibly large, and the formation of proper visual communication based on basic principles of perception, relevant images and associations helps to create a correct, comfortable and cost-effective space for promoting goods and services, including hotel and restaurant segment. The authors propose a classification of design elements of visual communication in the field of hospitality. There are three main time stages of design in the structure of brand design in the hospitality industry. The article identifies the features of the design of visual communication for the hotel and restaurant business. Elements of the brand, embodied in the design, form a system of visual communications, which begin to perform the functions assigned to them by corporate and marketing strategy. Objects that are visually perceived are less likely to cause hostility and more likely to form positive associations, which leads to better assimilation of information and memory, which is an important element in shaping consumer loyalty in the hospitality industry.

The three odes written in greater asclepiad verse by Horace have a moralizing tone. This meter, with its marked diaereses after the sixth and tenth syllabes, favors exhortative and gnomicexpressions. In ode I 11, Horace explores asclepiad’s metrical characteristics selecting to each part of the verses words and expressions suitable to the rhythmic impression of the tripartite structure.Horace choses his words, rhythms, and images consciously and with great care.

Covid-19 has implications on the overall operation of Macedonian wineries and directly affected the decline in domestic sales and export to international markets. The HORECA sector stopped working completely or partially in all countries. The crisis affected the partial or total cuts of marketing costs, by postponing or cancelling planned projects. The wineries failed to sell the planned quantities and were forced to make significantly lower purchases for the 2020 harvest than in previous years. The paper presents a large number of data received from the Association Wines of Macedonia, Customs Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy of the Republic of North Macedonia, State Inspectorate for Agriculture, Internet articles containing topics relevant to the research. The additional data presented were collected from Macedonian wineries through a questionnaire on operations during the corona crisis. This paper provides an overview of the problems faced by Macedonian wineries during the corona crisis in terms of marketing and sales, primarily in international markets and analyzes the declined average price and reduced investment in marketing.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">The three odes written in greater asclepiad verse by Horace have a moralizing tone. This meter, </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">with its marked diaereses after the sixth and tenth syllabes, favors exhortative and gnomic</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">expressions. In ode I 11, Horace explores asclepiad’s metrical characteristics selecting to each part </span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">of the verses words and expressions suitable to the rhythmic impression of the tripartite structure.</span><span style="font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;" lang="EN-US">Horace choses his words, rhythms, and images consciously and with great care.</span></p>

The Chinese spirit baijiu is currently the world’s bestselling spirit, with more than ten billion liters sold in 2018. This is a figure that puts its sales higher than whiskey, vodka, gin, and tequila combined. The multitude of baijiu varieties available in the market differ in several ways ranging from aging to the traditional artisanship involved in producing the final spirit to several other features, including the rarity of the bottle. A result of these differences is a wide distribution of prices for the various baijiu products. Consequently, a single bottle of baijiu can cost anywhere from a few dollars, up to thousands of US dollars. The price differences among the various baijiu spirits necessitate the existence of reliable scientific methods that can efficiently differentiate and authenticate the qualities of baijiu spirits. In addition, the existence of such methods facilitates the prevention of counterfeit sales of the final product. Considering this, we introduce an analytical chemistry method that distinguishes amongst different baijiu spirits based on fluorescence spectroscopy. Its attributes include the low cost and convenience that allows analysis either before or while the spirit is in the market. Our work herein focuses on the analysis of thirty different varieties of baijiu spirits from six different distilleries from East Asia and North America by fluorescence emission spectroscopy, which is associated to the price of the product. For the analysis, we employed a HORIBA FLUOROLOG 3 (HORIBA—Jobin Yvon) spectrometer. Major advantages of this method include the low cost, as no consumables except a quartz reusable cuvette are required, the minimal waste, and finally the quick processing of data.

This article is the third of three on “Sources of Authority in Education.” All use the work of Amy Gutmann as a heuristic device to describe and explain the prevalence of market-based models of education reform in the US and the business-influenced Global Education Reform Movement. The other two are “Negating Amy Gutmann: Deliberative Democracy, Business Influence and Segmentation Strategies in Education” and “Neoliberalism and Four Spheres of Authority in American Education: Business, Class, Stratification and Intimations of Marketization.” All three are intended to be included together as chapters of my Democratic Education and Markets: Segmentation, Privatization and Sources of Authority in Education Reform. The “Negating Amy Gutmann” article looks primarily at deliberative democracy. The “Neoliberalism and Four Spheres of Authority” article, considers its main theme to be the promise of egalitarian democracy and how figures ‘such as Horace Mann, John Dewey and Gutmann’ have argued it is largely based on the promise of public education. It thus begins with a consideration of what might be called a partial historical materialist analysis – the growth of inequality in the US (and other countries) since the 1970s that correlates with much of the basis for changes in the justifications and substance of education reform. The present article, “The Odd Malaise of Democratic Education and the Inordinate Influence of Business,” continues the argument by offering some historical background and comparisons and ends by considering what happens to the philosophy of education when democracy and capitalism are at odds. It thus starts with recent history, looking at how the content and context of educational policy have changed in the US since Gutmann wrote in the 1980s. Specifically, it concerns itself with the increasing prevalence of twin notions: that our system of education must be reformed because of global competition and that the educational system should emulate the market. The article then goes back a little bit further, to the origins of the common school in the 1600s and Horace Mann’s articulation of the principles behind public education, which are shown to be in stark contrast to Education Reform. The narrative describes how the standards movement, variously, coalesced around George H. W. Bush’s America 2000 and Bill Clinton’s Goals 2000 programs, was reflected in a ‘21st-century schools’ discourse, found programmatic form in George W. Bush’s No Child Left Behind and it’s offspring, Arne Duncan’s Race to the Top. All of the preceding were, to a shocking degree, based on misleading and selective statistical analysis and sets goals that are unreachable even in the best of all possible worlds. The article concludes by considering paradigm change in education and its causes; I draw on both Peter Hall’s exposition of social learning 1 and Antonio Gramsci’s conceptualization of hegemony. 2

A poetic sale. Horace, Epistula 2.2. Starting from the analysis of a poem by Horace, I have tried to highlight the image of the Law that was held by Roman society in the first century BC, that is, both by the poet and by the public that he wanted to entertain with his works. He chose a legal topic as the theme of his narrative – the responsibility for hidden defects in the contract of sale –; he applied the Roman legal lexicon with total precision and, more specifically, he showed that he was aware of the debate about the case-law related to the Edict by which the magistrates regulated the sale of slaves in the public markets. This is apparent from a comparison of the poem with book 21, title 1 of Justinian’s Digest concerning the Edict of the curule aediles and with documents from legal practice (testatio) that record the agreement of the will of the parties. A study of this kind, moreover, also contributes to a better understanding of poetic composition.

Illegal production of potentially hazardous narcotics as well as various psychotropic drugs is being carried out in the neighbouring countries and international market which is causing narco-terrorism a global havoc. Compared with traditional/natural drugs the synthetic drugs are more smuggled nowadays. Because of the vulnerability of the borders to drug trafficking, India has increased surveillance at borders and coasts and thus has tackled the problem to some extent. Authors developing a Narcotic drug sensor (point sensor) for detection and identification of Narcotic drugs based on Laser Induced Fluorescence more specifically Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy in an effort. Some narcotic samples viz. Caffeine, Quinine and Tramadol were considered for the study. The fluorescence spectrum was studied using our own laboratory-based sensor incorporating charge coupled device-based Spectrometer and Laser source (266 nm wavelength) and commercial system from ‘Horiba Scientific’ incorporating Photomultiplier tube and Xe lamp source.

Iron fortification is an effective strategy that can be implemented to ensure supply and intake of iron for the public at large. Even though iron-fortified foods are widely available in the Sri Lankan market, the quantification of iron in those foods is not under the regulations of the food authorities in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the concentration of iron in selected iron-fortified foods available in the local market and determine their contribution to the recommended daily allowances (RDA) per serving. The iron content in most popular powdered milk, biscuits, and breakfast cereals among the children of 15-16 years in Horana Divisional Secretariat was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and its contribution to RDA was calculated. The average iron values of iron-fortified milk powder (IFMP), iron-fortified biscuit (IFB), and iron-fortified breakfast cereals (IFBC) were found to be 18.08 ± 9.53, 7.88 ± 0.07, and 17.78 ± 7.47 mg/100 g, respectively. The average estimated daily intake (EDI) per serving of IFMP, IFB, and IFBC was 3.61 ± 1.75, 2.13 ± 0.06, and 5.60 ± 1.45 mg, respectively. The highest contribution to the RDA can be obtained by a single serving of IFBC. Only less than half of the tested products have compatible iron levels with their labeled information. Iron-fortified foods which were studied have a high amount of iron, and they can make from 5% to 35% contribution to RDAs in young children, adolescents, and adults even by a single serving.

Questions of marginalization and the representations of ‘otherness' are increasingly important within geography. The author explores what such representations can tell us about the ‘centre’ rather than the ‘margins’. He does so by employing the tools of deconstruction to read a 19th century ‘historical geography’ of prostitution. This text, written by Horace St. John, forms a substantial part of Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor. Volume IV: Those Who Will Not Work (1861–62). Through an exploration of the textual strategies deployed within the text it is argued that it operates within a discursive space marked out by three sets of oppositions between ‘the same and the other’: forms of sexual relations, forms of state power, and forms of the self. The elaboration of these oppositions, and their inherent contradictions, suggests the conclusion that the ‘centre’ is made up of multiple power relations which are never able to achieve closure.

Virtually every definition of charter schools asserts that they are a form of public schooling. This article poses the question: In what way? Charter school advocates, observers, and opponents all note that the schools are publicly funded, are open to all, and are chartered by public entities. This analysis pursues the question by comparing the rhetoric regarding the definition of public education employed by charter school reformers in one state, Michigan, with that of the common school reformers of the 19th century, particularly Horace Mann. The analysis finds conflicting definitions of what constitutes public schooling. Although both reforms support tax-funded schools and open access, the common school reformers emphasized political-democratic forms of control. Charter school advocates actively challenge such control, and elevate market mechanisms of consumer choice and competition between providers as the primary means of authority. To advance such a program, proponents of charter schools explicitly seek to “redefine” popular conceptions of what constitutes public and private education. In doing so, they frame education principally as a consumer good, and, this article theorizes, effect a privatization of the purpose of public education that contrasts with the common school reformers’ stated concern for democracy and the public good.

This is the second of three articles on “Sources of Authority in Education”. All use the work of Amy Gutmann as a heuristic device to describe and explain the prevalence of market-based models of Education Reform in the United States as part of what Pasi Sahlberg terms the Global Education Reform Movement (GERM). This movement is based on neoliberal tenets and encourages the enterance of private business and the adoption of business practices and challenges long standing notions of democratic education. The first article is “Negating Amy Gutmann: Deliberative Democracy, Education and Business Influence” (to be published in Democracy and Education) and the third is “The Odd Malaise of Democratic Education and the Inordinate Influence of Business” (to be published in Policy Futures in Education). My intent is to include them, along with a fourth article, “Profit, Innovation and the Cult of the Entrepreneur: Civics and Economic Citizenship,” as chapters of a proposed volume, Democratic Education and Markets: Segmentation, Privatization and Sources of Authority in Education Reform. The “Negating Amy” article looks primarily at Deliberative Democracy. The present article considers the promise of Egalitarian Democracy and how figures such as Horace Mann, John Dewey, and Gutmann have argued it is based largely on the promise of public education. “The Odd Malaise” article begins by offering some historical background, from the origins of the common school in the 1600s to market emulation models, No Child Left Behind and how this is reflected in a “21st century schools” discourse; it ends by considering and underlying theme: what happens to the Philosophy of Education when Democracy and Capitalism are at odds. The “Profit, Innovation” article then looks at how ideological forces are popularized, considering Ayn Rand’s influence, the concept of Merit, Schumpeter’s concept of ‘creative destruction,’ and the ideal of the entrepreneur as related sources in a changing common sense, pointing out that the commonplace of identifying the innovator and the entrepreneur is misplaced. The present article accordingly begins to question business influence and suggest show we may outline its major features using Amy Gutmann’s work as a heuristic device to interpret business-influenced movements to reform public education. Originally the title was Turning Amy Gutmann on her Head. Consequently it returns to Gutmann’s Democratic Education and its three sources of authority, suggesting that the business community is a fourth source. As such, it is in a contest to supplant the systems of deliberative democracy for which Gutmann advocates. It continues with a consideration of what might be called a partial historical materialist analysis – the growth of inequality in the United States (and other countries) since the 1970s; this correlates with much of the basis for changes in the justifications and substance of Education reform. After casting this question in principal-agent terms, it then looks at both those who sought to create a public will for public education and recent reform movements that have sought to redirect public support from a unified education system and instead advocate a patchwork of charters, vouchers for private schools, on-line education, home schooling, virtual schools and public schools based on market emulation models. Drawing from other theories of education, especially Plato (and the Spartan model), Locke, and John Stuart Mill, it also suggests that it might be instructive to compare Gutmann’s three sources of authority to Abraham Kuyper’s concept of Sphere sovereignty. It concludes that ultimate authority for education is —or should be—, somewhat paradoxically, vested in the adult the child will become, creating practical problems regarding the education of the sovereign that are never fully resolved and which may, in fact, be unresolvable based on rational deliberation. Finally, it looks at one instrument of business, market segmentation, and its importance as a motivating factor for education reform.

This monograph examines New-York Tribune editor Horace Greeley’s support of radical intellectual culture throughout his influential journalistic career, from the antebellum era to the Gilded Age. His early interest in alternatives to the unregulated free market led him to charismatic figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson, who questioned the tenets of laissez-faire capitalism and lamented its impact on politics and culture. Emerson’s followers included Associationists, those who sought to place nature at the center of life as an agricultural resource and to return to humanistic values threatened by the Industrial Revolution. In the pages of the Tribune, Greeley leveraged Associationists’ attack on economic inequality to advance his crusade against unemployment and labor exploitation, including Southern slavery. Publicity campaigns on behalf of economic reform appeared during three key phases of his career. In his weekly New-Yorker, Greeley promoted Emerson and his followers including Associationist radicals during the antebellum period. During the Civil War, he provided a platform for the editorials of Karl Marx. During the Gilded Age, Greeley’s final attempt to realize his socialist utopian vision was the Union Colony, an ill-fated collectivist frontier establishment led by his Tribune agricultural editor Nathan Meeker. Greeley’s relationship with Emerson inspired his willingness to use the Tribune to publicize each era’s most controversial critics of capitalism. This research traces the socialist threads in the tapestry of press history and the promotional apparatus that brought radical intellectual culture into prominence in American life.

The election contests of 1900 in St Stephen’s Green and South County Dublin were covered in detail by newspapers throughout the British Isles and have been treated as a political watershed by more recent and scholarly commentators. This interest has had a partly personal and biographical inspiration since one of the unionist candidates for South Dublin was the agrarian reformer and junior minister, Horace Plunkett; but the significance, symbolic and actual, of these contests has been seen as extending beyond the participation of one prominent Edwardian Irishman. The defeat of two unionist M.P.s, Plunkett and Campbell, in a fairly static Irish electoral arena would in itself have been worthy of comment. But the association of these men with a constructive administrative programme for Ireland, combined with the fact of their defeat by dissident unionists, gave the contests a broader notoriety and a significance for policy formulation which they would not otherwise have had. With the benefit of hindsight it has also been suggested that the repudiation of Plunkett and Campbell was a landmark in the gradual decline of southern unionism in Ireland. For, though South Dublin briefly returned to the unionist party between 1906 and 1910, the defeats of 1900 effectively marked the end of unionism as a significant electoral movement outside Ulster. After 1900, as the historian W.E.H. Lecky observed, ‘Ulster unionism is the only form of Irish unionism which is likely to count as a serious political force’.

Abstract This paper deals with the environmental aspects of combustor modification on Nuovo Pignone gas turbines. The mentioned company is engaged in the transport of natural gas to the Slovak Republic and further to other European markets. Legislation considering emissions is getting stricter every year. Original Nuovo Pignone gas turbines would not be able to meet the required emission limits for NOx and COr determined by legislation. Therefore, the company decided to modify seven gas turbines. Due to this reason, the combustion sections had to be replaced with a dry low emission system. These modifications were aimed at improvement of impacts of temperature on the emissions of NOx, since the NOx emissions are defined as thermal (there is an increase in emissions with the increase in temperature). Emissions were monitored continuously by an emission monitoring system (these data are continuously sent to the Office of Environment) and manually by a HORIBA PG-250 analyser. Gas delivery point is located in the flue pipeline, and data was processed by means of PC after reaching this point. The results lead us to conclusion that modification was an efficient and good solution in terms of economy, because this solution reduced emissions (from 300 mg·m−3 to 50 mg·m−3) and contributed to meeting of the stricter emission limits (from 370 mg·m−3 to 100 mg·m−3). Monitoring of the impacts of growing performance of equipment on emissions represents a possibility for further development of science in this field.

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is an inherited disease resulting from mutations in the β-globin chain of adult haemoglobin that results in the formation of homozygous sickle haemoglobin. It is associated with several complications including an altered blood picture and damage in multiple organs, including the kidneys. Kidney disease is seen in most patients with SCA and may affect glomerular and/or tubular function, thereby putting these patients at risk of urinary tract infections. However, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among SCA patients in Zambia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTIs and haematological and kidney function profiles among SCA patients at the University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between April and July 2019 involving 78 SCA patients who presented at the UTH. Blood and midstream urine samples were collected from each participant using the standard specimen collection procedures. Full blood counts and kidney function tests were determined using Sysmex XT-4000i haematology analyser and the Pentra C200 by Horiba, respectively. Bacterial profiles of the urine samples were determined using conventional microbiological methods. We found that all the measured patients’ haemoglobin (Hb) levels fell below the WHO-recommended reference range with a minimum of 5 g/dl, a maximum of 10.5 g/dl, and a mean of 8 ± 1 g/dl. Fifty percent of the participants had moderate anaemia, while the other 50% had severe anaemia. The minimum WBC count of the participants was 0.02 × 109/L with a maximum of 23.36 × 109/L and a mean of 13.48 ± 3.87 × 109/L. Using the one-way analysis of variance test, we found no significant difference in mean WBC count and Hb concentration across various age-group categories that we defined. Bacteriuria was found in 25% of participants. The most common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (32%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (32%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was 16%. We found no significant association between bacterial isolates and white blood cell count, age groups, sex, and anaemia severity p=0.41. None of the participants were diagnosed with kidney disease. There was a high prevalence of asymptomatic UTIs among SCA patients at UTH, which, when coupled with the marked leukocytosis and anaemia, may negatively impact the clinical outcome of the patients. Therefore, we recommend close monitoring of sickle cell patients in Zambia for such conditions to improve patients’ outcomes.

Rantai pasok udang vanamei di daerah produksi di Indonesia tidak selalu sama dan dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan fasilitas pembenihan sampai dengan unit pengolahan ikan (UPI). Konsekuensinya, jenis dan jumlah biaya logistik bervariasi antara daerah satu dengan yang lain. Riset ini bertujuan untuk; a) mengidentifikasi rantai pasok udang vanamei di daerah produksi, b) menganalisis permasalahan dalam rantai pasok udang vanamei, dan c) merumuskan sistem logistik udang vanamei. Riset dilakukan selama tahun 2019 di beberapa provinsi yang memproduksi udang vanamei yaitu Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Sulawesi Selatan. Riset ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan topik data kepada 12 responden pembenihan, 4 responden UPI, 40 responden pembudidaya udang vanamei, dan 10 pedagang/pengumpul. Data sekunder diperoleh dari laporan hasil riset, data statistik, dan publikasi ilmiah lainnya. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan rantai pasok, pola logistik, dan permasalahan yang terjadi dalam rantai pasok. Hasil analisis menggambarkan bahwa rantai pasok udang vanamei di Indonesia bisa digolongkan menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu pasokan (bahan baku dan produksi), distribusi (pedagang besar, pedagang kecil, dan pengecer), dan konsumen (pasar lokal, hotel/ restoran/catering -HOREKA- dan UPI). Permasalahan rantai pasok udang vanamei dari produsen benih sampai ke konsumen akhir telah menyebabkan produksi tidak efisien dan berimplikasi pada peningkatan biaya. Secara faktual, ada disparitas stok benih antar daerah dan kebutuhan pemenuhan stok udang di beberapa cold storage. Logistik udang vanamei menggunakan hampir semua jenis moda transportasi yaitu transportasi udara (pesawat terbang), transportasi darat (sepeda motor, mobil bak terbuka, truk biasa, truk kontainer) dan transportasi laut (kapal antar pulau dan antar negara). Sistem logistik udang belum efisien mengingat pengadaan induk udang vanamei masih diimpor dari negara lain oleh beberapa perusahaan pembenihan, dan benih ini harus menyuplai seluruh wilayah Indonesia.Title: Supply Chain and Logistic of Vannamei Shrimp In Production Areas of IndonesiaThe supply chain of vannamei shrimp in production areas of Indonesia is different in each area. It depends on the availability of hatchery facilities and the fish processing unit (UPI). Consequently, the types and logistic costs vary among regions. This research aims to: a) identify the supply chain of vannamei shrimp in the production area, b) formulate a general pattern of the logistic system of vannamei shrimp, and c) analyze the problems in the supply chain of vannamei shrimp. This research was conducted in 2019 in East Java, West Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and South Sulawesi where those provinces produce vannamei shrimp. This research employs primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through interviews with five hatchery respondents, four UPI respondents, 40 vannamei shrimp farmers, and seven collectors/traders. Secondary data were obtained from research reports, statistical data, and other scientific publications. Data were analyzed descriptively to describe the supply chain, logistic patterns, and problems that occur in the supply chain. The results illustrate that vannamei supply chain in Indonesia can be classified into three parts: raw materials and production, distribution (wholesalers, small traders, and retailers) and consumers (local markets, hotel/restaurant/catering, and processing plants). The problem of vannamei supply chain from hatcheries to the final consumers has resulted in inefficient production and has been implicated in increased costs. Eventually, there are disparities in shrimp juvenile stocks between regions and the need to fulfill shrimp stocks in several cold storages Logistic system of vannamei shrimp utilizes almost all types of transportation modes: air transport (cargo planes), land transportation (motorbikes, trucks, cargo trucks) and water transportation (inter-island and inter-country cargo ships). The logistics system of vannamei was inefficient considering the procurement of vannamei shrimp broodstocks have always been imported from other countries by several hatchery companies, and shrimp juveniles produced need to be distributed to all-around Indonesia.

Abstract Extensive and semi-extensive production based on local swine breeds such as Majorcan Black Pig, Cinta Senese, Gascon, Krškopolje and Turopolje is becoming extremely rare and on the verge of disappearing in Europe. In this context, the main aim of this study was to assess the potential feasibility of marketing strategies to act as guidelines for stakeholders along the supply chain to create and improve added value and match market demands. The sustainability of five production systems was evaluated together with 60 stakeholders representing five local swine breeds, using a World Café (WC) method combined with an Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The results showed that the proposed strategies could differ slightly depending on each system, while the product strategy was a common marketing priority for most of the stakeholders and represented all the systems evaluated. Diversifying production toward quality, innovative products, enhanced standardization, and quality labeling or seals of guarantee, such as the protected geographical indication or the protected designation of origin, would contribute to the sustainability of these chains. Advertising the storytelling of the meat products and emphasizing their healthier properties were also considered as positive strategies. To this effect, promotion should involve improving knowledge of the local systems and raising the profile of the meat products via public relations (networks, web pages, food and gastronomic events, workshops and so on) in the Hotels, Restaurants and Catering (HORECA) sector, stores selling top-quality products and local food shops. Better showcasing of these products and keeping the price in the premium segment would indirectly help the primary sector. By way of conclusion, other more developed local swine systems could be strong competitors, hence it is extremely important to effectively identify and trace all autochthonous swine breed products throughout the production chain. Furthermore, the entire chain must place greater emphasis on grazing (extensive or semi-extensive), the origin of the swine and their meat products. However, of utmost importance is cooperation between farms, firms and institutions.

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Abstract Background Changes in haematological values occur during the reproductive cycle. In veterinary swine practice, haematological reference intervals for this period are scarce. Over past decades, there has been a remarkable increase in reproductive prolificacy, possibly making previously established haematological reference intervals for sows outdated. Objectives The aim of this study was to provide updated haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation, to study the influence of parity on those haematological parameters and to evaluate the impact of haemoglobin levels on production performance. Methods The data presented in this article were obtained using blood samples from 198 apparently healthy and conventionally managed group-housed sows at end-gestation from ten breeding herds located in France. The samples were analysed for haematological variables using impedance technique on Horiba ABX analyser (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). The reference intervals were calculated according to the guidelines of The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology using SUMMARY procedure in R Studio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to evaluate the influence of parity on each haematological parameter and the impact of haemoglobin values on production performances at farrowing. Differences were considered as significant if p < 0.05. Results Reference intervals produced in this study were similar to previously published references but we noticed marked differences in white blood cell values. The study of the impact of parity revealed significant changes for gilts and parity 5 + sows regarding haematological values. Gilts had higher red and white blood cells counts, haemoglobin values and haematocrit values. Regarding haemoglobin values, the higher the number of liveborn and weaned piglets per litter, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. For sows of fifth or higher gestation, we found that the higher the percentage of stillborn piglets, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. Conclusions This study provides haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation. These will be useful for swine veterinarians and researchers for a better understanding of the influence of parity on haematological parameters and haemoglobin values and their relation to reproductive performance.

Abstract Background and Aims Proteinuria is a major marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) severity, the predictor of renal function decline and cardiovascular mortality. The main pathway of CKD progressive is caused by tubular toxicity of filtering proteins, so more, the rapid development of renal failure is expected in those patients who have higher level of proteinuria. However, despite high level of proteinuria, paradoxically, some patients may have slow decline of renal function compared to those patients with lower level of urinary protein excretion. This may possibly due to their different mechanical (visco-elastic) and chemical properties, as well as the proteomics of excreting urinary proteins. Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies are non-contact (laser optical-based) techniques providing visco-elastic and chemical property information of probed human biofluids. We aimed to study and compare the visco-elastic and chemical properties of urinary proteins using BLS and SERS spectroscopies in nephrotic patient with high protein excretion and healthy subject. Method Two urine samples from nephrotic patient (proteinuria&gt;3.5 g/24h) and healthy subject (undetectable proteinuria) investigated using BLS and SERS spectroscopies. Brillouin spectroscopy performed using Torus single longitudinal mode laser in conjunction with high contrast JRS Instruments 6-pass tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer coupled with confocal microscope. Using Horiba LabRAM HR Raman microscope with 785 nm laser excitation andx100 microscope objective the SERS spectroscopy was performed on urine samples in contact 60 nm gold nanoparticles placed on gold film. Additionally, reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was conducted for profiling of urinary proteins LC-MS data was analysed by Mascot software using the SwissProt protein database. Results We found that elevated protein levels in urine alter the urine fluid elasticity sufficiently to be measurable by BLS spectroscopy, with urine from healthy and proteinuric subjects distinguishable to marked significance, which increases with sample concentration. BLS spectroscopy demonstrated that patients with High Protein Loss, characterized by stiffer urine (i.e. higher Brillouin shift and elastic modulus) and less viscous (i.e. less hypersound attenuation) compared to healthy subject. (Figure 1A). SERS measurements of two urine samples taken from patient with high protein loss in healthy subject (Figure 1B) showed the integrated Raman intensity ratio of 1338 cm-1 and 1002 cm-1 peaks is many times higher for the sample with high protein concentration vs sample with low protein concentration. Urinary protein sequencing and Mascot analysis (Table 1) demonstrated that proteinuric patient had different type of proteins with up to 187k Daltons of molecular weight. Conclusion In this proof of concept study, we demonstrated that laser-optical BLS and SERS techniques combined with LC-MS measurements revealed that human urine fluids of healthy and proteinuric subjects had strong variation in the visco-elastic and chemical properties coupled with various level of protein content.

Abstract Background Automated detection of malaria and dengue infection has been actively researched for more than two decades. Although many improvements have been achieved, these solutions remain too expensive for most laboratories and clinics in developing countries. The low range HORIBA Medical Haematology Analyzer, Yumizen H550, now provides dedicated flags ‘vivax malaria’ and ‘dengue fever’ in routine blood testing, developed through machine learning methods, to be used as a screening tool for malaria and dengue fever in endemic areas. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of these flags under real clinical conditions. Methods A total of 1420 samples were tested using the Yumizen H550 Haematology Analyzer, including 1339 samples from febrile patients among whom 202 were infected with malaria parasites (Plasmodium vivax only: 182, Plasmodium falciparum only: 18, both: 2), 210 were from febrile dengue infected patients, 3 were from afebrile dengue infected patients and 78 were samples from healthy controls, in an outpatient laboratory clinic in Mumbai, India. Microscopic examination was carried out as the confirmatory reference method for detection of malarial parasite, species identification and assessing parasitaemia based on different stages of parasite life cycle. Rapid diagnostic malarial antigen tests were used for additional confirmation. For dengue infection, NS1 antigen detection by ELISA was used as a diagnostic marker. Results For the automated vivax malaria flag, the original manufacturer’s cut off yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 65.2% and 98.9% respectively with the ROC AUC of 0.9. After optimization of cut-off value, flag performance improved to 72% for sensitivity and 97.9% specificity. Additionally it demonstrated a positive correlation with increasing levels of parasitaemia. For the automated dengue fever flag it yielded a ROC AUC of 0.82 with 79.3% sensitivity and 71.5% specificity. Conclusions The results demonstrate a possibility of the effective use of automated infectious flags for screening vivax malaria and dengue infection in a clinical setting.

Abstract This study was aimed at determining the concentration of pyrethroid in the surface water, sediment, Weyonia acuminata and Synodontis clarias fish in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. In-situ physicochemical analysis of the surface water was conducted using a calibrated handheld multi-parameter probe (Horiba Checker Model U-10). Intestinal samples from infected and uninfected fish were analyzed for pyrethroid concentrations, microbial colonization, proteins (PRO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The histopathology of infected and uninfected intestinal tissues were analyzed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains and examined under a binocular light microscope (Model 230485). A total of 39 out of 98 S. clarias fish were infected with cestode parasite, Wenyonia acuminate, amounting to 39% parasite prevalence. Among the tested pyrethroids, Cyfluthrin and Alpha –cypermethrin had significant sorption of 1.62 and 3.27 respectively from the aqueous phase to the bottom sediment of the lagoon. Pyrethroid concentration was in the order of sediment > parasite> water > intestine> liver. The cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (low density lipids) in the parasite were higher than in the host fish (p<0.05). On the other hand, the fish hepatic protein, high density lipids (HDL) and glucose were higher than the levels in the parasites (p<0.05). There was a high prevalence of gut microbes (30 - 40%), which include Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp among individuals infected with gut Cestodes, Wenyonia sp compared with uninfected individual which had higher gut Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., and Proteus sp. (10- 40%). among the congeners of pyrethroids analyzed, Cyfluthrin > Alpha-Cyermethrin had significant sorption on the sediment, however unlike a benthopelagic fish, no pyrethroid was accumulated in the S. clarias from the sediment. The fish however accumulated Alpha-Cypermethrin from the aqueous phase. The parasite on the other hand accumulated Bathroid significantly from the surface water and bottom sediment which may be linked to the higher stress levels observed in the parasite than the host fish. The parasite in turn inflicted histological alterations on the host intestine, marked by moderate inflammation of mucosa, alteration of the villi microstructure, moderate stunting of the villous structure and moderate fibrosis of villous structure. The study demonstrated the efficiency of histopathological and microbial analysis in biomonitoring studies enteric parasites and early detection of pyrethroid toxicity respectively compared to bioaccumulation analysis.

Anders Toftgaard: “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”. On Giacomo Castelvetro’s manuscripts in The Royal Library, Copenhagen. In exile from his beloved Modena, Giacomo Castelvetro (1546–1616) travelled in a Europe marked by Reformation, counter-Reformation and wars of religion. He transmitted the best of Italian Renaissance culture to the court of James VI and Queen Anna of Denmark in Edinburgh, to the court of Christian IV in Copenhagen and to Shakespeare’s London, while he incessantly collected manuscripts on Italian literature and European contemporary history. Giacomo Castelvetro lived in Denmark from August 1594 to 11 October 1595. Various manuscripts and books which belonged to Giacomo Castelvetro in his lifetime, are now kept in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. Some of them might have been in Denmark ever since Castelvetro left Denmark in 1595. Nevertheless, Giacomo Castelvetro has never been noticed by Danish scholars studying the cultural context in which he lived. The purpose of this article is to point to Castelvetro’s presence in Denmark in the period around Christian IV’s accession and to describe two of his unique manuscripts in the collection of the Royal Library. The Royal Library in Copenhagen holds a copy of the first printed Italian translation of the Quran, L’Alcorano di Macometto, nel qual si contiene la dottrina, la vita, i costumi et le leggi sue published by Andrea Arrivabene in Venice in 1547. The title page bears the name of the owner: Giacº Castelvetri. The copy was already in the library’s collections at the time of the Danish King Frederic III, in the 1660’s. The three manuscripts from the Old Royal collection (GKS), GKS 2052 4º, GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º are written partly or entirely in the hand of Giacomo Castelvetro. Moreover, a number of letters written to Giacomo Castelvetro while he was still in Edinburgh are kept among letters addressed to Jonas Charisius, the learned secretary in the Foreign Chancellery and son in law of Petrus Severinus (shelf mark NKS (New Royal Collection) 1305 2º). These letters have been dealt with by Giuseppe Migliorato who also transcribed two of them. GKS 2052 4º The manuscript GKS 2052 4º (which is now accessible in a digital facsimile on the Royal Library’s website), contains a collection of Italian proverbs explained by Giacomo Castelvetro. It is dedicated to Niels Krag, who was ambassador of the Danish King to the Scottish court, and it is dated 6 August 1593. The title page shows the following beautifully written text: Il Significato D’Alquanti belli & vari proverbi dell’Italica Favella, gia fatto da G. C. M. & hoggi riscritto, & donato,in segno di perpetua amicitia, all ecc.te.D. di legge, Il S.r. Nicolò Crachio Ambas.re. del Ser.mo Re di Dania a questa Corona, & Sig.r mio sempre osser.mo Forsan & haec olim meminisse iuvabit Nella Citta d’Edimborgo A VI d’Agosto 1593 The manuscript consists of 96 leaves. On the last page of the manuscript the title is repeated with a little variation in the colophon: Qui finisce il Significato D’alquanti proverbi italiani, hoggi rescritto a requisitione del S.r. Nicolo Crachio eccelente Dottore delle civili leggi &c. Since the author was concealed under the initials G.C.M., the manuscript has never before been described and never attributed to Giacomo Castelvetro. However, in the margin of the title page, a 16th century hand has added: ”Giacomo Castelvetri modonese”, and the entire manuscript is written in Giacomo Castelvetro’s characteristic hand. The motto ”Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit” is from Vergil’s Aeneid (I, 203); and in the Loeb edition it is rendered “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”. The motto appears on all of the manuscripts that Giacomo Castelvetro copied in Copenhagen. The manuscript was evidently offered to Professor Niels Krag (ca. 1550–1602), who was in Edinburgh in 1593, from May to August, as an ambassador of the Danish King. On the 1st of August, he was knighted by James VI for his brave behaviour when Bothwell entered the King’s chamber in the end of July. The Danish Public Record Office holds Niels Krag’s official diary from the journey, signed by Sten Bilde and Niels Krag. It clearly states that they left Edinburgh on August 6th, the day in which Niels Krag was given the manuscript. Evidently, Castelvetro was one of the many persons celebrating the ambassadors at their departure. The manuscript is bound in parchment with gilded edges, and a gilded frame and central arabesque on both front cover and end cover. There are 417 entries in the collection of proverbs, and in the explanations Giacomo Castelvetro often uses other proverbs and phrases. The explanations are most vivid, when Castelvetro explains the use of a proverb by a tale in the tradition of the Italian novella or by an experience from his own life. The historical persons mentioned are the main characters of the sixteenth century’s religious drama, such as Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth, James VI, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and his son, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, Gaspard de Coligny and the Guise family, Mary Stuart, Don Antonio, King of Portugal, the Earl of Bothwell and Cosimo de’ Medici. The Catholic Church is referred to as “Setta papesca”, and Luther is referred to as “il grande, e pio Lutero” (f. 49v). Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarca are referred to various times, along with Antonio Cornazzano (ca. 1430–1483/84), the author of Proverbi in facetie, while Brunetto Latini, Giovanni Villani, Ovid and Vergil each are mentioned once. Many of the explanations are frivolous, and quite a few of them involve priests and monks. The origin of the phrase “Meglio è tardi, che non mai” (52v, “better late than never”) is explained by a story about a monk who experienced sex for the first time at the age of 44. In contrast to some of the texts to be found in the manuscript GKS 2057 4º the texts in GKS 2052 4º, are not misogynist, rather the opposite. Castelvetro’s collection of proverbs is a hitherto unknown work. It contains only a tenth of the number of proverbs listed in Gardine of recreation (1591) by John Florio (1553?–1625), but by contrast these explanations can be used, on the one hand, as a means to an anthropological investigation of the past and on the other hand they give us precious information about the life of Giacomo Castelvetro. For instance he cites a work of his, “Il ragionamento del Viandante” (f. 82r), which he hopes to see printed one day. It most probably never was printed. GKS 2057 4º The manuscript GKS 2057 4º gathers a number of quires in very different sizes. The 458 folios in modern foliation plus end sheets are bound in blue marbled paper (covering a previous binding in parchment) which would seem to be from the 17th century. The content spans from notes to readyforprint-manuscripts. The manuscript contains text by poets from Ludovico Castelvetro’s generation, poems by poets from Modena, texts tied to the reformation and a lot of satirical and polemical material. Just like some of Giacomo Castelvetro’s manuscripts which are now in the possession of Trinity College Library and the British Library it has “been bound up in the greatest disorder” (cf. Butler 1950, p. 23, n. 75). Far from everything is written in the hand of Giacomo Castelvetro, but everything is tied to him apart from one quire (ff. 184–192) written in French in (or after) 1639. The first part contains ”Annotationi sopra i sonetti del Bembo” by Ludovico Castelvetro, (which has already been studied by Alberto Roncaccia), a didactic poem in terza rima about rhetoric, “de’ precetti delle partitioni oratorie” by “Filippo Valentino Modonese” , “rescritto in Basilea a XI di Febraio 1580 per Giacº Castelvetri” and the Ars poetica by Horace translated in Italian. These texts are followed by satirical letters by Nicolò Franco (“alle puttane” and “alla lucerna” with their responses), by La Zaffetta, a sadistic, satirical poem about a Venetian courtisane who is punished by her lover by means of a gang rape by thirty one men, and by Il Manganello (f. 123–148r), an anonymous, misogynistic work. The manuscript also contains a dialogue which would seem to have been written by Giacomo Castelvetro, “Un’amichevole ragionamento di due veri amici, che sentono il contrario d’uno terzo loro amico”, some religious considerations written shortly after Ludovico’s death, ”essempio d’uno pio sermone et d’una Christiana lettera” and an Italian translation of parts of Erasmus’ Colloquia (the dedication to Frobenius and the two dialogues ”De votis temere susceptis” and ”De captandis sacerdotiis” under the title Dimestichi ragionamenti di Desiderio Erasmo Roterodamo, ff. 377r–380r), and an Italian translation of the psalms number 1, 19, 30, 51, 91. The dominating part is, however, Italian poetry. There is encomiastic poetry dedicated to Trifon Gabriele and Sperone Speroni and poetry written by poets such as Torquato Tasso, Bernardo Tasso, Giulio Coccapani, Ridolfo Arlotti, Francesco Ambrosio/ Ambrogio, Gabriele Falloppia, Alessandro Melani and Gasparo Bernuzzi Parmigiano. Some of the quires are part of a planned edition of poets from Castelvetro’s home town, Modena. On the covers of the quires we find the following handwritten notes: f. 276r: Volume secondo delle poesie de poeti modonesi f. 335v: VII vol. Delle opere de poeti modonesi f. 336v; 3º vol. Dell’opere de poeti modonesi f. 353: X volume dell’opre de poeti modonesi In the last part of the manuscript there is a long discourse by Sperone Speroni, “Oratione del Sr. Sperone, fatta in morte della S.ra Giulia Varana Duchessa d’Urbino”, followed by a discourse on the soul by Paulus Manutius. Finally, among the satirical texts we find quotes (in Latin) from the Psalms used as lines by different members of the French court in a humoristic dialogue, and a selection of graffiti from the walls of Padua during the conflict between the city council and the students in 1580. On fol. 383v there is a ”Memoriale d’alcuni epitafi ridiculosi”, and in the very last part of the manuscript there is a certain number of pasquinate. When Castelvetro was arrested in Venice in 1611, the ambassador Dudley Carleton described Castelvetro’s utter luck in a letter to Sir Robert Cecil, stating that if he, Carleton, had not been able to remove the most compromising texts from his dwelling, Giacomo Castelvetro would inevitably have lost his life: “It was my good fortune to recover his books and papers a little before the Officers of the Inquisition went to his lodging to seize them, for I caused them to be brought unto me upon the first news of his apprehension, under cover of some writings of mine which he had in his hands. And this indeed was the poore man’s safetie, for if they had made themselves masters of that Magazine, wherein was store and provision of all sorts of pasquins, libels, relations, layde up for many years together against their master the Pope, nothing could have saved him” Parts of GKS 2057 4º fit well into this description of Castelvetro’s papers. A proper and detailed description of the manuscript can now be found in Fund og Forskning Online. Provenance GKS 2052 4ºon the one side, and on the other side, GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º have entered The Royal Library by two different routes. None of the three manuscripts are found in the oldest list of manuscripts in the Royal Library, called Schumacher’s list, dating from 1665. All three of them are included in Jon Erichsen’s “View over the old Manuscript Collection” published in 1786, so they must have entered the collections between 1660 and 1786. Both GKS 2053 4º and GKS 2057 4º have entered The Royal Library from Christian Reitzer’s library in 1721. In the handwritten catalogue of Reitzer’s library (The Royal Library’s archive, E 15, vol. 1, a catalogue with very detailed entries), they bear the numbers 5744 and 5748. If one were to proceed, one would have to identify the library from which these two manuscripts have entered Reitzer’s library. On the spine of GKS 2053 4º there is a label saying “Castelvetro / sopra Dante vol 326” and on f. 2r the same number is repeated: “v. 326”. On the spine of GKS 2057 4º, there is a label saying “Poesie italiane, vol. 241”, and on the end sheet the same number is repeated: “v. 241”. These two manuscripts would thus seem to have belonged to the same former library. Many of the Royal Library’s manuscripts with relazioni derive from Christian Reitzer’s library, and a wide range of Italian manuscripts which have entered the Royal Library through Reitzer’s library have a similar numbering on spine and title page. Comparing these numbers with library catalogues from the 17th century, one might be able to identify the library from which these manuscripts entered Reitzer’s library, and I hope to be able to proceed in this direction. Conclusion Giacomo Castelvetro was not a major Italian Renaissance writer, but a nephew of one of the lesser-known writers in Italian literature, Ludovico Castelvetro. He delivered yet another Italian contribution to the history of Christian IV, and his presence could be seen as a sign of a budding Italianism in Denmark in the era of Christian IV. The collection of Italian proverbs that he offered to Niels Krag, makes him a predecessor of the Frenchman Daniel Matras (1598–1689), who as a teacher of French and Italian at the Academy in Sorø in 1633 published a parallel edition of French, Danish, Italian and German proverbs. The two manuscripts that are being dealt with in this article are two very different manuscripts. GKS 2052 4º is a perfectly completed work that was hitherto unknown and now joins the short list of known completed works by Giacomo Castelvetro. GKS 2057 4º is a collection of variegated texts that have attracted Giacomo Castelvetro for many different reasons. Together the two manuscripts testify to the varied use of manuscripts in Renaissance Italy and Europe. A typical formulation of Giacomo Castelvetro’s is “Riscritto”. He copies texts in order to give them a new life in a new context. Giacomo Castelvetro is in the word’s finest sense a disseminator of Italian humanism and European Renaissance culture. He disseminated it in a geographical sense, by his teaching in Northern Europe, and in a temporal sense through his preservation of texts for posterity under the motto: “Perhaps even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall”.