Academic literature on the topic 'Horizontal Bores'

This study documents atmospheric bores and other convergent boundaries in the southern Great Plains’ nocturnal environment during the IHOP_2002 summer campaign. Observational evidence demonstrates that convective outflows routinely generate bores. Statistically resampled flow regimes, derived from an adaptation of hydraulic theory, agree well with observations. Specifically, convective outflows within the observed environments are likely to produce a partially blocked flow regime, which is a favorable condition for generating a bore. Once a bore develops, the direction of movement generally follows the orientation of the bulk shear vector between the nose of the nocturnal low-level jet and a height of 1.5 or 2.5 km AGL. This relationship is believed to be a consequence of wave trapping through the curvature of the horizontal wind with respect to height. This conclusion comes after analyzing the profile of the Scorer parameter. Overall, these findings provide an impetus for future investigations aimed at understanding and predicting nocturnal deep convection over this region.

It is critical to understand whether the available drilling assembly could meet the requirements of drilling design during the design and drilling of horizontal wells. This paper pointed out several limitations on horizontal extension capability of horizontal wells and provided judging criteria of the limit of horizontal extension based upon the characteristics of horizontal wells, and set up the gap element model analyzing torque and dragged of whole drill strings in horizontal wells. According to the force analysis of drill strings in bores given the foundation for regularities in the distribution of torque and drag force along the axis, on the basis of those above mentioned models and theories, a software was made to calculate the torque and drag force of a well, which compared with the field data, the average discrepancies of theoretical values are below 20% that could meet the needs in field works.

This paper gives a method of analysis for determining drill string weight required to develop a given bit force while drilling through and out of high-curvature well bores. The analysis is directed at medium radius well bores having radii of curvature ranging between 286 ft (87 m) and 955 ft (291 m), which are typically found in horizontal drilling. Sample calculations show how friction within the angle building portion of the well affect bit force.

Tsunami run-up on the flat horizontal beach is studied by using the Benney shallow water equations. The dam-breaking flow includes vortexes, vertical shear flow and dissipation of momentum and energy on the front due to bore breaking. Propagating of hydrodynamics bores with breaking is analyzed by the mass, momentum and energy relations on the shock wave. Non dissipative wave front propagates faster than classical bore, while taking into account the dissipation and wave breaking leads to slowing of the wave front.

Abstract Four case studies from the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field experiment are used to investigate the impacts of horizontal and vertical resolution, and vertical mixing parameterization, on predictions of bore structure and upscale impacts of bores on their mesoscale environment. The reduction of environmental convective inhibition (CIN) created by the bore is particularly emphasized. Simulations are run with horizontal grid spacings ranging from 250 to 1000 m, as well as 50 m for one case study, different vertical level configurations, and different closure models for the vertical turbulent mixing at 250-m horizontal resolution. The 11 July case study was evaluated in greatest detail because it was the best observed case and has been the focus of a previous study. For this case, it is found that 250-m grid spacing improves upon 1-km grid spacing, LES configuration provides further improvement, and enhanced low-level vertical resolution also provides further improvement in terms of qualitative agreement between simulated and observed bore structure. Reducing LES grid spacing further to 50 m provided very little additional advantage. Only the LES experiments properly resolved the upscale influence of reduced low-level CIN. Expanding on the 11 July case study, three other cases from PECAN with diverse observed bore structures were also evaluated. Similar to the 11 July case, enhancing the horizontal and vertical grid spacings, and using the LES closure model for vertical turbulent mixing, all contributed to improved simulations of both the bores themselves and the larger-scale modification of CIN to varying degrees on different cases.

In this paper, the effect of beach nourishment on wave overtopping in shallow foreshores is investigated with the non-hydrostatic wave-flow model SWASH. Firstly, the applicability of SWASH to model wave overtopping is tested by comparing results with a physical model setup with different storm wall heights on top of an impermeable sea dike. The numerical results show good agreement with the physical model. After validation, sensitivity analysis of the effect of beach nourishment on wave overtopping is conducted by changing bottom configurations with the SWASH model. From the sensitivity analysis, it becomes clear that wave overtopping discharge in shallow foreshores is characterized by the bores generated in surf zone due to wave breaking. To reduce wave overtopping discharge in shallow foreshore, it is important to reduce the horizontal momentum of the bores.

Abstract A method is presented for analyzing and forecasting the occurrence of lower-atmospheric undular bores over the western and central Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and adjacent land areas using standard operational forecasting and analysis techniques. The method is based on research that has identified a set of sufficient conditions associated with these occurrences realized by observations of the phenomena in recent years and is grounded in the theoretical understanding of undular bores developed during the last century by fluid dynamicists. The approach discusses practical approximations to the theory that allows the operational forecaster to use output from standard numerical and statistical forecast models. In addition to providing an operational method for forecasting the time and location of occurrence, the technique provides a methodology for analyzing and anticipating the strength, forward speed, and horizontal wavelength of the phenomena.

This paper is concerned with drag forces developed on tubulars in high-curvature well bores typically found in drainhole and horizontal drilling. The dog-leg severity of these types of boreholes are considerably higher than those typically found in conventional directional drilling. The objective of the study was to determine the significance of bending stiffness on drag forces in the pull-out mode. The method of analysis treats the tubular as a multi-spanned curved beam under tension and solves for radial displacements, slope, shear and bending moment over each span. Calculations show that bending stiffness is a minor factor provided there are no locally severe dog legs superimposed in the high-curvature well bore.

The basic conservation laws in the Green–Nagdi model of shallow-water theory are derived from the two-dimensional integral conservation laws of mass and the total momentum describing the plane-parallel flow in an ideal incompressible fluid above a horizontal bottom. This conclusion is based on the concept of a local hydrostatic approximation, which generalizes the concept of the long-wavelength approximation and is used for analyzing the applicability of the Green–Nagdi equations in modeling the wave flows with undular bores.

Horizontal bores are essential infrastructures for maintaining the stability of open-pit mine batters. The infiltration of water from large surface catchments during rain events and induced deformation caused by mining activities can cause the build-up of pore water pressures in mine batters, potentially leading to catastrophic slope failures. A field investigation unit containing a camera has been developed to survey long (>300m) horizontal bores. Features observed using the camera along the profile of horizontal bores are discussed. Water flow was quantified by flow meters. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was undertaken to investigate the water precipitates within the selected bores. Water flow temperature was recorded to test the hypothesis of a possibility to indicate whether a borehole was draining from the saturated zone or from the surface water through its temperature. The investigations have been conducted to determine the cause of change in the efficiency of horizontal boreholes and find a reliable measure to assess longevity and performance of horizontal drains. Bore efficiency has been defined as the bore functioning as a preferential path for water within the batter to be drained out to reduce the saturated zone and associated pore water pressures within the batter. The results suggest blockages and fractures inside the bores can be considered the leading cause of the change in the efficiency of a bore. Blockages occur because of sediment accumulation and because of coal chunks from internal wall collapses. Internal fractures affect efficiency when they become the water preferred path; thus, retaining water flowing within the batter. The bore’s longevity is considered the period of the bore is considered effective. Water flow measurement is suggested as a reliable measure to assess bores’ longevity.
Masters by Research

Les décanteurs centrifuges à axe horizontal sont utilisés dans de nombreux domaines, du traitement des boues urbaines aux industries agro-alimentaire, chimique et pétrolière. Les évolutions importantes de ces dernières années ont permis d'améliorer considérablement les performances. Mais la modélisation de la séparation est rendue difficile en raison de la géométrie compliquée de la machine et des phénomènes complexes qui se déroulent dans le bol tournant à haute vitesse. Parmi les phénomènes qui interviennent lors de la séparation, le convoyage des sédiments par la vis joue un rôle prépondérant en limitant la capacité de la machine. Ainsi, l'efficacité du convoyage dépend de la géométrie de la vis et de la nature des sédiments. Dans ce travail, on cherche à mettre en évidence l'influence de ces deux facteurs sur l'efficacité du convoyage. Sous certaines hypothèses, il est possible de simplifier le problème par un système vis/bol "déroulé". Deux approches sont alors mises en jeu : - une approche expérimentale conduite à l'aide d'un pilote dédié permettant de faire varier les pramètres géométriques et opératoire et les propriétés des sédiments, - une approche de modélisation qui consiste à décrire l'écoulement du sédiment pour la géométrie considérée et pour la rhéologie envisagée. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus font apparaître clairement l'interaction entre la rhéologie des sédiments et la géométrie du canal sur l'efficacité de convoyage. La comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques montre que l'écoulement est correctement décrit.

Studien undersöker kvinnors representation, samt om det existerar några könsmönster inom kommunalpolitiken. Studien illustrerar hur könsfördelningen ser ut i Borås stad. En kartläggning utav kvinnliga förtroendevalda kommunpolitiker har genomförts för att åskådliggöra hur situationen angående könsmönster ser ut i dagsläget. Utöver detta har vi även utfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från de olika partierna som är verksamma inom kommunalpolitiken i Borås stad för att få förståelse för hur situationen ser ut för de kvinnliga politikerna. Intervjuerna konstruerade vi utifrån referensramen, som vi därefter kopplat ihop med våra respondenters personliga upplevelser med hjälp utav vår analysmodell.De områden vi undersökt är kvinnorepresentation, vilka hinder de möter inom politiken, samt horisontell- och vertikal könsarbetsdelning. Vår undersökning visar att det finns en brist på kvinnlig representation inom kommunalpolitiken i Borås stad till viss del, samt vilken betydelse detta har. Dessutom visar undersökningen att både en horisontell- och vertikal könsarbetsdelning existerar i Borås stads kommun. Studien är skriven på svenska.
The study examines the representation of women, and the existence of any gender patterns in municipal politics. The study also illustrates gender distribution in the city of Borås. A survey of the female elected local councilors has been conducted to illustrate how the situation regarding gender patterns look like in the current situation. In addition, we also conducted semi-structured interviews with respondents from the various parties active in local politics in the city of Borås to get a comprehension in the situation of female politicians. We constructed the interviews on the basis of the reference framework, and then coupled with our respondents' personal experiences with our analysis model.The areas that we have examined are the representation of women, the barriers they face in politics, as well as horizontal and vertical gender division of labor. Our survey shows that there is a lack of female representation in local politics in the city of Borås, to some extent, and also what impact this has in the political situation that exists. Moreover, the survey shows that both a horizontal and vertical gender division of labor exists in the municipality of Borås.The study is written in Swedish.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Nesta pesquisa foi executado um reforço (cilíndrico com 1 m de diâmetro e 1 m de profundidade) de solo-cimento (cujo solo foi corrigido granulometricamente com resíduo de concreto triturado) compactado ao redor do fuste de estacas de concreto escavadas com trado mecânico (com 32 cm de diâmetro e profundidade de 8,71 m) em solo arenoso do Campo Experimental da UNESP em Ilha Solteira-SP com o intuito de avaliar sua contribuição para neutralização das cargas horizontais. A mistura entre solo e resíduo na proporção de 1:1 em massa, estabilizada com 8% de cimento (em massa seca de mistura) foi testada e mostrou-se bastante adequada para a utilização neste propósito, pois, para ser estabilizada com cimento, a mistura necessitou de menor quantidade de cimento que o solo natural (2 pontos percentuais) e o solo-cimento daí resultante apresentou resistência aos 28 dias de 6,32 MPa. Após ensaio de carregamento horizontal nas estacas reforçadas e comparação com os resultados de ensaios nas mesmas estacas sem reforço obtidos de Del Pino Jr. (2003), observou-se que para uma mesma carga aplicada os deslocamentos sofreram grande redução, enquanto para atingir um mesmo deslocamento foi necessário elevado acréscimo de carga. O coeficiente de reação horizontal do solo (nh) do conjunto estaca-solo em questão teve uma elevação da ordem de 200% do valor original. Também foram calculados os esforços (cortantes e fletores) e deslocamentos ao longo do fuste das estacas, que apresentaram sensível redução, para mesma carga aplicada, após reforço. Os resultados apontam o resíduo de concreto triturado como excelente material para correção granulométrica de solos utilizados para confecção de solocimento compactado e o solo-cimento compactado como um cilindro no entorno de estacas escavadas em solo arenoso sendo um reforço bastante eficiente para absorver esforços horizontais
This research produced one improvement (cylindrical – 1 meter diameter and 1 meter deep) made of soil-cement (wich soil was granulometrically corrected with concrete ground remains) compacted around the concrete bored piles head (32 cm diameter and 8,71 meters deep) on a sandy soil from the Trial Field of UNESP, Ilha Solteira – SP, in order to measure it’s contribution to neutralize the horizontal loading. The mix between soil and remains in proportions 1:1 in mass, stabilized with 8% of cement (dry mass of mix) was tested and proved to be very adequate for the research purpose, because the mix needed less quantity of cement than natural soil (2 percentage points) to be stabilized and the soil-cement resulting presented resistance in 28 days of 6,32 MPa. After the test of horizontal loading on the reinforced piles, compared with the results of tests with the same piles without improvement obtained from Del Pino Jr (2003), it was observed that for the same applied load the displacements had a great reduction, while for reaching the same displacement need high load increasing. The coefficient of the soil’s horizontal reaction (nh) from the set pile-soil concerned has it’s value increased to 200% from the original value. Also were measured the efforts and displacements along the stem piles, that had significant reduction after improvement. Results indicate ground concrete remains as an excellent material for granulometric correction of soil for confection of compacted soil-cement and the compacted soil-cement as a cylinder around the excavated piles head on sandy soil proved to be very efficient to absorb horizontal efforts

Le séchage des boues d'épuration est un problème environnemental actuel, qui n'est pas suffisamment décrit dans la littérature. Par conséquent, ce travail représente une étude numérique des transferts de chaleur et de masse lors du séchage solaire des boues d’épuration. Cette boue est assimilée à un milieu poreux et exposée à un écoulement laminaire de convection forcée à l'intérieur d'un canal horizontal. Les transferts dans le canal et le milieu poreux sont décrits respectivement par les équations classiques de la convection forcée et par le modèle de Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer. Une méthode implicite aux différences finies est utilisée pour discrétiser le système d'équations différentielles régissant les transferts. Les systèmes algébriques obtenus sont résolus en utilisant les algorithmes de Gauss, Thomas et Gauss-Seidel. Afin de déterminer la vitesse de séchage, nous associons à ces équations un modèle de cinétique de séchage. Ce modèle est basé sur le concept de la courbe caractéristique. Nous avons particulièrement étudié les effets des conditions climatiques et des conditions relatives à la boue sur les évolutions spatio-temporelles des nombres caractéristiques des transferts ainsi que sur la cinétique de séchage. Le travail est complété par des simulations en utilisant des données météorologiques réelles de la région de Tataouine au sud de la Tunisie. Ces données ont subi un traitement statistique à l’aide de la méthode de Liu et Jordan afin de déterminer la journée type de chaque mois. L’étude de rentabilité du séchoir a montré que la période estivale est la période optimale pour le séchage
The drying of sewage sludge is a current environmental problem, not sufficiently described in the literature. Hence, the aim of this work is a numerical study of heat and mass transfers during solar drying of residual sludge. This sludge is assimilated to a porous medium and exposed to a forced convection laminar flow within a horizontal channel. The transfers in the channel and the porous medium are respectively described by the classic equations of forced convection and the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model. The implicit finite difference method is used to discretize the governing differential equation system. The algebraic systems obtained are solved using the Gauss, Thomas and Gauss-Seidel algorithms. To determine the drying rate, we associate a drying kinetics model. This model is based on the concept of the characteristic curve. We particularly studied the effects of climatic conditions (temperature, velocity and relative humidity of the ambient air as well as the solar radiation intensity) and the conditions relating to the sludge on the spatio-temporal evolutions of the transfers characteristic numbers as well as on drying kinetics. This work is completed by simulations using meteorological data from the Tataouine region in southern Tunisia. These data were statistically processed using the Liu and Jordan method to determine the typical day of each month. The rentability study of the dryer show that the summer period is the optimum period for drying

L'etude a pour objet de modeliser l'ecoulement a surface libre d'un fluide visqueux sur un plan horizontal au debouche d'une fente parietale d'injection a bords arrondis. On considere le cas d'une geometrie bidimensionnelle et le regime d'ecoulement est suppose laminaire. Les equations de conservation et les conditions aux limites sont ecrites dans un systeme de coordonnees curvilignes lie aux lignes de courant. Une premiere approche theorique est d'abord effectuee dans le cas ideal d'un fluide parfait en ecoulement irrotationnel. La methode de resolution fait appel a des techniques de transformations conformes dans le plan complexe. Cette solution est ensuite utilisee pour obtenir le champ de vitesse dans la couche limite qui se developpe sur la paroi a partir du bord d'attaque de la fente. Les equations de prandtl sont resolues par les methodes numeriques d'integration de runge-kutta et de cebeci-keller. On etudie egalement, la perturbation apportee par l'interaction de la couche limite avec l'ecoulement d'euler, notamment sur le profil de la surface libre en utilisant la methode des developpements asymptotiques raccordes. Des solutions sont proposees pour les champs de vitesse et de pression ainsi que pour l'equation des lignes de courants, au moyen de developpements composites donnant des approximations uniformes dans tout le domaine d'ecoulement

This study was initiated by the need to improve current techniques used in the design of pneumatic conveying systems. At present, the commonly used method to predict the pressure drop in a vertical pipeline in a pneumatic conveying system is to obtain the pressure gradient in a horizontal for the identical conveying conditions and double the pressure gradient in the horizontal pipeline to give the pressure gradient in the vertical pipeline. In addition, scaling for pipeline bore in vertical pipelines is simply undertaken by considering the change in cross-sectional area. This is another area where sufficient investigation has not been undertaken. Therefore, as part of remit of this research study into improving current design techniques, an investigation into the effect of pipeline bore in vertical conveying would also be undertaken. This thesis documents the systematic approach that was used in order to produce some usable models that may be used in improving the understanding and design of pneumatic conveying systems. The models produced were based on data obtained by testing a range of products in an industrial scale pneumatic conveying test facility. The experimental data that was obtained from the pneumatic conveying tests form the basis of the ensuing analysis. The basic experimental data, which is primarily in the form of pressure gradient data for pneumatic conveying in horizontal and vertical pipelines, is explained in detail, along with the subsequent analysis of the data.

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A barra pré-fabricada é uma opção de tratamento vantajosa por minimizar o tempo de confecção da prótese implantossuportada do tipo protocolo de carga imediata com níveis de adaptação e passividade previsíveis. No entanto, para a sua aplicação, o arco do paciente deve adaptar-se anatomicamente ao formato da barra pré-fabricada, e a qualidade óssea deve ser compatível com a indicação da carga imediata. Além disso, a literatura não apresenta dados numéricos sobre a influência de diferentes formatos horizontais do arco mandibular na distribuição das tensões no osso, assim como não é homogênea a definição do critério de análise a ser utilizado quando materiais frágeis, como o osso, são estudados utilizando o método dos elementos finitos. Devido a isso, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com o objetivo de relacionar as propriedades dos materiais estudados com o critério de análise adotado. Para isto, foram levantados 2061 artigos através do indexador Medline database, durante os anos de 2004 a 2008. Observou-se que tanto o critério das tensões de von Mises como a máxima tensão principal foram utilizados para o estudo dos materiais considerados frágeis ou não. Para o estudo da influência de diferentes formatos horizontais do arco mandibular e diferentes tipos de osso na distribuição das tensões no osso cortical e medular na simulação de uma prótese fixa implantossuportada do tipo protocolo mandibular confeccionada através do sistema pré-fabricado Neopronto (Neodent, Implante Osseointegrável), quatro modelos (M) representativos...
Prefabricated bar is a profitable treatment option for minimizing the preparation time of fixed protocol-type prosthesis in immediate load with adaptation levels and predictable passivity. Nevertheless, in order to be applied, the patient's arch must be anatomically adapted to the format of the prefabricated bar, and bone quality must be compatible to immediate load indication. However, literature does not show any numerical data about the influence of different horizontal formats of the mandibular arch on bone stress distribution, as well as it is not homogeneous which analysis criterion is to be used when friable materials, such as the bone, are studied by making use of the finite element method. Due to this, a literature review was elaborated with the purpose to relate the materials' properties through the adopted analysis criterion. Therefore, 2061 articles were raised through the Medline Database Indexer from 2004 to 2008. It was noticed that not only Von Mises's equivalent stress criterion but also maximum principal stress were used for the study of materials considered as friable or not. For the study of the influence of different horizontal formats of mandibular archs and different types of bone in stress distribution on the cortical and medular bone in simulating a fixed implant-supported protocol-type mandibular prosthesis prepared through the Neopronto prefabricated system (Neodent, Osseointegratable Implant), four representative models (M) of a totally endentulate mandibular arch restored by the Neopronto prefabricated system (Neodent, Osseointegratable Implant) over four interforaminal implants were prepared through the SolidWorks 2007 program with a bone range (I to IV) (M.I - M.II - M.III - M.IV), considering the horizontal dimension as of regular size... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Antonio Anderson da Silva Segantini
Banca: Adriano Souza
Banca: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel
Resumo: Nesta pesquisa foi executado um reforço (cilíndrico com 1 m de diâmetro e 1 m de profundidade) de solo-cimento (cujo solo foi corrigido granulometricamente com resíduo de concreto triturado) compactado ao redor do fuste de estacas de concreto escavadas com trado mecânico (com 32 cm de diâmetro e profundidade de 8,71 m) em solo arenoso do Campo Experimental da UNESP em Ilha Solteira-SP com o intuito de avaliar sua contribuição para neutralização das cargas horizontais. A mistura entre solo e resíduo na proporção de 1:1 em massa, estabilizada com 8% de cimento (em massa seca de mistura) foi testada e mostrou-se bastante adequada para a utilização neste propósito, pois, para ser estabilizada com cimento, a mistura necessitou de menor quantidade de cimento que o solo natural (2 pontos percentuais) e o solo-cimento daí resultante apresentou resistência aos 28 dias de 6,32 MPa. Após ensaio de carregamento horizontal nas estacas reforçadas e comparação com os resultados de ensaios nas mesmas estacas sem reforço obtidos de Del Pino Jr. (2003), observou-se que para uma mesma carga aplicada os deslocamentos sofreram grande redução, enquanto para atingir um mesmo deslocamento foi necessário elevado acréscimo de carga. O coeficiente de reação horizontal do solo (nh) do conjunto estaca-solo em questão teve uma elevação da ordem de 200% do valor original. Também foram calculados os esforços (cortantes e fletores) e deslocamentos ao longo do fuste das estacas, que apresentaram sensível redução, para mesma carga aplicada, após reforço. Os resultados apontam o resíduo de concreto triturado como excelente material para correção granulométrica de solos utilizados para confecção de solocimento compactado e o solo-cimento compactado como um cilindro no entorno de estacas escavadas em solo arenoso sendo um reforço bastante eficiente para absorver esforços horizontais
Abstract: This research produced one improvement (cylindrical - 1 meter diameter and 1 meter deep) made of soil-cement (wich soil was granulometrically corrected with concrete ground remains) compacted around the concrete bored piles head (32 cm diameter and 8,71 meters deep) on a sandy soil from the Trial Field of UNESP, Ilha Solteira - SP, in order to measure it's contribution to neutralize the horizontal loading. The mix between soil and remains in proportions 1:1 in mass, stabilized with 8% of cement (dry mass of mix) was tested and proved to be very adequate for the research purpose, because the mix needed less quantity of cement than natural soil (2 percentage points) to be stabilized and the soil-cement resulting presented resistance in 28 days of 6,32 MPa. After the test of horizontal loading on the reinforced piles, compared with the results of tests with the same piles without improvement obtained from Del Pino Jr (2003), it was observed that for the same applied load the displacements had a great reduction, while for reaching the same displacement need high load increasing. The coefficient of the soil's horizontal reaction (nh) from the set pile-soil concerned has it's value increased to 200% from the original value. Also were measured the efforts and displacements along the stem piles, that had significant reduction after improvement. Results indicate ground concrete remains as an excellent material for granulometric correction of soil for confection of compacted soil-cement and the compacted soil-cement as a cylinder around the excavated piles head on sandy soil proved to be very efficient to absorb horizontal efforts
Mestre

Esta tese discute como Brasil e Portugal abordam em suas representações literárias o imaginário que envolve a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O estudo volta-se ao aspecto do combatente brasileiro em solo italiano, “o pracinha”, e à perspectiva do refugiado, vítima das perseguições antissemitas, que buscou asilo em terras lusitanas. Para tanto, procede-se ao exame das obras de Boris Schnaiderman, Guerra em surdina, e de Roberto de Mello e Souza, Mina R, no âmbito brasileiro. As narrativas analisadas no panorama português são “Nasci com passaporte de turista” e O cavalo espantado, de Alves Redol, “O mundo perdido”, de Joaquim Paço d’Arcos, e Sob céus estranhos, de Ilse Losa. De um lado, vislumbra-se a guerra em funcionamento, apontada nos romances brasileiros através da experiência coletiva e da experiência individual dos soldados (agentes e vítimas do aparato da guerra). De outro lado, aponta-se as consequências da guerra por meio dos desterrados que chegaram a Portugal e assumiram a voz narrativa para relatar suas trajetórias, o que se compreende como “a escrita do refugiado”.Os efeitos da guerra também são apresentados através do relato feito pela alteridade, destacado aqui como “o refugiado na escrita”. O aporte teórico conta, entre outras referências, com o artigo de Fredric Jameson, War and representation (2009), como suporte para a análise das representações bélicas nas duas literaturas. A partir disso, os retratos da guerra, apreendidos por meio do corpus selecionado nessa tese, exibem irascibilidade, desumanização e descaso como características desse “tempo sombrio” (ARENDT, 1991), além de abordarem o desalento próprio àqueles que passaram por vivências aterradoras, sejam eles os combatentes – como no caso brasileiro –, sejam os fugitivos das perseguições antissemitas – como no português.
This thesis discusses how Brazil and Portugal approach in their literary representations the imaginary that involves the Second World War. The study turns to the aspect of the Brazilian combatant on Italian soil, “the pracinha”, and the perspective of the refugee, a victim of anti-Semitic persecutions, who sought asylum in Lusitanian lands. To do so, the works of Boris Schnaiderman, Guerra em surdina, and Roberto de Mello e Souza, Mina R, are examined in the Brazilian context. The narratives analyzed in the Portuguese panorama are “Nasci com passaporte de turista” and O cavalo espantado, by Alves Redol, “O mundo perdido”, by Joaquim Paço d'Arcos, and Sob céus estranhos, by Ilse Losa. On the one hand, we can see the war in operation, pointed out in the Brazilian novels through the collective experience and individual experience of the soldiers (agents and victims of the apparatus of war). On the other hand, the consequences of the war are pointed out by the exiles who arrived in Portugal and took the narrative voice to report their trajectories, which is understood as “the writing of the refugee”. The effects of war are also presented through the account of alterity, here described as “the refugee in writing”. The theoretical contribution counts, among other references, the article by Fredric Jameson, War and representation (2009), as support for the analysis of warlike representations in the two literatures. From this, the portraits of war, seized through the corpus selected in this thesis, exhibit irascibility, dehumanization and neglect as characteristics of this “dark time” (ARENDT, 1991), as well as addressing the self-despondency of those who have experienced frightening experiences, be they combatants – as in the Brazilian case – are the fugitives of anti- Semitic persecutions – as in Portuguese.

<p>Este trabajo resume la investigación realizada en el programa doctoral Educación y Democracia (Universidad de Barcelona), con financiamiento del Ministerio de Educación (Argentina) y la Fundación Carolina (España), durante el período 2004-2006. El recorrido de la obra indaga en los diálogos poético-filosóficos de Platón y Borges en torno a las posibilidades para otra experiencia del pensar respecto de la palabra poética como subjetivación y formación.</p><p>La pregunta que motivó este estudio fue: ¿puede la palabra poética dar a ver otra experiencia del pensar? Ello abrió la búsqueda en otras direcciones, por ejemplo: ¿puede la palabra poética de los diálogos platónicos y relatos de Borges darnos a oír otras voces para la formación como ejercicio de comprensión? El abordaje del tema se lleva a cabo desde el marco teórico de la hermenéutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer, horizonte que hizo posible este ensayo acerca de las posibilidades del pensar poético, y de una interpretación del diálogo poético-filosófico como subjetivación y formación en textos de Platón y Borges (<em>Ion</em> y <em>La Rosa de Paracelso</em>, respectivamente).</p>

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

La formación identitaria de la Argentina se ha erigido, en buena medida, a partir de la querella en torno a la lengua que hablamos los argentinos. Esta querella consta de dos períodos: uno nacido con los albores del siglo XIX, y signado por la necesidad de adquirir una identidad cultural emancipada; otro vigente a partir del XX, urgido por resolver el problema idiomático desde su aspecto estrictamente gramatical y empírico. Estos dos períodos tuvieron como horizonte común dilucidar —ya sea desdeñándolo, ya sea enarbolándolo— el idioma nacional, el idioma patrio, la lengua argentina... modos alternativos con que se ha aludido siempre a un mismo problema: la cuestión de la lengua en Argentina. Ya ligado a la independencia nacional, a una identidad espiritual, a una gramática distintiva o a una lengua de la conversación y la amistad, el idioma argentino ha sido una disputa; más que una morfología o un léxico, su naturaleza es la polémica. Aun si en Argentina se hubiera hablado igual que en Madrid, la querella por la lengua no hubiera prescindido de los episodios que hoy ostenta. Desde Juan Cruz Varela hasta Jorge Luis Borges, el presente ensayo busca comprender el modo en que estos episodios se desarrollaron.

Estevam Matiazzi’s poetics are memorably reflected in the title of his colorful poem collection, most of which are written in poetic prose, with singular didacticism. “Life Seen Through Windows: before and beyond them” is a work marked by movements and approaches in a mutating world view, that established relations with its time. ‘Drunken times’, actually, pandemic times, Covid-19 times. In a cathartic process, the poetic persona gazes outside his window, a narrow spaces’ view that creates an egregore of love. Engaged in the notion of roughness within the historical moment, he creates poems, comforting hearts in distress and full of uncertainties. The title has a direct connection with the works’ poetry; it brings relations in constant change, a shape still undetermined, a state beyond any mold, any casted matter. Beyond anything pre-fixed, anything pre-established. Thus, in a language of light and shadows, “Life Seen Through Windows: before and beyond them” is a beacon in the darkness of these pandemic times (Márcia Lembrança). Life Seen Through Windows – behind and in front of them are 40 poems from quarantine, written in 2020, in the context of Covid-19 pandemic. The view from the windows in the apartment where I live in Belo Horizonte, side by side with the song “Window’s Scenery” – written by Lô Borges and Fernando Brant for the album Corner Club, released in 1972, year in which I was born –, are the inspiration for these poems. Nearly 50 years after this masterpiece, between the slot that remains between buildings, I watch, beyond the windows, the mountain ranges that still encircle the capitol of Minas Gerais, either under blue, open skies or under thick grey clouds… From behind windows, I listen to radios, watch screens and see continued ailments; deforested, burned Amazon, slighted traditional cultures; inflation on the rise, democracy under threat; drama and mire, plots and fire…

The main milestones of the formation and development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during 1883–1945 are reconstructed on the example of the activities of the astronomical observatory of Kharkiv University. During this period, the outstanding worldview science in Kharkiv has achieved significant success: the works of Kharkiv astronomers have received world recognition; a well-known scientific planetary school has been established at the Observatory; the scientific community highly appreciated the research on the physics and chemistry of the Moon, the giant and small planets of the Solar System. The primary goal of the research is to inscribe the history of the university Observatory into the European and world context. Its purpose is to summarize the results of a comprehensive historical ad scientific study of the development of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century and identification of ways of further scientific research. The completed research, which continues the problems of works devoted to the study of the history of astronomical science in Ukraine, focuses on expanding the well-known source base by attracting new retro-information resources. In particular, the monograph used a significant array of archival primary sources from almost twenty archival and library institutions of different countries. Most of them were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which allowed to determine and specify the sequence of stages of development of astronomical science in Kharkiv during the research period, to clarify and identify the little-known circumstances of the observatory life. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historism, objectivity and a systematic approach to studying the problem. To solve specific problematic tasks in the monograph, general scientific and specially historical methods were used which allowed to study, analyze and summarize the presented factual material in a complex manner. The main sections of the monograph represent the dynamics of replenishment of the instrumental base of the university observatory, the chronology of the construction of the observatory complex of buildings at the location of the modern Scientific Research Institute of Astronomy of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. According to the author’s periodization, the stages of formation of subjects and directions of scientific work of university astronomers have been analyzed, including: seismic observations with the help of horizontal Rebeur-Paschwitz pendulums, research of the activity of the Sun, astrometric observations on the Repsold meridian circle of for the purpose of compiling a catalog of zodiac stars, studying lunar eclipses and meteor showers. The participation of university astronomers in the creation of the plan of the city of Kharkiv and its connection with the general network of precise geometric leveling of the Military Topographic Department of the General Staff; the organization of observations by an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers of the total Solar eclipse of 1914 in Henichesk; the creation of the School-workshop of precision mechanics at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University were considered; information on the participation of Kharkiv astronomers in the events of the civil war during the Ukrainian Revolution was documented. The scientific research activity of Kharkiv astronomers during 1920-1930-s which was devoted to carrying out important astrometric works on meridian observations of star declinations by absolute methods and observations of Kopf-Rentz stars according to the programs of the International Astronomical Union; the initiation of the creation of the Catalog of faint stars; research in astrophysics aimed at studying the physical conditions on the Moon and the Sun, planets and the interstellar environment; performing long series of spectrophotometric observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars and Saturn under different conditions of observation; study of the kinematics of stellar systems of different order, the physical parameters and evolution of stars, the morphology of the Galaxy, the nature of the stellar subsurfaces and atmospheres, dust and gas nebulae, new stars and the variability of stars have been considered; the directions of solid works carried out in the field of celestial mechanics, devoted to the dynamics of the minor planets of the Jupiter group, the definition and improvement of the orbits of minor planets have been clarified. The development of amateur astronomy in Kharkiv, in particular, the functioning of circles and societies that directed their activities to the dissemination of astronomical knowledge, was highlighted; the participation of their representatives in astronomical observations at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory was emphasized. Reconstructed the development of historical events in the 1930s related to the involvement of Soviet and Western astronomers in the processes of political confrontation between the USSR and the Western world; investigated the course of circumstances that prevented the implementation of the project of creating a new modern astronomical center of national importance – the central Ukrainian observatory in Kharkiv; the participation of an expedition of Kharkiv astronomers in the observation of the «great Soviet eclipse» – the total solar eclipse of 1936 – in the North Caucasus is highlighted; established the facts of political «purges» and repressions by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( the NKVD) in the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. The activity of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory has been documented and authentic biographical information about its representatives during the Nazi occupation of 1941–1943, the period of the German-Soviet war, has been presented; the unpopular facts of the forced collaboration of some scientists are highlighted; the process of recovery and reconstruction of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory after the liberation of the city is characterized. With the aim of researching the personal history of Kharkiv astronomy of the studied period, the monograph presents the results of a historical and biographical study of facts of life and scientific heritage of scientists who fully devoted themselves to Science, laid the foundations for the future development of many directions of modern astronomical research, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the national and European astronomical science, whose activities were connected with the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, in particular: Grigory Levytsky, Ludwig Struve, Mykola Evdokymov, Otto Struve, Mykola Barabashov, Boris Gerasimovich, Vasil Fesenkov, Oleksiy Razdolsky, Boris Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev, Nicholas Bobrovnikov, Paraskovia Parkhomenko, Mstislav Savron, Boris Semeykin, Kostyantyn Savchenko and others (25 biographical essays are presented). A significant part of the mentioned factual material was also introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. A separate section of the monograph provides chronologically structured information that reflects the sequence of research work of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory employees during the period under study: from astrometric observations of stars and seismic research to spectrohelioscopic and spectroheliographic observations of the Sun and the initiation of the Kharkiv school of planetary science. It is assumed that the materials of the monograph will be used in research work devoted to the study of the process of institutionalization of astronomical research in Kharkiv at the end of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century.

Abstract Bores generated by dam-break and initial mound of water and their propagation over horizontal and inclined surfaces are studied by use of theoretical approaches. Calculations are carried out in two and three dimensions and particular attention is given to the bore impact on horizontal and vertical surfaces. Downstream of the initial mound of water may be wet or dry. Discussion is provided on the influence of the downstream water on the bore behaviour and impact. Three methods are used in this study, namely the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS), the Green-Naghdi (GN) equations and Saint Venant equations (SV). The governing equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions are solved with various numerical techniques. Results of these models are compared with each other, and with laboratory experiments when available. Discussion is given on the limitations and applicability of these models to study the bore generation, propagation and pressure on horizontal and vertical surfaces. It is found that the GN equations compare well with the RANS equations, while the SV equations have substantially simplified the solution.

A series of experiments has been carried out at the Tsunami Wave Basin (TWB) at Oregon State University (OSU) to determine the effect of tsunami bores on coastal and near-shore structures, especially buildings and bridges. The TWB is equipped with a piston-type wavemaker capable of generating clean solitary waves. The facility was used to model tsunami bores breaking over coastal reefs and their impact on structural components, including columns, walls, and horizontal members, such as building floors and bridge decks. Detailed wave height and velocity measurements were recorded as well. This paper focuses on the fluid forces of a bore impacting a wall/floor system. The experimental setup will be described and force results will be presented. The experimental results provide needed data to validate CFD models that can then be used to determine forces for a wider variety of situations.

In-site machining of a high-pressure casing of a 75 MW steam turbine, which experienced severe deformation after a long period of service is fully described. The casing deformation was measured using an optical instrument (transit) which revealed a bottom casing concavity of about of 4.4 mm and top casing convexity about of 2.8 mm. This deformation caused rotor-stator rubbing, an increase in steam path radial clearances, turbine efficiency deterioration and maintenance problems. To restore the casing horizontal joint surface flatness in the top and bottom casing halves, a special portable milling machine tool was used, which was supported directly on the casing. Also due to its deformation, the casing central guide bores of the diaphragms carriers needed to be re-machined. This was made by using a special rotary arm supporting an electrical angle grinder which was centred individually for each guide bore. The casing restoration was made without any needs for welding. Due to the machining of the horizontal joint, the casing joint surface was displaced approximately 6 mm in the vertical direction without needing to change the turbine rotor axis position. After the re-machining, the casing was put back into service reaching the design operational conditions without any problems.

Experimental investigation was conducted with CO2 at high pressure, ranging 5.0 to 6.5 MPa, in horizontal mini-channels of 0.51, 1.0 and 2.0 mm in diameters. In smaller bores tube, e.g. 0.51 and 1.0 mm, the phase stratification is not serious and the flow pattern becomes quasi-axi-symmetric, while in 2.0 mm or larger tubes phase stratification becomes significant as in conventional sized tubes. This phase stratification, together with the intermittent flow behavior, causes the heat transfer deterioration at the upper wall. Existing criteria as a whole were insufficient in predicting flow patterns. In order to predict complicated two-phase flow behavior, including inherent void fraction fluctuation and flow patterns, the discrete bubble model based on a pattern dynamics approach was developed, so as to be applicable to the horizontal mini-channels. The simulated void fraction fluctuations successfully provided not only the flow pattern maps in terms of statistical properties, but also quantitative estimation of the heat transfer deterioration at the upper wall of the tube of 2.0 mm in diameter. Existing correlations were evaluated through the comparison with the present experimental data, and a nucleate boiling mode was found a dominant mode over the boiling heat transfer at high pressure in mini-channels.