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1
Fitzpatrick, David, Giuseppe Cimadoro, and Daniel Cleather. "The Magical Horizontal Force Muscle? A Preliminary Study Examining the “Force-Vector” Theory." Sports 7, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7020030.
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The force-vector theory contends that horizontal exercises are more specific to horizontal sports skills. In this context, the focus is on horizontal force production relative to the global coordinate frame. However, according to the principle of dynamic correspondence, the direction of force relative to the athlete is more important, and thus the basis for the force-vector theory is flawed. The purpose of this study was therefore to test the force-vector theory. According to the force-vector theory, hip thrust is a horizontally loaded exercise, and so hip thrust training would be expected to create greater improvements in horizontal jump performance than vertical jump performance. Eleven collegiate female athletes aged 18–24 years completed a 14-week hip thrust training programme. Pre and post testing was used to measure the following: vertical squat jump, vertical countermovement jump, horizontal squat jump, horizontal countermovement jump and hip thrust 3 repetition maximum (3RM). Subjects improved their 3 repetition maximum hip thrust performance by 33.0% (d = 1.399, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.784) and their vertical and horizontal jump performance (improvements ranged from 5.4–7.7%; d = 0.371–0.477, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.585). However, there were no differences in the magnitude of the improvement between horizontal and vertical jumping (p = 0.561, η2 = 0.035). The results of this study are contrary to the predictions of the force-vector theory. Furthermore, this paper concludes with an analysis of the force-vector theory, presenting the mechanical inconsistencies in the theory. Coaches should use the well established principle of dynamic correspondence in order to assess the mechanical similarity of exercises to sports skills.
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Chen, L., H. Zhou, Y. B. Wen, and D. P. Duan. "Control of the horizontal position of a stratospheric airship during ascent and descent." Aeronautical Journal 119, no. 1214 (April 2015): 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000010599.
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AbstractA stratospheric airship flies at a working altitude of 20km when it takes off from the ground. During ascent and descent, the wind field and thermal environment are highly complex. The thermal environment affects altitude, whereas wind influences the horizontal position of the airship. At a low altitude, this horizontal position cannot be controlled by thrusts given the low thrust-to-weight ratio, especially under a large wind field. However, it may be controlled indirectly by the pitch angle during ascent and descent with a certain vertical velocity. This study therefore proposes ascending and descending schemes for a stratospheric airship based on the thermal model. In this model, altitude is determined by the net lift/weight, whereas the horizontal position is controlled by the thrust and pitch. The pitch angle is determined by ballonets and an elevator. To allocate pitch control between the ballonets and the elevator under different airspeeds, pseudo-inverse dynamics of varied weight are introduced. In horizontal position control, the method of chain allocation is then applied between a pitch angle and vectored thrust to control the position of a stratospheric airship during ascent/descent.
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Imamura, Akitaka, Masafumi Miwa, and Junichi Hino. "Flight Characteristics of Quad Rotor Helicopter with Thrust Vectoring Equipment." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 3 (June 17, 2016): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0334.
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[abstFig src='/00280003/09.jpg' width=""300"" text='Thrust vectoring mechanisms for WRH' ] A quad rotor helicopter (QRH) is a radio controlled (RC) aircraft that tilts its attitude to generate a horizontal force component to move in a certain direction. Using autonomous control, the attitude control system tilts the airframe against disturbances, such as wind. Thus, the attitude of a flying QRH is always slanted. In this study, three types of deflecting thruster were compared to maintain the position and horizontal attitude of the QRH. The extra thrusters are tilted to generate a thrust against disturbances without causing the airframe to incline. It is suitable for precise measurements for which the airframe posture should remain horizontal.
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Kühn, Marvin, Corentin Toursel, and Jochen Schein. "Thrust Measurements on the High Efficient and Reliable Vacuum Arc Thruster (HERVAT)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052274.
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In this work, thrust measurements of the high efficient and reliable vacuum arc thruster (HERVAT) are performed for different pulse energies. The thruster system includes a thruster head together with a newly developed pulse processing unit (PPU). The complete system (HERVAT + PPU) is able to perform more than 1 × 107 pulses. Moreover, the influence of an integrated active magnetic nozzle is investigated. As a result, the thrust to power ratio, the average thrust level and the impulse bit for each configuration are measured and calculated. For the thrust measurements, a highly sensitive horizontal thrust balance with an active force actuator is used and operated in the thrust compensation mode. The investigated system is able to achieve levels from 5 to 40 μN and thrust to power ratios from 1 to 2 μN/W. The experimental results are compared to the data available in literature.
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Subramanian, Ramakrishnan, and Arun Murugesan. "Horizontal Thrust in Vertically Curved Reinforced Concrete Beams." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 24, no. 2 (May 2019): 04019005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000418.
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Marmo, Francesco. "ArchLab: a MATLAB tool for the Thrust Line Analysis of masonry arches." Curved and Layered Structures 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cls-2021-0003.
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Abstract According to Heyman’s safe theorem of the limit analysis of masonry structures, the safety of masonry arches can be verified by finding at least one line of thrust entirely laying within the masonry and in equilibrium with external loads. If such a solution does exist, two extreme configurations of the thrust line can be determined, respectively referred to as solutions of minimum and maximum thrust. In this paper it is presented a numerical procedure for determining both these solutions with reference to masonry arches of general shape, subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads. The algorithm takes advantage of a simplification of the equations underlying the Thrust Network Analysis. Actually, for the case of planar lines of thrust, the horizontal components of the reference thrusts can be computed in closed form at each iteration and for any arbitrary loading condition. The heights of the points of the thrust line are then computed by solving a constrained linear optimization problem by means of the Dual-Simplex algorithm. The MATLAB implementation of presented algorithm is described in detail and made freely available to interested users (https://bit.ly/3krlVxH). Two numerical examples regarding a pointed and a lowered circular arch are presented in order to show the performance of the method.
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Artiukh, Viktor, Vladlen Mazur, and Liubov Shilova. "Device for Making Horizontal Wedge Thrust of Rolling Stand." MATEC Web of Conferences 106 (2017): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710603002.
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Qiao, Xu, Liu, and Wang. "Study on the Horizontal Axis Deviation of a Small Radius TBM Tunnel Based on Winkler Foundation Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030784.
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During the construction stage of the small radius TBM (tunnel boring machine) interval, the improper control of the boring parameters and the boring posture can cause the horizontal axis deviation of the shield tunnel. In order to address this issue, the TBM segments lining structure of the small radius interval is simplified as the continuous circular curved beam based on the longitudinal equivalent continuous model and Winkler elastic foundation beam theory. The theoretical model is solved through the transfer matrix method, and its applicability is verified by comparing it with the field monitoring data. It is found that the horizontal axis deviation of the completed tunnel increases with the total jack thrust, and the lateral displacement tends to be stable when the distance between the ring and the tail is far. The horizontal axis deviation has a negative relationship with the thrust difference or path difference when the jack thrust in the outside of the shield curve is larger than that of inside the shield curve. The horizontal axis deviation has a positive relationship with the thrust difference or path difference when the jack thrust in the outside of the shield curve is smaller than that of inside the shield curve.
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Li, Qi Jie, Jian Nong Gu, Zhi Hong Zhang, Chong Wang, Bao Ren Li, and Lei Gao. "Steady Motions Performance of an Underwater Glider with Pump on the Vertical Plane." Applied Mechanics and Materials 387 (August 2013): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.387.310.
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The primary aim of research is to improve the speed of underwater glider to overcome the influence of ocean currents. In the paper, an autonomous underwater glider with pump was developed, and its vertical plane motion equations were established. In addition, the glider’s vertical plane motions were simulated. The results show, compared with no thrust, when the amount of volume change is 0.8L and the pump jet thrust is 15N, the glider’s resultant velocity and its horizontal velocity are double. When the pump thrust increases to 40N, the glider’s resultant velocity and its horizontal velocity are triple. It has also been confirmed that there is a best neutral buoyant pitch angle that can make the glider’s horizontal velocity reach the maximum in a different amount of volume change.
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Evans, K., and T. Engelder. "Some problems in estimating horizontal stress magnitudes in “thrust” regimes." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 6 (December 1989): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)91445-9.
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Cocchetti, Giuseppe, and Egidio Rizzi. "Least-thickness symmetric circular masonry arch of maximum horizontal thrust." Archive of Applied Mechanics 91, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 2617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-021-01909-1.
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AbstractThis analytical note shall provide a contribution to the understanding of general principles in the Mechanics of (symmetric circular) masonry arches. Within a mainstream of previous research work by the authors (and competent framing in the dedicated literature), devoted to investigate the classical structural optimization problem leading to the least-thickness condition under self-weight (“Couplet-Heyman problem”), and the relevant characteristics of the purely rotational five-hinge collapse mode, new and complementary information is here analytically derived. Peculiar extremal conditions are explicitly inspected, as those leading to the maximum intrinsic non-dimensional horizontal thrust and to the foremost wide angular inner-hinge position from the crown, both occurring for specific instances of over-complete (horseshoe) arches. The whole is obtained, and confronted, for three typical solution cases, i.e., Heyman, “CCR” and Milankovitch instances, all together, by full closed-form explicit representations, and elucidated by relevant illustrations.
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Li, Hong Liang, Can Zhang Jin, Chun Feng Yang, and Heng Nan Gao. "Research on the Stress-Strain Law of Abutment Approach Embankment Filled with Liquid Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.536.
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Because of the narrow condition of bridge approach embankment, the large compacting machines can not use in the embankment construction. The differential settlement between abutment and approach embankment was easy to produce. Coupled with the the structural differences of the abutment and embankment, how to ensure abutment stable and prevent bridge head bump has been an engineering roadblock in the abutment approach embankment filling engineering. The key factor to solve the problem of the roadblock is reducing the horizontal thrust of embankment on abutment and the difference in settlement between road and bridge. Test results showed that liquid fly ash is a new lightweight value material of self-compacting, which has higher strength, stiffness and smaller density. Using liquid fly ash as the bridge-approach embankment filling material can effectively reduce the horizontal thrust of embankment on abutment and decrease its own settlement deformation. ANSYS computational analysis showed that when we use liquid fly ash filling the bridge approach embankment, the horizontal thrust of the same position will increase with the increase of the filling height, and the value is lesser than the horizontal thrust of soil filling subgrade. Pavement settlement increases with the filling height increasing, but it is significantly less than the general soil filling subgrade.
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Kruchek, Victor, and Andrey Yevstafiyev. "Instrument accuracy influence on kinematics of rotary traverse of axial gear set with horizontal jet thrust in a group tractive drive of a lokomotive." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2017-2-256-266.
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Objective: To obtain analytical responses of linear and angular movements of horizontal jet thrust and axial reduction unit, appearing in the process of their production and group tractive drive assembly, occurring as a result of vertical wheelset and engine’s undercarriage frame shifts during engine movement. The given responses are the basis for identifying its velocity, acceleration, and dynamic loads on drive components, as well as searching for methods to boost drive components reliability, taking into account its constructive specificities and running conditions. Methods: Analytical responses were identified on the basis of higher mathematics, the laws of theoretical mechanics as well as trigonometry knowledge application. Results: Analytical responses of kinematic spatial movements of horizontal jet thrust and an axial reduction unit with instrument accuracy of a group tractive drive were obtained from vertical engine’s undercarriage frame shifts and locomotives wheelset. Boundary conditions of jet thrust slopes were detected, as well as center lines of axial reduction units. The analysis of established relations was performed. Possible scheme variants of spatial movements of horizontal jet thrust and a wheel set axial reduction unit in engine’s undercarriage frame were presented with possible discrepancies of linear dimensions from production tolerance. Characteristic curves of vertical shifts of actual towline constructions from vertical shifts of undercarriage frame during locomotive’s movement were graphed. Practical importance: On the basis of obtained relations the analysis of linear displacement, angular velocities and accelerations of jet thrusts and wheel set axial reduction units is possible, as well as the generation of rational and robust wheel set cardan tractive gear constructions for locomotives with minimal dynamic load on its elements. The results of analytical research might be applied in the designing of new engines with high dynamic parameters.
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Mubarok, Asep Miftahul. "Perancangan dan Implementasi Uji Kinerja Thrust vectoring Untuk Roket Elektrik." Telekontran : Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Kendali dan Elektronika Terapan 8, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/telekontran.v8i1.3071.
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Penelitian pada bidang teknologi roket dapat menjdai indikator kemajuan dari suatu negara. Teknologi roket biasanya digunakan untuk pergi ke luar angkasa dan sebagai alat pertahanan. Dibidang militer jenis roket yang digunakan adalah jenis roket peluru kendali atau biasa disebut rudal. Jenis rudal yang paling terkenal adalah rudal jelajah. Rudal jelajah dapat terbang dengan lintasan horizontal. Rudal jelajah terbang menggunakan sayap sebagai pembangkit gaya aerodinamika untuk mengontrol gerakan sewaktu mengudara. Pada dasarnya rudal jelajah adalah pesawat tanpa awak yang di rancang untuk membawa peluru ledak konvensional dengan jarak jangkau yang jauh. Salah satu dari jenis roket kendali yang sedang dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah roket elektrik yang dapat terbang secara horizontal. Agar roket dapat terbang dengan cepat secara horizontal pada sumbu pitch roket harus memiliki sistem kontrol thrust vectoring yaitu sistem yang dapat merubah arah angin yang terdapat pada bagian pendorong roket. Sistem thrust vectoring adalah kemampuan dari roket untuk memanipulasi arah dari daya dorong (thrust) yang dihasilkan mesin atau motor pengeraknya. Hal ini dilakukan dengan maksud mengendalikan arah atau kecepatan angular roket. Penelitian ini akan membahas sistem thrust vectoring agar roket bisa cepat lepas landas dengan cepat pada sumbu pitch. Dalam melakukan penelitian terdapat beberapa masalah yang dihadapi. Peneliti telah merumuskan beberapa masalah yaitu pembuatan sistem thrust vectoring dan kestabilan roket, yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat proses lepas landas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode litelatur, metode observasi, pengujian, evaluasi serta simpulan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian roket bisa terbang cepat pada sumbu pith menggunakan sistem thrust vectoring dengan waktu 4,6 detik untuk mencapai ketinggian 30m.
Kata kunci : Rudal, Roket elektrik, Thrust vectoring , Sumbu Pitch , Sistem kestabilan
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Wennberg, Ole Petter, Arild Andresen, Sigurd Hansen, and Steffen G. Bergh. "Structural evolution of a frontal ramp section of the West Spitsbergen, Tertiary fold and thrust belt, north of Isfjorden, Spitsbergen." Geological Magazine 131, no. 1 (January 1994): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800010505.
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AbstractThe geometry and kinematic evolution of a frontal ramp section associated with the Tertiary West Spitsbergen Orogenic Belt has been investigated in a small area (Lappdalen) north of Isfjorden. The previously recognized thrust front corresponds to a complex step or ramp in the position of the sole-thrust in the area. The sole-thrust is localized to the evaporites of the Permian Gipshuken Formation to the west of the footwall ramp, whereas to the east it continues as a bedding-parallel thrust in Triassic shales (Sassendalen Group). The area to the west of the footwall ramp is characterized by large scale thrusts and folds involving the Permian Gipshuken and Kapp Starostin formations and the lower part of the Triassic Sassendalen Group. East of the footwall ramp both Permian and Triassic strata are sub-horizontal and apparently undeformed. Three major thrust sheets are recognized. Based on the geometric relationship between folds and faults in the area, both fault-bend and fault-propogation mechanisms of folding are inferred. Restoration of the Kapp Starostin Formation to its pre-deformational state indicates a minimum of 35% shortening. Structural observations within the Sassendalen Group in the study area and on Dickson Land suggest that some of this shortening is transmitted eastwards along one or more bedding parallel thrusts in the Sassendalen Group.
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Lei, Yao, Yiyong Huang, and Hengda Wang. "Effects of Wind Disturbance on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Quadrotor MAV during Hovering." Journal of Sensors 2021 (April 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681716.
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Wind disturbance could render thrust and power variation or even causing roll which is difficult to maintain a steady flight in gust especially when the horizontal or vertical wind is involved. In this paper, the horizontal wind and vertical wind are presented to study the influence of wind disturbance on aerodynamic characteristics of the quadrotor aircraft in hovering by experiments and numerical simulations. First, the simplified aerodynamic model with the wind disturbance was analyzed in detail. Also, the low-speed wind tunnel tests were performed to obtain the thrust and power variation of the quadrotor aircraft with rotor spacing ratio s = 1.1 -1.8 in both horizontal and vertical winds of 0-5 m/s with the rotational speed ranging from 1500 to 2300 rpm. Finally, the simulations are performed by utilizing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS to study the flow field distribution of quadrotor with the influence of the wind disturbance. The comparison between experimental results and simulation results shows that the quadrotor achieves better aerodynamic performance with larger thrust and smaller power consumption at rotor spacing ratio s = 1.8 . Additionally, the quadrotor can effectively resist the horizontal wind disturbance, which will bring larger power loading for the quadrotor, especially at 2.5 m/s. However, the vortices near blade-tip move upwards and deform with the influence of vertical wind, resulting in the reduction of thrust and aerodynamic performance of the quadrotor.
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Ma, Hong Sheng, and Chang Wei Yang. "The Research of Seismic Active Earth Pressure with Mode of Translation by Horizontal Slices Analysis Method and Shaking Table Tests." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1942–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1942.
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In order to get the seismic active earth pressure with the mode of translation, adopting some related assumptions of the M-O theory, this paper establishes the first-order differential equation of the Seismic active earth pressure by horizontal slices analysis method and gets the solution of the seismic active earth pressure by boundary conditions. This formula can solve the distribution of the seismic active earth pressure is nonlinear along the wall, the point of application of the dynamic active thrust which is the advantage of this formula and announces the decreasing process of the filling’s rupture angle with the increase of the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) , as well. The rationality and validity of the formula is confirmed by the comparison between the results of the shaking table tests and the formula, respectively. If the retaining wall takes place the mode of translation, the point of application of the seismic active thrust ranges between 0.4 and 0.5 times wall’s height at the horizontal seismic peak ground acceleration (PGA)<0.4g.At the same time, the computational accuracy of the dynamic active thrust, their points of application and the angle of rupture increases with the increase of the horizontal peak ground acceleration at the horizontal PGA<1.0g, as the astigmatic of the retaining wall in highly seismic intensity region supplying the valuable reference.
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USHIYAMA, Izumi, and Guo-zong CHAI. "Experimental studies for the thrust of the horizontal-axis wind turbine." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 56, no. 523 (1990): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.56.773.
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Anderlini, Letizia, Enrico Serpelloni, Cristiano Tolomei, Paolo Marco De Martini, Giuseppe Pezzo, Adriano Gualandi, and Giorgio Spada. "New insights into active tectonics and seismogenic potential of the Italian Southern Alps from vertical geodetic velocities." Solid Earth 11, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 1681–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1681-2020.
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Abstract. This study presents and discusses horizontal and vertical geodetic velocities for a low strain rate region of the south Alpine thrust front in northeastern Italy obtained by integrating GPS, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and leveling data. The area is characterized by the presence of subparallel, south-verging thrusts whose seismogenic potential is still poorly known. Horizontal GPS velocities show that this sector of the eastern Southern Alps is undergoing ∼1 mm a−1 of NW–SE shortening associated with the Adria–Eurasia plate convergence, but the horizontal GPS velocity gradient across the mountain front provides limited constraints on the geometry and slip rate of the several subparallel thrusts. In terms of vertical velocities, the three geodetic methods provide consistent results showing a positive velocity gradient, of ∼ 1.5 mm a−1, across the mountain front, which can hardly be explained solely by isostatic processes. We developed an interseismic dislocation model whose geometry is constrained by available subsurface geological reconstructions and instrumental seismicity. While a fraction of the measured uplift can be attributed to glacial and erosional isostatic processes, our results suggest that interseismic strain accumulation at the Montello and the Bassano–Valdobbiadene thrusts it significantly contributing to the measured uplift. The seismogenic potential of the Montello thrust turns out to be smaller than that of the Bassano–Valdobbiadene fault, whose estimated parameters (locking depth equals 9.1 km and slip rate equals 2.1 mm a−1) indicate a structure capable of potentially generating a Mw>6.5 earthquake. These results demonstrate the importance of precise vertical ground velocity data for modeling interseismic strain accumulation in slowly deforming regions where seismological and geomorphological evidence of active tectonics is often scarce or not conclusive.
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Li, Ji-Hong, Min-Gyu Kim, Hyungjoo Kang, Mun-Jik Lee, and Gun Cho. "UUV Simulation Modeling and its Control Method: Simulation and Experimental Studies." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040089.
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This paper presents the development of an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) platform, especially the derivation of the vehicle’s simulation model and its control method to overcome strong sea current. The platform is designed to have a flattened ellipsoidal exterior so as to minimize the hydrodynamic damping on the horizontal plane. Four horizontal thrusters with the identical specifications are symmetrically mounted on the horizontal plane, and each of them has the same thrust dynamics in both forward and reverse directions. In addition, there are three vertical thrusters used to handle the vehicle’s roll, pitch and heave motions. Control strategy proposed in this paper to overcome strong current is that: maximizing the vectored horizontal thrust force against the sea current without or with the least of the vehicle’s rotation on the horizontal plane. For the vehicle model, due to it being symmetric in all of three axes, the vehicle dynamics can be simplified and all of hydrodynamic coefficients are calculated through both of theoretical and empirically-derived formulas. Numerical simulations and experimental studies in both of the water tank and the circulating water channel are carried out to demonstrate the vehicle’s capability of overcoming strong current.
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Artiukh, Viktor, Vladlen Mazur, Sergey Kargin, and Nikolay Bushuev. "Reasonability to use device for making horizontal wedge thrust of rolling stand." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817003011.
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Necessity and reasonability to use gapless connection between contact surfaces of lining straps of work rolls chocks and facing strips of housings (inner lining straps of back-up rolls chocks) to reduce dynamic horizontal forces during rolling and increase durability of equipment are considered. Technical solution is described on base of roughing reversing rolling stand of thick sheet rolling mill 3000 of PJSC ‘ILYICH iron and steel works’ (Mariupol city, Ukraine) which can be used on most heavy loaded sheet and tube rolling mills.
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Peterman, David J., Ryan Shell, Charles N. Ciampaglio, and Margaret M. Yacobucci. "Stable hooks: biomechanics of heteromorph ammonoids with U-shaped body chambers." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa018.
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ABSTRACT The biomechanics of uncoiled heteromorph ammonoids with body chambers that terminate in U-shaped hooks (ancylocones) were investigated with virtual and physical models of Audouliceras renauxianum. Virtual models were used to compute the hydrostatic properties of this morphotype. Audouliceras has the capacity for neutral buoyancy and this suggests that other taxa with similar proportions had this ability as well. Hydrostatic stability gradually increases during ontogeny, coincident with the larger degree of uncoiling. The juvenile planispiral stage has a similar stability and apertural orientation to the extant Nautilus. The adult stage, however, undergoes an increase in stability by a factor of over 3, while assuming an upward-facing posture. Counterintuitively, the stage during the formation of the shaft (before the growth of the U-shaped hook) is oriented horizontally. This intermediate stage would have had poor horizontal mobility due to the positioning of the hyponome below the centre of mass. The juvenile planispiral stage and mature stage, however, would have been well suited to horizontal backward movement with minimal rocking. Ancylocones are generally thought of as quasiplanktic vertical migrants. Thus, their relative horizontal swimming ability has been largely disregarded. Experiments on 3D printed, neutrally buoyant physical models reveal that hydrodynamic drag is indeed larger compared to Nautilus. However, Audouliceras could reach similar maximum horizontal velocities depending on the available thrust. Sepia-like thrusts yield velocities similar to equivalently sized Nautilus (c. 15 cm/s), while Nautilus-like thrusts yield velocities not much lower (c. 11 cm/s). Due to the hydrostatic properties of the ancylocone, the adult model undergoes less rocking (±4.5°) during movement than Nautilus (±10°). The minimal hydrodynamic consequences for ancylocones suggest that stability, orientation and directional efficiency are key selective pressures for some heteromorph shells, which may have primarily served as hydrostatic devices.
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Gehrmann, Anna, Martin Meschede, Heiko Hüneke, and Stig A. Schack Pedersen. "Sea cliff at Kieler Ufer (Pleistocene stripes 11–16) – large-scale architecture and kinematics of the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex." DEUQUA Special Publications 2 (August 15, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-2-19-2019.
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Abstract. The Kieler Ufer cliff section is a structural key location in the late Weichselian thrust-dominated-to-fold–thrust-dominated glacitectonic complex of Jasmund. Restoration and balancing of geological cross sections from the eastern coast (southern sub-complex) enabled strain quantification and the illustration of stress orientation. The entire horizontal shortening of the Kieler Ufer section is 1280 m (51.6 %) at its minimum. The thrust faults generally inclined towards south indicate a local glacier push from the S/SSW, which fits well into the glacio-dynamic model suggested by Gehrmann and Harding (2018).
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Wu, Guoxi, and WD Liam Finn. "Seismic lateral pressures for design of rigid walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 3 (October 25, 1999): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-013.
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Design charts for seismic pressures against rigid walls subjected to horizontal earthquake shaking are presented for both uniform and nonuniform backfills. Solutions are based on a simplified model of soil response which gives results that agree almost exactly with rigorous solutions. Peak seismic thrusts are presented for three different soil profiles. For each profile, 250 combinations of ground accelerations and distributions of soil shear moduli with depth are analysed to provide data points of peak seismic thrust ratios for the construction of design envelopes. The seismic thrust ratios for design are presented as a function of the ratio of the predominant frequency of the earthquake motion and the fundamental frequency of the wall-soil system. An approximate method is given for evaluating the latter frequency without a full analysis.Key words: rigid walls, seismic lateral pressures, design lateral pressures.
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Lei, Yao, and Mingxin Cheng. "Aerodynamic Performance of Hex-Rotor UAV Considering the Horizontal Airflow." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 9, 2019): 4797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224797.
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In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of a Hex-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with different rotational speeds (1500–2300 RPM) considering the horizontal airflow conditions is analyzed by both simulations and experiments. A low-speed wind tunnel experiments platform is applied to measure the thrust, torque, and power consumption of a Hex-rotor UAV with different rotational speeds in horizontal airflow, which varied from 0 m/s–4 m/s. First, this paper introduces the effect of horizontal airflow on a UAV. Then, the low-speed wind tunnel experiments were carried out on a Hex-rotor UAV (D/L = 0.56) with different horizontal velocities to determine the hover performance. Finally, numerical simulations were obtained with the streamline distributions, pressure distributions, velocity contour, and vortex distributions at different horizontal airflow conditions to describe the aerodynamic interference effect of different horizontal airflows. Combined with the experimental results and numerical simulations results, the horizontal airflow proved to have a significant influence on the aerodynamic performance of the Hex-rotor UAV with an increase in thrust and power. Indeed, the streamlines in the flow field were coupled to each other at the presence of the incoming airflow. Especially when the incoming airflow was larger, the Hex-rotor UAV could properly use low-speed flight to maintain high power loading. Finally, it is inferred that the aerodynamic performance of the Hex-rotor UAV is also related to the movement and deformation of the vortex at the tip of the rotor.
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Schwerdtner, Walfried M., Sheng J. Lu, and Jack F. Yang. "Wall-rock structure at the present contact surfaces between repeatedly deformed thrust sheets, Grenville Orogen of central Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 6 (June 2010): 875–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-007.
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In the Central Gneiss Belt of the Grenville Orogen (Ontario), ca. 1020 Ma, extensional shearing, disharmonic buckle folding, and seismic faulting at middle to upper crustal levels affected the geological structure of pre-1040 Ma, ductile-thrust sheets. Because much of the repeated in situ deformation was mechanically discontinuous, the present contacts between thrust sheets may not coincide at all localities with the original thrust surfaces. We focused special attention on the basal contact of the Parry Sound domain, whose synformal structure may have resulted from gravitational subsidence of its dense rocks immediately after ductile thrusting. East of Wahwashkesh Lake, a transverse gradient of total strain is absent on horizontal scales of 100–1000 m in lithologically uniform granite gneiss comprising the uppermost western footwall of the northern Parry Sound domain. This contrasts with the steep transverse-strain gradients documented by others, on the same scale, in the wall rocks of Phanerozoic ductile thrusts. We hypothesize that ductile or brittle extension faulting may have removed a 10–20 km long sole-thrust segment at the western flank of the northern Parry Sound domain, together with severely strained rocks of the original uppermost footwall, from the level of the current erosion surface. Within the Parry Sound domain, by contrast, most if not all of the original footwall of the 1160 Ma Mill Lake thrust seems to be preserved at the presently exposed contact surface between the allochthonous basal and interior Parry Sound assemblages.
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Speranza, Gianluca, Alessio Ferrari, and Lyesse Laloui. "A physical model for the interaction between unsaturated soils and retaining structures." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503013.
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Temporary and permanent retaining structures interact with soils that are usually in unsaturated conditions. In this work, a 1g-scale physical model is presented to investigate the interactions between retaining walls and unsaturated soils. The physical model is equipped with a water-filled hydraulic cylinder connected to a pressure-volume controller to measure the horizontal component of the later earth thrust and high capacity tensiometers to measure soil matric suction. A system of low-friction linear guideways has been installed at the base of the wall-model. The failure surface is observed through a 3 cm thick glass wall on one side of the container. A series of images are acquired during the tests, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique has been used to identify the displacement field. Selected test results on a fine sandy soil are presented, emphasizing the differences in the lateral thrust between dry and partially saturated conditions. The presented results show the impact of the partially saturated condition on both the magnitude of the horizontal component of the lateral earth thrust and the failure mechanism at active state.
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Kim, Young-Sam, and Min-Jea Tahk. "Auto-landing guidance for unmanned aerial vehicle with engine flame-out." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 13 (February 21, 2019): 4864–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019831501.
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Landing is the most dangerous phase of the entire flight phases. If the total loss of thrust occurs during flight, a powered aircraft converts to a glider, which can use kinetic and potential energy only. For this reason, a proper scheme is needed for safe landing in cases of the total loss of thrust. This paper presents three-dimensional unpowered auto-landing guidance based on trajectory generation, expanding the concept of the energy-to-range ratio. We develop the terminal velocity estimation method for a horizontal plane applied to three-dimensional space; this method is based on the previously suggested terminal velocity estimation method for a vertical plane. Then, we show trajectory generation for landing guidance combining vertical with horizontal waypoints. The proposed auto-landing guidance with trajectory generation is evaluated by numerical simulation.
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ZHOU, Zhenxiong. "Horizontal Thrust Control of Magnetic Suspension Platform Based on Active disturbance Rejection Controller." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 09 (2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2008.09.193.
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Maxwell, Shawn C., Ulrich Zimmer, Ronald W. Gusek, and David J. Quirk. "Evidence of a Horizontal Hydraulic Fracture From Stress Rotations Across a Thrust Fault." SPE Production & Operations 24, no. 02 (May 1, 2009): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/110696-pa.
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Penchuk, V. A., V. K. Rudnev, N. V. Saenko, V. N. Suponev, V. I. Oleksyn, S. P. Balesniy, and S. M. Vivchar. "Soil thrust boring plant of static action with ring spacers of horizontal wells." Magazine of Civil Engineering 54, no. 02 (April 2015): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/mce.54.11.
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Zhang, Hao, Yu Feng Gao, and Hui Ming Tan. "Transfer Mechanism of Covered Effect for Covered Sheet Pile Wharf." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5151.
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The horizontal section of a covered sheet pile wharf is investigated to indicate that covered effect includes soil arch effect on land and soil pile interaction. Transfer formula for horizontal thrust acting on the plane of covered sheet pile on land and the method of horizontal earth pressure are derived. Based on the observational data of 32# berth in covered sheet pile wharf at Jingtang Port, the method of horizontal earth pressure is verified to be rational. Representative soil layer is analyzed to demonstrate that the difference in covered effect decreases with increasing pile spacing; covered effect decreases with increasing section width; covered effect increases with increasing section length.
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Stauffer, Mel R., Don J. Gendzwill, and E. Karl Sauer. "Ice-thrust features and the Maymont landslide in the North Saskatchewan River valley." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-023.
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The Battleford glacier created shearing and softening of bedrock clays, contributing to widespread slope instability along the valley of the North Saskatchewan River. The Battleford glacier flowed southeastward down the valley of the North Saskatchewan River during its final stage in west-central Saskatchewan. It created flutings, crevasse fillings, folding and faulting in ice-thrust ridges, and extensive horizontal gouge zones filled with soft, malleable clay. Extensive drilling and testing for the foundations of the Maymont bridge provided definitive data outlining at least three gouge zones. The shallowest gouge zone at an elevation of 465 m defines the base of the most severe glacial folding and deformation of the bedrock in at least one of the ice-thrust ridges. The deeper gouge zones are at about 433 and 438 m elevation. Postglacial landslides (slumps) along the southern side of the North Saskatchewan River are controlled by the gouge zones, which are low-friction slide surfaces along which large horizontal movements took place. Multiple normal faults and graben structures in the landslide mass could have been the mechanism for horizontal movement and extension with little or no rotation. Two main slide masses have been identified: the lower one moved on the middle gouge zone (438 m), and the upper one moved on the upper gouge zone (465 m).
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Ganbaatar, Sanjaa. "Horizontal tensional stress and mountain development : In example of Gilbert Range and Khuren Khanan Range, Mongolia." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 48 (July 4, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i48.1145.
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Results of analysis of schematic geological cross section constructed using satellite image interpretation and 1:200 000 scale geological map through the Tavan Zagiin Khooloi, Gilbert Range, Dund Goliin Khooloi and Khuren Khanan Range are represented in this paper. Our results show that within the above mentioned mountain ranges decollement faults formed due to S to N trending tensional tectonic stress and, moreover, numerous thrust and back-thrust faults formed perpendicular to them. SW-NE, N-S trending tensional stresses are dominant in the western part of Mongolia and northwestern part of China. Interaction forces opposing them are the circumstances of forming new thrust faults in the Tavan Zagiin Khooloi and Dund Goliin Khooloi. Along the existing thrust faults, the Gilbert Range and Khuren Khanan Range were formed. Mountain blocks were uplifted due to the back-thrust faults and crustal thickening took place. As a result of horizontal tensional stress, the mountain development and shortening occurred.
Хэвтээ чиглэлтэй хүчний үйлчлэл ба уул үүсэх хөдөлгөөн: Гилбэртийн нуруу, Хүрэн ханангийн нурууны жишээн дээр
Хураангуй: Таван загийн хоолой, Гилбэртийн нуруу, Дунд голын хоолой, Хүрэн ханангийн нурууг хамарсан, тэдгээрт хөндлөн буюу өргөргийн дагуу чиглэлтэй геологийн тойм зүсэлтийг сансрын зургийн тайлал, 200000 масштабтай геологийн зургууд ашиглан хийсэн ажлын үр дүнг энд үзүүлсэн болно. Геологийн тойм зүсэлтээр дээрх нэр бүхий газруудад У-Х хэвтээ чиглэлтэй шахах тектоник хүчний үйлчлэлээс үүссэн деколлемент хагарал, түүнд хөндлөн чиглэлтэй үүсч буй олон тооны тохролтот болон эсрэг тохролтот хагарлуудын үйлчлэл хэрхэн нөлөөлж байгааг тайлбарласан үр дүнг толилуулж байна. Манай орны баруун хагас, Хятадын баруун хойд хэсэгт БУ-ЗХ, У-Х чиглэсэн хэвтээ чиглэлтэй тектоник хүч, харин түүний эсрэг үйлчлэх тулах хүчнүүдийн харилцан үйлчлэлээс үүдэн Таван загийн хоолой, Дунд голын хоолойд шинээр тохролууд үүсч байгаа бол Гилбэрт, Хүрэн ханангийн нуруунд өмнө нь үүссэн тохролуудын дагуу хавтангууд бие биенийхээ дээгүүр давхралдах, эсрэг тохролтот хагарлаар хавтангууд дээш шахагдан гарснаар уул, нурууд улам өндөрсөж, тасралтат хавтан улам зузаарч байна. Хэвтээ чиглэлтэй шахах хүчний үйлчлэлийн үр дүнд агшилт явагдаж, өөр хоорондоо ойртож, өндөрсөж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: тохролтот хагарал, эсрэг тохролтот хагарал, Таван загийн хоолой, Дунд голын хоолой
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Kumpyak, Oleg, Zaur Galyautdinov, and Daud Galyautdinov. "Experimental study of beams on yielding supports with thrust." MATEC Web of Conferences 143 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814301016.
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The design of reinforced concrete structures which are subjected to static and intensive dynamic loading requires taking into account the occurrence of thrust reaction resulting in significant increase in strength and crack resistance. Application of yielding supports for the purpose of increasing the energy capacity of structures shall also be considered. The present research aims to define feasibility of yielding supports application in thrust structures. The paper presents the outcomes of experimental studies of reinforced concrete beam structures on yielding supports subjected to thrust under static and short-term dynamic loading. The influence of thrust on the strength, deformation property and crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures under static and short-term dynamic loading was investigated. The combined use of yielding supports and the restriction of horizontal displacement of the support contour were also considered in the study. Research results testify on the positive outcome when yielding supports are applied in the structures subjected to thrust.
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Christiansen, E. A., and E. Karl Sauer. "Red Deer Hill: a drumlinized, glaciotectonic feature near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-104.
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Red Deer Hill is 5 km long, 3 km wide, and 70 m high. The hill is a glaciotectonic structure formed by a single 106 m thick thrust block, presumably derived from the 80 m deep, upglacier Holmes depression. The thrust block became dislodged by displacement along a presheared horizontal gouge zone where the shearing resistance of the clay was reduced to a residual state by the first (Mennon) glaciation. The hill–depression structure was formed by the Battleford glacier, which drumlinized Red Deer Hill before depositing a veneer of till over the structure. The Holmes depression was filled with glacial Lake Saskatchewan lacustrine and deltaic sediments. Horizontal displacement along a décollement in the direction of the activating force resulted in a stress environment changing from extension to compression. In the zone of extension (Holmes depression), an active Rankine state developed and beds stretched and thinned. In the zone of compression (Red Deer Hill), conversely, a passive Rankine state developed and the beds resisted compression and thickened. Drumlinization of the thrust block occurred as lateral pressures in the block mass changed from passive (stoss slope) to active (lee slope) downglacier.
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Troje, N. F., and B. J. Frost. "Head-bobbing in pigeons: how stable is the hold phase?" Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 5 (March 1, 2000): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.5.935.
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The head movement of a walking pigeon Columba livia is characterized by two alternating phases, a thrust phase and a hold phase. While the head is rapidly thrust forward during the thrust phase, it has been shown repeatedly that it remains virtually motionless with respect to translation along a horizontal axis (roll axis) during the hold phase. It has been shown that the stabilization during the hold phase is under visual control. This has led to the view that the pigeon's head-bobbing is an optokinetic response to stabilize the retinal image during the hold phase. However, it has never been shown explicitly that the head is really held stable in space with respect to other translatory or rotatory dimensions. Using videography, we show here that this is in fact the case: except for a small but systematic slip that presumably serves as an error signal for retinal image stabilization, the head of the pigeon remains locked in space not only with respect to the horizontal (roll) axis but also with respect to vertical translation (along the yaw axis) and with respect to rotation around the pitch and yaw axes.
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Kumpyak, Oleg, and Daud Galyautdinov. "The study of the ferroconcrete beams with thrust on the foil bearings during short-term dynamic loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 315 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031507003.
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While designing and maintaining ferroconcrete beam constructions subjected to a short-term dynamic loading, it is necessary to consider the emergence of the thrust reaction; this leads to a considerable increase of durability and fracture strength. It is also necessary to consider the use of foil bearings as the power-intensity increase of the researched constructions. The aim of the experimental research is to expose the reasonability of using foil bearings in thrust constructions. The paper presents the results of the experimental research of ferroconcrete beam constructions with thrust on foil bearings during short-term dynamic loading. The influence of the thrust on the durability, deformability and fracture strength of ferroconcrete constructions during short-term dynamic loading, as well as joint use of foil bearings and limitation of support contour horizontal shift are studied. The results of the research indicate the positive effect of using foil bearings in the constructions with thrust.
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Lei, Yao, Wenjie Yang, and Hengda Wang. "Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Micro Multi-Rotor Aircraft with 12 Rotors Considering the Horizontal Wind Disturbance." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207387.
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Wind disturbance posed difficulties for the stability of the micro air vehicles (MAVs) with attitude variation. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of a MAV with six coaxial rotor pairs considering the horizontal wind is investigated by both experiments and numerical simulations. First, the effect of the horizontal wind on the multi-rotor aircraft is analyzed in detail. Then, low-speed wind tunnel tests were performed to obtain the thrust and power consumption and the aerodynamic performance of the multi-rotor aircraft (l/D = 1.2 and h/D = 0.19) with the rotational speed of 1500–2300 r/min in the horizontal wind ranged from 0 to 5 m/s. Finally, the distribution of streamline, the pressure of the blade tip, and the velocity and the vortices in the flow field of a multi-rotor aircraft with horizontal wind disturbance, were simulated and studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Through the comparison of experimental results and simulation results, it can be seen that the horizontal wind disturbance will increase power consumption to weaken the aerodynamic performance at higher rotor speeds. However, larger thrust and better hover performance are obtained at lower rotational speeds with good wind resistance. Additionally, due to the mutual induction between rotor wakes, the interactions of downwash flows become more intense at higher rotational speeds or larger wind speeds where the vortexes at the blade tip deformed and moved along with the wind.
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Subarsyah, Subarsyah, Lukman Arifin, and Dida Kusnida. "INTERPRETASI STRUKTUR BAWAH PERMUKAAN BERDASARKAN ATRIBUT ANOMALI MAGNETIK PERAIRAN WETAR, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 12, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.12.1.2014.242.
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Struktur geologi yang berkembang di Perairan Wetar berupa Proto-Thrust-Zone, Frontal-Thrust dan Sesar Mendatar. Kelurusan anomali magnetik dikontrol oleh kontras suseptibilitas magnetik dari fenomena geologi. Interpretasi fenomena geologi berdasarkan anomali magnetik memperlihatkan Sesar Naik Wetar yang cukup jelas di bagian selatan, dan berpindah tidak menerus ke bagian timur daerah penelitian akibat Sesar Mendatar. Fenomena geologi lainnya berdasarkan metode horisontal derivatif orde 1 dan analisis sinyal terlihat jelas batas keberadaan tubuh batuan vulkanik. yang teridentifikasi dalam penampang seismik lintasan 5 dan 9. Metode ini cukup baik dalam memetakan struktur bawah permukaan. Di perairan Wetar sebagian anomali magnet tidak bisa diinterpretasikan jika dikorelasikan dengan penampang seismik. Hal ini terkait dengan hipotesis keberadaan paleomagnetik dan kerak Banda bagian selatan yang merupakan lempeng samudera yang terperangkap.
Kata Kunci : magnet, horisontal derivatif, anomali, perairan Wetar
Geological structures that develop in the Wetar waters are Proto Thrus Zone, Frontal Thrust Zone and Strike Slip Fault. Magnetic lineament controlled by sussceptibility contrast of geological phenomena. Interpretation of geological phenomena based on magnetic anomaly clearly show the strike-slip fault trending in the south, and move discontinuously eastward of the study area due to Strike-Slip Fault. Other geological phenomena clearly identified by horizontal derivative and signal analysis method such as the boundary of volcanic body as seen on seismic section line 5 and 9. These method quite usefull to map subsurface structure. Some part of the magnetic anomaly in the Wetar Waters cannot be interpreted since they are correlated with seismic section. It may be due to the hypothesis of the present of paleomagnetic southern Banda basin assumed as the trapped oceanic crust.
Keywords: magnetic, derivative horizontal, anomaly, Wetar waters
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Kojima, Yuto, Ryutaro Tanaka, Katsuhiko Sekiya, Keiji Yamada, and Yasuo Yamane. "Estimating the Cutting Characteristics of Spiral Tap - Tool Edge Temperature and Fluctuation of Cutting Forces." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.261.
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A method for estimating the cutting characteristics of spiral tap by fluctuation of cutting forces is proposed. The behavior of torque and thrust in tapping is influenced by the change of cutting state. Therefore in this method the fluctuation of cutting forces is depicted in the torque-thrust plane in which the horizontal axis and the vertical axis indicate thrust and torque respectively. Tapping of stainless steel AISI 304 was conducted with several coated spiral taps attached to an axial floating tap holder. The tool edge temperature was also measured by a two-color pyrometer with an optical fiber. When the fluctuating of forces in the torque-thrust plane was similar to a theoretical pattern, the surface of thread did not have obvious geometric damage. In this cutting conditions, there is a strong correlation between tool edge temperature and cross-sectional cutting area.
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Aldridge, H. D. "Kinematics and aerodynamics of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in horizontal flight at various flight speeds." Journal of Experimental Biology 126, no. 1 (November 1, 1986): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126.1.479.
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The kinematics and aerodynamics of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in horizontal flight at a range of velocities are described. As flight speed increases there is a gradual change in the bat's wingbeat kinematics, wingbeat frequency decreasing and wingbeat strokeplane angles increasing. Associated with these changes are changes in the wings' incidence angles, particularly during the upstroke. At low speeds these are large and negative, suggesting thrust generation, while at high speeds these are positive and large, indicating that weight support and negative thrust are being generated. The change from one kinematic pattern to the other occurred gradually. The possible energetic and aerodynamic reasons for these changes are discussed.
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Bestani, Lucie, Nicolas Espurt, Juliette Lamarche, Marc Floquet, Jean Philip, Olivier Bellier, and Fabrice Hollender. "Structural style and evolution of the Pyrenean-Provence thrust belt, SE France." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.223.
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AbstractThe Pyrenean-Provence fold-thrust belt is characterized by a geological complexity arising from superimposed tectonic history and the propagation of the deformation through a heterogeneous mechanical substratum inherited from Paleozoic and Mesozoic times. The construction of a regional balanced cross section together with field data show that the thrust system of the southeastern Provence region is characterized by a mixed thick- and thin-skinned tectonic style related to the inversion of deep-seated late Paleozoic-Triassic extensional structures and the décollement of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover above Triassic series. Earliest Cenomanian restoration state highlights the northward pinched-out of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary series above the main long-wavelength Durance High uplift. Latest Santonian restoration state indicates a southward tilting of ~2° of the basin attributed to the initial growth of the Pyrenean-Provence prism controlling the external flexure of the foreland. Thrusts propagation in the northern part of the Pyrenean-Provence fold-thrust belt was recorded to be synchronous during latest Cretaceous to Eocene time and produced a ~7° southward basin tilting. This major tilting is attributed to the tectonic inversion and basement thrust stacking of the Cap Sicié-Sainte Baume units. Cross section balancing shows a total horizontal basement shortening of 40 km (~35 %) across the Pyrenean-Provence foreland. The main part of this shortening (~37 km) was accommodated by thick-skinned thrusts involving basement south of the Arc syncline. ~5 km of shortening were accommodated northward by the Arc syncline and eastern Sainte-Victoire thin-skin structures, resulting from slip transferred from the deep thick-skinned intercutaneous thrust wedge. Finally we interpret salt tectonic structures of the southeastern Provence as passive diapirism growth during Jurassic to late Cretaceous time, and then reactivated during Pyrenean-Provence compression. Late normal faulting related to hypothetical reactive diapirism during the Oligocene extension episode was predominantly localized above inherited salt structures and probably controlled by inherited basement faults.
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Cherkasov, Oleg, Alena Zarodnyuk, and Nina Smirnova. "Optimal Thrust Programming Along the Brachistochronic Trajectory with Non-linear Drag." International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 20, no. 1 (February 23, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2018-0112.
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AbstractThe problem of maximization of the horizontal coordinate of a mass-point moving in the vertical plane driven by gravity, non-linear viscous drag, and thrust is considered. The slope angle and the thrust are considered as a control variables. The problem is related to the modified brachistochrone problem. Principle maximum procedure allows to reduce the optimal control problem to the boundary value problem for a set of systems of two non-linear differential equations. The qualitative analysis of the trajectories of these systems is performed, and the characteristic features of the optimal solutions are determined. Thrust control depending on the velocity and slope angle is designed. Results obtained allow to construct quasi-optimal solutions for the more complex systems, where phase plane method is not applicable.
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Nguyen, Tien Dat, Subhan Sdywaliva, and Taufiq Mulyanto. "Modeling of Wing Flapping Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.132.
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In flying animal world, there are different flapping motions to produce lift and thrust depending on their species and size. Recent development in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle had tried to mimic flying animal. Rather than having two separate systems in providing lift and thrust, the wing upstroke and downstroke movement combined with wing twisting produce the necessary lift and thrust. Insects and some small birds have even the ability to fly hover.The present study is focused on the modeling of wing flapping motion. Instead of only accommodating flapping motion in a vertical plane and spanwise pitching motion, the model permits to include wing lead-lag motion in the horizontal plane. This more degree of freedom permit to model more complex wing flapping motion.
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Liu, Chang, and Yaolin Shi. "Initiation of Triangle Zones by Delamination, Shear, and Compaction at the Front of Fold-and-Thrust Belts." Journal of Earthquakes 2016 (March 16, 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6302546.
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The interest of this paper is to investigate the initiation of triangle zones at the front of fold-and-thrust belts by analyzing the virtual velocity fields in triangle wedges. It allows achieving five collapse mechanisms by delamination, shear, and compaction of competing for the formation of triangle zones as follows. The first mechanism is the classical Coulomb shear thrust. The second is delamination at the frontal part of the décollement with straight back thrust, while the third is delamination with curvy back thrust. The fourth is the combination of ramp with Coulomb shear and shear-enhanced compact fault, while the fifth is the combination of the exchanging motion on the ramp and thrust. The dominating mechanism in the formation of triangle zones relies on the competition of the least upper bound of each mechanism when subjected to tectonic force. The controlling factors of the competition are discovered as follows: (1) the frictional characters and cohesion of horizontal décollements and thrust, (2) the slope of the topography of accretion wedge, and (3) the thickness and rock density of the front toe of accretion wedge.
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M. B. C. Campos, Luís, and Paulo J. S. Gil. "The Two-Point Boundary-Value Problem for Rocket Trajectories." Aerospace 7, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7090131.
Full textAbstract:
The two dimensional gravity turn problem is addressed allowing for the effects of variable rocket mass due to propellant consumption, thrust and thrust vector angle, lift and drag forces at an angle-of-attack and atmospheric mass density varying with altitude; Coriolis and centrifugal forces are neglected. Three distinct analytical solutions are obtained for constant: propellant flow rate, thrust, thrust vector angle, angle-of-attack and acceleration of gravity; the lift and drag are assumed to be proportional to the square of velocity, and the mass density is assumed to decrease exponentially with altitude. The method III uses power series of time for the horizontal (downrange) and vertical (altitude) coordinates; the method II replaces the altitude as variable by the atmospheric mass density and method I by its inverse. Thus the three solutions have distinct properties, e.g., I and III converge best close to lift-off and II close to burn-out. The three solutions: I, II, III, can be applied in isolation (or matched in combination) to the single-point boundary-value problem (SPBVP) of finding the trajectory with given initial conditions at launch. They can also be used as pairs in six distinct ways (I + II, I + III, II + III or reverse orders) to solve the two-point boundary-value problem (TPBVP), viz.: from given conditions at launch achieve one (not more) specified condition at burn-out, e.g., ã desired horizontal velocity for payload release. Each of the six distinct combinations of methods of addressing the TPBVP shares three features: (i) it can determine if there is a solution, viz. if the rocket has enough performance to reach the desired burn-out condition; (ii) if the desired burn-out condition is achievable it can calculate the complete trajectory from launch to burn-out; (iii) it can determine the range of achievable burn-out conditions, e.g., the minimum and maximum possible horizontal velocity at burn-out for given initial conditions at launch.
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Zhang, Jianwei, Xiaoju Wang, Hao Wang, and Hongyu Qin. "Model Test and Numerical Simulation of Single Pile Response under Combined Loading in Slope." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 6140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176140.
Full textAbstract:
Vertical loads are commonly transferred by piles primarily in the upper structures. However, lateral loads are also significant compared with vertical loads in pile foundation design. Compared with a pile on level ground, there are many particular characteristics in a pile that is on sloping ground. These characteristics depend on the combined loading and the magnitude of the soil lateral displacement. In order to investigate the pile’s bearing characteristics, a model test was conducted and ABAQUS software was adopted to conduct 3D numerical simulation of a single pile with different slope angles under combined loads. The experimental results indicated that (1) the soil pressure along the slope direction was smaller than the other side, resulting in an asymmetry of the slope soil around the pile, and in turn introducing a horizontal thrust to the pile; (2) with the increase of slope angle, the horizontal thrust increased while the single pile’s bearing capacity decreased; (3) the vertical load caused more pile horizontal displacement with the growth of slope angle; and (4) the pile’s moment and the displacement also increased with the growth of the slope angle. The findings in this study can provide a useful reference in the design of piles or anti-slide piles in sloping ground.
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Ren, Hua, and Ji. "Numerical Analysis on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propellers in Oblique Flow." Water 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102015.
Full textAbstract:
When a planing boat sails at the free surface, the posture changes drastically with time, so the surface piercing propellers usually work in oblique flow. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed to predict the performance of PSP-841B with Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) method coupling with sliding mesh and volume of fluid (VOF) method. The results show that the predicted thrust and torque coefficients of PSP-841B are in good agreement with the experimental data. It proves the present numerical schemes are feasible and validated. These schemes are applied in the simulations of SPP-1 that is installed to a planing craft. In oblique flow, the ventilation volume of SPP-1 increases dramatically, resulting in the postponed transition of vented status that changes from the fully dry to partially wetted; at the low advance ratios, the thrust and torque coefficients are less than that in the horizontal case. As the advance speed increases, the vented mode of SPP-1 varies from full ventilation to partially wet, and the forces and moments get closer to the results in the horizontal flow. In addition, the blockage effect of air cavity to the inflow in oblique flow is more significant than the results in the horizontal case.
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Lei, Yao, Yiqiang Ye, and Zhiyong Chen. "Horizontal Wind Effect on the Aerodynamic Performance of Coaxial Tri-Rotor MAV." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 8612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238612.
Full textAbstract:
The coaxial Tri-rotor micro air vehicle (MAV) is composed of three coaxial rotors where the aerodynamic characteristics of is complicated in flight especially when the wind effect is introduced. In this paper, the hovering performance of a full-scale coaxial Tri-rotor MAV is analyzed with both the simulations and wind tunnel experiments. Firstly, the wind effect on the aerodynamic performance of coaxial Tri-rotor MAV is established with different rotor speed (1500–2300 rpm) and horizontal wind (0–4 m/s). Secondly, the thrust and power consumption of coaxial Tri-rotor (L/D = 1.6) were obtained with low-speed wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the streamline distribution, pressure distribution, velocity contour and vortex distribution with different horizontal wind conditions are obtained by numerical simulations. Finally, combining the experiment results and simulation results, it is noted that the horizontal wind may accelerate the aerodynamic coupling, which resulting in the greater thrust variation up to 9% of the coaxial Tri-rotor MAV at a lower rotor speed. Moreover, the aerodynamic performance is decreased with more power consumption at higher rotor speed where the wind and the downwash flow are interacted with each other. Compared with no wind flow, the shape of the downwash flow and the deformation of the vortex affect the power loading and figure of metric accordingly.