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1
Wiechno, P. J., M. A. Sadowska, K. S. Kubiak, T. Demkow, and J. Kaminska. "Hormonal status and the quality of life of testicular cancer survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (2006): 4548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.4548.
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4548 Background: Testicular cancer is a highly curable neoplasm and treated patients may potentially survive many decades. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of hormonal abnormalities among testicular cancer survivors and the effect of these changes on patients’ quality of life. Methods: Men with complete remission of testicular cancer lasting over 2 years were eligible. Patients completed State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI), International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF), Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) and rated their physical and psychological well-being, quality of life and relationship with partners. Levels of the following hormons were determined: testosterone, estradiol, thyreotropin, folicule stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin. Relations between hormone levels and questionaires results were analysed. Results: A total of 326 men were tested from November 2004 till December 2005. Median age was 37 years (range: 18–72). Median disease free survival was 59 months (range: 19–291). Only 24% of patients had all tested hormones within normal ranges. The most common of endocrine abnormalities were gonadotropins over normal (LH - 55% and FSH - 49% of cases) and lowered testosterone (15%). Percentage of patients with abnormal anxiety levels was 27% (STAI) and 28% (HADS), depression rate was 15% (BDI) and 18% (HADS), 40% of patients had erectile disfunction. Hormone levels and scores of the used scales corelated strongly with patients’ age, then a linear regression analysis was performed to exclude the influence of age factor. It was shown that higher depression levels in BDI are found amongst patients with elevated LH (p = 0.010) or FSH (p = 0.017). Men with higher than normal FSH were more anxious in STAI (p = 0.026). Patients with overnormal LH shown more sexual problems in SFQ (p = 0.030). Abnormal gonadotropins levels corelated with a deteriorated physical well-being (p = 0.028). Men with abnormal estradiol were more prone to erectile disfunction (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Hormonal abnormalities are frequent among testicular cancer survivors and have negative impact on the patients’ physical and psychological well-being as well as on their sexual functioning. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Koryakin, M. V., A. S. Akopyan, and V. I. Vasiliev. "On the correlation of androgens of the testes and adrenal glands with hypogonadism." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 1 (1998): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl199844127-30.
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Examinations of 14 healthy males, including measurements of the main adrenal and testicular androgens and their precursors, estradiol, and pituitary gonadotropic hormones in the peripheral blood, revealed that the levels of the main adrenal and testicular androgens do not correlate. Assessment of the hormonal status of 24 patients with hypogonadism showed that a deficit in the production of testicular androgens is not compensated for by hyperproduction of adrenal androgens. Testosterone production in patients with acquired anorchism, who were never administered substitute androgen therapy, is about 1/12 of this hormone’s production in health. Hence, the secretion of testicular and adrenal androgens is regulated by different mechanisms.
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Huhtaniemi, I. "Molecular aspects of the ontogeny of the pituitary-gonadal axis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951025.
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The endocrine function of the mammalian pituitary-gonadal axis begins in utero. This is important particularly for the ontogeny and function of the male reproductive organs, the induction of which is critically dependent on the two fetal testicular hormones, testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone. In contrast, ovarian endocrine activity begins only after birth. The earliest phases of testicular hormone production are probably under autocrine or paracrine regulation, but the dependence on gonadotrophins starts in fetal life. During maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, the target organs acquire their responsiveness (viz receptors) before the onset of secretion of the tropic hormonal stimulus. The last link to develop is the feedback regulation, and the whole axis is functional in the developing male rat during the last days of gestation. Although gonadotrophin secretion starts in both sexes simultaneously, the fetal ovary is endocrinologically quiescent--its gonadotrophin responsiveness and endocrine activity begin only after birth. The fetal and postnatal periods of testicular activity have crucial effects on male sexual differentiation, whereas in the female, early sexual development occurs autonomously without influence of ovarian function. The purpose of this review is to elucidate some of the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms involved in the perinatal maturation of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Kaleva, Marko, and Jorma Toppari. "Genetics and Hormones in Testicular Descent." HORMONES 2, no. 4 (2003): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11102.
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Pichugova, S. V., and S. V. Belyaeva. "Hormonal status of adolescents with varicocele." Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii 15, no. 6 (2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1817-7646-2020-6-42-51.
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Varicocele is most frequently diagnosed in children and adolescents. Therefore, the assessment of the reproductive health of adolescents is highly relevant. Changes in the testicle with varicocele can trigger the development of hypogonadism, which, being masked by active puberty and not being corrected in time, may lead to infertility. Objective. Тo assess the changes in hormonal status of adolescents with left-sided varicocele, as well as the severity of testicular insufficiency depending on varicocele grade and time since surgery. Patients and methods. Adolescents with left-sided varicocele and adolescents without varicocele were annually tested for their serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estradiol between the age of 14 and 17 years. We compared hormone levels and their dynamics between the experimental and control groups, between patients with different grades of varicocele, and between the same patients before/after surgery for varicocele. Results. Adolescents with varicocele often demonstrated changes in their hormonal status, including decreased levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone. More significant changes were observed in patients with grade III varicocele. Early varicocelectomy facilitated normalization of hormonal status in puberty. Key words: adolescents, varicocele, hormones
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Olukole, Samuel Gbadebo, Eunice Olufunke Ola-Davies, Damilare Olaniyi Lanipekun, and Bankole Olusiji Oke. "Chronic exposure of adult male Wistar rats to bisphenol A causes testicular oxidative stress: Role of gallic acid." Endocrine Regulations 54, no. 1 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/enr-2020-0003.
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AbstractObjectives. Bisphenol A (BPA) has been reported that among other male reproductive dys-functions, it can cause marked estrogenic effects including alteration in serum hormones as well as testicular lesions in exposed animals. This work sought to study the role of gallic acid (GA), a known antioxidant, on the BPA-induced testicular oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats using serum hormone analysis, histopathology, and biochemical assays.Methods. Adult male rats were divided into four groups (n=10) including control (0.2 ml of corn oil), GA (20 mg/kg/day), BPA (10 mg/kg/day), BPA+GA (BPA, 10 mg/kg/day + GA, 20 mg/kg/day). All medications were given by oral gavage for 45 consecutive days. The body and testicular weights were measured. Blood and organ samples were collected for the serum hormonal assay: testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL), and tissue biochemistry analysis: superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively.Results. The BPA-treated rats showed significant reduction in the gonadosomatic index. BPA also caused significant decrease in the levels of the serum testosterone and prolactin. Furthermore, BPA induced testicular oxidative stress by decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increasing reactive oxygen species. However, co-treatment with GA protected against these alterations.Conclusion. Findings from the present study confirmed the previously reported data and show that the ability of GA, as a potent antioxidant, may protect against BPA-induced alterations in the male reproductive function. Hence, GA protects against testicular oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats following chronic exposure to BPA.
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Ahmed, Samy Ismail, Aamir Magzoub, Mohammed Saeed Zayed Al-Ayed, et al. "Gestational Exposure to Synthetic Steroid Hormones Impaired Sperm Quantity and Quality in Wistar Rats." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1814867.
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This study was designed to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to synthetic sex steroid on sperm quantity and quality, relative testicular and epididymal weights, and reproductive hormones level in adult Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a test group (n = 20) that included mature rats that were born to dams exposed to gestational treatment with hydroxyprogesterone and a control group (n = 20) that included mature rats born to untreated dams. Compared to the control group, the test group showed a significant reduction in the sperm count, viability and motility, relative testicular and epididymal weights together with increased abnormal spermatozoa (p<0.001). The reproductive hormonal assay revealed significantly lower serum testosterone and higher levels of FSH and LH among the test groups compared to the control (p<0.05 for all). Prenatal exposure to synthetic progesterone negatively affected sperm production and function, relative testicular and epididymal weights, and reproductive hormone levels.
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Wagner, Márcia Santos, Simone Magagnin Wajner, and Ana Luiza Maia. "The role of thyroid hormone in testicular development and function." Journal of Endocrinology 199, no. 3 (2008): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-08-0218.
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Thyroid hormone is a critical regulator of growth, development, and metabolism in virtually all tissues, and altered thyroid status affects many organs and systems. Although for many years testis has been regarded as a thyroid hormone unresponsive organ, it is now evident that thyroid hormone plays an important role in testicular development and function. A considerable amount of data show that thyroid hormone influences steroidogenesis as well as spermatogenesis. The involvement of tri-iodothyronine (T3) in the control of Sertoli cell proliferation and functional maturation is widely accepted, as well as its role in postnatal Leydig cell differentiation and steroidogenesis. The presence of thyroid hormone receptors in testicular cells throughout development and in adulthood implies that T3 may act directly on these cells to bring about its effects. Several recent studies have employed different methodologies and techniques in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone effects on testicular cells. The current review aims at presenting an updated picture of the recent advances made regarding the role of thyroid hormones in male gonadal function.
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Pratis, K., L. O'Donnell, GT Ooi, PG Stanton, RI McLachlan, and DM Robertson. "Differential regulation of rat testicular 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 isoforms by testosterone and FSH." Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 3 (2003): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1760393.
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Testosterone is metabolised to the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, by the 5alpha-reductase (5alphaR) enzyme. We previously showed that 5alpha-reduced androgens are important for maintaining androgen action on rat spermatogenesis when testicular testosterone concentrations are reduced. This study investigated expression and activity of the 5alphaR isoforms, type 1 (5alphaR-1) and type 2 (5alphaR-2), in the rat during hormone manipulation in order to understand the factors that regulate the testicular concentration of 5alphaR and testicular 5alpha-reduced androgen biosynthesis. Testicular 5alphaR-1 and 5alphaR-2 mRNA and enzyme activity were measured by real-time PCR and specific enzyme assays respectively. Hormone levels were first suppressed using two models of gonadotrophin suppression: testosterone and oestradiol treatment (LH/testosterone deficiency) or GnRH immunisation (LH/testosterone and FSH deficiency). Hormones were then either restored or suppressed for 6 days by a variety of hormonal treatments. 5alphaR-1 mRNA and enzyme activity increased when testosterone was suppressed, yet restoration of testosterone decreased 5alphaR-1 mRNA and enzyme activity, suggesting that testosterone negatively regulates 5alphaR-1. suppression of FSH decreased 5alphaR-1 mRNA yet FSH administration increased 5alphaR-1 mRNA, but no changes in 5alphaR-1 activity were observed within the 6 day period. In contrast to 5alphaR-1, testosterone did not affect the testicular concentration of 5alphaR-2 mRNA or activity, but there was evidence for modulation of 5alphaR-2 activity by FSH. Measurement of testicular androgens revealed that 5alphaR-1 was primarily responsible for the production of 5alpha-reduced metabolites. It is concluded that the 5alphaR isoforms in rat testis are differentially regulated by testosterone and FSH: testosterone negatively regulated 5alphaR-1 mRNA and enzyme activity but had no affect on 5alphaR-2, whereas FSH positively regulated 5alphaR-1 mRNA and appeared to regulate 5alphaR-2.
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Koskenniemi, Jaakko J., Helena E. Virtanen, Christine Wohlfahrt-Veje, et al. "Postnatal Changes in Testicular Position Are Associated With IGF-I and Function of Sertoli and Leydig Cells." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103, no. 4 (2018): 1429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01889.
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Abstract Context Despite clinical guidelines calling for repetitive examination of testicular position during childhood, little is known of normal changes in testicular position during childhood, let alone factors that control it. Objective To assess changes in and factors associated with testicular position during childhood. Design Testicular position (the distance from the pubic bone to the upper pole of the testes) at birth, 3 months, 18 months, 36 months, and 7 years and reproductive hormones at 3 months were measured. Setting Prenatally recruited, prospective longitudinal birth cohort. Participants A total of 2545 boys were recruited prenatally in a Danish-Finnish birth cohort and had a testicular position examination available. A subset of 680 Danish and 362 Finnish boys had serum reproductive hormone concentrations and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) determined at 3 months. Main Outcome Measures Testicular distance to pubic bone (TDP), serum reproductive hormone, and IGF-I concentrations. Results TDP increased from birth to 3 months and decreased thereafter. Length, gestational age, weight for gestational age, and penile length were positively associated with larger TDP and thus lower testicular position in a linear mixed-effect model. Furthermore, IGF-I concentration, inhibin B/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio were all independently and positively associated with longer TDP. Conclusions We provide longitudinal data on postnatal changes in TDP. TDP is dynamic and associated with Leydig and Sertoli cell function as well as with IGF-I levels during the first months of life at mini-puberty of infancy. TDP may thus be a useful biomarker of postnatal testicular function.
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Nicholls, P. K., C. A. Harrison, L. O'Donnell, and P. G. Stanton. "148. HORMONAL REGULATION OF miRNA IN THE TESTIS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs148.
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Acute suppression of circulating reproductive hormones (FSH and testosterone) inhibits sperm release (spermiation) (1), although the molecular mechanisms of spermiation failure are poorly understood. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression, and are essential for normal spermatogenesis. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are exquisitely sensitive to hormonal control by FSH, LH and testosterone (2–4). This suggests that hormonal regulation of miRNAs in the testis following acute hormonal suppression may contribute to spermiation failure. Therefore, we hypothesised that gonadotrophin regulated miRNAs control spermiation outcome. We used array analysis to show that miRNA expression is hormonally regulated by FSH and testosterone in our rat in vivo model of spermiation failure and also in primary rat Sertoli cells by. qPCR validation revealed that miR-7b, -23a, -30c, -125b, -148b, -197, -483, -592, and -690 are all hormonally sensitive testicular miRNAs. Bioinformatic analyses of potential gene targets of these miRNAs predicted numerous protein components localised in the testicular tubulobulbar complex (TBC). The TBC is a podosome-like structure found between Sertoli cells and adjacent germ cells in the testis, and is thought to internalise intact inter-cellular structures and regulate spermatid head shape prior to spermiation. WASP, a TBC protein that regulates actin filament dynamics, contained a conserved binding site for miR-690 within its 3'UTR. Increased miR-690 expression following hormone suppression corresponded to a decrease in WASP protein expression in vivo and in vitro. In addition, transfection of miR-690 into HEK293T cells down-regulated WASP protein. Our results suggest that following hormone suppression, miR-690 is stimulated in the Sertoli cell, thereby inhibiting WASP protein expression. We conclude that miRNA-mediated disruption of TBC integrity potentially regulates spermatid disengagement. This study describes new molecular mechanisms in the testis that may control spermiation outcome of potential significance in male hormonal contraception.
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Xie, Rongrong, Linqi Chen, Haiying Wu, et al. "GnRH Antagonist Improves Pubertal Cyclophosphamide-Induced Long-Term Testicular Injury in Adult Rats." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4272575.
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Background. Gonadal injury following chemotherapy is of increasing importance with the continuous improvement of survival rates. The protection of gonadotropin hormone antagonist (GnRHant) in long-term adult survivors of adolescent cancers and some autoimmune diseases has not yet been evaluated. Methods. The present study was aimed at longitudinally exploring whether the GnRHant could alleviate testicular damage induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA) in a rat model. Pubertal male rats were assigned to receive CPA with and without GnRHant. CPA was administrated at a single dose (100 mg/kg). GnRHant was started one hour prior to CPA injection and continued for four weeks (0.1 mg/kg, 3 times a week). Body and testes weights, testicular hormones, histological changes, and expression of androgen receptor (AR) in the testis were analyzed when rats matured into adulthood and completed a round of spermatogenesis. Results. Our results showed that body weight, histological injury, and AR expression in the testis were improved in the GnRHant + CPA group. However, testes weight and testicular hormones (anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and testosterone) did not markedly change. Conclusion. Our results indicate that the GnRHant administration before and after CPA in pubertal rats can protect long-term testicular injury induced by CPA via increased AR expression in the testes.
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Sairam, M. R. "Complete dissociation of gonadotropin receptor binding and signal transduction in mouse Leydig tumour cells. Obligatory role of glycosylation in hormone action." Biochemical Journal 265, no. 3 (1990): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2650667.
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Utilizing a clonal cell line of mouse testicular Leydig cells (MA-10 cells) the complete steroidogenic and other hormonal properties of chemically deglycosylated ovine lutropin (DG-LH) and human choriogonadotropin (DG-hCG) were evaluated. In these cells, with the LH receptor-steroidogenic mechanism tightly coupled and in which there are few, if any, spare receptors, both DG-LH and DG-hCG failed to elicit progesterone production, unlike fully glycosylated native LH and hCG. The receptor-binding activity of DG-LH and DG-hCG was 2-3 times that of LH and hCG in competition experiments with radiolabelled hormones. The typical phenomenon of rounding of MA-10 cells induced by LH and hCG was absent when cells were incubated with DG-LH or DG-hCG. This could be directly attributable to their failure to produce cyclic AMP as second messenger. DG-LH and DG-hCG inhibited cell shape changes and steroidogenesis caused by LH and hCG. The deglycosylated hormones were potent antagonists of the action of glycosylated hormones. Delaying DG-hCG (antagonist) addition for up to 1 h after initiation of hCG action was also very effective in preventing further activation of steroidogenesis. Similar effects were produced by addition of affinity-purified anti-hCG antibodies. In affinity cross-linking experiments, both hCG and DG-hCG bound to the same 90 kDa receptor. Studies with MA-10 cells thus provide unequivocal evidence that the presence of antennary sugars in LH and hCG (and perhaps in other similar hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone), is essential for signal transduction. Differences observed in the literature in other cellular systems may be attributed to differences in hormone-receptor-effector coupling.
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van der Schoot, P. "Foetal testes control the prenatal growth and differentiation of the gubernacular cones in rabbits--a tribute to the late Professor Alfred Jost." Development 118, no. 4 (1993): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.4.1327.
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Gubernacular cones develop during foetal life in males of various species, including many of the common small laboratory animals. Postnatally these papilla-like organs invert and develop into the muscular cremaster sacs, providing space for testis descent. The mechanism governing male-specific development of these structures during foetal and postnatal life is unknown but foetal testicular androgens or anti-Mullerian hormone are unlikely to be involved. The present study of gubernacular cone development in 28-day-old rabbit foetuses castrated 5–9 days before questions whether foetal testis hormones play any role in these developmental processes. The study comprised an analysis of the microscopic slides in the legacy of the late Professor Alfred Jost in Paris. Castration at an earlier (19 days) or later (23/24 days) day of foetal life interfered with gubernacular cone growth and differentiation. Unilateral castration partially inhibited ipsilateral gubernacular cone growth. Implantation of a foetal testis close to the ovary could induce male-type gubernacular cone growth in females. Together the data unequivocally support the concept of foetal testicular hormonal control of male-specific gubernacular cone development. Further study is required to unravel the nature of the active foetal testicular agent.
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Behairy, Amany, Nabela I. El-Sharkawy, Taghred M. Saber, et al. "The Modulatory Role of Vitamin C in Boldenone Undecylenate Induced Testicular Oxidative Damage and Androgen Receptor Dysregulation in Adult Male Rats." Antioxidants 9, no. 11 (2020): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111053.
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Background: This study explored the effect of vitamin C (Vit-C) administration on the reproductive function of adult male Wistar rats injected with boldenone undecylenate (BOL). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into control, vehicle control, Vit-C (120 mg/kg b.wt./day, orally), BOL (received 5 mg/kg b.wt./week, IM) and BOL+Vit-C-treated groups. After eight weeks, hormonal assay, semen evaluation, testicular enzymes, and antioxidants biomarkers were assessed. Besides, the histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of the androgen receptor (AR) expression were performed. Results: The results revealed that serum testosterone, acid phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, sperm abnormalities, and testicular malondialdehyde were significantly incremented in the BOL-treated group. Testicular weight, sperm count, and sperm motility together with serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol, and testicular testosterone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione showed a significant decrease following BOL treatment. Besides, the AR immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in testicular tissues. Vit-C co-administration with BOL significantly relieved the BOL-induced sperm abnormalities, reduced sperm motility, testicular enzyme leakage, and oxidative damage. However, Vit-C could rescue neither BOL-induced hormonal disturbances nor AR down-regulation. Conclusions: The results provide further insight into the mechanisms of BOL-induced reproductive dysfunction and its partial recovery by Vit-C.
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Madsen, André, Ninnie B. Oehme, Mathieu Roelants, et al. "Testicular Ultrasound to Stratify Hormone References in a Cross-Sectional Norwegian Study of Male Puberty." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 6 (2019): 1888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz094.
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Abstract Context Testicular growth represents the best clinical variable to evaluate male puberty, but current pediatric hormone references are based on chronological age and subjective assessments of discrete puberty development stages. Determination of testicular volume (TV) by ultrasound provides a novel approach to assess puberty progression and stratify hormone reference intervals. Objective The objective of this article is to establish references for serum testosterone and key hormones of the male pituitary-gonadal signaling pathway in relation to TV determined by ultrasound. Design, Setting, and Participants Blood samples from 414 healthy Norwegian boys between ages 6 and 16 years were included from the cross-sectional “Bergen Growth Study 2.” Participants underwent testicular ultrasound and clinical assessments, and serum samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry and immunoassays. Main Outcome Measures We present references for circulating levels of total testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin in relation to TV, chronological age, and Tanner pubic hair stages. Results In pubertal boys, TV accounted for more variance in serum testosterone levels than chronological age (Spearman r = 0.753, P &lt; .001 vs r = 0.692, P &lt; .001, respectively). Continuous centile references demonstrate the association between TV and hormone levels during puberty. Hormone reference intervals were stratified by TV during the pubertal transition. Conclusions Objective ultrasound assessments of TV and stratification of hormone references increase the diagnostic value of traditional references based on chronological age or subjective staging of male puberty.
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Wendmu, Hani, Peter Etim Ekanem, Birhane Alem, et al. "Evaluation of Aloe Megalacantha Baker Leaf Latex on Testicular Histopathology and Hormonal Profile of Sprague Dawley Rats." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 13, no. 4 (2020): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2076.
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Introduction:Aloe megalacanthaBaker is an endemic plant growing in Ethiopia. It is commonly used by traditional healers in the eastern and northern parts of the country to treat various ailments. Aim: The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of Aloe megalacanthaBaker leaf latex on testicular histopathology and hormonal profiles of adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Methodology:Adult male Sprague Dawleyrats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each. GroupI received 0.5ml distilled water. Groups II, III, and IV were treated with doses of 200mg, 400mg,and 600mg per kilogram body weight per dayofAloemegalacanthaleaf latex orally using gavage for 28 days(sub-acute treatment). Assessments of testicular histopathology, sperm analysis, and hormonal assays were performed to evaluate the contraceptive effect of the leaf latex. Results: Thisstudy revealed thatAloe megalacanthaBaker leaf latex induces vascular, cellular, and structural changes in the testesat all doses. The mean values of testosterone and luteinizing hormones weresignificantly decreased in rats treated at 400mg/kg and 600mg/kgof leaf latex compared with the control group. The concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone levels also decreased significantly at 600mg/kg/daydosing of the leaf latex when compared with the control group. Increased morphological abnormality of sperm cells accompanied by a dose-dependent significant reduction of sperm count and motility were also observed in the study. Conclusions:Aloe megalacanthaBaker could affect male rats by altering histoarchitecture of the testes, lowering hormone levels, increasing abnormal sperm morphology, reducing sperm concentration, and decreasing sperm motility. It could, therefore, act asa contraceptive or antifertility agent.
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Raji, Lukman Oladimeji, Mohammed Babashani, Ganiyu Jimoh Akorede, et al. "Changes in Semen, Hormonal profile and Testicular Morphology of West African Dwarf Goat Bucks treated with Danazol." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (2020): 2570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2570-2573.3709.
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This study was carried out to investigate the changes in semen characteristics, hormonal profile and testicular morphometry of West African Dwarf (WAD) goat bucks treated with danazol. For this purpose, eighteen matured WAD bucks average of about two years were randomly divided into groups A, B and C comprising of six bucks per group. Group A was the control while B and C bucks were given danazol at a dose rate of 20mg/kg body weight orally daily for four weeks. The group B bucks’ testes were harvested thereafter for gross and histo-morphometric studies while those of group C were left intact but danazol treatment was withdrawn for four more weeks. The bucks’ semen samples (collected by electro-ejaculation) and hormonal samples (taken via the jugular vein) were analyzed. The semen characteristics studied included color, volume, mass activity, motility, percentage normal live-dead ratio, morphology and concentration; while the hormones studied included testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Results show that there were significant decreases in semen characteristics of group B and C bucks compared with those of group A in the first four weeks. The semen characteristics of the group C bucks were reversed to normal range (similar to those of group A bucks) two weeks after danazol treatment was withdrawn. Similar results were observed with the hormonal studies. In conclusion, danazol caused a reversed reduction in sperm cells characteristics suggesting its possible use as a contraceptive in WAD goat bucks.
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Hernandez, Arturo, and M. Elena Martinez. "Thyroid hormone action in the developing testis: intergenerational epigenetics." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 3 (2020): R33—R46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0550.
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Male fertility involves the successful transmission of the genetic code to the next generation. It requires appropriately timed cellular processes during testis development, adequate support of spermatogenesis by hormonal cues from the reproductive axis and cellular cross-talk between germ and somatic cells. In addition to being the vessel of the father’s genome, increasing evidence shows that the mature sperm carries valuable epigenetic information – the epigenome – that, after fecundation, influences the development of the next generation, affecting biological traits and disease susceptibility. The epigenome of the germ line is susceptible to environmental factors, including exogenous chemicals and diet, but it is also affected by endogenous molecules and pathophysiological conditions. Factors affecting testis development and the epigenetic information of the germ line are critical for fertility and of relevance to the non-genetic but heritable component in the etiology of complex conditions. Thyroid hormones are one of those factors and their action, when untimely, produces profound effects on the developing testis, affecting spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, testis size, reproductive hormones and fertility. Altered thyroid hormone states can also change the epigenetic information of the male germ line, with phenotypic consequences for future generations. In the context of past literature concerning the consequences of altered thyroid hormone action for testis development, here we review recent findings about the pathophysiological roles of the principal determinants of testicular thyroid hormone action. We also discuss limited work on the effects of thyroid hormone on the male germ line epigenome and the implications for the intergenerational transmission of phenotypes via epigenetic mechanisms.
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Ekhoye, Ehitare Ikekhuamen, Samson Eshikhokhale Olerimi, and Santos Ehizokhale Ehebha. "Comparison of the deleterious effects of yaji and cadmium chloride on testicular physiomorphological and oxidative stress status: The gonadoprotective effects of an omega-3 fatty acid." Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 47, no. 3 (2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2019.03517.
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Objective: This study investigated testicular oxidative stress status and physiomorphological function in Wistar rats fed with yaji and cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>).Methods: Sixty male albino Wistar rats (12 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: group I (control), group II (300 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group III (500 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group IV (2.5 mg/kg.bw of CdCl<sub>2</sub>), and group V (2.5 mg/kg.bw of yaji+4 mg/kg.bw omega-3). Each group was evenly subdivided into two subgroups and treatment was administered for 14 days and 42 days, respectively. Semen quality (sperm count, progressive motility, normal morphology, and gonadosomatic index), hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone), testicular oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malonaldehyde) and testicular histomorphological features were examined.Results: Yaji caused significant (<i>p</i>< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent reductions in semen quality, the gonadosomatic index, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Yaji also caused significant (<i>p</i>< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as increased testicular malonaldehyde levels. Yaji induced distortions in the testicular histological architecture. CdCl<sub>2</sub> damaged testicular function by significantly (<i>p</i>< 0.05) reducing semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, and oxidative stress markers in albino Wistar rats. CdCl<sub>2</sub> also altered the histology of the testis.Conclusion: This study shows that yaji sauce has similar anti-fertility effects to those of CdCl<sub>2</sub>, as it adversely interferes with male reproduction by impairing oxidative stress markers and the function and morphological features of the testis.
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Shankara-Narayana, Nandini, Christopher Yu, Sasha Savkovic, et al. "Rate and Extent of Recovery from Reproductive and Cardiac Dysfunction Due to Androgen Abuse in Men." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 6 (2020): 1827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz324.
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Abstract Context Androgen abuse impairs male reproductive and cardiac function, but the rate, extent, and determinants of recovery are not understood. Objective To investigate recovery of male reproductive and cardiac function after ceasing androgen intake in current and past androgen abusers compared with healthy non-users. Methods Cross-sectional, observational study recruited via social media 41 current and 31 past users (≥3 months since last use, median 300 days since last use) with 21 healthy, eugonadal non-users. Each provided a history, examination, and serum and semen sample and underwent testicular ultrasound, body composition analysis, and cardiac function evaluation. Results Current abusers had suppressed reproductive function and impaired cardiac systolic function and lipoprotein parameters compared with non- or past users. Past users did not differ from non-users, suggesting full recovery of suppressed reproductive and cardiac functions after ceasing androgen abuse, other than residual reduced testicular volume. Mean time to recovery was faster for reproductive hormones (anti-Mullerian hormone [AMH], 7.3 months; luteinizing hormone [LH], 10.7 months) than for sperm variables (output, 14.1 months) whereas spermatogenesis (serum follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], inhibin B, inhibin) took longer. The duration of androgen abuse was the only other variable associated with slower recovery of sperm output (but not hormones). Conclusion Suppressed testicular and cardiac function due to androgen abuse is effectively fully reversible (apart from testis volume and serum sex hormone binding globulin) with recovery taking between 6 to 18 months after ceasing androgen intake with possible cumulative effects on spermatogenesis. Suppressed serum AMH, LH, and FSH represent convenient, useful, and underutilized markers of recovery from androgen abuse.
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Taylor, C. D., P. Elson, and D. L. Trump. "Importance of continued testicular suppression in hormone-refractory prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, no. 11 (1993): 2167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1993.11.11.2167.
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PURPOSE Patients in whom prostate cancer progresses despite testicular androgen ablation are generally said to have cancers that have become resistant to hormonal maneuvers. If androgen suppression has been pharmacologic, this therapy is often stopped before consideration of other systemic treatments. This exploratory study sought clinical correlates of experimental evidence that there may be substantial acceleration of tumor growth after cessation of androgen suppression. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective multivariate analysis was performed on survival data for 341 patients treated on four clinical trials of secondary therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Factors included in the model were recent weight loss, age, performance status, disease site (soft tissue v bone-dominant), prior radiotherapy, and continued androgen suppression v discontinued exogenous endocrine therapy. RESULTS Recent weight loss, age, performance status, and disease site were important prognostic factors for survival duration in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Correcting for these factors, continued testicular androgen suppression was also an important predictor of survival duration in all data sets examined. CONCLUSION This retrospective study showed a modest advantage in survival duration for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer who continued to receive testicular androgen suppression. The hypothesis that continued hormonal maneuvers can still affect survival in this group warrants examination in prospective trials.
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Albrethsen, Jakob, Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic, and Anders Juul. "Longitudinal Increases in Serum Insulin-like Factor 3 and Testosterone Determined by LC-MS/MS in Pubertal Danish Boys." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (2020): 3173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa496.
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Abstract Background Serum concentrations of the peptide hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a candidate marker for improved distinction between constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) and permanent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in boys. Aim To assess the possible diagnostic role of LC-MS/MS-based INSL3 measurements as a marker of imminent puberty by comparison with testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in serum longitudinally collected from 18 healthy boys throughout puberty. Results The first increase in serum LH was detected on average 4 months earlier, as compared with the first observed increases in INSL3 and T. When comparing the 2 testicular hormones only, we found that in 22% (4 of 18) of the boys the first increase in serum INSL3 was observed prior to the first observed increase in T, whereas in 44% (8 of 18) the first increase in T was observed before the first observed increase in INSL3. In the remaining 6 boys, the 2 testicular hormones showed the first increase at the same examination. Conclusion In some boys with delayed puberty, the first indication of testicular maturation may be detectable by observing serum INSL3. Further studies of LC-MS/MS determination of serum INSL3 in patients with CDGP and HH are warranted.
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Ottenweller, J. E., W. N. Tapp, D. L. Pitman, and B. H. Natelson. "Adrenal, thyroid, and testicular hormone rhythms in male golden hamsters on long and short days." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 2 (1987): R321—R328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.2.r321.
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Plasma concentrations of adrenal, thyroid, and testicular hormones were measured at 4-h intervals around the clock in male hamsters on long (14:10-h light-dark cycle) and short (10:14-h light-dark cycle) days. Plasma corticosterone, cortisol, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and testosterone rhythms were present on long days. The only one of these hormones to have a significant rhythm on short days was cortisol, but even its amplitude was suppressed compared with the cortisol rhythm on long days. Short days also lowered mean plasma levels of cortisol, T4, T3, and testosterone. Finally, short days raised the ratio of corticosterone to cortisol and lowered the ratio of T4 to T3. Both ratios had significant rhythms on long days but not on short days. Because of the many interactions among adrenal, thyroid, and testicular hormone axes, it is unclear whether the primary effect of short days is on one of these endocrine systems or on another factor that has separate effects on each of the hormone rhythms that was measured. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major effect of short day lengths in hamsters is to suppress hormone rhythms. Explanations of photoperiodic effects that depend on endocrine mediation should take this into account.
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Wajner, Simone Magagnin, Márcia Santos Wagner, and Ana Luiza Maia. "Clinical implications of altered thyroid status in male testicular function." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 53, no. 8 (2009): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000800011.
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Thyroid hormones are involved in the development and maintenance of virtually all tissues. Although for many years the testis was thought to be a thyroid-hormone unresponsive organ, studies of the last decades have demonstrated that thyroid dysfunction is associated not only with abnormalities in morphology and function of testes, but also with decreased fertility and alterations of sexual activity in men. Nowadays, the participation of triiodothyronine (T3) in the control of Sertoli and Leydig cell proliferation, testicular maturation, and steroidogenesis is widely accepted, as well as the presence of thyroid hormone transporters and receptors in testicular cells throughout the development process and in adulthood. But even with data suggesting that T3 may act directly on these cells to bring about its effects, there is still controversy regarding the impact of thyroid diseases on human spermatogenesis and fertility, which can be in part due to the lack of well-controlled clinical studies. The current review aims at presenting an updated picture of recent clinical data about the role of thyroid hormones in male gonadal function.
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Junaidi, Aris, C. Marc Luetjens, Joachim Wistuba, et al. "Norethisterone enanthate has neither a direct effect on the testis nor on the epididymis: a study in adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)." European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 4 (2005): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01878.
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Objective: Norethisterone enanthate (NETE) is evaluated in trials of hormonal male contraception. It has been speculated that progestins may exert their contraceptive effects not only by suppressing gonadotropins but also by direct effects on male organs. NETE was given to monkeys in which endogenous gonadotropin secretion was suppressed by a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, and replaced by human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). If NETE has a direct effect on spermatogenesis and/or epididymal function, some changes in testicular histology, sperm motility and/or morphology should occur soon after exposure to NETE. Methods: Fifteen adult intact male monkeys were grouped and treated for a 38-day period. Group I received GnRH antagonist, FSH, hCG and NETE while group II received a regime identical to group I without NETE and group III received only NETE and vehicle. Ejaculates, body weight, testicular biopsies and volume, and hormones were evaluated. Results: There was a similar pattern of serum FSH and testosterone in groups I and II. Testicular volume and the proportion of tubuli exhibiting spermatids was significantly decreased in group III. There were no significant differences between group I and group II in any parameters measured. The forward progression of sperm was not affected by NETE treatment. The consistently low percentages of grade c sperm indicated no sign of hyperactivation. No changes in the gross morphology of the acrosome were detected. Conclusions: Short-term NETE treatment has neither a direct effect on the testis nor on the epididymis in this nonhuman primate model and its contraceptive effects appear to be exerted exclusively through gonadotropin suppression.
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Ferlin, Alberto, Francesco Ganz, Manuel Pengo, Riccardo Selice, Anna Chiara Frigo, and Carlo Foresta. "Association of testicular germ cell tumor with polymorphisms in estrogen receptor and steroid metabolism genes." Endocrine-Related Cancer 17, no. 1 (2010): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/erc-09-0176.
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It is generally assumed that the development of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is under endocrine control. In particular, unbalanced androgen/estrogen levels and/or activity are believed to represent the key events for TGCT development and progression. Furthermore, recent evidence has suggested a strong genetic component for TGCT. In this study, we analyzed whether a genetic variation in estrogen receptor (ESR) genes and steroid hormone metabolism genes is associated with TGCT. We genotyped for 17 polymorphic markers in 11 genes in 234 TGCT cases and 218 controls: ESR (ESR1 and ESR2); CYP19A1 (aromatase); 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 4 (HSD17B1 and HSD17B4) dehydrogenases that convert potent androgens and estrogens to weak hormones; cytochrome P450 hydroxylating enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1; and the metabolic enzymes COMT, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1. We observed a significant association of rs11205 in HSD17B4 with TGCT. TGCT risk was increased twofold per copy of the minor A allele at this locus (odds ratios (OR)=2.273, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.737–2.973). Homozygous carriage of the minor A allele was associated with an over fourfold increased risk of TGCT (OR=4.561, 95% CI=2.615–7.955) compared with homozygous carriage of the major G allele. The risk was increased both for seminoma (OR=5.327, 95% CI=2.857–9.931) and for nonseminoma (OR=3.222, 95% CI=1.471–7.059). We found for the first time an association of polymorphisms in HSD17B4 gene with TGCT. Our findings expand the current knowledge on the role of genetic contribution in testicular cancer susceptibility, and support the hypothesis that variations in hormone metabolism genes might change the hormonal environment implicated in testicular carcinogenesis.
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Zieri, Rodrigo, Lilian Franco-Belussi, Lia Raquel de Souza Santos, Sebastião Roberto Taboga, and Classius de Oliveira. "Sex hormones change visceral pigmentation in Eupemphix nattereri (Anura): effects in testicular melanocytes and hepatic melanomacrophages." Animal Biology 65, no. 1 (2015): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002457.
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Melanomacrophages and melanocytes are able to modify pigment intensity on the body surface as a response to temperature change, hibernation, hypoxia, infection, oxidative stress and exogenous use of hormones. This study evaluated the effect of the sex hormones 17β-estradiol and testosterone cypionate on the hepatic melanomacrophages and testicular melanocytes of Eupemphix nattereri under hyperestrogenic and hyperandrogenic conditions, eight days after daily hormonal administration as well as after a 15-day recovery period. Animals were injected subcutaneously with 17β-estradiol, testosterone cypionate or the carrier medium (as control). Histological analysis was used to examine the effect of the treatments. The results show that sex hormones altered the pigmentation of hepatic melanomacrophages and testicular melanocytes. Both liver melanomacrophages and testicular melanocytes in E. nattereri males displayed increased pigmentation after testosterone treatment, while estradiol decreased liver pigmentation only. This study describes, for the first time, the effects of sex hormones on visceral pigmentation of anura, showing the responsiveness of melanocytes and melanomacrophages to sex hormones.
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Moustafa, Amira. "Effect of Light-Dark Cycle Misalignment on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis, Testicular Oxidative Stress, and Expression of Clock Genes in Adult Male Rats." International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (November 6, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1426846.
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This study investigated the influence of circadian misalignment on the male reproductive system. Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to prolonged light (20 h light : 4 h dark) or prolonged darkness (4 h light : 20 h dark) for 12 consecutive weeks. The somatic index of seminal vesicles and prostates increased due to prolonged light exposure. Sperm count and motility were enhanced solely by prolonged light exposure, whereas the percentage of sperm abnormalities was reduced by both prolonged light and darkness. The serum levels of reproductive hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin) were elevated, and the estradiol level was reduced by long-term light and dark exposure. Testicular total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities were improved, and lipid peroxidation was inhibited following chronic exposure to light or dark. Chronic light exposure increased, but chronic darkness decreased, testicular nitric oxide production. The mRNA expression of the hypothalamic and testicular clock genes including PER1-2, CRY1-2, BMAL1, CLOCK, and Rev-Erbα was altered by circadian disruption. Prolonged light exposure decreased the levels of thyroid hormones and suppressed the mRNA expression of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2. The immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was decreased only by chronic darkness. The present study thus provides new insights into the physiological changes associated with long-term exposure to light or darkness, in which the expression levels of various clock gene mRNAs are modulated, reproductive hormones are increased, and the antioxidant enzyme system is ameliorated as mechanisms of adaptation to chronic circadian disruption.
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Witorsch, R. J. "Use of Gonadotropic Hormones and Sex Steroids in Assessing Male Reproduction." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 5, no. 4 (1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818609140748.
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In this presentation we discuss how male reproductive hormones are influenced by various normal and abnormal situations. Puberty is characterized by a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and testosterone. Hormonal profiles in aging men and rats differ significantly, suggesting qualitatively different age-related changes in both species. Gonadal disorders in humans may exhibit similar symptoms (such as delayed or precocious virilization) but may be due to different defects within the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis and, hence, may exhibit different reproductive hormone profiles. Reproductive hormone measurements reveal that toxic agents, such as ketoconazole, alcohol, or opiates, can impair reproductive function at the gonad and/or the hypothalamo-pituitary level. Glucocorticoids released during stress have been shown to have a direct inhibitory effect on testosterone release from the testes, which may be of relevance to toxicology studies. Reproductive hormonal measurements have also revealed that LH levels in the blood fluctuate in a pronounced episodic fashion and that this pattern is due to the pulsatile delivery of GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland. Administration of GnRH in a pulsatile fashion to patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism restores gonadal function. Nonpulsatile GnRH delivery to the anterior pituitary suppresses LH and testosterone release, and, consequently, long-acting superanalogs of GnRH appear to be effective in the treatment of prostatic cancer and true precocious puberty. The examples presented in this article illustrate how hormonal measurements have increased our knowledge and understanding of male reproduction.
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Zhang, Lihong, Xiaozhen Zhao, Feng Wang, Qing Lin, and Wei Wang. "Effects ofMorinda officinalisPolysaccharide on Experimental Varicocele Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5365291.
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Morinda officinalisis a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used to tonify the kidney and strengthen yang for a long time in China. In this study, the effects ofM. officinalisPolysaccharide (MOP) on experimental varicocele adolescent rats were investigated. The result showed that varicocele destroyed the structure of the seminiferous epithelium and decreased the TJ protein expression (Occludin, Claudin-11, and ZO-1), testosterone (T) concentration in the left testicular tissue and serum, and serum levels of inhibin B (INHB), while increasing the levels of cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) in the left testicular tissue, as well as serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and antisperm antibody (AsAb). MOP repaired the damaged seminiferous epithelium and TJ and reduced the levels of cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) as well as serum levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, and AsAb, while upregulating TJ protein expression, T level in the left testicular tissue and serum, and serum INHB levels. In summary, we conclude that MOP promotes spermatogenesis and counteracts the varicocele-induced damage to the seminiferous epithelium and TJ, probably via decreasing cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) levels and regulating the abnormal sex hormones levels in experimental varicocele rats.
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Paulis, MG, EM Hafez, and NF El-Tahawy. "Toxicity and postwithdrawal effects of ketamine on the reproductive function of male albino rats: Hormonal, histological, and immunohistochemical study." Human & Experimental Toxicology 39, no. 8 (2020): 1054–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327120909857.
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Ketamine is increasingly used in clinical practice, and ketamine addiction is common in young individuals. There are limited reviews on the chronic effects of ketamine on the testes. Three groups of rats received saline or ketamine 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 6 weeks with or without a subsequent 4-week drug-free period. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and testosterone levels, as well as testicular malondialdehyde concentrations, were measured. Epididymal sperm parameters were assessed. Testicular tissues were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining using caspase-3 and vimentin antibodies. Chronic ketamine injection significantly decreased the levels of the examined hormones and adversely affected sperm parameters. Testicular tissue showed a significant increase in caspase-3 expression. In addition, Sertoli cell shape and position were disrupted. These effects disappeared 4 weeks after drug withdrawal. Chronic ketamine treatment has revisable hazardous effects on the rat reproductive function. There is a need to increase the knowledge of physicians and the public regarding these harmful effects of ketamine.
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Shoorei, H., A. Khaki, M. Shokoohi, et al. "Evaluation of carvacrol on pituitary and sexual hormones and their receptors in the testicle of male diabetic rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 39, no. 8 (2020): 1019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327120909525.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease and it is also closely associated with a reduction in fertility in male patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of carvacrol (CRV), as a potent antioxidant, on the numbers of germ cells and Sertoli cells in testicular tissue, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of some genes involved in spermatogenesis, including luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor ( LHCGR), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor ( FSHR), and steroidogenic factor 1 ( SF-1), as well as hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), and insulin. Adult male Wistar rats ( n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups (eight animals per group), including healthy control that received 0.2% Tween 80, diabetic control group, the diabetic group treated orally with CRV (75 mg/kg), and CRV group that received orally CRV (75 mg/kg). The duration of the treatment period lasted 8 weeks. In the diabetic group, the numbers of Sertoli cells and germ cells were significantly decreased, while the treatment with CRV prevented the degree of the damage to the cells mentioned earlier. CRV administration elevated the concentrations of insulin, T, FSH, and LH. Moreover, treatment with CRV significantly enhanced the levels of the mRNA and protein expression of SF-1, LHCGR, and FSHR. According to the obtained results, CRV administration could prevent the deleterious effects of DM on testicular germ cells, and it increases the levels of hormones and some essential genes, such as SF-1, LHCGR, and FSHR, involved in the process of spermatogenesis.
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Balabanič, Damjan, Marjan Rupnik, and Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič. "Negative impact of endocrine-disrupting compounds on human reproductive health." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 3 (2011): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09300.
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There is increasing concern about chemical pollutants that are able to mimic hormones, the so-called endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), because of their structural similarity to endogenous hormones, their ability to interact with hormone transport proteins or because of their potential to disrupt hormone metabolic pathways. Thus, the effects of endogenous hormones can be mimicked or, in some cases, completely blocked. A substantial number of environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, bisphenol A, pesticides, alkylphenols and heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury), have been shown to disrupt endocrine function. These compounds can cause reproductive problems by decreasing sperm count and quality, increasing the number of testicular germ cells and causing male breast cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, miscarriages, endometriosis, impaired fertility, irregularities of the menstrual cycle, and infertility. Although EDCs may be released into the environment in different ways, the main sources is industrial waste water. The present paper critically reviews the current knowledge of the impact of EDCs on reproductive disorders in humans.
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Ribeiro, G. G., L. R. Pessôa, M. D. C. de Abreu, et al. "Taro flour (Colocasia esculenta) increases testosterone levels and gametogenic epithelium of Wistar rats." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9, no. 4 (2018): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000120.
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AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of diet containing taro flour on hormone levels and the seminiferous tubules morphology of rats. After weaning, the male rats were divided into two groups (n=12 each): control group (CG) treated with control diet and taro group (TG), fed with 25% taro flour for 90 days. Food, caloric intake, mass and body length were evaluated at experiment end. Testis followed the standard histological processing. Immunostaining was performed using an anti-vimentin antibody to identify Sertoli cells. In histomorphometry, total diameter, total area, epithelial height, luminal height and luminal area were analyzed. The testosterone levels were performed using the radioimmunoassay method. Group TG presented (P<0.05): increase in mass, body length, testicular weight, histomorphometric parameters and hormonal levels. Food intake, calorie and Sertoli cells not presented statistical differences. The taro promoted increase in the testicles parameters and hormones.
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Amer, Medhat Kamel, Hossam ElDin Hosni Ahmed, Sameh Fayek GamalEl Din, Ahmed Fawzy Megawer, and Ahmed Ragab Ahmed. "Evaluation of neoadjuvant gonadotropin administration with downregulation by testosterone prior to second time microsurgical testicular sperm extraction: A prospective case–control study." Urologia Journal 87, no. 4 (2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391560320913401.
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Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether there is a beneficial role of combining gonadotropin administration with testosterone downregulation in non-obstructive azoospermia patients prior to a second time microsurgical testicular sperm extraction after a negative one. Methods: A total of 40 non-obstructive azoospermia men were recruited from a specialized IVF center from 2014 to 2016. Participants were divided equally into two groups: Group A was subjected to testosterone downregulation alone for 1 month and then combined with gonadotropin administration for 3 months prior to second time testicular sperm extraction; Group B (controls) underwent second time microsurgical testicular sperm extraction without prior hormonal therapy. Results: Mean baseline follicle-stimulating hormone levels of the controls and the cases were 26.9 ± 11.8 and 25.4 ± 8.7, respectively. One month after testosterone downregulation, follicle-stimulating hormone level of the cases was normalized and became 2.4 ± 1.2. There was no statistically significant difference between baseline follicle-stimulating hormone levels of the controls and cases (p = 0.946). Remarkably, two cases were positive after downregulation (10%) and no controls were positive at second testicular sperm extraction (0%). There was no statistically significant difference between sperm retrieval after the second microsurgical testicular sperm extraction in the controls and the cases (p = 0.072). Conclusion: Patients who underwent first time testicular sperm extraction with unfavorable outcome due to different techniques may benefit from testosterone downregulation combined with neoadjuvant gonadotropin administration as it had shown positive sperms retrieval in 2 out of the 20 cases, especially those with hypergonadotropic azoospermia.
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Ogo, Fernanda M., Glaucia E. M. L. Siervo, Géssica D. Gonçalves, et al. "Low doses of bisphenol A can impair postnatal testicular development directly, without affecting hormonal or oxidative stress levels." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 11 (2017): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd16432.
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered a potent endocrine disruptor, causing changes in the endocrine system due to its oestrogenic activity. Male individuals may be susceptible to endocrine, morphological and physiological alterations during testicular postnatal development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether exposure to BPA during the peripubertal period can damage testicular development. To this end, male Wistar rats were treated with BPA via gavage at doses of 20 or 200 µg kg−1 on Postnatal Days (PND) 36–66. The control group was treated with Oil + DMSO under the same conditions. On PND 67, rats were killed. The blood was collected for hormonal analysis, the testis for sperm count, oxidative stress, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses for ki-67 and sperm of the vas deferens for morphological analysis. Both doses of BPA resulted in abnormal sperm morphology and seminiferous tubules, with the highest dose increasing the height of the germinal epithelium and reducing the number of spermatozoa at Stages IX–XIII of spermatogenesis. In conclusion, both doses of BPA administered during the peripubertal period impaired testicular development without any effects on hormone levels (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels) or oxidative stress.
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Roberts, Stanley A., Terry M. Nett, Howard A. Hartman, Thomas E. Adams, and Raymond E. Stoll. "SDZ 200–110 Induces Leydig Cell Tumors By Increasing Gonadotropins in Rats." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 3 (1989): 487–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909014534.
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The administration of 62.5 mg/kg/day of SDZ 200–110, a calcium channel blocker, for 2 years increased the incidence of Leydig cell tumors while decreasing pituitary tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats. Lower doses did not change the incidence of these tumors. No other endocrine tumors were seen in rats or mice of either sex. A single gavage dose of 62.5 mg/kg/day decreased serum testosterone levels by 90% 4 hr after dosing. In vitro testosterone production by Leydig cells from these animals was minimally decreased, which suggests that a direct inhibition of steroid synthesis was removed during cell isolation. Dietary administration of the drug for 10 weeks did not significantly alter levels of serum hormones or testicular luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, although a significant elevation of testicular testosterone levels was seen. Increased serum levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were seen after 52 and 66 weeks, respectively, of dietary feeding of 62.5 mg/kg/day. The increase in serum LH was observed to week 104, while FSH levels returned to control levels by week 94. No effect on gonadotropin receptors was seen at the 6.25 mg/kg/day dosage. The age-related increase in serum prolactin was markedly reduced by 62.5 mg/kg/day of SDZ 200–110 in weeks 66 to 104 and to a lesser extent at the 6.25 mg/kg/day dosage. Testicular LH receptors were decreased by the high dose in animals sacrificed after 90–104 weeks. In conclusion, SDZ 200–110 increases the incidence of Leydig cell tumors by elevating levels of serum gonadotropins. The suggested mechanism for this increase in gonadotropins is a result of the effects of SDZ 200–110 on serum hormones and testicular LH receptors. The drug was judged not to pose a risk to humans since no change in gonadotropin levels was observed after chronic treatment.
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Agrawal, Sujan Narayan. "Cryptorchidism: its influence on male fertility and the risk of the testicular tumor." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 10 (2018): 3453. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20184110.
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In the embryonic stage, the testes develop in the abdomen and descend to scrotum, just before or at birth. The undescended testis is the result of the arrest of descent of testis in some part along its path, to the scrotum. The bilateral undescended testis is called Cryptorchidism which means hidden testis. The factors that contribute to the descent of testis includes Gubernaculum testis, the differential growth of abdominal wall, intra-abdominal pressure and temperature, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), male sex hormones, insulin-like hormone 3 (INSL3) and maternal gonadotrophins. The descent of testis may become erratic and gives rise to undescended testis, ectopic testis, congenital hernia, and hydrocoele etc. As a rough estimate approximately 2-4% of male infants are born with Cryptorchism, thus making it, one of the most common congenital anomalies, in the male genitalia. It was found that the incidence of azoospermia in unilateral cryptorchidism was 13%, but in untreated bilateral cryptorchidism, it reaches up to 89%. Cryptorchid boys have increased the risk of a testicular tumor, mainly seminoma. Persistent exposure to high temperature in cryptorchidism could allow maturation of the neonatal gonocytes that has failed to mature as spermatogonia or undergo apoptosis. These cells may persist in testes for years together and eventually become carcinoma in situ cells with a high risk of testicular malignancy later in life i.e., 20-40 years of age. This review addresses the cryptorchidism, its influence on fertility and the risk of developing testicular germ cell tumor. The hormonal factors involved in testicular descend or otherwise is also highlighted.
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Karaduman, AB, V. Kilic, O. Atli-Eklioglu, et al. "Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 38, no. 12 (2019): 1384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327119871094.
Full textAbstract:
Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. Although it is frequently used during reproductive ages, studies that investigated the effects of ZNS on reproductive system are limited. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of ZNS on male reproductive system by oral administration to rats in 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses for 28 days. After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed. In addition, levels of the hormones that play a role in the regulation of reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers that take part in the reproductive pathologies such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, were determined. Reproductive toxic effects related to ZNS administration were shown by the significant decrease of sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology in ZNS groups. Additionally, pathological findings were observed in the testicular tissues of ZNS-administered groups dose dependently. In addition, serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ZNS groups. Decreased catalase activities and increased malondialdehyde levels in ZNS groups were evaluated as oxidative stress findings in the testis tissue. It could be expressed that ZNS administration induced dose-dependent reproductive toxic effects in rats, and pathological findings associated with the reproductive system could be the result of that hormonal changes and testicular oxidative stress, which in turn might be considered as possible mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity.
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Jayamurali, Dheepthi, and Sathya Narayanan Govindarajulu. "IMPACT OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARYTESTICULAR AXIS IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26635.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to study the impact of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (SD) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis in the Wistar albino rats.Methods: Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing about 200 g were segregated into Group I–IV of control, 48 h SD, 72 h SD, and 96 h SD, respectively, in a custom-made SD tank. After SD procedure, the sexual behavior of rats was assessed, after which blood was collected from the animals for the estimation of HPT and stress hormones and then the testicles were used for histological studies.Results: SD has increased (p<0.05) the mounting latency and intromission latency and decreased (p<0.05) the mounting frequency and intromission frequency compared with control group. A significant increase (p<0.05) in corticosterone, follicle stimulating hormone levels and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were observed in all the SD groups when compared with control group. SD-induced testis architecture displayed sperm retention, sperm reduction, and shape alteration when compared to the control group. Furthermore, apoptotic bodies were observed in the testis of 72 h and 96 h of sleep-deprived animals.Conclusion: Outcome of the project reveals that out of 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h of SD, 96 h of SD has a great impact on sexual behavior, HPT hormones, and testicular morphology.
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Moustafa, Amira. "Effect of Omega-3 or Omega-6 Dietary Supplementation on Testicular Steroidogenesis, Adipokine Network, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Adult Male Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (June 28, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570331.
Full textAbstract:
This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation on the levels of different adipokines and cytokines, as well as the antioxidant system, in relation to male reproductive hormones and testicular functions. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with either physiological saline (control group), sunflower oil (omega 6 group; 1 mL/kg body weight), or fish oil (omega-3 group; 1000 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. The administration of omega-3 or omega-6 resulted in decreased serum concentrations of kisspeptin 1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In addition, it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic genes. The intratesticular levels of apelin, adiponectin, and irisin were elevated while chemerin, leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin were declined following the administration of either omega-3 or omega-6. The testicular concentration of interleukin 10 was increased while interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and nuclear factor kappa B were decreased after consumption of omega-3 or omega-6. In the testes, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and the total antioxidant capacity were improved. In conclusion, the administration of omega-3 or omega-6 adversely affects the process of steroidogenesis but improves the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status of the reproductive system via modulating the levels of testicular adipokines.
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Huhtaniemi, Ilpo. "Fetal testis—a very special endocrine organ." European Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 1 (1994): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1300025.
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Huhtaniemi I. Fetal testis—a very special endocrine organ. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:25–31. ISSN 0804–4643 The fetal testis is a special organ endocrinologically and not at all like a smaller version of the adult testis. Unlike the quiescent fetal ovary, its hormone production is very active. Besides testosterone it produces a special 'fetal gonadal hormone', the anti-Müllerian hormone. These two hormones together play a key role in the induction and regulation of male sexual differentiation. To meet these functional requirements the fetal testis has many unique features, especially as regards luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone action, which discriminate it from the respective functions of the adult testis. In this article, some enigmatic features of fetal testicular endocrine function are concentrated on in an attempt to identify the most important questions for further research. Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10,20520 Turku, Finland
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Hadziselimovic, Faruk, Gieri Cathomas, Gilvydas Verkauskas, Darius Dasevicius, and Michael Stadler. "PRDM Histone Methyltransferase mRNA Levels Increase in Response to Curative Hormone Treatment for Cryptorchidism-Dependent Male Infertility." Genes 9, no. 8 (2018): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080391.
Full textAbstract:
There is a correlation between cryptorchidism and an increased risk of testicular cancer and infertility. During orchidopexy, testicular biopsies are performed to confirm the presence of type A dark (Ad) spermatogonia, which are a marker for low infertility risk (LIR). The Ad spermatogonia are absent in high infertility risk (HIR) patients, who are treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) to significantly lower the risk of infertility. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the molecular events involved in cryptorchidism. Previously, we compared the transcriptomes of LIR versus HIR patients treated with and without hormones. Here, we interpreted data regarding members of the positive regulatory domain-containing (PRDM) family; some of which encoded histone methyltransferases that are important for reproduction. We found there were lower levels of PRDM1, PRDM6, PRDM9, PRDM13, and PRDM14 mRNA in the testes of HIR patients compared with LIR patients, and that PRDM7, PRDM9, PRDM12, and PRDM16 were significantly induced after GnRHa treatment. Furthermore, we observed PRDM9 protein staining in the cytoplasm of germ cells in the testes from LIR and HIR patients, indicating that the mRNA and protein levels corresponded. This result indicated that the curative hormonal therapy for cryptorchidism involved conserved chromatin modification enzymes.
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Tancic-Gajic, Milina, Svetlana Vujovic, Miomira Ivovic, et al. "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 143, no. 3-4 (2015): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1504214t.
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Introduction. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) belongs to disorders of sex development, resulting from complete or partial resistance to the biological actions of androgens in persons who are genetically males (XY) with normally developed testes and age-appropriate for males of serum testosterone concentration. Case Outline. A 21-year-old female patient was admitted at our Clinic further evaluation and treatment of testicular feminization syndrome, which was diagnosed at the age of 16 years. The patient had never menstruated. On physical examination, her external genitalia and breast development appeared as completely normal feminine structures but pubic and axillary hair was absent. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 46 XY karyotype. The values of sex hormones were as in adult males. The multisliced computed tomography (MSCT) showed structures on both sides of the pelvic region, suggestive of testes. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed. Hormone replacement therapy was prescribed after gonadectomy. Vaginal dilatation was advised to avoid dyspareunia. Conclusion. The diagnosis of complete androgen insensitivity is based on clinical findigs, hormonal analysis karyotype, visualization methods and genetic analysis. Bilateral gonadectomy is generally recommended in early adulthood to avoid the risk of testicular malignancy. Vaginal length may be short requiring dilatation in an effort to avoid dyspareunia. Vaginal surgery is rarely indicated for the creation of a functional vagina.
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Ghinea, N., T. V. Mai, M. T. Groyer-Picard, and E. Milgrom. "How protein hormones reach their target cells. Receptor-mediated transcytosis of hCG through endothelial cells." Journal of Cell Biology 125, no. 1 (1994): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.125.1.87.
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In many organs the vascular endothelium forms a barrier which impedes the free diffusion of large molecules. The mechanism by which protein hormones are transported through the endothelial cells to reach their target cells is unknown. We have examined the transport of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in rat testicular microvasculature by electron microscopy and by analysing the transfer of radiolabeled hormone and antibodies. Surprisingly, we have observed that the same receptor molecule which is present in target Leydig cells is also involved in transcytosis through the endothelial cells. The hormone was internalized by coated pits and vesicles on the luminal side of the endothelium. It was then localized in the endosomal compartment and subsequently appeared to be delivered by smooth vesicles into the subendothelial space. Moreover, anti-LH/hCG receptor antibodies were efficiently transported via the same system and delivered into the interstitial space. If generalized, these observations may define a new level of modulation of hormone action and may be of importance for drug targeting into the numerous organs which are responsive to the various protein hormones.
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Martins, Ana D., Ivana Jarak, Tiago Morais, et al. "Caloric restriction alters the hormonal profile and testicular metabolome, resulting in alterations of sperm head morphology." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 318, no. 1 (2020): E33—E43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2019.
Full textAbstract:
Energy homeostasis is crucial for all physiological processes. Thus, when there is low energy intake, negative health effects may arise, including in reproductive function. We propose to study whether caloric restriction (CR) changes testicular metabolic profile and ultimately sperm quality. Male Wistar rats ( n = 12) were randomized into a CR group fed with 30% fewer calories than weight-matched, ad libitum-fed animals (control group). Circulating hormonal profile, testicular glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin and leptin receptors expression, and sperm parameters were analyzed. Testicular metabolite abundance and glycolysis-related enzymes were studied by NMR and Western blot, respectively. Oxidative stress markers were analyzed in testicular tissue and spermatozoa. Expressions of mitochondrial complexes and mitochondrial biogenesis in testes were determined. CR induced changes in body weight along with altered GLP-1, ghrelin, and leptin circulating levels. In testes, CR led to changes in receptor expression that followed those of the hormone levels; modified testicular metabolome, particularly amino acid content; and decreased oxidative stress-induced damage in testis and spermatozoa, although sperm head defects increased. In sum, CR induced changes in body weight, altering circulating hormonal profile and testicular metabolome and increasing sperm head defects. Ultimately, our data highlight that conditions of CR may compromise male fertility.
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Ankarberg-Lindgren, Carina, Otto Westphal, and Jovanna Dahlgren. "Testicular size development and reproductive hormones in boys and adult males with Noonan syndrome: a longitudinal study." European Journal of Endocrinology 165, no. 1 (2011): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-11-0092.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo characterise changes in testicular size and reproductive hormones and to investigate the aetiology of delayed puberty and impaired fertility in males with Noonan syndrome (NS).DesignIn this study, 12 males with NS were longitudinally followed from pre/early puberty until adulthood. Of the 12 males, ten had no medical history other than NS and were divided into two groups, undescended testes (UT), and descended testes (DT) and compared with a reference population.MethodsHormone concentrations in serum were determined by immunoassays and testicular volume was measured using an orchidometer.ResultsBefore puberty, reproductive hormone levels were within the expected range in almost all cases. In some cases, LH, FSH and testosterone and oestradiol (E2) concentrations started to increase during puberty and inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) declined to subnormal levels. Most of the boys studied had small testes that, in the majority of cases, progressed to normal size in adulthood. No difference in reproductive hormones was observed between the UT and DT groups either during puberty or at adulthood. However, as adults, males with NS had higher LH (5.7 vs 4.0 U/l, P<0.01), FSH (7.1 vs 2.5 U/l, P<0.001), testosterone (18.7 vs 15.6 nmol/l, P<0.01) and E2 (66 vs 46 pmol/l, P<0.001) levels and lower AMH (33 vs 65 pmol/l, P<0.01) and inhibin B (median 108 vs 187 pg/ml, P<0.01) levels than the reference population.ConclusionsIn NS males, both Sertoli and Leydig cell dysfunction is common with reproductive hormone levels deteriorating progressively to adulthood.
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Toropov, V. A., S. Yu Borovets, S. Kh Al’-Shukri, A. M. Gzgzyan, V. Ya Belousov, and I. D. Fedorova. "Endocrine predictors of testicular biopsy efficacy in patients with azoospermia." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 176, no. 3 (2017): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2017-176-3-38-42.
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OBJECTIVE. The study identified predictors of endocrine detection of sperm in case of open testicular biopsy in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research was based on the results of examination and testicular biopsy of 76 patients with secretory azoospermia aged from 20 to 55 years old. The instrumental, laboratory, physical methods of research were carried out for all the patients before performing of the open biopsy for testicular sperm extraction. Hormone levels were determined in blood plasma such as luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, total and free testosterone, estradiol and sex steroid binding globulin. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of patients (n =43) whom sperms were found in testicular biopsies. The second group included patients (n = 33) whom sperms weren’t detected. RESULTS. Сonсentration of follicle stimulating hormone in blood plasma was the most significant hormone predictor. It was found that follicle stimulating hormone level between 12 and 16 IU/L indicated to the low probability of sperm presence in testicular biopsies and in case it was less than 17 IU/L the probability was extremely low. There was also established that elevated follicle stimulating hormone levels in patients older than 26 years pointed to the low probability of finding sperm using open testicular sperm extraction. CONCLUSIONS. Increase of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone or their correlation in blood plasma indicates to a low probability of finding sperm by open testicular sperm extraction. The concentrations of testosterone, sex steroid binding globulin, prolactin and estradiol in the blood plasma weren’t reliable predictors of finding sperm in testicular biopsies.
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Darrow, J. M., L. Yogev, and B. D. Goldman. "Patterns of reproductive hormone secretion in hibernating Turkish hamsters." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 2 (1987): R329—R336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.2.r329.
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Changes in gonadal state and in circulating reproductive hormones [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and testosterone] were studied for 30 wk in male Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) induced to hibernate by exposure to a short-day, cold environment [10:14-h light-dark (LD) cycle, 6 +/- 1 degree C]. Similar measures were compared in hamsters maintained under short-day warm conditions (10:14-h LD, 21 +/- 2 degrees C). A decrease in testicular size and in hormone levels was observed after 9-12 wk of short-day exposure in all animals. After 24 wk, hormone levels rose again, accompanied by testicular recrudescence, in short-day warm hamsters and in hamsters that failed to hibernate in the cold. For animals that hibernated the temporal pattern of endocrine and gonadal changes differed only slightly in comparison. Testicular recrudescence of hibernators lagged approximately 3 wk behind that of short-day warm hamsters. Hormone levels were generally lower in hibernators sampled during bouts of torpor than during bouts of spontaneous arousal from torpor. A marked elevation of serum FSH was observed in aroused hibernators well before the end of the hibernation season (at 21 wk of short-day exposure). Mean testosterone and PRL values had increased by wk 27, after hibernation was terminated in the majority of animals. These results indicate that testosterone may not be essential for the termination of the hibernation season. The data also suggest that an endogenous timing mechanism, resistant to the decreased body temperature experienced during torpor, may function to trigger a resurgence of the neuroendocrine-gonadal axis at the end of the winter season.