Academic literature on the topic 'Hormones in animal nutrition'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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SHORT, R. E., and D. C. ADAMS. "NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN BEEF CATTLE REPRODUCTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-003.
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Reproductive rate has a major influence on production efficiency of beef cattle, and nutritional management is the main limiting or controlling factor for reproduction. Decreased availability of energy is the most common problem studied in beef cattle management and will be the primary focus of this review. In order to effectively manage energy nutrition, we need a better understanding of how this variable affects the various phases and control mechanisms of reproduction. Insufficient energy intake because of dietary quality or quantity will delay puberty, lengthen postpartum anestrus and cause anestrus in cows or heifers that are having estrous cycles. Energy intake has effects on a wide variety of endocrine, neural and metabolic mechanisms. Effects include changes in gonadotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary, production of progesterone during both the estrous cycle and pregnancy, differential sensitivity of the pituitary-hypothalamus to steroids and releasing hormones and changes in ovarian activity measured by hormone secretion, follicular development and ovulation. All of these effects of dietary energy have been shown to be variable. This variation in response seems to be related to differences in degree of energy restriction, body condition score and whether body weight is stabilized or changing. Glucose may be the specific energy source through which energy manifests its effects on reproduction. Key words: Beef cattle, nutrition, reproduction, hormones, energy
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IBTISHAM, FAHAR, AAMIR NAWAB, GUANGHUI LI, MEI XIAO, LILONG AN, and GHAZANFAR NASEER. "Effect of nutrition on reproductive efficiency of dairy animals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6025–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6025.
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Nutrition plays a key role in the maintenance of animal reproductive performance. Reduced reproductive efficiency can decrease the profitability of dairy production by increasing days open, calving interval, the number of services per conception, culling rate, and veterinary services. Nutritional requirements increase rapidly with milk production after calving, but an improper diet plan could result in a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB delays the time of first ovulation through uncoupled hormones production. A diet high in fat could prevent the NEB state by increasing the energy status of animals. Protein supplementation supports high production but can also have severe effects on the reproductive performance of the animal. Deficiency of minerals can also alter the reproductive performance of the animal. This article has generally focused on the effects of various nutrients on reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. .
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Galbraith, Hugh. "Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues." Nutrition Research Reviews 15, no. 2 (December 2002): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246.
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AbstractBeef and its products are an important source of nutrition in many human societies. Methods of production vary and include the use of hormonal compounds (‘hormones’) to increase growth and lean tissue with reduced fat deposition in cattle. The hormonal compounds are naturally occurring in animals or are synthetically produced xenobiotics and have oestrogenic (oestradiol-17β and its esters; zeranol), androgenic (testosterone and esters; trenbolone acetate) or progestogenic (progesterone; melengestrol acetate) activity. The use of hormones as production aids is permitted in North American countries but is no longer allowed in the European Union (EU), which also prohibits the importation of beef and its products derived from hormone-treated cattle. These actions have resulted in a trade dispute between the two trading blocs. The major concern for EU authorities is the possibility of adverse effects on human consumers of residues of hormones and metabolites. Methods used to assess possible adverse effects are typical of those used by international agencies to assess acceptability of chemicals in human food. These include analysis of quantities present in the context of known biological activity and digestive, absorptive, post-absorptive and excretory processes. Particular considerations include the low quantities of hormonal compounds consumed in meat products and their relationships to endogenous production particularly in prepubertal children, enterohepatic inactivation, cellular receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects and potential for interference with growth, development and physiological function in consumers. There is particular concern about the role of oestradiol-17β as a carcinogen in certain tissues. Now subject to a ‘permanent’ EU ban, current evidence suggests that certain catechol metabolites may induce free-radical damage of DNA in cell and laboratory animal test systems. Classical oestrogen-receptor mediation is considered to stimulate proliferation in cells maintaining receptivity. Mathematical models describing quantitative relationships between consumption of small amounts of oestrogens in meat in addition to greater concentrations from endogenous production, chemical stoichiometry at cellular level and human pathology have not been developed. Such an approach will be necessary to establish ‘molecular materiality’ of the additional hormone intake as a component of relative risk assessment. The other hormones, although generally less well researched, are similarly subject to a range of tests to determine potentially adverse effects. The resulting limited international consensus relates to the application of the ‘precautionary principle’ and non-acceptance by the European Commission of the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which determined that meat from cattle, hormone-treated according to good practice, was safe for human consumers. The present review considers the hormone issue in the context of current international social methodology and regulation, recent advances in knowledge of biological activity of hormones and current status of science-based evaluation of food safety and risk for human consumers.
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Harmon, David L. "351 Awardee Talk: Advances in Animal Nutrition Research." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.348.
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Abstract The major focus of animal nutrition studies is the efficient production of meat, milk, and eggs. Much has changed in animal nutrition over the past forty years that have facilitated these improvements in efficiencies. While advances in technologies have been quantum and research methodologies have improved yet there remains a need for traditional methodologies. Feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency still define success. Nutrient balance and digestibility studies, which originated in the 1800s, provide much-needed information regarding the value of feedstuffs. Bioassays are still needed to ascertain the requirements of each nutrient as these are ever-changing because animals are ever-changing. Genetic improvement dictates that requirements be continually reassessed and refined. Technologies that impact animal production, e.g. growth promotants, ionophores, repartitioning agents, hormones, nutraceuticals, etc. may all impact these requirements and should be considered. The challenge for the next generation of researchers will be to interface the technologies, genomic tools, and traditional approaches to provide targeted nutritional strategies tailored for individual genetic potential. Researchers must have a broader grasp of all the available tools if we ever hope to fully implement technologies and interface these with new knowledge to provide optimal nutrition. Changes in consumer preferences will continue to provide new challenges that must be met by research from a continually decreasing pool of researchers. This too will necessitate broader skill sets and increased multi-disciplinary support. The next 40 years will bring even greater changes and challenges. Animal agriculture must continue to improve. A goal of increased efficiency will not be enough. We must improve on every aspect of health, well-being, and perception. Nutrition research will be a component of these improvements but improving technologies will permit the evaluation of much more. Consumers will demand an optimum existence be demonstrated for each animal.
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Annison, EF. "Whither animal nutrition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930597.
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Increased livestock production in developed countries, achieved largely by genetic improvement, improved feeding and disease control is likely to be maintained by technologies which include the use of transgenic animals, hormonal manipulation and the better definition of nutrient requirements. The latter objective will be facilitated by developments in quantitative nutrition which include improved analytical techniques such as NMR and NIR, and new methods for the continuous measurement of energy expenditure in defined tissues, and in whole animals. These new methods based on the measurement of blood flow by ultrasound, and of blood oxygen content by fibre optic technology, supplement arterio-venous difference and isotope dilution approaches which have proved so successful in recent decades.
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Li, X., D. Zhang, and W. L. Bryden. "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess?" Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17389.
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Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are important nutrients in poultry diet formulations. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of Ca and P in poultry. Recent data are provided in support of the proposition that current poultry diets are formulated in excess for Ca and P. The quantities of Ca and P available for metabolism reflect rates of intestinal absorption, bone accretion and resorption, glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption, and intestinal endogenous losses. Ca and P homeostasis is largely under endocrine control. Parathyroid hormone and the hormonal form of vitamin D3 are the two hormones credited with this role. However, a novel hormonal axis involving Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Klotho has been recently delineated, which, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3, tightly regulates Ca and P homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that current commercial diets for both broilers and layers contain excess Ca and P, the content of which could be reduced without affecting production or bird welfare. The challenge in reducing Ca and P concentrations in poultry diets is the uncertainty about what concentrations of Ca and P can be fed without compromising bird welfare. This is because there are limited data on the available P and Ca concentrations in poultry feedstuffs determined biologically. This is further complicated by the need for agreement on evaluation systems for evaluation of Ca and P bioavailability. We conclude that direct ileal or pre-caecal digestible Ca and P values are preferred.
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Mikláš, Šimon, Vladimír Tančin, Róbert Toman, and Jan Trávníček. "Iodine concentration in milk and human nutrition: A review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 66, No. 6 (May 30, 2021): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/167/2020-cjas.
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The aim of the review was to provide information about the importance of iodine in human nutrition and to review milk as an important source of iodine, and also to summarize the main factors affecting iodine concentration in milk. Iodine is an essential element for the thyroid gland function and synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate key processes of metabolism, brain development and growth. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate, neither deficient nor excessive, intake of this element in animal nutrition, but more importantly in the nutrition of humans. Milk and dairy products are very valuable sources of iodine. However, its concentration in milk is very variable, as it is affected by many different factors – iodine intake in feed, antinutritional factors, iodine species (forms) used for feeding, animal keeping, farm management and possibly also milk yield. Additionally, milk iodine concentration is also affected by teat dipping with iodine disinfection, and by milk processing (e.g. skimming and heat treatment). All these aforementioned factors may possibly play their role in improving human nutrition, especially the nutrition of pregnant, lactating women, and people on a low-salt diet who are the most vulnerable to insufficient iodine intake.
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Dawson, Janet M., Henry M. R. Greathead, Jim Craigon, David L. Hachey, Peter J. Reeds, Jennifer M. Pell, and Peter J. Buttery. "The interaction between nutritional status and growth hormone in young cattle: differential responsiveness of fat and protein metabolism." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 3 (March 1998): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980045.
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The effect of dietary intake level on in vivo plasma leucine and plasma palmitate flux rates and on the response to a bolus injection of bovine growth hormone (GH) was investigated in six young steers. Animals were fed on a pelleted diet of dried grass–barley (0.7:0.3, w/w) in quantities sufficient to supply 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4 or 2.65 × maintenance energy requirement, offered in hourly portions. Continuous intravenous infusions of [1-13C]leucine or [1-13C]palmi-tate were used to determine the flux of amino acid and fatty acid through the plasma pool before, immediately (1–3 h) after and 22–24 h after a subcutaneous injection of bovine GH (0.55 mg/kg body weight). Hourly blood samples were taken for 27 h to monitor the temporal responses of circulating hormones and metabolites following GH administration. The animal on the lowest plane of nutrition had elevated plasma GH and reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations compared with those fed on higher intake levels. Plasma leucine flux and leucine concentration increased with intake while palmitate flux and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were inversely related to intake. Leucine flux rate decreased in the animals fed on the two highest intake levels in response to GH 22–24 h after administration, but plasma leucine concentrations were reduced in all animals at this time. Only the animal fed on the lowest intake level showed an immediate response to GH (within 3 h of administration) with increased palmitate flux and plasma NEFA concentrations but a lipolytic response was apparent in other animals 22–24 h post-administration although the magnitude of the response was markedly reduced at high intakes. We conclude that lipid and protein metabolism are differentially responsive to GH and nutritional status.
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Hirpessa, Belachew B., Beyza H. Ulusoy, and Canan Hecer. "Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5065386.
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The demand for nutritious food, especially food of animal origin, is globally increasing due to escalating population growth and a dietary shift to animal source food. In order to fulfill the requirements, producers are using veterinary drugs such as hormones and hormone-like anabolic agents. Hormones such as steroidal (estrogens, gestagens, and androgens), nonsteroidal, semisynthetic, and synthetic or designer drugs are all growth-promoting and body-partitioning agents. Hence, in food animal production practice, farm owners use these chemicals to improve body weight gain, increase feed conversion efficiency, and productivity. However, the use of these hormones and hormonal growth-promoting agents eventually ends up with the occurrence of residues in the animal-originated food. The incidence of hormone residues in such types of food and food products beyond the tolerance acts as a risk factor for the occurrence of potential public health problems. Currently, different international and national regulatory bodies have placed requirements and legislative frameworks, which enable them to implement residue monitoring test endeavors that safeguard the public and facilitate the trading activity. To make the tests on the animal-origin food matrix, there are different sample extraction techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. After sample preparation steps, the analytes of interest can be assayed by screening and confirmatory methods of analysis. For screening, immunological tests such as ELISA and radioimmunoassay are used. Detection and determination of the specific residues will be done by chromatographic or instrumental analysis. Mainly, among high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS) methods, LC-MS/MS is being preferred because of easier sample preparation without a derivatization step and high detection and quantification capacity.
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Barnard, Neal D., and Frédéric Leroy. "Children and adults should avoid consuming animal products to reduce the risk for chronic disease: Debate Consensus." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa237.
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ABSTRACT The present debate outlined opposing views regarding the role of animal products in human diets. The YES position argues that the health benefits and safety of plant-based diets have been clearly established by consistent findings of randomized trials and observational studies; that animal products skew the diet toward saturated fat, excess protein, cholesterol, lactose, and exogenous hormones; and that vulnerable populations are better nourished by vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains than by striated muscle and cow milk. In contrast, the NO position asserts that animal foods are not only benign but are also key elements of the human omnivore diet, facilitating the global challenge of adequate essential nutrition. This view holds that the portrayal of animal foods as unhealthy is not supported by the evidence and that a restrictive vegan diet decreases nutritional flexibility and robustness, increasing risk for vulnerable population groups. Points of agreement and controversy were identified, as well as opportunities for further studies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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Archer, Zoe Anne. "Neuroendocrine control of appetite and reproduction in sheep." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602029.
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Reproductive neuroendocrine activity and appetite are modulated at the hypothalamus by both nutritional status and photoperiod in the seasonal animal. The objectives of this work were (1) to measure circulating hormones and/or metabolites that relay information about peripheral nutritional status to the hypothalamus, (2) to identify which hypothalamic neuropeptides and receptors that are responsive to photoperiodic and nutritional feedback and (3) to establish which changes in peripheral signals and/or hypothalamic neuropeptides are associated with alterations in the activity of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. Three main experiments were carried out. The first experiment (Chapter 1) utilised a 2 x 2 design to examine the separate and interactive effects of photoperiod and food restriction on hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor mRNA expression and on GnRH/LH secretion. In the second experiment (Chapter 2), two components of nutritional status, BC and increased food intake were investigated since both are positively related to reproductive performance in sheep. In the final experiment (Chapter 3) the approach was to use an exogenous treatment to artificially raise plasma insulin in an attempt to "drive" some of the foregoing effects. Collectively these studies have lead to the first localisation AgRp, MCH, orexin, Mc3R, Mc4R gene expression in the ovine hypothalamus. They indicate that circulating insulin and leptin are major factors relaying information about nutritional status to the hypothalamus. In addition, they have dissociated BC and food intake as signals to the hypothalamus. Moreover these studies have provided no evidence that NPY, AgRp, POMC, MCH and ObRb play a role in driving seasonal changes in appetite and gonadotrophin secretion. However they do suggest NPY-ergic and melanocortin pathways are important in maintaining appetite/bodyweight/energy homeostasis or restoring energy balance following perturbation. Furthermore the results show that changes in nutrient-sensitive hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression may not necessarily lead to alterations in the activity of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. However, they do indicate that increased NPY biosynthesis during food restriction may be involved in the inhibition of pulsatile GnRH/LH release.
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Saki, Ali Asghar. "Effects of dietary calcium, phytoestrogen rich diets and estrogen on intestinal calcium transport proteins, egg and eggshell quality in maturing layer hens." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ANP/09anps158.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, 1998.Corrigenda inserted behind title page. Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-210).
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Carvalho, Marina Hojaij. "Modificação da cascata e taxa lipolítica do tecido adiposo de ovelhas lactantes tratadas com somatotropina bovina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-10092003-143653/.
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Foram utilizadas 24 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês para coleta de tecido adiposo, sendo 16 lactantes e 8 secas. Oito ovelhas lactantes foram tratadas in vivo com bST (160 mg, em duas doses em intervalo de 14 dias) iniciando a injeção subcutânea de hormônio no 13 o dia de lactação, sendo que os animais restantes receberam somente vitamina E. Outros 8 animais encontravam-se em período seco, para que fosse verificada também a diferença das taxas lipolíticas em diferentes estados fisiológicos. Foi verificada a hipótese de que ocorra uma atuação da ST através de mudança na resposta do sistema antilipolítico da proteína Gi ligada a receptores da adenosina. O tratamento com ST exógena aumentou o ganho de peso das ovelhas lactantes (P<0,05) e também o peso dos cordeiros oriundos do grupo tratado ao final do período experimental, no entanto, não foi verificado aumento na produção de leite. As concentrações de AGNE diminuíram no decorrer da lactação para os dois grupos de ovelhas lactantes, chegando no 36 º dia de lactação a concentrações similares ao do grupo de ovelhas secas. A concentração de IGF-I sérico das ovelhas aumentou após tratamento com bST, sendo 8 dias após a segunda dose do hormônio (36 dias de lactação) superior à concentração observada para ovelhas secas. A lactação não teve influência na lipólise basal entre os diferentes estados fisiológicos. Houve um aumento significativo (P<0,01) da taxa lipolítica do tecido adiposo quando estimulada por b adrenérgico (ISO) para animais em quaisquer dos estados fisiológicos. Todavia, a taxa estimulada por ISO foi significativamente (P<0,01) mais elevada no tecido das ovelhas tratadas com bST. Na presença de ADA, ocorreu um aumento da taxa em relação à basal, mas não ultrapassou àquela estimulada por isoproterenol. O estímulo lipolítico pela eliminação de adenosina no meio através da ADA apresentou-se significativamente (P<0,01) mais elevado para ovelhas lactantes, sendo este efeito amenizado pelo tratamento com bST. O uso do análogo da adenosina PIA quando colocado no meio de cultura do tecido que foi tratado in vivo com bST teve seu efeito diminuído. Os resultados indicam um aumento da taxa lipolítica em resposta a agonista b-adrenérgico no tecido adiposo do omento de ovelhas lactantes tratadas com bST in vivo, bem como confirmam a hipótese de diminuição da ação inibitória da adenosina na cascata lipolítica naquele tecido.Bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment in vivo alters adipose tissue metabolism by enhancing lipolytic response to adrenergic agonists. We examined the impact of bST and lactation on basal and stimulated lipolytic rates with isoproterenol (ISO; 10 -5 nM), adenosine deaminase (ADA; 0.75 U/mL), ISO plus ADA in short-term (2h) incubations of ovine adipose tissue. The anti-lipolytic effect of phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA; non-hydrolyzable adenosine analog) was evaluated at various concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3, 100 nM). Sixteen lactating Santa Ines ewes were randomly assigned to two groups. They received two s.c. injections, with a 14 day interval, starting at d 13 postpartum with either bST (160 mg) or Vitamin E (control). Eight similar nonlactating ewes received vitamin E. Omental adipose tissue biopsies were taken on d 8 after the second bST or vitamin injection. The performance of weight and milk production were taken. The serum IGF-I was analyzed. The lipolytic rate was determined by NEFA release in serum and media as mEq of oleic acid.2h -1 g -1 tissue. Basal lipolytic rates did not change with lactation or with bST treatment in vivo (P>0,05). ISO stimulated lipolytic rate increased compared to basal and was higher for the adipose tissue from lactating ewes treated with bST (P<0,01).The lipolytic rate for adipose incubated with ADA was higher than basal for lactating ewes, with the greater response for the control. The ADA treated tissue from lactating ewes receiving bST showed intermediate lipolytic rates. Maximum lipolytic rate with ISO+ADA was also higher for lactating ewes treated with bST (P<0.01), and there was no difference between lactating and nonlactating ewes. The PIA effects were evaluated by the inhibition of ISO+ADA lipolysis, and adipose tissue from lactating ewes treated with bST showed a reduced response to PIA. The results demonstrate that in vivo somatotropin treatment increases maximal lipolytic rates stimulated by adrenergic agonist and decreases the antilipolytic effect of PIA in omental adipose tissue in ewes.
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Peres, Rogerio Fonseca Guimarães. "Relação entre os hormônios metabólicos IGF-1, leptina e GH e eficiência reprodutiva em fêmeas Nelore." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148017.
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Orientador: Jose Luiz Moraes VasconcelosBanca: Ky Garrett Pohler
Banca: Gustavo Resende Siqueira
Banca: Ocilon Gomes de Sá Filho
Resumo: Os hormônios metabólicos IGF-1, GH e leptina são alterados de acordo com o status nutricional dos animais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as concentrações desses hormônios em vacas paridas e novilhas Nelore entre 12 e 16 meses de idade e seus efeitos na reprodução nos experimentos do Capítulo 2. No Capítulo 3, vacas primíparas, multíparas e novilhas Nelore de dois anos foram suplementadas ou não com milho moído durante o protocolo de IATF até o diagnóstico de gestação com o intuito de avaliar a alteração nos hormônios metabólicos e seus impactos na reprodução. No Capítulo 4, multíparas Nelore de duas fazendas foram suplementadas ou não com virginiamicina adicionada ao sal mineral. Em todos os experimentos as fêmeas foram submetidas a protocolos de IATF e colocadas com touro até o fim da estação de monta, sendo que apenas nos experimentos do Capítulo 3, as fêmeas receberam segunda IATF caso estivessem vazias antes da entrada dos touros. No experimento 1 do Capítulo 2 e no experimento 1 do Capítulo 3 houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez a IATF. Em todos os experimentos realizados, também houve efeito linear positivo da concentração de IGF-1 no dia da inseminação na probabilidade de prenhez ao final da estação de monta, exceto no experimento 2 do capítulo 2. A concentração de IGF-1 no diagnóstico de gestação apresentou efeito linear negativo na probabilidade de prenhez em quatro estudos. O efeito do GH ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The metabolic hormones IGF-1, GH and leptin change according to nutritional managmentof the herd. The aim of these trials was to measure the concentration of these metabolic hormones in 12-16 months old Nellore heifers and multiparous cows and associate with the reproduction performance in experiments of Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, 2-years old heifers, primiparous and multiparous Nellore cows received or not ground corn starting in the begginning of TAI protocol until pregnancy check on day 30 to associate with metabolic hormones and reproduction. In Chapter 4, multiparous Nellore cows of two farms were supplemented or not with virginiamycin in mineral salt and the association with metabolic hormores and reproduction was evaluated. In all studies TAI was performed and bulls stayed from 7 days after TAI until the end of breeding season, except on trials of Chapter 3, which second TAI was performed in open cows before being exposed to bulls. In experiment 1 of Chapter 2 and experiment 1 of chapter 3 there was a linear positive effect of IGF-1 concentration on day of insemination on TAI pregnancy rate. In all trials, IGF-1 concentrations on insemination had a linear positive effect on pregnancy rate in the end of breeding season, except in experiment 2 of chapter 2. The IGF-1 concentrations on pregnancy rate had a linear negative association with TAI pregnancy rate in 4 studies. Concentraions of GH and leptin had no consistent association with reproduction rates. Corn supplementation did not alter TAI pregnancy rate, but tended to improve pregnancy rate on second AI and increased final pregnancy rate in primiparous cows, reduced final pregnancy rate in multiparous cows and increased weaning rate of primiparous calves supplemented with corn. Virginiamycin supplementation did not increase TAI and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Sá, Nilo Chaves de. "Efeito da restrição alimentar em a marrãs de reposição sobre parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2004. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5037.
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Previous issue date: 2004-09-09This work was developed to determine the effects of feed restriction on rearing gilts on their reproductive efficiency as primiparous sows. Were used 80 gilts C40 (Dalland, Pietran x Large White), with 149.8 ± 3.2 days and 93.1 ± 6.0 kg of live weight, divided in eight lots of 10 animals, being each lot housed in collective pens of 15m2. The animals were submitted to two different treatments during 150 days of age until seven days after first mating. In treatment 1, gilts received 2,6 kg of feed (2945 Kcal ME, 14% CP, 0.6 lysine) a day, while in the treatment 2 the gilts received 2,2 kg (feed restriction 15%) of the same feed a day. Seven days before the first mating gilts of both treatments received 3,0 kg of lactation feed a day (flushing). The gilts had the backfat thickness (BF) measured at 170, 190 and 210 days and were weighted at 210 days of age. At 215,6 ± 6,7 days gilts were artificially inseminated. There were no differences (P>0,05) on BF at 170 (12,3 ± 1,6 vs 11,6 ± 1,3 mm), 190 (12,8 ± 1,3 vs 12,2 ± 1,1 mm) and 210 (13,4 ± 1,3 vs 12,9 ± 1,1 mm) days, as well as in the weight at 210 days of age (131,4 ± 7,1 vs 128,6 ± 9,8 kg) among the animals of the treatments 1 and 2, and both treatments were effective in preparing the replacement gilts inside the patterns of weight and BF at the first breeding. The treatment did not influence the rate of estrus return, but gilts of treatment 1 had a better (P <0,05) performance as primiparous sows than gilts of treatment 2 (11,6 ± 1,6 vs 10,6 ± 2,3 total piglets born). Feed restriction 15%, resulting in a daily intake of 6479 kcal ME and 13.2 g lysine, showed negative effects on reproductive performance, although it was not accompanied of alterations in the weight and in BT at 210 days. The parameters weight and BF were not safe to determine the reproductive efficiency of gilts as primiparous sows, once different results were observed at first farrow under same weight and BF patterns at first mating. Gilts s metabolic status at the insemination seems to be as important as the weight and BF at first mating.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da restrição alimentar em marrãs de reposição sobre sua eficiência reprodutiva ao primeiro parto. Foram utilizadas 80 marrãs C40 (Dalland, Pietran x Large White), com idade média de 149,8 ± 3,2 dias e peso vivo médio de 93,1 ± 6,0 quilos, divididas em oito lotes de 10 animais, sendo cada lote alojado em baias coletivas de 15m2. Os animais foram submetidos a dois tratamentos distintos dos 150 dias de idade até 7 dias antes da cobertura. No tratamento 1, as marrãs receberam 2,6 kg de ração (2945 Kcal EM, 14% PB, 0,60 lisina digestível) por dia, enquanto no tratamento 2 as marrãs receberam 2,2 kg (restrição alimentar de 15%) da mesma ração por dia. A partir de sete dias antes da cobertura as marrãs de ambos os tratamentos receberam 3,0 kg de ração lactação por dia (flushing). As marrãs tiveram a espessura de toucinho (ET) mensurada aos 170, 190 e 210 dias e foram pesadas aos 210 dias de idade. Aos 215,6 ± 6,7 dias as marrãs foram artificialmente inseminadas. Não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) na ET aos 170 (12,3 ± 1,6 vs 11,6 ± 1,3 mm), 190 (12,8 ± 1,3 vs 12,2 ± 1,1 mm) e 210 (13,4 ± 1,3 vs 12,9 ± 1,1 mm) dias, bem como no peso aos 210 dias de idade (131,4 ± 7,1 vs 128,6 ± 9,8 kg) entre animais dos tratamentos 1 e 2, sendo que os dois tratamentos foram eficazes em preparar a fêmea de reposição dentro dos padrões de peso e ET à primeira cobertura. O tratamento não influenciou a taxa de repetição de estro, porém as marrãs do tratamento 1 tiveram um melhor (P<0,05) desempenho ao primeiro parto em relação as marrãs do grupo 2 (11,6 ± 1,6 vs 10,6 ± 2,3 total de leitões nascidos). A restrição alimentar de 15%, resultando em um consumo diário de 6479 Kcal de energia metabolizável e 13,2 g de lisina digestível, mostrou ter efeitos negativos no desempenho reprodutivo das marrãs ao primeiro parto, embora não fosse acompanhada de alterações no peso e na ET aos 210 dias. Os parâmetros peso e ET não foram seguros em determinar a eficiência reprodutiva das marrãs ao primeiro parto, uma vez que foram observados diferentes resultados ao primeiro parto sob mesmos padrões de peso e ET à cobertura. O status metabólico da marrã ao momento da inseminação parece ser tão importante quanto o peso e a ET à primeira cobertura.
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Correa-Calderon, Abelardo. "Production, physiological, and hormonal responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss heat-stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282866.
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To evaluate the effect of two different cooling systems on production, physiological, and hormonal responses, 37 Holstein and 26 Brown Swiss dairy cows were allotted to three treatments. A control group of cows had access to only shade (C). A second group was cooled with spray and fan (S/F) and the third group was under an evaporative cooling system called Korral Kool&circR; (KK). The trial lasted from May to September with a daily maximum temperature-humidity index from 73 to 85. Milk production differences in Holstein cows were significantly increased by KK and S/F. No treatment differences in milk production were observed in Brown Swiss cows. Protein percentages were higher in C group compared to Korral Kool group only in Brown Swiss cows, while fat percentage were similar among treatments in Holstein cows. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of the C group were higher than S/F and KK in both Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Triiodothyronine levels in milk were significantly higher in KK group compared to S/F and C groups, while cortisol levels were lower in C group than S/F and KK. Similar differences were observed in body weight and body condition score changes between treatments in Holstein or Brown Swiss cows. Pregnancy rate was increased in the groups under the cooling systems in Holstein cows, however this effect was not observed in Brown Swiss cows where C group had a higher pregnancy rate than cooled groups. The cows under cooling systems spend more time eating and outside of the shade in the early afternoon (12:00 to 15:00) than control group. Cows injected with bST (bovine somatotropin) increased milk yield significantly only in Brown Swiss cows, whereas respiration rates were increased in both breeds by bST but rectal temperatures were similar between bST and non-bST cows. These results demonstrate that both cooling systems are an alternative to increase productive and reproductive performance and comfort of Holstein cows during summer in hot-dry climates. The physiological responses of Brown Swiss cows indicated a better adaptation to a hot climate, however their milk production was lower than in Holstein cows.
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Wheelhouse, Nicholas Mark. "The effect of amino acids on growth hormone action in ovine hepatocytes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185765.
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Many of the anabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) are indirect, occurring through GH-stimulated production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by the liver. As well as being GH regulated, plasma IGF-I concentrations have been demonstrated to be dependent upon protein nutrition, with low protein diets being associated with reduced plasma IGF-I concentrations. This effect cannot be reversed by GH, suggesting that liver sensitivity to GH is impaired. To investigate the mechanisms through which protein supply affects GH sensitivity, primary cultures of ovine hepatocytes were grown in defined media. In a first experiment the media contained various fractions (0.2, 1.0, 5.0) of portal vein amino acid concentrations in fed sheep. In the second 24h incubation period, unstimulated IGF-I secretion was highly sensitive the concentration of amino acids in the media, with significantly greater release of basal IGF-I in 5x compared to either 1x (P<0.05) or 0.2x amino acid containing media. In a second series of experiments the effects of specific amino acid depletions was examined. Methionine depletion of 0.2x portal amino acid concentrations ablated the GH response second 24h of culture without affecting basal IGF-I release. By comparison 3H-leucine incorporation into secreted protein, following 20 hours of culture in defined media was significantly reduced in 0.2x aa (P<0.01) and 1.0x aa (P<0.05) media compared with 5.0x aa media, however secretory protein synthesis was unaffected by methionine depletion to 0.2x portal concentrations. The results suggest that amino acid availability regulates both basal and GH stimulated IGF-I release in ovine hepatocytes. Furthermore reducing methionine concentrations in the culture media to 0.2x portal concentrations diminishes GH response without compromising protein secretion.
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Dunaiski, Vera. "Effects of IGF-1 or LR3IGF-1 infusion on components of the GH/IGF-1 axis in pigs /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd897.pdf.
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Sparks, Patricia Lynne. "The relationship of vitamin D and selected nutrient intakes, sex hormone binding globulin and markers of bone turnover to bone mineral density in exercising and non-exercising postmenopausal women taking or not taking HRT." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289711.
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The loss of bone mineral density (BMD) plays a major role in the increased incidence of osteoporosis in aging women and, consequently, strategies to maintain BMD are critical to quality of life for these women. The role of vitamin D in the accrual and maintenance of bone mineral and its relationship to the incidence and severity of osteoporosis is not well understood. By measuring serum and intake levels this study investigates the relationship of vitamin D to baseline BMD and changes in regional and total body BMD over 1 y. The role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is also investigated. Because SHBG binds with both estrogen, an antiresorptive agent, and testosterone, a bone formation agent, lower serum SHBG concentrations may promote a greater bioavailability of estrogens and androgens, which could decrease resorption, stimulate formation and increase BMD. Women who were 3-10 y postmenopausal, aged 55 ± 5.1 y, and taking or not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were randomized into exercise and non exercise groups: (1) No HRT, no exercise; (2) HRT, no exercise; (3) No HRT, exercise; and (4) HRT, exercise. The number of subjects per group at the end of one year was 25, 19, 27 and 20, respectively. The thrice weekly exercise regimen, consisting mainly of weight lifting and weight bearing activities, lasted for 1 y. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 3% of the subjects, Serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations had inverse relationships with changes in BMD in the femoral neck (P < 0.05) and trochanter (P = 0.07). When subjects were grouped according to HRT status, BMD at baseline and one 1 y was never positively related to serum 25(OH)D₃ concentrations in HRT users, Subjects having greater than 80 nmol/L 25(OH)D₃ had significantly decreased concentrations of serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyrodinoline (Dpd) crosslinks (P < 0.05). Exercise had no effect on serum content of 25(OH)D₃. Serum concentrations of SHBG were not significantly related to BMD at any site, nor did they show a decrease with exercise even when HRT status was taken into account. Significant inverse relationships (P < 0.05) were found between SHBG, sex hormone indices (Estrone/SHBG; Estradiol/SHBG) and bone turnover markers, osteocalcin and Dpd crosslinks/creatinine.
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Khang, Duong Nguyen. "Cassava foliage as a protein source for cattle in Vietnam /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a471.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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Busboom, Jan Roger. Hormones and meat. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1990.
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Kay, Jack F. Analyses for hormonal substances in food-producing animals. Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing, 2010.
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Velle, Weiert. A history of hormones and their use in veterinary medicine and animal production. Bærum, Norway: Veterinary Associations of the Nordic Countries, 2002.
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Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), ed. Analyses for hormonal substances in food producing animals. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009.
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Bisaro, Rita. Bovine growth hormone and the dairy industry. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1986.
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Hormones and pharmaceuticals generated by concentrated animal feeding operations: Transport in water and soil. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2009.
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Gormonalʹnai͡a︡ reguli͡a︡t͡s︡ii͡a︡ uglevodnogo obmena u tikhookeanskikh lososeĭ. Leningrad: "Nauka," Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1990.
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O'Donnell, A. The effects of diet and exogenous progesterone on pregnant and lactating ewe performance. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.
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Thomsen, Peter M. The U.S. EU beef hormone and poultry disputes. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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Saha, Subodh Kumar, and Nitya Nand Pathak. "Hormones in Nutrition." In Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition, 191–204. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9125-9_12.
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Rodríguez-López, J. M., L. González-Valero, M. Lachica, and I. Fernández-Fígares. "Growth hormone releasing factor and secretion of growth hormone in Iberian and Landrace gilts." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 293–94. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_99.
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Borges, A. L. C. C., P. A. D. Vivenza, R. R. Silva, E. J. Facury Filho, H. F. Lage, P. H. A. Carvalho, P. R. O. Paes, and N. M. Rodriguez. "Metabolic and hormonal profile of bulls during evaluation of nutritional requirements by respirometric technique under different plane of nutrition." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 117–18. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_31.
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Laeger, T., H. Sauerwein, C. C. Metges, and B. Kuhla. "Hormone and metabolite levels differ between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of periparturient dairy cows." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 273–74. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_90.
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Urich, Klaus. "Peptide Hormones." In Comparative Animal Biochemistry, 288–318. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06303-3_8.
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Kilgour, O. F. G. "Animal Nutrition." In Work Out Biology GCSE, 79–96. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09450-9_5.
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Kilgour, O. F. G. "Animal Nutrition." In Work Out Biology for First Examinations, 73–90. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18139-1_5.
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Kilgour, O. F. G. "Animal Nutrition." In Mastering Biology, 126–48. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09692-3_7.
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Huntingford, Felicity A., and Angela K. Turner. "The role of hormones." In Animal Conflict, 95–128. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3145-9_5.
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Centner, Terence J. "Controversies with hormones." In Consumers, Meat and Animal Products, 104–13. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Earthscan food and agriculture: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429430572-10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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Kumala, Seraphina, Pradita Iustitia Sitaresmi, Yuni Suranindyah, and Diah Tri Widayati. "Profiles of Steroid Hormones on Follicular and Luteal Phase in Saanen Etawah Crossbred (SAPERA) Does." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.041.
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Bovenkerk, B., and E. Meijer. "9. Taking animal perspectives into account in animal ethics." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_9.
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Pinotti, L., M. Ottoboni, A. Luciano, G. Savoini, D. Cattaneo, and M. Tretola. "Ex-food in animal nutrition: potentials and challenges." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_3.
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Zebeli, Q. "Phytochemicals in animal nutrition – their potential as functional feed." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399639.
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Nutautaitė, Monika, Vilma Vilienė, Asta Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė, Saulius Bliznikas, Jūratė Karosienė, and Judita Koreivienė. "Cladophora glomerata as a potential nutrient source in animal nutrition." In 1st International PhD Student’s Conference at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland: ENVIRONMENT – PLANT – ANIMAL – PRODUCT. Publishing House of The University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/icdsupl1.a023.
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Agus, Ali, Chusnul Hanim, Muhsin Al Anas, and Agussalim Agussalim. "Feed, Animal and Human Health: Designing Functional Egg." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.065.
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Orengo, Juan, Fuensanta Hernández, Antonio Fulgencio Pelegrin, Ana Miquel, Silvia Martínez, and Josefa Madrid. "ACCESS TO FEED FORMULATION SOFTWARE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION USING VIRTUAL DESKTOP." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.0259.
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Madrid, Josefa, Fuensanta Hernández, Juan Orengo, Silvia Martínez, Miguel López, and Antonio Pelegrín. "FLIPPED CLASSROOM IN THE FEED FORMULATION SOFTWARE PRACTICES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION." In 13th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.1873.
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Huth, M. "20. Vulnerability as a foundational category for animal ethics." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_20.
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Vervaecke, H., I. Van Impe, M. Debille, P. Verbeke, and S. Aerts. "46. Animal welfare benefits to mobile slaughter of cattle." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_46.
Full textReports on the topic "Hormones in animal nutrition"
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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.
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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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Gregerson, Karen A. Human-Compatible Animal Models for Preclinical Research on Hormones in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574629.
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Adamczewska, Daria, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, and Renata Walczak-Jędrzejowska. The Association Between Vitamin D and the Components of Male Fertility: a Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0151.
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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive review of the existing literature on the experimental and clinical evidence for the effects of VD on the components of male fertility, sperm parameters and sex hormone production. Condition being studied: Vitamin D serum level in relation to men semen quality and sex hormones serum concentration. Eligibility criteria: Exclusion criteria: not in English; review, meta analysis; animal studies; in vitro studies; study group < 30 subject; insufficient data; wrong or missing outcome.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Connors, Caitlin, Laura Malan, Murel Esposito, Claire Madden, Nefeli Trikka, Mel Cohen, Faun Rothery, et al. UK Public’s Interests, Needs and Concerns Around Food. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ihw534.
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This qualitative and quantitative research explored UK consumer views and priorities in relation to our responsibilities around food hygiene and safety, but also around wider interests the public see critical in shaping their food choices and lives including: health and nutrition environment and ethics price quality and convenience consumer versus business power potential food futures The top priorities for consumers, and where they would like action taken on their behalf, are around ensuring: hygiene and safety standards are maintained or strengthened equitable access to safe, healthy, affordable food easy informed decision making trustworthy food information In the context of the UK, they would like to ensure farmers and UK agriculture are protected and that locally produced food is accessible. In the wider context of the system, consumers would like action on animal welfare and waste (food and packaging), and in the long term a steer towards fair, ethical and sustainable food systems.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.
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Kindt, Roeland, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, and James M Roshetko. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21001.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
Full textAbstract:
PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.