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1
SHORT, R. E., and D. C. ADAMS. "NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN BEEF CATTLE REPRODUCTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-003.
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Reproductive rate has a major influence on production efficiency of beef cattle, and nutritional management is the main limiting or controlling factor for reproduction. Decreased availability of energy is the most common problem studied in beef cattle management and will be the primary focus of this review. In order to effectively manage energy nutrition, we need a better understanding of how this variable affects the various phases and control mechanisms of reproduction. Insufficient energy intake because of dietary quality or quantity will delay puberty, lengthen postpartum anestrus and cause anestrus in cows or heifers that are having estrous cycles. Energy intake has effects on a wide variety of endocrine, neural and metabolic mechanisms. Effects include changes in gonadotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary, production of progesterone during both the estrous cycle and pregnancy, differential sensitivity of the pituitary-hypothalamus to steroids and releasing hormones and changes in ovarian activity measured by hormone secretion, follicular development and ovulation. All of these effects of dietary energy have been shown to be variable. This variation in response seems to be related to differences in degree of energy restriction, body condition score and whether body weight is stabilized or changing. Glucose may be the specific energy source through which energy manifests its effects on reproduction. Key words: Beef cattle, nutrition, reproduction, hormones, energy
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IBTISHAM, FAHAR, AAMIR NAWAB, GUANGHUI LI, MEI XIAO, LILONG AN, and GHAZANFAR NASEER. "Effect of nutrition on reproductive efficiency of dairy animals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6025–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6025.
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Nutrition plays a key role in the maintenance of animal reproductive performance. Reduced reproductive efficiency can decrease the profitability of dairy production by increasing days open, calving interval, the number of services per conception, culling rate, and veterinary services. Nutritional requirements increase rapidly with milk production after calving, but an improper diet plan could result in a negative energy balance (NEB). NEB delays the time of first ovulation through uncoupled hormones production. A diet high in fat could prevent the NEB state by increasing the energy status of animals. Protein supplementation supports high production but can also have severe effects on the reproductive performance of the animal. Deficiency of minerals can also alter the reproductive performance of the animal. This article has generally focused on the effects of various nutrients on reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle. .
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Galbraith, Hugh. "Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues." Nutrition Research Reviews 15, no. 2 (December 2002): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246.
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AbstractBeef and its products are an important source of nutrition in many human societies. Methods of production vary and include the use of hormonal compounds (‘hormones’) to increase growth and lean tissue with reduced fat deposition in cattle. The hormonal compounds are naturally occurring in animals or are synthetically produced xenobiotics and have oestrogenic (oestradiol-17β and its esters; zeranol), androgenic (testosterone and esters; trenbolone acetate) or progestogenic (progesterone; melengestrol acetate) activity. The use of hormones as production aids is permitted in North American countries but is no longer allowed in the European Union (EU), which also prohibits the importation of beef and its products derived from hormone-treated cattle. These actions have resulted in a trade dispute between the two trading blocs. The major concern for EU authorities is the possibility of adverse effects on human consumers of residues of hormones and metabolites. Methods used to assess possible adverse effects are typical of those used by international agencies to assess acceptability of chemicals in human food. These include analysis of quantities present in the context of known biological activity and digestive, absorptive, post-absorptive and excretory processes. Particular considerations include the low quantities of hormonal compounds consumed in meat products and their relationships to endogenous production particularly in prepubertal children, enterohepatic inactivation, cellular receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects and potential for interference with growth, development and physiological function in consumers. There is particular concern about the role of oestradiol-17β as a carcinogen in certain tissues. Now subject to a ‘permanent’ EU ban, current evidence suggests that certain catechol metabolites may induce free-radical damage of DNA in cell and laboratory animal test systems. Classical oestrogen-receptor mediation is considered to stimulate proliferation in cells maintaining receptivity. Mathematical models describing quantitative relationships between consumption of small amounts of oestrogens in meat in addition to greater concentrations from endogenous production, chemical stoichiometry at cellular level and human pathology have not been developed. Such an approach will be necessary to establish ‘molecular materiality’ of the additional hormone intake as a component of relative risk assessment. The other hormones, although generally less well researched, are similarly subject to a range of tests to determine potentially adverse effects. The resulting limited international consensus relates to the application of the ‘precautionary principle’ and non-acceptance by the European Commission of the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which determined that meat from cattle, hormone-treated according to good practice, was safe for human consumers. The present review considers the hormone issue in the context of current international social methodology and regulation, recent advances in knowledge of biological activity of hormones and current status of science-based evaluation of food safety and risk for human consumers.
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Harmon, David L. "351 Awardee Talk: Advances in Animal Nutrition Research." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.348.
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Abstract The major focus of animal nutrition studies is the efficient production of meat, milk, and eggs. Much has changed in animal nutrition over the past forty years that have facilitated these improvements in efficiencies. While advances in technologies have been quantum and research methodologies have improved yet there remains a need for traditional methodologies. Feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency still define success. Nutrient balance and digestibility studies, which originated in the 1800s, provide much-needed information regarding the value of feedstuffs. Bioassays are still needed to ascertain the requirements of each nutrient as these are ever-changing because animals are ever-changing. Genetic improvement dictates that requirements be continually reassessed and refined. Technologies that impact animal production, e.g. growth promotants, ionophores, repartitioning agents, hormones, nutraceuticals, etc. may all impact these requirements and should be considered. The challenge for the next generation of researchers will be to interface the technologies, genomic tools, and traditional approaches to provide targeted nutritional strategies tailored for individual genetic potential. Researchers must have a broader grasp of all the available tools if we ever hope to fully implement technologies and interface these with new knowledge to provide optimal nutrition. Changes in consumer preferences will continue to provide new challenges that must be met by research from a continually decreasing pool of researchers. This too will necessitate broader skill sets and increased multi-disciplinary support. The next 40 years will bring even greater changes and challenges. Animal agriculture must continue to improve. A goal of increased efficiency will not be enough. We must improve on every aspect of health, well-being, and perception. Nutrition research will be a component of these improvements but improving technologies will permit the evaluation of much more. Consumers will demand an optimum existence be demonstrated for each animal.
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Annison, EF. "Whither animal nutrition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930597.
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Increased livestock production in developed countries, achieved largely by genetic improvement, improved feeding and disease control is likely to be maintained by technologies which include the use of transgenic animals, hormonal manipulation and the better definition of nutrient requirements. The latter objective will be facilitated by developments in quantitative nutrition which include improved analytical techniques such as NMR and NIR, and new methods for the continuous measurement of energy expenditure in defined tissues, and in whole animals. These new methods based on the measurement of blood flow by ultrasound, and of blood oxygen content by fibre optic technology, supplement arterio-venous difference and isotope dilution approaches which have proved so successful in recent decades.
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Li, X., D. Zhang, and W. L. Bryden. "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess?" Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17389.
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Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are important nutrients in poultry diet formulations. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of Ca and P in poultry. Recent data are provided in support of the proposition that current poultry diets are formulated in excess for Ca and P. The quantities of Ca and P available for metabolism reflect rates of intestinal absorption, bone accretion and resorption, glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption, and intestinal endogenous losses. Ca and P homeostasis is largely under endocrine control. Parathyroid hormone and the hormonal form of vitamin D3 are the two hormones credited with this role. However, a novel hormonal axis involving Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Klotho has been recently delineated, which, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3, tightly regulates Ca and P homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that current commercial diets for both broilers and layers contain excess Ca and P, the content of which could be reduced without affecting production or bird welfare. The challenge in reducing Ca and P concentrations in poultry diets is the uncertainty about what concentrations of Ca and P can be fed without compromising bird welfare. This is because there are limited data on the available P and Ca concentrations in poultry feedstuffs determined biologically. This is further complicated by the need for agreement on evaluation systems for evaluation of Ca and P bioavailability. We conclude that direct ileal or pre-caecal digestible Ca and P values are preferred.
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Mikláš, Šimon, Vladimír Tančin, Róbert Toman, and Jan Trávníček. "Iodine concentration in milk and human nutrition: A review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 66, No. 6 (May 30, 2021): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/167/2020-cjas.
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The aim of the review was to provide information about the importance of iodine in human nutrition and to review milk as an important source of iodine, and also to summarize the main factors affecting iodine concentration in milk. Iodine is an essential element for the thyroid gland function and synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate key processes of metabolism, brain development and growth. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate, neither deficient nor excessive, intake of this element in animal nutrition, but more importantly in the nutrition of humans. Milk and dairy products are very valuable sources of iodine. However, its concentration in milk is very variable, as it is affected by many different factors – iodine intake in feed, antinutritional factors, iodine species (forms) used for feeding, animal keeping, farm management and possibly also milk yield. Additionally, milk iodine concentration is also affected by teat dipping with iodine disinfection, and by milk processing (e.g. skimming and heat treatment). All these aforementioned factors may possibly play their role in improving human nutrition, especially the nutrition of pregnant, lactating women, and people on a low-salt diet who are the most vulnerable to insufficient iodine intake.
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Dawson, Janet M., Henry M. R. Greathead, Jim Craigon, David L. Hachey, Peter J. Reeds, Jennifer M. Pell, and Peter J. Buttery. "The interaction between nutritional status and growth hormone in young cattle: differential responsiveness of fat and protein metabolism." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 3 (March 1998): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980045.
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The effect of dietary intake level on in vivo plasma leucine and plasma palmitate flux rates and on the response to a bolus injection of bovine growth hormone (GH) was investigated in six young steers. Animals were fed on a pelleted diet of dried grass–barley (0.7:0.3, w/w) in quantities sufficient to supply 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4 or 2.65 × maintenance energy requirement, offered in hourly portions. Continuous intravenous infusions of [1-13C]leucine or [1-13C]palmi-tate were used to determine the flux of amino acid and fatty acid through the plasma pool before, immediately (1–3 h) after and 22–24 h after a subcutaneous injection of bovine GH (0.55 mg/kg body weight). Hourly blood samples were taken for 27 h to monitor the temporal responses of circulating hormones and metabolites following GH administration. The animal on the lowest plane of nutrition had elevated plasma GH and reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations compared with those fed on higher intake levels. Plasma leucine flux and leucine concentration increased with intake while palmitate flux and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were inversely related to intake. Leucine flux rate decreased in the animals fed on the two highest intake levels in response to GH 22–24 h after administration, but plasma leucine concentrations were reduced in all animals at this time. Only the animal fed on the lowest intake level showed an immediate response to GH (within 3 h of administration) with increased palmitate flux and plasma NEFA concentrations but a lipolytic response was apparent in other animals 22–24 h post-administration although the magnitude of the response was markedly reduced at high intakes. We conclude that lipid and protein metabolism are differentially responsive to GH and nutritional status.
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Hirpessa, Belachew B., Beyza H. Ulusoy, and Canan Hecer. "Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5065386.
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The demand for nutritious food, especially food of animal origin, is globally increasing due to escalating population growth and a dietary shift to animal source food. In order to fulfill the requirements, producers are using veterinary drugs such as hormones and hormone-like anabolic agents. Hormones such as steroidal (estrogens, gestagens, and androgens), nonsteroidal, semisynthetic, and synthetic or designer drugs are all growth-promoting and body-partitioning agents. Hence, in food animal production practice, farm owners use these chemicals to improve body weight gain, increase feed conversion efficiency, and productivity. However, the use of these hormones and hormonal growth-promoting agents eventually ends up with the occurrence of residues in the animal-originated food. The incidence of hormone residues in such types of food and food products beyond the tolerance acts as a risk factor for the occurrence of potential public health problems. Currently, different international and national regulatory bodies have placed requirements and legislative frameworks, which enable them to implement residue monitoring test endeavors that safeguard the public and facilitate the trading activity. To make the tests on the animal-origin food matrix, there are different sample extraction techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. After sample preparation steps, the analytes of interest can be assayed by screening and confirmatory methods of analysis. For screening, immunological tests such as ELISA and radioimmunoassay are used. Detection and determination of the specific residues will be done by chromatographic or instrumental analysis. Mainly, among high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and GC-MS/MS) methods, LC-MS/MS is being preferred because of easier sample preparation without a derivatization step and high detection and quantification capacity.
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Barnard, Neal D., and Frédéric Leroy. "Children and adults should avoid consuming animal products to reduce the risk for chronic disease: Debate Consensus." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa237.
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ABSTRACT The present debate outlined opposing views regarding the role of animal products in human diets. The YES position argues that the health benefits and safety of plant-based diets have been clearly established by consistent findings of randomized trials and observational studies; that animal products skew the diet toward saturated fat, excess protein, cholesterol, lactose, and exogenous hormones; and that vulnerable populations are better nourished by vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains than by striated muscle and cow milk. In contrast, the NO position asserts that animal foods are not only benign but are also key elements of the human omnivore diet, facilitating the global challenge of adequate essential nutrition. This view holds that the portrayal of animal foods as unhealthy is not supported by the evidence and that a restrictive vegan diet decreases nutritional flexibility and robustness, increasing risk for vulnerable population groups. Points of agreement and controversy were identified, as well as opportunities for further studies.
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DUPONT, J., R. J. SCARAMUZZI, and P. FROMENT. "Nutrition et métabolisme : quel lien avec le développement folliculaire et embryonnaire ches les mammifères ?" INRA Productions Animales 29, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2016.29.1.2520.
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L’influence du poids et des apports énergétiques sur la fertilité chez les animaux, mais aussi chez l’Homme est reconnue depuis très longtemps. Les animaux ou individus en mauvaise condition, ou perdant du poids, ont généralement des performances reproductives décevantes. Les pertes économiques associées à l’infertilité sont parfois importantes, et dépassent chez le bovin largement le coût de l’insémination et de la semence. De nombreux arguments suggèrent que l’influence de la nutrition sur la reproduction s’exerce par l’intermédiaire des composants du régime alimentaire comme les lipides, le glucose, les acides aminés et les minéraux au niveau de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire et aussi directement au niveau des gonades. Ces effets nutritionnels peuvent aussi s’exercer par une modulation des hormones du métabolisme comme l’insuline, l’insulin-like growth factor 1, l’hormone de croissance, la ghréline, les hormones thyroïdiennes ou encore les hormones produites et secrétées par le tissu adipeux blanc. Dans cette revue nous rapportons les effets connus de ces nutriments et hormones métaboliques sur le développement folliculaire, les cellules ovariennes, la qualité ovocytaire ainsi que sur le développement embryonnaire précoce en prenant l’exemple de différentes espèces de mammifères.
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Gribble, Fiona M. "The gut endocrine system as a coordinator of postprandial nutrient homoeostasis." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 4 (August 21, 2012): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000705.
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Hormones from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are released following food ingestion and trigger a range of physiological responses including the coordination of appetite and glucose homoeostasis. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathways by which food ingestion triggers secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the altered patterns of gut hormone release observed following gastric bypass surgery. Our understanding of how ingested nutrients trigger secretion of these gut hormones has increased dramatically, as a result of physiological studies in human subjects and animal models andin vitrostudies on cell lines and primary intestinal cultures. Specialised enteroendocrine cells located within the gut epithelium are capable of directly detecting a range of nutrient stimuli through a range of receptors and transporters. It is concluded that the arrival of nutrients at the apical surface of enteroendocrine cells is a major stimulus for gut hormone release, thereby coupling these endocrine signals to the arrival of absorbed nutrients in the bloodstream.
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Rhind, S. M., C. E. Kyle, D. J. Riach, and E. I. Duff. "Effects of nutrition on hormone profiles and patterns of deiodinase activity in the skin and associated patterns of hair follicle activity and moult in cashmere goats." Animal Science 82, no. 5 (October 2006): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc200680.
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AbstractThe effects of nutrition on patterns of live-weight change, hair follicle activity, moult, hormone profiles and associated activities of monodeiodinase enzyme types II and III (MDII and MDIII) in cashmere goats were investigated. From 1 week before the winter solstice (mid December), one group of 15 animals was given a ration designed to provide 2·0 × live weight maintenance requirements (high; H) while a second, similar, group was given 0·8 × live weight maintenance requirements (low; L). After approximately 3 months, L animals had significantly lower mean live weights (P<0·01) than H animals. This was associated with lower (P<0·05) overall mean hair follicle activity in L than H animals during the March to May period and a lower overall mean moult score during March and April in L animals (P<0·01) but a similar mean date of moult onset. Mean concentrations of all of the hormones measured exhibited significant changes (P<0·01) with date of sampling. Overall mean concentrations of insulin, tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine did not differ with treatment but, compared with L animals, H animals exhibited higher mean concentrations of prolactin in April and May (P<0·05) and of insulin-like growth factor-1 in December and January (P<0·001). Rates of activity of MDII and MDIII in skin differed with date (P<0·001) but were not significantly affected by nutritional treatment. The MDIII/MDII ratio differed (P=0·05) with month but was significantly higher (P<0·05) in L than H animals in January, only. It is concluded that the reduction in hair follicle activity and the slower onset of moult associated with reduced nutrition were unlikely to be controlled, directly, by differences in activities of MDII or MDIII in skin tissue.
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Payne, E., and B. C. Cope. "The effects of hormones, other pharmacological agents and nutrition on plasma triglycerides and carcass composition in lambs and steers." Animal Science 53, no. 1 (August 1991): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005973.
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ABSTRACTThe effects of recombinantly derived growth hormone (GH), oestradiol-17β plus trenbolone acetate, clofibrate, melatonin and fasting on basal plasma triglycerides (TG) and TG entry rate were determined in wether lambs given lucerene/barley pellets ad libitum. Clofibrate was administered at 2 × 0·5 g capsules orally, GH (0·25 mg/kg live weight) was injected subcutaneously daily whilst oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17β plus trenbolone acetate and melatonin were slow release implants (either 4 or 4·8 mg, 4 nig and 20 nig and 18 mg respectively) placed subcutaneously in the ear. Both fasting and oestradiol treatments raised basal TG levels without influencing TG entry rates, defined as the maximum rate of change of plasma TG 3 to 6h following a dose of Triton WR1339 of at least 0·2 g/kg live weight. Entry rates were similar to those previously reported for goats but were higher than those reported for sheep. Triton WR1339 used to determine entry rates was found to reduce food intake at all levels in some sheep despite reports to the contrary. Among the various treatments, only oestradiol-17β and trenbolone acetate influenced body composition as determined by chemical analysis of minced carcasses, resulting in an increased gain of carcass protein and decreased gain of carcass fat. Clofibrate, melatonin and Triton, if allowance is made for Triton-induced loss in food intake, had no clear effects on body fatness. Overall the effects of hormones on plasma TG appeared to be small and it seems improbable that plasma TG are involved in effects of hormones on fatness.
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Li, Na, Wei Wang, Guoyao Wu, and Junjun Wang. "Nutritional support for low birth weight infants: insights from animal studies." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 10 (May 28, 2017): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700126x.
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AbstractInfants born with low birth weights (<2500 g, LBW), accounting for about 15 % of newborns, have a high risk for postnatal growth failure and developing the metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and obesity later in life. Improper nutrition provision during critical stages, such as undernutrition during the fetal period or overnutrition during the neonatal period, has been an important mediator of these metabolic diseases. Considering the specific physiological status of LBW infants, nutritional intervention and optimisation during early life merit further attention. In this review, the physiological and metabolic defects of LBW infants were summarised from a nutritional perspective. Available strategies for nutritional interventions and optimisation of LBW infants, including patterns of nutrition supply, macronutrient proportion, supplementation of amino acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals as well as hormone and microbiota manipulators, were reviewed with an aim to provide new insights into the advancements of formulas and human-milk fortifiers.
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Sejian, Veerasamy, Saumya Bahadur, and Syed M. K. Naqvi. "Effect of nutritional restriction on growth, adaptation physiology and estrous responses in Malpura ewes." Animal Biology 64, no. 2 (2014): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002438.
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The study was conducted to ascertain the effects of nutritional restrictions on growth, physiological adaptability and reproduction in sheep. The experiment was conducted for a period of 35 days covering two estrus cycles in 40 adult Malpura ewes. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each (100%; 80%; 70%; 60% of ad libitum). The ewes were fed a ration consisting of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. At weekly intervals, physiological responses were recorded and blood samples were also collected. Nutritional restriction of different magnitude (80%; 70%; 60% of ad libitum) altered the growth, physiological adaptability and estrus responses to different extents in Malpura ewes. But the impact was most severe in 60% of ad libitum group. Nutritional restriction to the level of 60% of ad libitum feeding significantly decreased body weight, body condition score, plasma insulin-like growth factor, pulse rate in the morning, respiration rate and pulse rate in the afternoon, plasma glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, plasma tri-iodo-thyronine and thyroxine, plasma cortisol, plasma estradiol, estrus % and estrus duration, while it significantly increased plasma concentration of growth hormone, hemoglobin, plasma concentration of progesterone and estrus cycle length. The study clearly establishes the effect of different levels of nutrition and its impact on the biological functions necessary to adapt to semi-arid environment. Although, 80%, 70% and 60% groups showed signs of nutritional stress, the effects were more pronounced in 60% ewes. Furthermore, this study clearly establishes the role of various hormones required to adapt to different levels of nutritional stress in Malpura ewes.
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Alshagga, Mustafa Ahmed, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh, Atefehalsadat Seyedan, Abdulsamad Alsalahi, Yan Pan, Suresh Kumar Mohankumar, Abdolgodose Alkebsi, Saba Kassim, and Zahurin Mohamed. "Khat (Catha edulis) and Obesity: A Scoping Review of Animal and Human Studies." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, no. 3-4 (2016): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452895.
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Background: Khat (Catha edulis) is a plant that is deeply rooted in the cultural life of East African and Southwestern Arabian populations. Prevalent traditional beliefs about khat are that the plant has an effect on appetite and body weight. Summary: This review assesses the accumulated evidences on the mutual influence of monoamines, hormones and neuropeptides that are linked to obesity. A few anti-obesity drugs that exert their mechanisms of action through monoamines are briefly discussed to support the notion of monoamines being a critical target of drug discovery for new anti-obesity drugs. Subsequently, the review provides a comprehensive overview of central dopamine and serotonin changes that are associated with the use of khat or its alkaloids. Then, all the studies on khat that describe physical, biochemical and hormonal changes are summarised and discussed in depth. Conclusion: The reviewed studies provide relatively acceptable evidence that different khat extracts or cathinone produces changes in terms of weight, fat mass, appetite, lipid biochemistry and hormonal levels. These changes are more pronounced at higher doses and long durations of intervention. The most suggested mechanism of these changes is the central action that produces changes in the physiology of dopamine and serotonin. Nonetheless, there are a number of variations in the study design, including species, doses and durations of intervention, which makes it difficult to arrive at a final conclusion about khat regarding obesity, and further studies are necessary in the future to overcome these limitations.
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PARIS, A., F. ANDRE, J. P. ANTIGNAC, B. LE BIZEC, M. BONNEAU, C. BRIANT, A. CARATY, et al. "Hormones et promoteurs de croissance en productions animales : de la physiologie à l’évaluation du risque." INRAE Productions Animales 19, no. 3 (May 13, 2006): 151–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2006.19.3.3491.
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Au cours des cinquante dernières années, des progrès considérables dans les performances d’élevage des espèces domestiques ont été obtenus grâce à une meilleure connaissance acquise dans le domaine de la physiologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la nutrition, la croissance, la reproduction et la lactation, et qui s’est conjuguée aux progrès génétiques accomplis dans les différentes espèces animales dans un contexte de meilleure maîtrise sanitaire des troupeaux et de maîtrise plus fine des systèmes d’élevage en place. Le recours aux substances hormonales pour mieux maîtriser les fonctions de reproduction et de croissance a pris une place déterminante dans ce progrès. Néanmoins, une tendance profonde consistant à restreindre leur utilisation à certains moments critiques de la vie de l’animal est apparue en Europe ces quinze dernières années, obligeant à rechercher des alternatives par le biais d’une meilleure maîtrise alimentaire, génétique et des systèmes d’élevage, ceci afin de garantir aux consommateurs une meilleure qualité définie a priori des produits animaux. Les fonctions physiologiques qui offrent des possibilités d’un contrôle hormonal exogène, les substances hormonales utilisables et les spéculations animales concernées sont présentées tour à tour. Un éclaircissement sur les risques toxicologiques que présentent ces substances, le contrôle et la traçabilité de leur utilisation et les réglementations en vigueur sont ensuite rappelés. Enfin, sont évoquées les recherches qui permettront de faire progresser sensiblement la question de l’utilisation des hormones en élevage dans un contexte sociétal renouvelé.
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Hariri, Niloofar, and Louise Thibault. "High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models." Nutrition Research Reviews 23, no. 2 (October 27, 2010): 270–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422410000168.
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Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity – hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat – are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Hasebe, Kyoko, Michael D. Kendig, and Margaret J. Morris. "Mechanisms Underlying the Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Maternal Obesity." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010240.
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The widespread consumption of ‘western’-style diets along with sedentary lifestyles has led to a global epidemic of obesity. Epidemiological, clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that maternal obesity, overnutrition and unhealthy dietary patterns programs have lasting adverse effects on the physical and mental health of offspring. We review currently available preclinical and clinical evidence and summarise possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which maternal overnutrition may perturb offspring cognitive function, affective state and psychosocial behaviour, with a focus on (1) neuroinflammation; (2) disrupted neuronal circuities and connectivity; and (3) dysregulated brain hormones. We briefly summarise research implicating the gut microbiota in maternal obesity-induced changes to offspring behaviour. In animal models, maternal obesogenic diet consumption disrupts CNS homeostasis in offspring, which is critical for healthy neurodevelopment, by altering hypothalamic and hippocampal development and recruitment of glial cells, which subsequently dysregulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The adverse effects of maternal obesogenic diets are also conferred through changes to hormones including leptin, insulin and oxytocin which interact with these brain regions and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may directly and indirectly contribute to these maternal diet effects in both human and animal studies. As the specific pathways shaping abnormal behaviour in offspring in the context of maternal obesogenic diet exposure remain unknown, further investigations are needed to address this knowledge gap. Use of animal models permits investigation of changes in neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter activity and hormones across global brain network and sex differences, which could be directly and indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome.
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Taylor, J. A., D. N. Salter, W. H. Close, G. H. Laswai, and A. Hudson. "Effects of feeding level and sex on nitrogen retention and serum insulin-like factor 1 in growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019887.
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates many anabolic processes within the body. In entire animals, release of IGF-1 has been shown to be regulated by nutritional status (e.g. starvation/re-feeding) and in reproductive tissues by gonadotropins and steroid hormones (Phillips et al., 1990). To investigate this further the relation between serum IGF-1 and N retention has been studied in entire and castrated pigs at different planes of nutrition and stages of growth.
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Kihara, Minoru. "Study on absorption evaluation of salmon ghrelin taken orally and its safety as a functional food." Impact 2020, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.7.64.
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One of the hallmarks of life as an animal is the need and ability to consume food, digest it and convert this biomass into essential nutrients, the digestive system is, in fact, one of the centrally important organs in any animal. It is also a complex environment and the body dedicates a huge amount of resources towards supporting it. Blood vessels, nerves, hormones and energy are abundant in and around the digestive system, and understanding this immensely important organ and how it functions can yield discoveries that impact our health. One way that digestive research is producing results is the discovery of specific peptides in the digestive system of animals that might have therapeutic value in humans. Professor Minoru Kihara, based at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Digestive Physiology, School of Biological Sciences at Tokai University, Japan, is leading a research team that is discovering that the level of similarity in the peptides found in the digestive tract of animals can be high, even between disparate species like humans and fish. This means the fish stomach may offer important benefits to human health.
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Childs, Caroline E. "Sex hormones and n-3 fatty acid metabolism." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119001071.
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α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 fatty acid found in plant-derived foods such as linseeds and linseed oil. Mammals can convert this essential fatty acid into longer-chain fatty acids including EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA. Women demonstrate greater increases in the EPA status after ALA supplementation than men, and a growing body of animal model research identifies mechanisms by which sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone interact with the synthesis of EPA and DHA. Alternatively, EPA, DPA and DHA can be consumed directly, with oily fish being a rich dietary source of these nutrients. However, current National Diet and Nutrition Data reveals a median oily fish intake of 0 g daily across all age ranges and in both sexes. As longer-chain n-3 fatty acids have a crucial role in fetal and neonatal brain development, advice to consume dietary ALA could prove to be a pragmatic and acceptable alternative to advice to consume fish during pregnancy, if benefits upon tissue composition and functional outcomes can be demonstrated. Further research is required to understand the effects of increasing dietary ALA during pregnancy, and will need to simultaneously address conflicts with current dietary advice to only eat ‘small amounts’ of vegetable oils during pregnancy. Improving our understanding of sex-specific differences in fatty acid metabolism and interactions with pregnancy has the potential to inform both personalised nutrition advice and public health policy.
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Hamr, J., and G. A. Bubenik. "Seasonal thyroid hormone levels of free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-301.
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Blood samples from killed and livetrapped deer of southern and central Ontario were analyzed for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Mean seasonal levels for six sex-age classes of deer ranged from 150 to 400 ng/dL (T3) and from 6.0 to 18.0 μg/dL (T4). Seasonal variation of T4 was less pronounced than that of T3. Both hormones decreased in the fall as compared with spring and summer, especially in yearling and older bucks. T3 values were also low in the winter but increased in spring and summer for most tested categories of deer. Differences in seasonal T3 and T4 concentrations were found between male and female deer older than 1 year, and among sex-age classes of the same sex. Regional differences in thyroid hormone levels suggested a latitudinal gradient, with higher values in southern than in central Ontario. Hormone of artificially fed deer were elevated when compared with animals that consumed only natural browse. Hormone levels were also higher in deer provided with food supplements of higher protein content. Extremely low winter T3 and T4 concentrations were found in malnourished deer. It is concluded that thyroid hormones in deer blood are influenced by current food intake and quality of nutrition. The potential for T3 and T4 as indicators of range quality is discussed.
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Tjondronegoro, S., GB Martin, SR Sutherland, and R. Boukhliq. "Interactions between nutrition, testosterone and inhibin in the control of gonadotrophin secretion in mature rams." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 5 (1996): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960855.
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The role of negative feedback by two testicular hormones, testosterone and inhibin, in the gonadotrophin responses of mature male sheep to changes in nutrition was tested. Six days after castration, 24 Merino rams were assigned to groups that were fed either a diet that maintained their initial liveweight (Intermediate diet), or about half of the Intermediate diet (Low diet), or the Intermediate diet with a supplement of lupin grain (High diet). One week after the change of diet, all animals were given subcutaneous testosterone implants, providing plasma testosterone concentrations of 3.06 +/- 0.14 ng mL-1 (mean +/- s.e.m.; n = 24). The implants were left in place for 7 days, during which time all the rams were also injected subcutaneously with 2 mL steroid-free bovine follicular fluid (bFF) every 8 h, to provide inhibin at mean plasma concentrations of 0.40 +/- 0.04 ng mL-1 (n = 24; compared with 1.50 +/- 0.12 ng mL-1 when the animals were intact). Five days after castration, there were significant increases in the frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses (from 1.83 +/- 0.23 to 17.3 +/- 0.96 pulses per 12 h; mean +/- s.e.m.; n = 24) and concentrations of FSH (from 0.45 +/- 0.07 to 14.19 +/- 2.7 ng mL-1; n = 24). Dietary treatment did not significantly affect these responses. Treatment with bFF and testosterone for 7 days reduced LH-pulse frequencies and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations in all groups. The degree of reduction was least in the group on the High diet, for which the FSH concentration (6.49 +/- 1.96 ng mL-1) and frequency of LH pulses (7.00 +/- 2.31 pulses per 24 h) were significantly higher than those observed in the other groups. The mean frequency of LH pulses did not differ significantly between the Intermediate group (0.88 +/- 0.61 pulses per 24 h) and the Low group (0.25 +/- 0.25 pulses per 24 h). Similarly, FSH concentrations did not differ significantly between these two groups (1.78 +/- 0.46 for the Intermediate group v. 1.33 +/- 0.26 ng mL-1 for the Low group). It is concluded that there is no response to diet in the absence of testicular hormones and the effects of nutrition on LH secretion in castrated rams given exogenous testosterone and inhibin are similar to those observed in intact rams.
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Nwachukwu, C. U. "Review article: Nutritional effects on fetal development during gestation in ruminants." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.184.
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Intrauterine growth retardation is a massive problem in animal production as it influencesthe body composition, carcass quality, and impairs health. This condition can lead to areduction in neonatal survival, growth, feed efficiency utilisation, and future production bythe animals. Pregnancy may negatively influence maternal nutritional status because ofincreased uteroplacental blood flow, nutrient mobilisation, and transfer of nutrients from thedam to the fetus. The critical factor for fetal survival and health is an adequate nutrient andoxygen supply to the dam during gestation. This ability is dependent on her nutritionalsupply, body size, body composition, and metabolism during pregnancy. The placenta is aunique organ of reproduction that helps in the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases andexcretory waste between the mother and offspring. Maternal nutrition restriction inembryonic, placenta and fetal stages of pregnancy can result in metabolic compromise,cardiovascular, renal and adipose tissue dysfunction. The major effects of nutritionalchallenges on fetoplacental growth and development appear to occur when the placenta israpidly developing. Poor nutrition caused by inadequate, excess or imbalanced nutrientintake has been shown to adversely affect subsequent reproductive performance (delayedpuberty, luteal inadequacy, reduced follicular reserve, reduced ovulation, and conceptionrates). Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins are key components in animalfeeds that are required for a daily maintenance diet. Amino acids serve as building blocks forproteins and essential precursors for the synthesis of different physiologicalmolecules–hormones, neurotransmitters, nitric oxide, creatine, glutathione, carnitine, andpolyamines.
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Mai, Yang, Francesca K. H. Gavins, Liu Dou, Jing Liu, Farhan Taherali, Manal E. Alkahtani, Sudaxshina Murdan, Abdul W. Basit, and Mine Orlu. "A Non-Nutritive Feeding Intervention Alters the Expression of Efflux Transporters in the Gastrointestinal Tract." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111789.
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Intestinal interactions with nutrients, xenobiotics and endogenous hormones can influence the expression of clinically relevant membrane transporters. These changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) physiology can in turn affect the absorption of numerous drug substrates. Several studies have examined the effect of food on intestinal transporters in male and female humans and animal models. However, to our knowledge no studies have investigated the influence of a non-nutritive fibre meal on intestinal efflux transporters and key sex and GI hormones. Here, we show that a fibre meal increased the acute expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug-resistance-associated protein-2 (MRP2) in small intestinal segments in both male and female Wistar rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for the protein quantification of efflux transporters and hormonal plasma concentration. In male rats, the fibre meal caused the plasma concentration of the GI hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) to increase by 75% and the sex hormone testosterone to decrease by 50%, whereas, in contrast, the housing food meal caused a decrease in CCK by 32% and testosterone saw an increase of 31%. No significant changes in the hormonal concentrations, however, were seen in female rats. A deeper understanding of the modulation of efflux transporters by sex, food intake and time can improve our understanding of inter- and intra-variability in the pharmacokinetics of drug substrates.
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Boukhliq, R., N. R. Adams, and G. B. Martin. "Effect of nutrition on the balance of production of ovarian and pituitary hormones in ewes." Animal Reproduction Science 45, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(96)01552-7.
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Nevostruyeva, І. V. "Life and Research of V. А. Charkin — scientist, father, grandfather." Animal Biology 22, no. 3 (September 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.03.021.
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Charkin Volodymyr was PhD in Biology, Senior researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cattle Nutrition that focuses on researching the physiology of animal lactation, studying the influence of Iodium, Chromium, Selenium, Cobalt on metabolic processes, productivity and composition of milk; development of elements of national protein feeding system of high productive cows that correspond to modern protein standardizing criteria. Lactation is a complex process of creation, storing and producing milk in animal’s mammal gland. Nervous system and hormones of endocrine glands with the help of brain cortex and hypothalamus, where lactation center is located, regulate the process of mild production. Hypothalamus produces releasing factors – somatoliberin and prolactoliberin that stimulate the production of hormones somatotropin and prolactin in hypothesis. These hormones directly take part in the production of milk. The role of other endocrine glands is that they contribute to promotion of the synthesis of milk precursors and increase of their amount in blood.
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Arthur, John R. "The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-243.
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In animals, decreases in selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase activity and the resultant impairment of peroxide metabolism can account for many, but not all of the biochemical and clinical changes caused by selenium deficiency. Recently, however, type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase has also been shown to be a selenium-containing enzyme. This explains the impairment of thyroid hormone metabolism caused by selenium deficiency in animals with a normal vitamin E status. Since iodothyronine 5′-deiodinases are essential for the production of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, some of the consequences of selenium deficiency may result from thyroid changes rather than inability to metabolise peroxides. In particular, the impaired thyroid hormone metabolism may be responsible for decreased growth and resistance to cold stress in selenium-deficient animals. A further consequence of the role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism is the exacerbation of some of the thyroid changes in iodine deficiency by a concurrent selenium deficiency. Selenium status may therefore have a major influence on the outcome of iodine deficiency in both human and animal populations.Key words: selenium, thyroid hormones, iodothyronine deiodinases, iodine, nutritional disorders.
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Arthur, John R., Geoffrey J. Beckett, and Julie H. Mitchell. "The interactions between selenium and iodine deficiencies in man and animals." Nutrition Research Reviews 12, no. 1 (June 1999): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/095442299108728910.
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AbstractUp to one billion people live in areas where they may be at risk from I deficiency. Many of the debilitating effects of the deficiency may be irreversible, consequently it is essential to understand the mechanisms whereby lack of I can cause disease through decreased thyroxine and 3, 3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis. Since Se has an essential role in thyroid hormone metabolism, it has the potential to play a major part in the outcome of I deficiency. These effects of Se derive from two aspects of its biological function. First, three Se-containing deiodinases regulate the synthesis and degradation of the biologically active thyroid hormone, T3. Second, selenoperoxidases and possibly thioredoxin reductase (EC 1.6.4.5) protect the thyroid gland from H2O2 produced during the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The mechanisms whereby Se deficiency exacerbates the hypothyroidism due to I deficiency have been elucidated in animals. In contrast to these adverse effects, concurrent Se deficiency may also cause changes in deiodinase activities which can protect the brain from low T3 concentrations in I deficiency. Animals with Se and I deficiency have changes in serum thyroid hormone concentrations that are similar to those observed in patients with I deficiency disease. However such animal models show no thyroid involution, a feature which is characteristic of myxoedematous cretinism in man. These observations imply that if Se deficiency is involved in the outcome of I deficiency in human populations it is likely that other interacting factors such as goitrogens are also implicated. Nevertheless the protection of the thyroid gland from H2O2 and the regulation of tissue T3 levels are the functions of Se that are most likely to underlie the interactions of Se and I.
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Lee, H. G., Z. S. Hong, M. K. Kim, S. K. Kang, C. X. Xu, J. S. Cho, K. S. Seo, S. G. Rho, and Y. J. Choi. "The responseof plasma leptin and feed intake to growth hormone administration in Holstein calves with different planes of nutrition." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-009.
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This study was conducted to observe the effect of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1(/IGF-1) axis on leptin and feed intake of 15 Holstein calves in three groups. One group was fed a normal diet (control); the second group, with high nutrition after low feeding with bovine growth hormone (bGH), and a third group, without high nutrition (saline) after low feeding. Each group was intramuscularly (i.m.) injected daily with bovine GH (200 µg kg-1 d-1) or saline solution for 10 d. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of plasma leptin over time for a 24-h period. Plasma leptin was decreased in both saline and GH groups during low and high nutrition regimes, respectively, while IGF-1 levels increased for both nutrition regimes (P < 0.05). With GH treatment during refeeding periods (P < 0.05), leptin levels increased and feed intake decreased; however, the plasma leptin levels slightly decreased with GH treatment during low feeding periods. The plasma IGF-1 concentration increased with GH administration during normal and refeeding periods (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the response of plasma leptin levels to GH varied according to the nutritional condition. In addition, the GH/IGF-1-induced increase in leptin production during the refeeding period may serve as a signal to reduce the feed intake or to increase dramatically after feed restriction in cattle. Key words: Feed intake, growth hormone, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1, Holstein calves
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Fukuwatari, Tsutomu, and Katsumi Shibata. "Nutritional Aspect of Tryptophan Metabolism." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 6s1 (January 2013): IJTR.S11588. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s11588.
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Mammals, including humans, can synthesize the vitamin nicotinamide from tryptophan in the liver. The resultant nicotinamide is distributed to non-hepatic tissues. We have studied the effects of changes in tryptophan–nicotinamide metabolism on niacin nutritional status. The liver plays a critical role in nicotinamide supply. Animal studies showed that the tryptophan–nicotinamide pathway is affected by physiological conditions, the presence of disease, nutrients, hormones, and chemicals. Human studies have shown that 1 mg of nicotinamide is produced from 67 mg of tryptophan intake, and that the conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide is enhanced from mid to late pregnancy. These findings have contributed to the determination of dietary reference intakes for niacin recommended in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010. Our findings suggest that the conversion of nicotinamide from tryptophan is important in maintaining niacin nutrition.
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da Silva, Luiz Augusto, Jéssica Wouk, Vinícius Müller Reis Weber, Pablo de Almeida, Julio C. L. Martins, Carlos R. M. Malfatti, and Raul Osiecki. "Correlation Between Insulin Levels and Thyroid Hormones in Diabetic Animals After Caffeine Consumption Associated with Exercise." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666181211144036.
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Introduction: Thyroid hormones (TH) are important determinants of glucose homeostasis, and in contrast, insulin is the first hormone responsible for glycemic control. Objective: The objective of the present study was to correlate the levels of insulin and thyroid hormones in diabetic animals after caffeine consumption associated with physical exercise. Methods: A total of 48 animals, 60 days old were allocated in eight experimental groups: Control, Diabetic, Exercise, Diabetes + exercise, Caffeine, Diabetes + Caffeine, Caffeine + Exercise, and Diabetes + Exercise + Caffeine. Diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 120 mg/kg of alloxan. On the test day, 6 mg/kg of caffeine was administrated 30 minutes before physical exercise. After, animals performed a 60 minutes’ session of predominantly aerobic exercise, using an overload of 6% of their body’s weight. Blood has been collected by a caudal puncture to future insulin, TSH, T3, and T4 analyses. Results: After caffeine treatment and training, insulin values were higher for the control groups (231%) when compared to the diabetic groups. A significant increase in plasmatic insulin concentration was found in caffeine group (95%) and Exercise+Caffeine group (56%) when compared to Control and Exercise groups. TSH values were increased for Diabetes, Diabetes+Caffeine and Diabetes+ Exercise+Caffeine groups (30%) compared to the other groups. A reduction in T4 values occurred in the animals of groups Diabetes+Exercise and Diabetes +Caffeine (66%) compared to the Control group. T3 values were significantly increased for the Diabetes+Exercise group (70%) when compared to the Diabetes+Exercise+Caffeine group. Conclusion: Physical exercise and caffeine consumption were able to promote hormonal changes in diabetic animals after 30 days of training. The study showed a reduction in the serum concentration of thyroid hormones, but insulin levels were higher.
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Matsushita, Makoto, Kazutoshi Fujita, and Norio Nonomura. "Influence of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041447.
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The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) displays widespread regional differences, probably owing to differences in dietary habits. Nutrients, including fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins (vitamin A, D, and E), and polyphenols, potentially affect PCa pathogenesis and progression, as previously reported using animal models; however, clinical studies have reported controversial results for almost all nutrients. The effects of these nutrients may be manifested through various mechanisms including inflammation, antioxidant effects, and the action of sex hormones. Dietary patterns including the Western and Prudent patterns also influence the risk of PCa. Recent studies reported that the gut microbiota contribute to tumorigenesis in some organs. Diet composition and lifestyle have a direct and profound effect on the gut bacteria. Human studies reported an increase in the abundance of specific gut bacteria in PCa patients. Although there are few studies concerning their relationship, diet and nutrition could influence PCa, and this could be mediated by gut microbiota. An intervention of dietary patterns could contribute to the prevention of PCa. An intervention targeting dietary patterns may thus help prevent PCa.
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Röpke, R., D. Schams, F. J. Schwarz, and M. Kirchgessner. "Growth-related hormones in plasma of bulls, steers and heifers given food with two different energy levels." Animal Science 59, no. 3 (December 1994): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007893.
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AbstractConcentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), insulin and glucagon were determined in the plasma of growing bulls, steers and heifers (no. = 138 in total, German Simmental breed). The animals were offered either a high level or a low level of energy resulting in relatively high and low average daily gain. Trials were subdivided into two experimental series and started at approximately 3 months of age at an average live weight of 110 kg. The animals were slaughtered at different body weights from 200 to 510 kg (heifers) or 660 kg (bulls, steers). Blood samples (needle puncture) were collected at biweekly intervals. Frequent samples time-course analysis of GH were taken by catheter from nine animals in total. Concentrations of GH declined during growth in steers and heifers as well as in bulls in blood samples collected by means of a catheter. IGF-1 and insulin concentrations increased from the start of the trial onwards up to different ages among the groups. Concentrations of glucagon constantly decreased from the start of the trial until slaughter. Significant differences (P < 0·05) in concentrations ofGH, IGF-1 and insulin could be observed between sexes and levels of nutrition, with the highest GH and IGF-1 levels in bulls followed by steers and heifers. In contrast insulin values were highest in heifers followed by steers and bulls. A high level of nutrition increased concentrations of IGF-1 and insulin in all sexes.
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KOUROUSEKOS (Γ.Δ. ΚΟΥΡΟΥΣΕΚΟΣ), G. D., and E. Κ. THEODOSIADOU (ΑΙΚ. Κ ΘΕΟΔΟΣΙΑΔΟΥ). "Effects of aflatoxins on male reproductive system: A review." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 66, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15863.
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Mycotoxins constitute toxic substances produced by certain species of fungi. Among other mycotoxins, aflatoxins are considered to be really dangerous, since they are characterized as carcinogenic for animals and humans. The consumption of aflatoxins through feeds or foods could lead to deleterious effects on animals’ or humans’ health. Research on animals has shown that the general body condition as well as some of the blood parameters, mainly those of the liver could be negatively affected with aflatoxin administration. Regarding the reproductive system, although not extensively studied, some investigators support the negative effects of aflatoxins either on females or on males. More specifically, in male, the size and weight of the genital organs, the spermatogenesis, the number, the motility and the morphology of sperm cells as well as hormones’ concentrations could be affected after exposure of the animals to aflatoxins, making infertility problems more frequent. Most studies refer to laboratory and less to productive animals, while only two studies refer to the possible problems of infertility on men due to aflatoxins. Since reproduction consists one of the most important sectors of animal husbandry, special attention should be paid to nutrition so that the possibility of the aflatoxin consumption by animals would be eliminated, the animal health especially regarding the reproductive system would be protected and economic losses would be ameliorated.
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Aldridge, Robert D., and Anna A. Arackal. "Reproductive biology and stress of captivity in male brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 4 (2005): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05010.
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This study was designed to describe the reproductive biology of a sample of wild-caught brown treesnakes and to determine the effect of increased food intake (nutrition) on the development of the testis and sexual segment of the kidney, and on sperm storage in the vas deferens in captive males. The wild snakes were trapped and preserved within 24 h, in December 1999, from a snake trap-line in northern Guam. In the nutrition experiment adult snakes were matched for snout–vent length and separated into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were fed a high-calorie diet for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. Group 3 males, the control group, received a low-calorie diet and were preserved at 7 weeks. In the wild sample all snakes above 1035 mm snout–vent length were undergoing spermatogenesis, had a well developed sexual segment of the kidney, and had sperm stored in the vas deferens. In all experimental groups, spermatogenesis and development of the sexual segment of the kidney was terminated or inhibited, and in most snakes sperm were absent from the vas deferens. Blood levels of stress hormones (i.e. corticosterone) and reproductive hormones (androgens) were not measured. However, a previous study reported that the stress of captivity causes an increase in plasma levels of corticosterone in brown treesnakes, and other studies on squamates indicate that high corticosterone levels can disrupt reproductive hormones and shut down the reproductive cycle.
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Rezaie, Peyman, Vida Bitarafan, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Effects of Bitter Substances on GI Function, Energy Intake and Glycaemia-Do Preclinical Findings Translate to Outcomes in Humans?" Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041317.
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Bitter substances are contained in many plants, are often toxic and can be present in spoiled food. Thus, the capacity to detect bitter taste has classically been viewed to have evolved primarily to signal the presence of toxins and thereby avoid their consumption. The recognition, based on preclinical studies (i.e., studies in cell cultures or experimental animals), that bitter substances may have potent effects to stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and modulate gut motility, via activation of bitter taste receptors located in the GI tract, reduce food intake and lower postprandial blood glucose, has sparked considerable interest in their potential use in the management or prevention of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether findings from preclinical studies can be translated to health outcomes, including weight loss and improved long-term glycaemic control. This review examines information relating to the effects of bitter substances on the secretion of key gut hormones, gastric motility, food intake and blood glucose in preclinical studies, as well as the evidence from clinical studies, as to whether findings from animal studies translate to humans. Finally, the evidence that bitter substances have the capacity to reduce body weight and/or improve glycaemic control in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, and potentially represent a novel strategy for the management, or prevention, of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is explored.
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Davis, T. A., A. Suryawan, J. A. Bush, P. M. J. O’Connor, and M. C. Thivierge. "Interaction of amino acids and insulin in the regulation of protein metabolism in growing animals." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-120.
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Young animals utilize their dietary amino acids more efficiently for growth because they are capable of a greater increase in tissue protein synthesis in response to feeding than older animals. This response to feeding is particularly profound in skeletal muscle. The feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is uniquely and independently regulated by both insulin and amino acids. In most visceral tissues, the stimulation of protein synthesis by feeding is mediated by amino acids alone and not by insulin. The stimulation of protein synthesis by nutrition and hormones is regulated by alterations in the expression and activity of components of the intracellular signaling pathways that control the initiation of translation. Key words: Muscle, pigs, neonate, protein synthesis, insulin, amino acids
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Johnsson, I. D., I. C. Hart, A. D. Simmonds, and S. V. Morant. "Pre-pubertal mammogenesis in the sheep 2. The effects of level of nutrition on the plasma concentrations of growth hormone, insulin and prolactin at various ages in female lambs and their relationship with mammary development." Animal Science 41, no. 3 (December 1985): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036382.
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AbstractFemale crossbred lambs were given a high energy and high protein diet in varying amounts to achieve either high (H; 220 g/day) or low (L; HOg/day) rates of live-weight gain during two consecutive periods between 4 and 20 and 20 and 36 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at either 1-h or 2-h intervals over a 28-h period from five lambs on each rearing treatment at 10, 14, 18, 26 and 34 weeks of age for the measurement of prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin. In addition, samples were collected within 2 weeks of slaughter from all eight lambs on each treatment that were slaughtered at either 20 weeks (L and H treatments) or 36 weeks of age (LL, LH and HL treatments) for the assessment of mammary development.The timing of once-daily feeding influenced the plasma profiles of all three hormones measured, but became less obvious with increasing age. Both mean plasma GH, and the influence of level of nutrition on the mean, declined with increasing age. Mean plasma insulin increased with age but did not differ between rearing treatments until 26 weeks, despite large differences in food intake. Mean plasma prolactin in H lambs increased significantly between 10 and 18 weeks, but a similar response did not occur in L lambs. The greater mammary development of L lambs was associated with increased plasma concentrations of GH and reduced concentrations of prolactin. However, the large variation in total mammary parenchymal deoxyribonucleic acid between individuals within each rearing treatment at 20 or 36 weeks of age was not consistently explained by the variation in any of the hormones measured.
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Bosch, G., B. Beerda, W. H. Hendriks, A. F. B. van der Poel, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Impact of nutrition on canine behaviour: current status and possible mechanisms." Nutrition Research Reviews 20, no. 2 (December 2007): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095442240781331x.
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Each year, millions of dogs worldwide are abandoned by their owners, relinquished to animal shelters, and euthanised because of behaviour problems. Nutrition is rarely considered as one of the possible contributing factors of problem behaviour. This contribution presents an overview of current knowledge on the influence of nutrition on canine behaviour and explores the underlying mechanisms by which diet may affect behaviour in animals. Behaviour is regulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, and changes in the availability of their precursors may influence behaviour. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, may affect the incidence of aggression, self-mutilation and stress resistance. The latter may also be influenced by dietary tyrosine, a precursor to catecholamines. As diet composition, nutrient availability and nutrient interactions affect the availability of these precursors in the brain, behaviour or stress resistance may be affected. PUFA, especially DHA, have an important role as structural constituents in brain development, and dietary supply ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA could modify aspects of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and, consequently, cognitive performance and behaviour. Finally, persistent feeding motivation between meals can increase stereotyped behaviour and aggression and decrease resting time. This feeding motivation may be altered by dietary fibre content and source. At present, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition in canine (problem) behaviour through the above mentioned mechanisms. Studies that explore this relationship may help to improve the welfare of dogs and their owners.
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Veskovic Moracanin, Slavica, Dragutin Djukic, Milinko Saponjić, and Zoran Ostojic. "Organic agriculture – importance and development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 854, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012102.
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Abstract Agriculture, as the most important strategic industry, is tasked with providing sufficient quantities of quality and safe food. Intensive and often excessive, uncontrolled, and unskilled use of the means for protection and nutrition of plants, as well as means for the prevention or treatment of animals, are carried out to increase yields in conventional production. This approach in food production has contributed to the increasingly common endangerment of the health of plants, animals and humans, as well as significant environmental endangerment. Unlike conventional production, organic food production is now increasingly attracting interest from modern consumers. However, organic agriculture involves not only producing without artificial fertilizers and other agrochemicals, but without antibiotics and hormones too. It is more of a holistic production system that functions as a sustainable unit, and unites interconnected and conditioned actors: plants, animals, microorganisms, insects, organic and mineral soil matter, and humans. In Serbia, organic agriculture has been developing for the last thirty years. However, the intensive development of organic agriculture has only happened in the last decade, with plant organic production being more developed than animal organic production.
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Burrin, Douglas, Per Torp Sangild, Barbara Stoll, Thomas Thymann, Randal Buddington, Juan Marini, Oluyinka Olutoye, and Robert J. Shulman. "Translational Advances in Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology: New Insights from Pig Models." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 321–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142.
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Pigs are increasingly important animals for modeling human pediatric nutrition and gastroenterology and complementing mechanistic studies in rodents. The comparative advantages in size and physiology of the neonatal pig have led to new translational and clinically relevant models of important diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in premature infants. Studies in pigs have established the essential roles of prematurity, microbial colonization, and enteral nutrition in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Studies in neonatal pigs have demonstrated the intestinal trophic effects of akey gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and its role in the intestinal adaptation process and efficacy in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Further, pigs have been instrumental in elucidating the physiology of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease and the means by which phytosterols, fibroblast growth factor 19, and a new generation of lipid emulsions may modify disease. The premature pig will continue to be a valuable model in the development of optimal infant diets (donor human milk, colostrum), specific milk bioactives (arginine, growth factors), gut microbiota modifiers (pre-, pro-, and antibiotics), pharmaceutical drugs (GLP-2 analogs, FXR agonists), and novel diagnostic tools (near-infrared spectroscopy) to prevent and treat these pediatric diseases.
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Kelley, Keith W. "Immunologic Roles of Two Metabolic Hormones, Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I, in Aged Animals." Nutrition Reviews 53, no. 4 (April 27, 2009): S95—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01524.x.
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Moon, Hyun-Seuk. "Chemopreventive Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Obesity-Related Cancers." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 68, no. 2 (2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443994.
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Background: It has been generally accepted that being overweight or obese is a risk factor for several types of cancers, including breast, thyroid, colon, pancreatic and liver. In fact, people who are obese have more fat tissues that can produce hormones, such as insulin or estrogen, which may cause cancer cells to grow. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is anorganosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid, which is produced in animals normally, and is essential for aerobic metabolism. Summary: Studies in both in vitro cells and in vivo animal models have shown that ALA inhibits the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis, suggesting that ALA has considerable attention as a chemopreventive agent. This brief review collects the scattered data available in the literature concerning ALA and highlights its anti-cancer properties, intermediary metabolism and exploratory implications. Key Messages: Based on scientific evidences so far, ALA might be useful agents in the management or chemoprevention of obesity-related cancers.
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Corino, C., D. Magistrelli, V. Bontempo, and F. Rosi. "The influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on serum leptin concentration in lactating sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007511.
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid. Health-promoting properties of CLA, which include antioxidant, anti-obesity and anticarcinogenic activities, have been demonstrated in a wide range of animal models (Pariza et al., 2001). Recent studies indicated the CLA has a favorable effect on immune competence in nursery (Bassaganya-Riera et al., 2001) and weaned pigs (Corino et al., 2001). For this reason CLA may be useful in sow nutrition to increase CLA content in colostrum and milk (Bee, 2000). However CLA-fed animals displayed also significantly reduced body fat (Pariza et al., 2001) and this effect may be detrimental to reproductive efficiency in sows per se and for the effects on metabolic hormones as well. Moreover some CLA isomers has been reported to influence leptin gene expression (Houseknacht et al., 1998). The present study examined the effects of dietary supplement of CLA on serum leptin in lactating sows.
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Brito, Leonardo F. C., Albert D. Barth, Norm C. Rawlings, Randal E. Wilde, Denny H. Crews, Priya S. Mir, and John P. Kastelic. "Effect of improved nutrition during calfhood on serum metabolic hormones, gonadotropins, and testosterone concentrations, and on testicular development in bulls." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 33, no. 4 (November 2007): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.09.004.
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Roche, J. F., and W. J. Enright. "The use of growth hormone and beta agonists to improve animal production." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010448.
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The factors that affect output in animal production systems are growth rate, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), carcass conformation, muscle and fat content, and kill out percentage. These factors are affected by genetic potential, provision of optimal nutrition and environmental conditions to disease free animals. In addition, certain exogenous chemicals are known to affect animal performance, and these can be classified as follows:i)use of chemical messengers which bind to specific receptors in target tissueii)use of anti-microbial compounds which alter the microflora in the gastro-intestinal tract and thereby improve performance.This paper will deal specifically with the use of beta adrenergic agonists and growth hormone (GH) which are currently being researched.
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Ozanne, Susan E., and C. Nicholas Hales. "The long-term consequences of intra-uterine protein malnutrition for glucose metabolism." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000804.
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Our initial observations, in epidemiological studies, linking indices of poor early (fetal and infant) growth to the subsequent development of poor glucose tolerance and the insulin resistance syndrome in adult life, have been confirmed in studies in a wide variety of populations around the world. These findings led us 5 years ago to propose the ‘thrifty phenotype’ hypothesis. Tests of this hypothesis in an animal model in which the pregnant and/or lactating rat dams are fed on an isoenergetic diet containing just under half the normal protein content are consistent with the ideas put forward. They have also allowed us to refine the hypothesis in the light of the new data as follows: (1) the growth of the fetus (and possibly infant) is quantitatively and qualitatively altered by its nutritional environment (which may include maternal diet-dependent changes in maternal hormones); (2) these changes serve to select between the growth rates of different tissues according to priorities which differ between males and females (nutritional thrift) and to alter organ function to constitute a thrifty offspring adapted to survival in poor nutritional circumstances (thrifty phenotype); (3) an individual so constituted suffers adverse consequences in adult life if he/she experiences good or supranormal nutrition; (4) both poor insulin secretion and insulin resistance can result from these adaptive processes; (5) the adverse consequences include loss of glucose tolerance and hypertension. The precise outcome of growth retardation during early life may vary according to the type and timing of the factors responsible for the retardation. It remains to be determined to what extent these potentially adverse effects can be delayed or prevented by a suitable postnatal diet. Experiments in animal models are largely consistent with the concepts proposed from human epidemiological studies. They show that the metabolism of the liver, muscle and adipose tissue may be programmed by maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation. The combination of early growth restriction and subsequent adult obesity reproduced in the rat are the main features of the insulin resistance syndrome.