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Journal articles on the topic 'Hormones – Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

He, Jinhan, Qiuqiong Cheng, and Wen Xie. "Minireview: Nuclear Receptor-Controlled Steroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism." Molecular Endocrinology 24, no. 1 (2010): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0212.

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Abstract Steroid hormones are essential in normal physiology whereas disruptions in hormonal homeostasis represent an important etiological factor for many human diseases. Steroid hormones exert most of their functions through the binding and activation of nuclear hormone receptors (NRs or NHRs), a superfamily of DNA-binding and often ligand-dependent transcription factors. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that NRs can also regulate the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. This review will focus on the recent progress in our understanding of the regulatory role

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2

Cordeiro, Aline, Luana Lopes Souza, Marcelo Einicker-Lamas, and Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura. "Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism." Journal of Endocrinology 216, no. 3 (2013): R47—R57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0542.

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Thyroid hormones are important modulators of lipid metabolism because the liver is a primary hormonal target. The hypolipidaemic effects of thyroid hormones result from the balance between direct and indirect actions resulting in stimulation of lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation, which favours degradation pathways. Originally, it was believed that thyroid hormone activity was only transduced by alteration of gene transcription mediated by the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptors, comprising the classic action of thyroid hormone. However, the discovery of other effects independent of thi

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3

De Feo, Pierpaolo. "Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism." European Journal of Endocrinology 135, no. 1 (1996): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1350007.

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De Feo P. Hormonal regulation of human protein metabolism. Eur J Endocrinol 1996:135:7–18. ISSN 0804–4643 This review focuses on the effects of hormones on protein kinetics in humans. Most of the recent knowledge on the regulation of protein metabolism in humans has been obtained by tracing protein kinetics in vivo, using labelled isotopes of essential or non-essential amino acids. This technique allows the rates of the whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown to be estimated together with amino acid oxidation and the fractional synthetic rates of mixed muscle proteins or of single plasma pr

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Severo, Juliana Soares, Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais, Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas, et al. "The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 89, no. 1-2 (2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000262.

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Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence sh

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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.

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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circul

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6

Elbrecht, Alex, and Catherine B. Lazier. "Selective inhibitory effects of thyroid hormones on estrogen-induced protein synthesis in chick embryo liver." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 12 (1985): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-151.

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We have investigated the effect of thyroid hormones on estrogen-induced responses in embryonic chick liver. Administration of thyroid hormones inhibits estrogen induction of vitellogenin, as well as of apoprotein-II of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL apo-II). A proportionate decrease in the concentration of hepatic salt-soluble nuclear estrogen receptor is also observed. In contrast, estrogen stimulation of apoprotein-B (VLDL apo-B) synthesis is relatively resistant to inhibition. The inhibitory effects of the thyroid hormones could be due to increased metabolism and clearance of estradiol-

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Wernerman, Jan, Danielle Botta, Folke Hammarqvist, Stig Thunell, Alexandra von der Decken, and Erik Vinnars. "Stress Hormones Given to Healthy Volunteers Alter the Concentration and Configuration of Ribosomes in Skeletal Muscle, Reflecting Changes in Protein Synthesis." Clinical Science 77, no. 6 (1989): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0770611.

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1. The influence of elevated concentrations of stress hormones on the concentration of ribosomes and the relative proportion of polyribosomes, reflecting protein synthesis in vivo, in human skeletal muscle was investigated. Healthy volunteers were given a 6 h infusion of adrenaline (n = 8), Cortisol (n = 8), a triple-hormone combination of adrenaline, Cortisol and glucagon (n = 8), or saline (n = 8) 2. The total ribosome concentration declined by 30.4 ± 7.2% in the triple-hormone group (P <0.01), by 26.9 ± 8.6% in the Cortisol group (P <0.05) and by 24.8 ± 11.2% in the adrenaline group (

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8

Sakurai, Tsuyoshi, Hisao Seo, Naohito Yamamoto, et al. "Detection of mRNA of prolactin and ACTH in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas." Journal of Neurosurgery 69, no. 5 (1988): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.69.5.0653.

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✓ Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas have been thought to synthesize some pituitary hormones as shown by studies involving cell culture, immunocytochemistry, or measurement of hormone levels in tumor homogenates. Nevertheless, they are not associated with hypersecretion of pituitary hormones. To further clarify hormone synthesis in such pituitary adenomas, the presence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of prolactin (PRL) growth hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the cytoplasm of 16 nonfunctioning adenomas was determined by means of a hybridization technique, and co

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9

HENDRY, KAY A. K., AMANDA J. MacCALLUM, CHRISTOPHER H. KNIGHT, and COLIN J. WILDE. "Effect of endocrine and paracrine factors on protein synthesis and cell proliferation in bovine hoof tissue culture." Journal of Dairy Research 66, no. 1 (1999): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029998003288.

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Laminitis is a major cause of lameness in dairy cattle, and is widely attributed to a defect in the horny tissue that gives the hoof its mechanical strength. Defective horn is associated with, and may be preceded by, impaired keratin deposition in the hoof epidermis. The cause of abnormal keratin deposition is not easily identified but, like epidermal keratinization in other tissues, is likely to be controlled by hormones and the paracrine action of locally produced growth factors. The hormonal regulation of keratin synthesis and cell proliferation in the bovine hoof was studied using tissue e

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10

Tajti, Hamow, Majláth, et al. "Polyamine-Induced Hormonal Changes in eds5 and sid2 Mutant Arabidopsis Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (2019): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225746.

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Polyamines are multifaceted compounds which play a role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance in interactions with plant hormones. The aim of the present study was to reveal how exogenous polyamines influence the synthesis of salicylic acid, with a special emphasis on the effect of salicylic acid deficiency on the polyamine metabolism and polyamine-induced changes in other plant hormone contents. Our hypothesis was that the individual polyamines induced different changes in the polyamine and salicylic acid metabolism of the wild type and salicylic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutants,

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11

Septadina, Indri Seta, and Krisna Murti. "Effects of Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringaoleifera) in the Breastfeeding." SRIWIJAYA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1, no. 1 (2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/sjm.v1i1.10.

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Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is a global strategies to promote the growth, development, health and survival of infants. Despite the many benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for infants, mothers, families and communities, the coverage is still low in many countries including Indonesia. Mother's milk is produced from the collaboration between mechanical stimulation of hormonal and nerve factors. One of the hormones that affects is the estrogen. The hormone estrogen is a sex hormone produced by the uterus to stimulate the growth of sex organs such as breasts and pubic hair and regulate th

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Robinson, A. G., M. M. Roberts, W. A. Evron, L. E. Janocko, and G. E. Hoffman. "Total translation of vasopressin and oxytocin in neurohypophysis of rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 1 (1989): R109—R117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.1.r109.

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There is a paucity of information about total translation rate of vasopressin and oxytocin. Because the site of synthesis of the neurohypophysial hormones is anatomically separate from the site of storage, we were able to measure total translation by blocking transport of newly synthesized hormone and measuring accumulation in the areas of synthesis in the hypothalamus. Colchicine administered into the third ventricle in doses as low as 3.5 micrograms/rat blocked transport for 18 h. The linear increase in vasopressin and oxytocin content over 18 h indicated a stable rate of synthesis, which wa

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13

Phillips, K., MA Park, LH Quarrie, et al. "Hormonal control of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 and IGFBP-2 secretion during differentiation of the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 31, no. 1 (2003): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0310197.

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The mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 upregulates the synthesis of beta-casein (a differentiation marker) following treatment with the lactogenic hormone mix dexamethasone, insulin and prolactin (DIP). We demonstrate that the basal levels of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 secreted by undifferentiated HC11 cells are upregulated 10-fold during DIP-induced cellular differentiation whereas the level of the other IGFBP species secreted by HC11 cells (IGFBP-2) is downregulated during this process. As previously reported, the combination of all three of these hormones is required for synthesis o

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14

Csaba, György. "A hormonális rendszer válsága: az endokrin diszruptorok egészségügyi hatásai." Orvosi Hetilap 158, no. 37 (2017): 1443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2017.30855.

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Abstract: The endocrine disruptors are natural or arteficial molecules wich are present in the animal (human) environment and entering into the organism. They are bound by hormone receptors, simulating or inhibiting the normal hormonal message. This way they are able to stimulate or hinder the function of the given cell, as well as the synthesis and transport of hormones or receptors. They can cause faulty hormonal imprinting in critical periods of development with lifelong consequences, as alteration of hormone-influenced cell functions, inclination to or manifestation of diseases, so they ha

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15

Problems of endocrinology, Editorial team of. "Nikolai Petrovich Goncharov (To his 60th birthday)." Problems of Endocrinology 41, no. 2 (1995): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11379.

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60 years have passed since the birth of the famous scientist biochemist-endocrinologist, head of the laboratory of biochemical endocrinology and hormonal analysis of the Endocrinology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, doctor of medical sciences, professor Nikolai Petrovich Goncharov. He is a pioneer in the study of the synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones in primates; he developed and implemented an adequate experimental model within the framework of the WHO Human Reproduction program to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, efficacy and safety o

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16

Du, Kang, Qiang Han, Ying Zhang, and Xiangyang Kang. "Differential Expression of Genes Related to the Formation of Giant Leaves in Triploid Poplar." Forests 10, no. 10 (2019): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100920.

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Plant polyploids tend to have large leaves, but their formation mechanism has not yet been well explained. Therefore, daily transcriptomic differences between triploids and diploids from a synthetic Populus sect. Tacamahaca three times a day (i.e., 04:00, 09:00, and 21:00) were investigated using high-throughput RNA-seq analysis. In this study, we identified several transcription factors associated with giant leaves. The combined effects included the high expression of several transcription factors (WRKY, MYB, etc.) and hormone-related genes (e.g., activates auxin, cytokine, and brassinosteroi

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17

Reichmann, E., R. Ball, B. Groner, and R. R. Friis. "New mammary epithelial and fibroblastic cell clones in coculture form structures competent to differentiate functionally." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 3 (1989): 1127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.3.1127.

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We have established and characterized a spontaneously immortalized, nontumorigenic mouse mammary cell line, designated IM-2. IM-2 cells synthesize large amounts of the milk protein beta-casein upon addition of lactogenic hormones. The induction of beta-casein occurs rapidly and does not require any exogenous extracellular matrix components. The IM-2 cell line is morphologically heterogeneous and could be separated into cell clones with epithelial and fibroblastic characteristics. In monoculture, none of the epithelial clones could be induced to synthesize caseins. Coculture of epithelial and f

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18

Hindsgaul, Vandana, Ole Hindsgaul, and Jacques U. Baenziger. "Synthesis of oligosaccharide structures unique to pituitary glycoprotein hormones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 7 (1987): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-275.

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The trisaccharide βDGalNac(1 → 4)βDGlcNAc(1 → 2)αDMan (2) and its 4″-O-sulfate ester (3) have been chemically synthesized as their 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl glycosides. Structures 2 and 3 contain oligosaccharide sequences unique to the asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains of pituitary glycoprotein hormones. The characteristic chemical shift for H-4 of the βDGalNAc residue in the sulfate ester 3 (4.692 ppm) is identical to that in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of glycopeptides isolated from bovine lutropin (luteinizing hormone), thus establishing the position of sulfation in the natu

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19

Liu, L., and TE Porter. "Endogenous thyroid hormones modulate pituitary somatotroph differentiation during chicken embryonic development." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 1 (2004): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800045.

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Growth hormone cell differentiation normally occurs between day 14 and day 16 of chicken embryonic development. We reported previously that corticosterone (CORT) could induce somatotroph differentiation in vitro and in vivo and that thyroid hormones could act in combination with CORT to further augment the abundance of somatotrophs in vitro. The objective of the present study was to test our hypothesis that endogenous thyroid hormones regulate the abundance of somatotrophs during chicken embryonic development. Plasma samples were collected on embryonic day (e) 9-14. We found that plasma CORT a

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20

ROOT, Allen W., Dorothy SHULMAN, Jennifer ROOT, and Frank DIAMOND. "The interrelationships of thyroid and growth hormones: effect of growth hormone releasing hormone in hypo- and hyperthyroid male rats." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (1986): S367—S375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s367.

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ABSTRACT Growth hormone (GH) and the thyroid hormones interact in the hypothalamus, pituitary and peripheral tissues. Thyroid hormone exerts a permissive effect upon the anabolic and metabolic effects of GH, and increases pituitary synthesis of this protein hormone. GH depresses the secretion of thyrotropin and the thyroid hormones and increases the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine. In the adult male rat experimental hypothyroidism produced by ingestion of propylthiouracil depresses the GH secretory response to GH-releasing hormone in vivo and in vitro, reflecting the low

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21

Rejzek, Martin, Marie Zarevúcka, Zdeněk Wimmer, et al. "Synthesis of Juvenile Hormone Bioanalogs Derived from 2-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-6-methylcyclohexanone." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 4 (1996): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19960605.

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A new simple approach to isomeric 2-(4-alkoxybenzyl)-6-methylcyclohexanones and the corresponding alcohols and a subsequent synthesis of compounds imitating the action of the insect juvenile hormones is described. Biological activity of the isomeric juvenile hormone bioanalogs differed considerably when tested on the flesh fly (Sarcophaga bullata) and the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor).

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Li, Xin, Hongjiao Li, Di Zhang, Guojin Xu, Jinglin Zhang, and Sheng Cui. "miR-7 mediates the signaling pathway of NE affecting FSH and LH synthesis in pig pituitary." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 3 (2020): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0331.

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MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) is an important modulator of a plenty of gene expressions and the interrelated biological processes, highly expressed in porcine pituitary. Norepinephrine (NE), acting as an important neurotransmitter or/and a hormone secreted excessively under stress, affects the synthesis and secretion of various hormones, including pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are the key hormones which regulate sexual maturation and reproductive functions. However, the relationship among NE, miR-7 and gonadotropin needs to be elucidated. The aim of this

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Iynedjian, P. B., P. Auberger, Y. Guigoz, and A. Le Cam. "Pretranslational regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) synthesis by glucagon and dexamethasone in adult rat hepatocytes." Biochemical Journal 225, no. 1 (1985): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2250077.

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The regulation of synthesis of the gluconeogenic cytosolic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by glucagon and glucocorticoid hormones was studied in hepatocytes maintained in suspension culture for 7 h. Specific antibodies were used to measure relative rates of enzyme synthesis after pulse-labelling of the cells with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine. Concomitantly, amounts of mRNA were quantified after translation in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate and specific immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Glucagon stimulated the rate of synthesis of PE

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Duthoit, Christine, Valérie Estienne, Frédéric Delom, et al. "Production of Immunoreactive Thyroglobulin C-Terminal Fragments during Thyroid Hormone Synthesis." Endocrinology 141, no. 7 (2000): 2518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.7.7573.

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Here, we studied the fragmentation of the prothyroid hormone, thyroglobulin (Tg), which occurs during thyroid hormone synthesis, a process which involves iodide, thyroperoxidase, and the H2O2-generating system, consisting of glucose and glucose oxidase. Various peptides were found to be immunoreactive to autoantibodies to Tg from patients and monoclonal antibodies directed against the immunodominant region of Tg. The smallest peptide (40 kDa) bore thyroid hormones and was identified at the C-terminal end of the Tg molecule, which shows homologies with acetylcholinesterase. Similar peptides wer

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Zomer, Gijsbert, and Johannes F. C. Stavenuiter. "Synthesis of 13C-labeled steroid hormones." Steroids 55, no. 10 (1990): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-128x(90)90012-z.

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26

Khalid, Muhammad Nouman. "Hormones Performs a Crucial Role in the Regulation of Cotton Fiber Synthesis." Current Research in Agriculture and Farming 2, no. 4 (2021): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.151.

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Cotton is the world's most important source of renewable fiber, and it is largely utilized in the textile industry to make clothes. In contrast to the ovule epidermis, cotton fibers are single cells that have differentiated from it, making them an attractive model system for the study of polyploidization, production of cell wall and elongation of cell. Plant hormones, that are present in very small low quantities in the plant, play essential roles in a variety of developmental processes, and new research has found that hormones play a critical role in controlling cotton fiber formation, as wel

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Berteaux, N., S. Lottin, E. Adriaenssens, et al. "Hormonal regulation of H19 gene expression in prostate epithelial cells." Journal of Endocrinology 183, no. 1 (2004): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05696.

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The H19 gene is transcribed in an mRNA-like noncoding RNA. When tumors of various organs or cell types are considered, H19 oncogene or tumor-suppressor status remains controversial. To address the potential regulation of H19 gene expression by an androgen steroid hormone (DHT: dihydrotestosterone) or by a peptidic hormone (PRL: prolactin), we performed experiments in rats systemically treated with chemical mediators. This range of in vivo experiments demonstrated that chronic hyperprol-actinemia upregulated the H19 expression in epithelial and stromal cells whereas DHT downregulated the gene.

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Braverman, L. E. "Evaluation of thyroid status in patients with thyrotoxicosis." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 1 (1996): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.1.174.

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Abstract The generic term thyrotoxicosis defines the clinical syndrome of hypermetabolism associated with excess amounts of circulating free thyroxine (T4) and (or) triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, irrespective of the source of the excess hormones. The term hyperthyroidism is reserved for those patients with thyrotoxicosis caused by increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the gland due either to thyroid stimulators in the blood or to autonomously functioning thyroid nodules and is almost always associated with an increased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) by the thyroid

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Castro-caldas, M., A. F. Mendes, C. B. Duarte, and M. C. F. Lopes. "Dexamethasone-induced and estradiol-induced CREB activation and annexin 1 expression in CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic cells: evidence for the involvement of cAMP and p38 MAPK." Mediators of Inflammation 12, no. 6 (2003): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350310001633351.

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Aims:Annexin 1 (ANXA1), a member of the annexin family of calcium-binding and phospholipid-binding proteins, is a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of steroid hormones. We have previously demonstrated that, in the human lymphoblastic CCRF-CEM cell line, both the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone (Dex), and the estrogen hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2β), induce the synthesis of ANXA1, by a mechanism independent of the activation of their nuclear receptors. Recently, it was reported that the gene coding for ANXA1 contains a cAMP-responsive element (CRE). In this work, we inv

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Ivanova, Alina O., Maria I. Yarmolinskaya, Natalia N. Tkachenko, and Ekaterina A. Kondratyeva. "Importance of neurotransmitters in the regulation of the reproductive system." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 69, no. 1 (2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd69195-108.

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Hypothesis/aims of study. Recently, due to empowering the improvement of care for patients with traumatic brain injury and creating effective methods of intensive therapy for severe brain lesions of various genesis, there has been a tendency towards an increased number of patients who have gone out of a coma into an unconscious state a vegetative state or an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (BS / UWS). The functions of the brain stem and hypothalamus in patients in a BS / UWS are preserved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the relationship between the regulation of se

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Silveira, Gabriel Fernandes, Andréia Buffon, and Alessandra Nejar Bruno. "New Approaches to Thyroid Hormones and Purinergic Signaling." Journal of Thyroid Research 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/434727.

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It is known that thyroid hormones influence a wide variety of events at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Thyroid hormones (TH) play pivotal roles in growth, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, development, and metabolic homeostasis via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) by controlling the expression of TR target genes. Most of these effects result in pathological and physiological events and are already well described in the literature. Even so, many recent studies have been devoted to bringing new information on problems in controlling the synthesis and release of thes

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Talamillo, Ana, David Martín, Roland Hjerpe, Jonatan Sánchez, and Rosa Barrio. "SUMO and ubiquitin modifications during steroid hormone synthesis and function." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 1 (2010): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380054.

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Steroid hormones control many aspects of animal physiology and behaviour. They are highly regulated, among other mechanisms, by post-translational modifications of the transcription factors involved in their synthesis and response. In the present review, we will focus on the influence of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) and ubiquitin modifications on the function of transcription factors involved in adrenal cortex formation, steroidogenesis and the hormonal response.

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Pradhananga, Sarbendra, and Jon R. Sayers. "Natural synthesis: Biologics, biosimilars and biobetters in protein hormone therapy." Biochemist 34, no. 1 (2012): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03401010.

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Hormone therapies have been used since the early 20th Century and belong to a group of drugs that has recently become known as ‘biologics’. Biologics are medicinal products that have been produced by biological processes as opposed to chemically synthesized drugs. The term biologics spans a wide range of products that include therapeutics such as organs, tissue, cells, blood or blood components, vaccines and proteins. This ‘proteins’ subgroup can be further subdivided into therapeutics such as antibodies, enzymes and hormones. The first hormone therapeutics were extracted from human or animal

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Toth, Michael J., Cynthia K. Sites, and Dwight E. Matthews. "Role of ovarian hormones in the regulation of protein metabolism in women: effects of menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 3 (2006): E639—E646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2006.

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The age-related decline in fat-free mass is accelerated in women after menopause, implying that ovarian hormone deficiency may have catabolic effects on lean tissue. Because fat-free tissue mass is largely determined by its protein content, alterations in ovarian hormones would likely exert regulatory control through effects on protein balance. To address the hypothesis that ovarian hormones regulate protein metabolism, we examined the effect of menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on protein turnover. Whole body protein breakdown, oxidation, and synthesis were measured unde

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Maggio, Marcello, Francesca De Vita, Alberto Fisichella, et al. "The Role of the Multiple Hormonal Dysregulation in the Onset of “Anemia of Aging”: Focus on Testosterone, IGF-1, and Thyroid Hormones." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/292574.

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Anemia is a multifactorial condition whose prevalence increases in both sexes after the fifth decade of life. It is a highly represented phenomenon in older adults and in one-third of cases is “unexplained.” Ageing process is also characterized by a “multiple hormonal dysregulation” with disruption in gonadal, adrenal, and somatotropic axes. Experimental studies suggest that anabolic hormones such as testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones are able to increase erythroid mass, erythropoietin synthesis, and iron bioavailability, underlining a potential role of multiple hormonal changes in the

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Yang, Meng, Feng Ma, and Min Guan. "Role of Steroid Hormones in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Metabolites 11, no. 5 (2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050320.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and may progress to cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. A number of steroid hormones are important regulators of lipid homeostasis through fine tuning the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, export, and metabolism. Dysregulation of such pathways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of this review is to clarify the potential impact of steroid hormones on NAFLD. We also highlight potential interventions through modulating steroid hormone levels or the activities of

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Bourne, G. A., and D. M. Baldwin. "Evidence for cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin secretion from female pituitaries." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 3 (1987): E290—E295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e290.

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Sodium flufenamate, which inhibited gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated increases in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), was used to evaluate the potential role of cAMP as a mediator of GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion. Quartered pituitaries from diestrous II female rats were perifused at 37 degrees C, and sequential effluent fractions were collected every 10 min. Administration of GnRH resulted in a characteristic biphasic response for both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), whereas 5 microM cycloheximide inhibited the secondary augmen

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Bourne, G. A., and D. M. Baldwin. "Evidence for cAMP as a mediator of gonadotropin secretion from male pituitaries." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 3 (1987): E296—E299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e296.

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The purpose of this study was to use sodium flufenamate, a compound that inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production in the pituitary, to evaluate the potential role of cAMP as a mediator of GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion from male pituitaries. Quartered male pituitaries were perifused at 37 degrees C and sequential effluent fractions collected every 10 min. Infusions of GnRH resulted in a twofold increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Cycloheximide, 5 microM, completely

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Kirsten, Denise. "The Thyroid Gland: Physiology and Pathophysiology." Neonatal Network 19, no. 8 (2000): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.19.8.11.

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The thyroid gland contains many follicular cells that store the thyroid hormones within the thyroglobulin molecule until they are needed by the body. The thyroid hormones, often referred to as the major metabolic hormones, affect virtually every cell in the body. Synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones depend on the presence of iodine and tyrosine as well as maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Interruption of this development, as occurs with premature delivery, results in inadequate production of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine, leading to a variety of ph

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Ząbczyńska, Marta, Kamila Kozłowska, and Ewa Pocheć. "Glycosylation in the Thyroid Gland: Vital Aspects of Glycoprotein Function in Thyrocyte Physiology and Thyroid Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (2018): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092792.

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The key proteins responsible for hormone synthesis in the thyroid are glycosylated. Oligosaccharides strongly affect the function of glycosylated proteins. Both thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland and TSH receptors on the surface of thyrocytes contain N-glycans, which are crucial to their proper activity. Thyroglobulin (Tg), the protein backbone for synthesis of thyroid hormones, is a heavily N-glycosylated protein, containing 20 putative N-glycosylated sites. N-oligosaccharides play a role in Tg transport into the follicular lumen, where thyroid hormones are prod

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Doumandji, Lotfi, Hubert Matondo, Sébastien Estaran, et al. "Synthesis of retinoid analogues of juvenile hormones." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 31, no. 10 (2017): e3736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.3736.

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J.M Bassett. "Maternal: infant interactions and growth in lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001984x.

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Hormones play a vital role in promoting growth and in re-ordering metabolic priorities among tissues in a wide variety of physiological situations important to animal production. During pregnancy and lactation, however, the hormonal requirements for growth promotion in the developing infant seem diametrically opposed to those necessary within the mother for support of pregnancy and later for the provision of milk to the suckling young. Fetal endocrine autonomy clearly plays an essential role in protecting prenatal development. Despite this, fetal metabolism cannot be isolated altogether from t

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Toth, Michael J., Cynthia K. Sites, Dwight E. Matthews, and Peter R. Casson. "Ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reduces whole body protein turnover in women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 3 (2006): E483—E490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2005.

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The age-related decline in fat-free mass is accelerated in women after menopause. The role of ovarian hormone deficiency in the regulation of fat-free mass, however, has not been clearly defined. To address this question, we examined the effect of ovarian hormone suppression on whole body protein metabolism. Whole body protein breakdown, oxidation, and synthesis were measured using [13C]leucine in young, healthy women with regular menstrual patterns before and after 2 mo of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa; n = 6) or placebo ( n = 7). Protein metabolism was measured

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Pfeilschifter, J., A. Kurtz, and C. Bauer. "Role of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in vasoconstrictor-induced prostaglandin synthesis in cultured rat renal mesangial cells." Biochemical Journal 234, no. 1 (1986): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2340125.

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It was the aim of the present study to find out if a common mechanism exists by which the vasoconstrictive hormones angiotension II, noradrenaline and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC) increase prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in cultures of rat renal mesangial cells. Angiotension II, noradrenaline and AGEPC stimulated PGE2 synthesis and uptake of 45Ca2+ in cultured mesangial cells. Both of these effects could be completely suppressed by the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Angiotensin II, noradrenaline and AGEPC caused a rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisp

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Moset Zupan, Andreja Moset, Carolyn Nietupski, and Stacey C. Schutte. "Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Eliminates Sex Differences in Estradiol-Induced Elastin Production from Engineered Dermal Substitutes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126358.

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Lack of adult cells’ ability to produce sufficient amounts of elastin and assemble functional elastic fibers is an issue for creating skin substitutes that closely match native skin properties. The effects of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen, have been studied due to the known effects on elastin post-menopause, thus have primarily included older mostly female populations. In this study, we examined the effects of female sex hormones on the synthesis of elastin by female and male human dermal fibroblasts in engineered dermal substitutes. Differences between the sexes were observed with 1

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Sousa, J. C., G. Morreale de Escobar, P. Oliveira, M. J. Saraiva, and J. A. Palha. "Transthyretin is not necessary for thyroid hormone metabolism in conditions of increased hormone demand." Journal of Endocrinology 187, no. 2 (2005): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06406.

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Thyroid hormones circulate in blood mainly bound to plasma proteins. Transthyretin is the major thyroxine plasma carrier in mice. Studies in transthyretin-null mice revealed that the absence of transthyretin results in euthyroid hypothyroxinemia and normal thyroid hormone tissue distribution, with the exception of the choroid plexus in the brain. Therefore, transthyretin does not influence normal thyroid hormone homeostasis under standard laboratory conditions. To investigate if transthyretin has a buffer/storage role we challenged transthyretin-null and wild-type mice with conditions of incre

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Ma, Yaluan, Patricia Freitag, Jie Zhou, Bernhard Brüne, Stilla Frede, and Joachim Fandrey. "Thyroid hormone induces erythropoietin gene expression through augmented accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 3 (2004): R600—R607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2004.

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Oxygen is of vital importance for the metabolism and function of all cells in the human body. Hypoxia, the reduction of oxygen supply, results in adaptationally appropriate alterations in gene expression through the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) to overcome any shortage of oxygen. Thyroid hormones are required for normal function of nearly all tissues, with major effects on oxygen consumption and metabolic rate. Thyroid hormones have been found to augment the oxygen capacity of the blood by increasing the production of erythropoietin (EPO) and to improve perfusion by vasodil

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Kirschenbaum, S. R., and M. O'Shea. "Postembryonic proliferation of neuroendocrine cells expressing adipokinetic hormone peptides in the corpora cardiaca of the locust." Development 118, no. 4 (1993): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.4.1181.

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Neuroendocrine glands that synthesize and secrete peptide hormones regulate the levels of these peptide messengers during development. In this article we describe a mechanism for regulating neuropeptide levels in the corpora cardiaca of the locust Schistocerca gregaria, a neuroendocrine gland structurally analogous to the vertebrate adenohypophysis. A set of five colocalized peptide hormones of the adipokinetic hormone family is synthesized in intrinsic neurosecretory cells in the corpora cardiaca. During postembryonic development there are progressive changes in the absolute and relative leve

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Walker, Peter. "Neonatal hyperthyroidism alters submandibular gland epidermal growth factor response to thyroxine in the adult mouse." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 9 (1985): 1151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-188.

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Neonatal hyperthyroidism (NH) in the rat is associated with permanent reductions in serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in the adult, changes suggestive of a hypothyroid state. In the adult NH rat, the thyrotroph appears to be more sensitive to the feedback effects of thyroid hormones. To determine whether thyroid hormone sensitive tissues retain their responsiveness to thyroid hormones, the long-term effects of NH on mouse submandibular gland (SMG) epidermal growth factor (EGF) content were examined. NH was induced in female mice b

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Mohamedali, Mohamed, Srikanth Reddy Maddika, Anix Vyas, Viswanathan Iyer, and Pramil Cheriyath. "Thyroid Disorders and Chronic Kidney Disease." International Journal of Nephrology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/520281.

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Thyroid hormones play a very important role regulating metabolism, development, protein synthesis, and influencing other hormone functions. The two main hormones produced by the thyroid are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones can also have significant impact on kidney disease so it is important to consider the physiological association of thyroid dysfunction in relation to chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD has been known to affect the pituitary-thyroid axis and the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Low T3 levels are the most common laboratory finding followed by s

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