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1
Cross, Pamela J. "Horse Burial in First Millennium AD Britain: Issues of Interpretation." European Journal of Archaeology 14, no. 1-2 (2011): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146195711798369409.
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Burial of horses and horse-elements occurred throughout Europe during the first millennium AD. These burials are prevalent in northwest Europe and are perhaps more significant in Britain than previously realised. This article explores the position and value of the horse within Britain during this period and why the burials are likely to represent ritual deposition. Both horse and human-horse burials, are linked to non-Christian burial and sacrificial practices of the Iron Age and Early Medieval period and are particularly associated with Anglo- Saxon and Viking Britain. Some of the traditions appear to reflect the culture described in the Icelandic Sagas, Beowulf, and other legends and chronicles. Archaeologically, the human-horse burials are also linked with high status individuals and ‘warrior graves’, while complete-horse and horse-element burials may represent ritual feasting and/or sacrificial rites which are probably linked with fertility, luck, and the ancestors.
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Novichikhin, Andrey. "The Complex of Bronze Snaffles from the Area of Malye Semibratnye Barrows." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2019): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.1.6.
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Anapa archaeological museum stores a bronze snaffle complex, which was found on arable lands near Chekon khutor in 2013. The complex was found in the area of the barrow group known as Malye Semibratnye barrows. Complex includes two pairs of two-hole snaffles: a pair with a sickle-shaped blade and an L-shaped pair. Sickle-shaped snaffles have analogies in the materials of the IV Semibratnyy barrow. L-shaped snaffles are among the most common ones in Scythian burial monuments. They are famous by finds from the burial mounds of the necropolis of Nymphaeum and Semibratnye barrows. The existing analogies allow us to date the complex to the 5th century BC. The complex of horse equipment items found in the inter-burial space is similar to the topography of Scythian and early Sarmatian necropolises famous for individual burial complexes and complexes of ritual items including horse equipment found outside of the barrows. Perhaps the complex was a set of pair horse harness of a funeral wagon. The discovery expands the idea of the funeral and memorial rites of the Sindian nobility, allowing to connect it with traditions that existed in the Scythian and early Sarmatian societies.
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Tishkin, Alexey A., Natalya A. Plasteeva, and Sergey S. Minyaev. "Horses from Xiongnu Elite Burial Complex Tsaram." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 35 (March 25, 2021): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.1.35.205.215.
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The paper presents morphological description of horse remains from the elite burial complex Tsaram dated to the Xiongnu period. The complex is located in the Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russia) and consists of one central burial № 7 and accompanying funerary objects. In the grave pit of the largest burial a typical Han chariot was found, which was damaged during later intrusions. The skeletal remains (skull, two cervical vertebrae, metapodials and phalanges) belonged to one stallion were excavated near the chariot. At the northern edge of the grave pit the sacrificial complex with numerous remains of domestic animals was discovered. The animal sacrifice included remains of 25 horse individuals, both males and females. All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: only bones of the head, distal parts of the forelimbs and hind limbs are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral practice horse skins were used instead of whole carcasses. Among sacrificed horses, adult and senile individuals predominated. The number of young individuals is small, while juveniles are absent. The withers height attributes horses to the small, short and medium Vitt's categories. The chariot horse had a larger body size than other horses. The morphometric analysis demonstrates that Tsaram horses are different in the size and proportions of the limb bones from the Paziryk and Bulan-Kobin horses.
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Gulyás, Bence, and Gábor Lőrinczy. "Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megye avar sírleletei V. Kora avar kori padmalyos temetkezés Tiszavasvári, Eszenyi-telekről." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 6 (2018): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2018.6.89.
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In 1960, an isolated grave – dated to the early Avar period – was found in Tiszavasvári, on the plot of Miklós eszenyi. According to the burial customs (the nee-sWW orientation of the deceased, the niche grave, the horse skin burial), this grave fits well into the type characteristic of the early Avar period the Trans-Tisza region. in this article, we examine two parts of the horse harness in detail, i.e. the bone cylinder for fastening the stirrup leather and the omega shaped iron object which was attached to the saddle for fixing the bridle.
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Myshkin, Vladimir Nikolaevich. "The barrow 21 of the burial ground Filippovka I: items of horse equipment and date of the complex." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201873221.
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This article deals with equestrian ammunition items found near the burial mound of the 21 Filipovka I burial ground in the Orenburg region in order to establish the time of construction of this burial mound. The burial mound Filippovka I was a necropolis of the social elite of nomads who inhabited the steppes of the Southern Urals in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The richness of the funerary inventory and the complexity of the ritual actions performed during the erection of the burial mounds make it possible to study many aspects of the history and culture of these tribes. This determines the importance of a comprehensive study of the materials of this burial ground. Equipping a horse includes four bronze objects: two bridle plaques, check-piece and headband decoration bridle were found around the barrow 21 Filippovka I burial ground. Some of these items have close analogies among the details of equine ammunition from the Scythian monuments of the Black Sea North Littoral, dated by import items. The analogies that exist among the Scythian antiquities allow us to date the burial mound of the burial ground of Filippovka I during the time of the 4th century BC. The presence of such things as a headband in the form of a griffin head and a bridle plaque in the form of a wolf's head fixes the existence of the cultural interaction of nomads who left the burial ground of Filippovka I with the western Scythian world of the Northern Black Sea Coast
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Bunyatyan, Ekaterina P., and Elena E. Fialko. "A Scythian Burial-Mound with a Sarcophagus Bearing Painted Decoration." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 2 (2011): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x595130.
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Abstract In 1976 an expedition of the Archaeology Institute of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic investigated Scythian Burial-mound No. 9 in a group of burial-mounds near the village of Mar’evka in the Zaporozhie District of the Zaporozhie Region. The mound had been erected from blocks of turf in the manner traditional for the Scythians. Later on a Polovtsian shrine was evidently erected on top of the mound but in the post-Medieval period this would appear to have been destroyed (the base and the lower part of a statue have survived intact). The mound was erected over a grave in the form of a catacomb with two entrances and a burial of a bridled horse in a separate pit. The grave was looted in antiquity. Among the remains of grave goods typical for Scythian burials of various levels rare items were also discovered, including fragments of a sword with one cutting edge, a gold ring with a coin used for its bezel (a Pantikapaion stater). The most remarkable find of all was a board from the lid of a sarcophagus bearing painted decoration. The decoration, applied in three tiers, consisted of battle scenes depicting three pairs of fighting warriors. The attire, weaponry and poses of the warriors make it possible to assume that the decoration illustrates one of the motifs from the mythology of Ancient Greece – Amazonomachy. The dimensions and arrangement of the burial-chamber and the diverse grave goods indicate that a number of individuals had been buried in it – an individual of high rank accompanied by his servants. Details of the funerary rite (the overall lay-out of the grave and its details, features of the horse burial) and also the range of artefacts enable us to date the burial-mound to the very end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd century BC.
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Grishakov, Valeriy, and Oleg Sedyshev. "Riding Horse Harness (Based on Materials from the Chulkovo Burial Ground)." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 6 (December 20, 2013): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2013.4.6.107.117.
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Schrader, Sarah A., Stuart Tyson Smith, Sandra Olsen, and Michele Buzon. "Symbolic equids and Kushite state formation: a horse burial at Tombos." Antiquity 92, no. 362 (April 2018): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.239.
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Radovsky, S. S., and N. N. Seregin. "Accompanying Burials of Horses in the Funeral Rite of the Population of the Bystryanka Culture of Altai in the Scythian-Saka Time." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 2(118) (June 4, 2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)2-12.
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The article presents the results of the study of one of the elements of the ritual practice of the population of the Bystryanka archaeological culture — the tradition of arranging accompanying burials of horses to a person's burial. The analysis of materials from excavations of all known necropolises of the northern foothills of Altai of the Scythian-Saka time with the involvement of information about the complexes of «early» nomads in adjacent territories is carried out. Despite the known limitations of the source base, including those associated with the robbery of most of the objects, the available data turned out to be sufficient to indicate the key characteristics of horse burials made by the population of the Bystryanka culture. It was found that one horse or several animals were in 59 objects studied at 18 burial grounds, which is about a third of the recorded complexes. As a rule, the horse was placed on the step to the right of the deceased person, parallel to it and was oriented in the same sector of the horizon as the deceased, most often in the western direction. The fixation of elements of equipment on horses probably reflects the key «transport» function of animals in the ritual practice of the ancient population.
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Lee, Jihyun, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, and David E. Johnson. "Germination of Fresh Horse Purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) Seeds in Response to Different Environmental Factors." Weed Science 59, no. 4 (December 2011): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00002.1.
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Horse purslane, a C4 species, is a branched, prostrate, and annual weed of upland field crops throughout the tropics. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of two populations of horse purslane. Seeds were collected from rice fields of the International Rice Research Institute (the IR population) and from sorghum fields of the University of the Philippines (the UP population); the two sites were 5 km apart in Los Baños, Philippines. Germination response of both populations was greater at 30/20 C and35/25 C day/night temperatures than they were at 25/15 C alternating day/night temperatures. Germination of both populations was greater in the light/dark regime than in darkness. In dark, depending on the temperature, seed germination of the UP population ranged from 37 to 62%, whereas seed germination of the IR population was < 20%. Exposure to 5 min at 117 and 119 C for the IR and UP populations, respectively, reduced germination to 50% of maximum germination. Osmotic potential of −0.26 MPa inhibited germination to 50% of the maximum for the UP population, whereas the corresponding value for the IR population was −0.37 MPa. Seeds placed on or near the soil surface had maximum emergence, and emergence declined with increase in seed burial depth. Seedling emergence of the UP and IR populations was 74% and 13%, respectively, for seeds placed on the soil surface. For both populations, no seedlings emerged from a soil burial depth of 6 cm or more. Germination and emergence responses to light and seed burial depth differed between the two populations of horse purslane. Residues on the soil surface of up to 6 Mg ha−1 did not influence seedling emergence of either populations. Knowledge gained in this study could contribute to developing components of integrated weed management strategies for horse purslane.
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Chang, YoonChung. "The ritual of the horse trappings of Gaya -Focusing on the custom of burial of horse trappings-." Journal of Human Studies 54 (February 28, 2021): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33638/jhs.54.2.
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Podushkin, Alexandr. "Archaeological Complexes from Catacomb of South Kazakhstan in the Context of Sarmatian Themes." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, я (June 2021): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2021.1.13.
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The article is devoted to archaeological research of new discovered burial structures in the form of catacomb at the Kylyshzhar cemetery (1st century BC – 3rd century AD), in which artifacts were found similar to the monuments of the Sarmatian appearance. They include a number of ritual actions and burial implements close to the burial practice of the Sarmatians: range and blade weapons (iron tang daggers with a stone pommel, arrowheads), horse tack (iron girth buckles), bronze mirrors, household items and ritual objects (iron buckles, chalk amulets), jewelry (Egyptian faience ribbed beads). The characteristics of the grave goods from the catacombs of the Kylyshzhar cemetery, chronological calculations and ethno cultural interpretations indicate partial similarity between mentioned burials and the Sarmatian monuments of the 1st century BC – 3rd century AD despite major differences in such significant details of the funeral rite as the construction of burial pits and the orientation of the buried ones.
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A., Tishkin, Iderkhangai T.-O., Plasteeva N., Orgilbayar S., and Tsend D. "Undisturbed Burial of the Slab Grave Culture with a Horse Skull in Northern Mongolia." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 2 (2021): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(2).-12.
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The article presents detailed results of archaeological excavations carried out on the territory of Northern Mongolia in the valley of the Egiin-gol river. Under one of the stone layouts at the Kharuulyn Gozgor site there was an undisturbed human burial which belongs to the culture of slab graves. A feature of this object is the presence of a horse skull and other animal bones. Special attention was paid to the study of the osteological remains of the horse since such finds are quite rare. On the basis of archaeozoological determinations, it was concluded that the grave contained the skull and lower jaw of a stallion aged 12–15 years old and some bones of its forelimbs. The notice was made of the injuries to the parietal and frontal bones obtained during the killing of the horse which judging by the given morphometric parameters was not large. The skull and individual bones of a young sheep were also found. The obtained osteological materials are important for carrying out paleogenetic studies. Key words: Northern Mongolia, culture of slab graves, archaeological excavations, human burial, horse skull, sheep bones, archaeozoological definitions Acknowledgments: Field research was carried out within the framework of the international program of the St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution of Culture “Museum-Institute of the Roerich Family” (Russia) and during the archaeological practice of students of Ulaanbaatar University (Mongolia). Analytical work and writing of the article were carried out with partial financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 19–59–15001 “Horses and Their Importance in the Life of the Ancient Population of Altai and Adjacent Territories: Interdisciplinary Research and Reconstruction”).
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Morgunova, N. L. "A Zoomorphic Antler Staff from an Early Neolithic Burial at Pushkinsky, the Orenburg Region." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.2.014-021.
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I describe a rare artifact—a staff with a zoomorphic finial, carved from the curved part of an elk antler. It was found in 1982 on a bank of the Tok River, in the western Orenburg region. The artifact was in a seated burial, discovered by chance. The archaeological context is described, and a cultural and chronological attribution is proposed. It is concluded that the burial is associated with the Early Neolithic Elshanka culture. Similar staffs were found mostly in Mesolithic and Neolithic burials in the forest zone of Eastern Europe. Radiocarbon analyses suggest that seated burials with zoomorphic antler staffs date to the interval from the 6th to the early 3rd millennium BC. The peculiar feature of the Pushkinsky specimen is that it likely depicts a horse rather than an elk, probably because the economy in the steppe and forest-steppe focused on horse hunting. Such artifacts were apparently ritual, and the practice could have originated in the steppe and forest-steppe from whence it spread to the forest zone.
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Siekerska, O. P. "ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL COMPLEXES OF SCYTHIAN BARROWS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.29.
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Archaeozoological studies of the complexes of the Scythian burial mounds Babina and Vodyana Mohyly, the Berdyansk Kurhan and barrow group 1 near the town of Kamenka-Dneprovska allow to make the following generalizations. As the studied materials show, the horse was widely used in the funeral rites of the Scythians. Parts of the carcasses of horses were placed in the burial as a farewell food, meat horses were used for conducting funeral rites, horses were buried with their owners. Sheep and cattle were also used as food. During the funeral rites parts of the carcasses of wild animals — European deer and wild boar — were used as well.
In some cases sex and age of animals that were selected for ritual and funeral rites can be established. Commonly the horses of two age categories — young (4—5 years) and middle age (9—10 years), were used in funeral rites.
The vast majority of the horses belonged to the groups of stunted (128—136 cm at the withers) and medium growth (136—144 cm) horses according to their sizes. The exception are the horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: the Mare from burial 3 (very small, height 118.96 cm); the horse from the ditch and horse 2, which had above-average growth and belong to the group of tall.
According to the indices of massiveness of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, horses belonged to the groups of thin-legged (2 specimens), half-thin-legged (8 specimens) and medium-legged (4 specimens) horses, that is, most animals were half- thin-legged.
Horse 2 and horse from the ditch of the Babina Mohyla: moved fast gaits (trot and gallop) quite often, whereas horse 1 rarely resorted to it. Horse 1, obviously, a significant part of the first half of life could graze in the herd, where it formed a type of movement slow gait. This horse could inherit the massiveness of the leg from their ancestors, which were brought from another region. Horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: probably has moved mostly at a slow pace — by-step and slow trot.
Horses from the Berdyansk Kurhan were half-thin-legged, small and medium height at withers. They were formed on fairly hard and dry soils, and their type of movement was mainly fast.
Horses from the tumulus 1 of Kamenka-Dneprovska was a thin-legged and half-thin-legged, mostly — average growth and was approaching the horses running type.
A mixture of features, which are characteristics of horses of various types and, respectively, adaptation of animals to different types of movement may be indicative of their content in the herds for a long time. As a rule, such mixture of signs characterizes the wild animals that do not fall under targeted selection. However, in this case we can talk about large portion of the population of the Scythian horses, which is not selected «under the saddle» of persons of high social status.
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Tkachev, А. A. "«Long» barrow in the Menovnoe VI burial ground." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4 (51) (November 27, 2020): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-4.
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The pre-Mongolian time materials in the territory of the Irtysh River basin in Kazakhstan are associated with the functioning of the Kimak-Kipchak proto-state federation that existed in the end of the 1st — beginning of the 2nd mil. AD. Due to the nomadic lifestyle of these ethnic groups, the sites are represented by barrow cemeteries, the majority of which consists of «chains» of individual burial structures aligned in meridian direction. The most inter-esting funerary objects are the «long» mounds, usually ending the system of memorial structures in the northern or southern sector of the burial ground. Particular features of these objects include the presence of several attached enclosures under a common mound, which developed in the meridian direction, as well as the burial of children and adolescents, virtually unknown from individual Kimak-Kipchak mounds. Here, we analyse the materials of the «long» barrow of the Menovnoye VI burial ground, located in the Upper Irtysh region 1.5 km southeast from the village of Menovnoye, Tavrichesky District, East Kazakhstan Oblast. Under the kurgan mound, there was an en-closure with two extensions containing burials of two men, a teenager, and a child. The buried were laid stretched on their backs, with their heads towards the east. The remains of men and the teenager were accompanied by horses, and those of the child — with sheep bones. An adult man, buried within the central enclosure, apart from horse, was accompanied for his afterlife by a dog. The grave goods discovered with the buried represent wea-ponry items, military and horse equipment. The weaponry included fragments of a sword, a bone grip, arrowheads, combat and household knives. Horse harness items included stirrups and a bit made of iron, a bronze figured buckle with flexible iron prong. The child was accompanied by a bronze teardrop-shaped amulet pendant and a small cattle astragalus used for playing dice. The number of «long» mounds in the cemetery ranges from one or two to three or four. The number of individuals in them varies from 2–3 to 8–11, which emphasizes the familial proximity of adults and children buried together. The «long» barrows of the «Menovnoye VI type», which contained burials of male members of the society, reflected the presence of patriarchal family ties within the tribal communities on the one hand, and formation of patriarchal-feudal relations in the context of development of the Kimak-Kipchak nomadic proto-state on the other.
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Polosmak, N. V., E. S. Bogdanov, D. Tseveendorj, and N. Erdene-Ochir. "Silver Horse Harness Adornments From Suzukteh Burial Mound 20 (Noin Ula, Mongolia)." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39, no. 2 (June 2011): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2011.08.005.
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Gursoy, Muzaffer, Seryk Akylbek, and Kopjasar Jetibaev. "The Sarmatian ‘Horseback-riding’ Burial Tradition." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 2, 2020): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.23.
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The West Kazakhstan region, with its strategic location linking Asia to Europe, has many pasture areas and rivers. These natural factors provided an appropriate environment for human life and contributed to the development of animal husbandry. Throughout history, a great number of horse-mounted nomadic tribes lived in this region. One of these tribes, the Sarmatians, lived in the Iron Age. The Sarmatians were nomadic horsemen and like other steppe tribes were a part of the Kurgan culture. Kurgans have an important place with regard to demonstrating the burial traditions of the Sarmatians. In Kurgan excavations in west Kazakhstan a large number of horseback-riding burials – in which the deceased is positioned as if riding a horse –were found and these are the main subject of our study. Although archaeologists have attributed horseback-riding burials to the Sarmatians, they have not yet made a comment on the meaning of these burials in their belief system. In this study the meaning of these burials will be discussed and related to the belief system by comparing the horseback-riding burials in west Kazakhstan to burials which actually include horses in the Altai region.
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N., Konstantinov. "The Finds from the Destroyed Burial of the Pazyryk Culture in the Baragash Village (the Altai Republic)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-04.
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The paper presents the results of the study of finds originating from the destroyed burial in the village of Baragash (the Shebalino district, the Altai Republic), located in the upper reaches of the Peschanaya river. The burial was destroyed in 2015 during the digging of a trench for the water supply, which passed approximately through the center of the burial mound. During the inspection of the mound, the employees of the Agency for Cultural and Historical Heritage of the Altai Republic collected details of horse equipment, jewelry, household items and weapons. The burial contained bone arrowheads, a bead, plaques made of gold foil, bronze clips, a painted ceramic vessel, a whetstone, and a horn cheekpiece. Fragmentary information about the structural features of the destroyed object, as well as the analysis of items allows us to establish that the complex belongs to the Pazyryk culture of the Scythian time of Altai. The horn cheekpiece found in the burial, decorated with the heads of a wolf and a bird of prey, as well as bronze clips, make it possible to establish the attributing of the object to an early group of Pazyryk sites. The absolute dating of the complex can be tentatively established by the end of the 6th – 5th centuries BC.
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Fedorov, Vitaliy. "Burial Mound 7 of Sara Burial Ground (D.I. Zakharov’s Excavations, 1928): Historiographic Research." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2019): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.1.12.
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The article is devoted to historiographic research of the excavation materials from mound 7 of Sara burial ground. The excavations took place in the Eastern Orenburg area in 1928. The materials of these excavations entered scientific circulation in 1960 and contained serious errors, which greatly distorted the discoveries made there. B.F. Zhelezchikov, archaeologist from Volgograd, was the first to pay attention to this fact in 1997 but he just mentioned it briefly. We have conducted our own archival research and this article presents its results. The paper fully publishes the text of D.I. Zakharov’s report, his plan of Sara burial ground, the plan and cross-section view of mound 7 excavated by him. The paper characterizes the photos of the finds attached to Zakharov’s report as well. While comparing Zakharov’s data with the information which entered scientific circulation in the middle of the previous century under the name of “mound 7 of the burial ground near the village of Sara” we identified “extra” artifacts included into the report accidentally. For example, an iron dagger, most arrowheads, all items of horse harness, a whetstone, a stone tile and some decorations were excluded from the finds supposedly made in this mound. The letter from director of Orenburg Museum I.A. Zaretskiy confirmed the earlier suggestions that these objects were found during grave robberies and accidentally included into the collection of finds from mound 7 of Sara burial ground. The paper publishes an excerpt from this letter. We restored the true picture of the excavations of 1928 and observed the burial rite of the burial in mound 7 – cremation at the side of the burial.
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O'Regan, Hannah J., Keith Bland, Jane Evans, Matilda Holmes, Kirsty McLeod, Robert Philpott, Ian Smith, John Thorp, and David M. Wilkinson. "Rural Life, Roman Ways? Examination of Late Iron Age to Late Romano-British Burial Practice and Mobility at Dog Hole Cave, Cumbria." Britannia 51 (June 29, 2020): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x20000136.
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ABSTRACTThe scarcity of Romano-British human remains from north-west England has hindered understanding of burial practice in this region. Here, we report on the excavation of human and non-human animal remains1 and material culture from Dog Hole Cave, Haverbrack. Foetal and neonatal infants had been interred alongside a horse burial and puppies, lambs, calves and piglets in the very latest Iron Age to early Romano-British period, while the mid- to late Roman period is characterised by burials of older individuals with copper-alloy jewellery and beads. This material culture is more characteristic of urban sites, while isotope analysis indicates that the later individuals were largely from the local area. We discuss these results in terms of burial ritual in Cumbria and rural acculturation. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X20000136), and contains further information about the site and excavations, small finds, zooarchaeology, human osteology, site taphonomy, the palaeoenvironment, isotope methods and analysis, and finds listed in Benson and Bland 1963.
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Jakubiak, Krzysztof, Mateusz Iskra, Ashot Piliposyan, and Artavazd Zakyan. "Preliminary report on the 2016 season in Metsamor (Armenia)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1805.
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Excavation in Metsamor in 2016 was focused on the settlement area as well as necropolis. Extended trenches uncovered a substantial part of the settlement and contributed new stratigraphic and chronological data on the three phases of occupation, especially the heavy fire that appears to have destroyed the buildings in the early 8th century BC. A unique find from this level of destruction was a necklace made of sardonyx, agate and gold beads. In the post-Urartian period, the northeastern part of the settlement was clearly rearranged. Exploration of a kurgan tomb in the cemetery showed that the tomb had been reused for the most recent burial, looted, which may have included a symbolic horse burial. The construction of the tomb, based on finds from a layer at the bottom of the burial chamber, which included several golden adornments and beads of different materials, can be dated to the Middle Bronze Age, the latest burials to the Iron I period.
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Onischenko, S. S., P. V. German, M. M. Devyashin, and A. N. Sidelnikova. "Zooarchaeological Collection from Bolshepichuginsky Kurgan Burial Mound (According to the Excavations in 2013–2016)*." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-26-36.
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Numerous animal remains are part of burial practice in Tagar culture, therefore researches conducted to determine anatomic, specific, and age structure of zooarchaeological assemblages in certain tombs and whole cemeteries, their peculiarities and comparative analysis. The paper features an analysis of the faunistic collections from the kurgan burial mound of Tagar culture Bolshepichugino I (VI century – C.E.). In total, 75 samples from kurgan 13 were described and 2192 – from kurgan 16 have. The zooarchaeological assemblages consist of remains of a horse, cattle, and sheep, fox, doe, Asian badger, mountain hare, and birds. The peculiarities of the associated food were determined (scapula, 3–4 ribs, femur, and tibia of cattle and sheep). The use of right parts of animal bodies is discussed in the context of burial practice in the Early Tagar period. Remains of young animals (younger than 1 year) were also found in the materials. It is supposed that the burial mounds were made in winter time. Some domestic and wild bone assemblages located in different places of the kurgans are considered to belong to another period and culture or zoogenic processes. A special attention is paid to the doe and fox remains in the tombs since their carcasses might have been used in burial rituals. In total, the composition and specifics of zooarchaeological materials make it possible to speak about similarity of forest-steppe and steppe early Tagar assemblages in this aspect of burial practice.
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Vsevolod I., Lyasovich. "Burials with Weapons and Horse Bridle of Yuldashevsky Burial Ground in the South Ural Region." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 3 (June 2021): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-3-152-166.
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The study of the peculiarities of the armament of the Pianobor tribes is an urgent direction of modern archaeological science. The purpose of this article is to isolate and then analyze the sets of weapons for the male burials of the Yuldashevsky burial ground of the Pyanobor archaeological culture of the Early Iron Age. The problem of the study is to reconstruct the nature of the military culture of one local group in the Pianobor society. The novelty of the work is the fact that the totality of weapons in the burial, the weapon set, is considered within the framework of one specific archaeological monument, and not as a whole in terms of culture.The Yuldashevsky burial ground belongs to one of the necropolises of the Pianobor culture, where an increased content of weapons is noted. The occurrence as well as the combination of a certain type of weapon in the burial inventory makes it possible to distinguish weapon sets, as well as to designate popular types of weapons among a specific group of the drunken population. Applying the comparative-historical method, including the method of statistics and chronology, it was possible to focus on the number of weapon sets, their filling with weapons, the time frame of some weapons, and its similarity with the Kara-Abyz set of weapons. As well as the Kara-Abyz, the Pianobor culture inherited a set of weapons characteristics of the Ananyin time. Its indispensable attributes are: a) polearms in the form of spears with small points; b) arrowheads made of different materials ‒ bronze, iron and bone, with the domination of the latter in quiver sets; c) long single-edged blades ‒ combat knives. Despite the relative proximity of the habitat of the Pianobor tribes to the Sarmatian world, the latter did not have a significant impact on the armament complex of the Pyanobor tribes. Moreover, in the drunken environment, its own standardized weapon set was formed, represented by various variations in the mutual occurrence of a bow, spear and a combat knife. Keywords: Pianobor archaeological culture, weapons, burial ground, military burials, early Iron Age, Yuldashevsky burial ground, southern Urals
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Erlikh, V. R. "THE ELITE GRAVE OF THE WARRIOR OF THE PRE-SCYTHIAN AGE NEAR MAIKOP." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.31.
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The Ulka I cemetery was discovered on the site of the ancient Ulka settlement during rescue excavations conducted by A. V. Surkov in 2017. It is located 5.4 km northeast of Maykop (Adygea, RF). A total of four Proto-Maeotian burials were uncovered in these burial grounds. This article focuses on the wealthiest burial 3, which contained the remains of a warrior flanked by two horse skulls to the south — apparently in imitation of a cart or chariot. The burial inventory consisted of a long bimetallic sword with a length of 108 cm, a spearhead, a quiver with nine bronze arrows, gold and silver pendants of the «Šarengrad» type, gold-plated bronze buttons and various other items. Ananalysis of the funeral inventory shows that the main items belong to the Chernogorovka or Pre-Novocherkassk category of Proto-Maeotian material. However, the burial also contains later chronological indicators, e. g. arrowheads of the «Novocherkassk type» and aclasp of the «Slobodzeya» type. In general, it is possible to suggest a dating within the second half of the 8th century BC for the complex. The burial inventory indicates that the deceased belonged to the highest military elite of Proto-Maeotian society. He probably took part in military campaigns in the Trans-Caucasus, owned multiple herds of horses, and oversawtransactions and exchange with the elite of Central Europe.
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Sinika, Vitaliy, Sergey Lysenko, Nikolay Telnov, and Sergey Razumov. "Scythian Barrow of the Second Half of the 5th Century BC in the Lower Dniester Region." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2019): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.1.
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Introduction. The article publishes and analyses the materials obtained during excavations of Scythian barrow 9 of the group Vodovod near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeysk district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The barrow was surrounded by a ring ditch and contained two burials of medieval nomads - the main one, the Scythian, and the secondary, the inlet one. Methods. The mound was excavated by the method of parallel trenches, leaving stratigraphic profiles. When analyzing the materials obtained, a comparatively typological method was applied. Analysis. The main burial was made in a catacomb of unusual construction. The entrance well of the catacomb was filled with stone slabs and boulders characterized with utmost accuracy of production. Despite this, in antiquity the burial was robbed three times: through the entrance well, through the roof of the funeral chamber and through the robbery mine, which went to the burial chamber from the north-eastern floor of the mound. The preserved grave goods are represented with a handmade pot, an iron knife, an iron needle and an awl, a lead finial, a stone slab, a burned pebble, a piece of mineral paint, a wooden kneader, a bronze horse harness and golden pendants. The stone slab was made very carefully, and the wooden kneader is the second such find in the North-West Black Sea region. Bronze items of horse harness have no analogues in the Scythian burial complexes of the North Black Sea region. The construction of barrow 9 of the group Vodovod dates back to the second half of the 5th century BC and is determined on the basis of gold pendants, which analogies are known only in the Malyy Chertomlyk barrow in the Lower Dnieper region. Results.The most important is the fact that the studied barrow was found in the microzone (near the Glinoe village of the Slobodzeya district), where at the moment not only the Scythian burial sites of the 5th - 2nd centuries BC are known, but also a settlement of that time. This testifies to the continual dwelling of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester River during this period.
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Cowie, Robert, Alan Pipe, John Clark, and Jacqueline Pearce. "A Late Medieval and Tudor Horse Burial Ground: Excavations at Elverton Street, Westminster." Archaeological Journal 155, no. 1 (January 1998): 226–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1998.11078850.
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Hambleton, Ellen. "The Life of Things Long Dead: a Biography of Iron Age Animal Skulls from Battlesbury Bowl, Wiltshire." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23, no. 3 (October 2013): 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774313000486.
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This study expands perceptions of ritual behaviour in the British Iron Age, which conventionally focus on the deposition and burial of objects. Classification of animal bones as special deposits in Iron Age Britain, and interpretation of the ritual activities they may represent, has tended to concentrate on the significance of their burial location and composition and/or the cultural perception of the particular animal species deposited. Other than for consumption and sacrifice, little consideration has been given to the complex, dynamic histories (biographies) and cultural significance of animal remains in the period between death and burial. Detailed examination of the taphonomic and pre-depositional histories of animal deposits, are one means by which it is possible to explore the activities that occurred above ground in the past. Zooarchaeological investigations of a group of cattle and horse skulls from Battlesbury Bowl, Hampshire, provide an excellent example of a ‘special deposit’ where it was the objects themselves, as much as their species, location or structured burial that held special significance for the Iron Age community. By taking a biographical approach, we can create detailed narratives of archaeological animal bones and their treatment, thereby expanding the view of activities that fall under the ‘ritual’ umbrella.
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Sinika, Vitalii S., Nikolai P. Telnov, and Sergei D. Lysenko. "Scythian Burial-Mound 7 in the “Vodovod” Group in the Lower Reaches of the Dniester River." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 27, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 111–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341362.
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Abstract Materials obtained during investigation of Scythian burial-mound 7 in the “Vodovod” group in 2017 near the village of Glinoye in the Slobozia District on the east bank of the Lower Dniester are published here for the first time. The burial-mound contained five burials – four in pits and one in a catacomb. The burials in pits had been deposited at the turn of the 4th century BC and the catacomb burial dated from the first third of the 3rd century BC. The graves belonged to ordinary members of the community but contained a fairly distinctive range of grave goods. It was made up of weapons (arrowheads and an axe) and horse harness (a bit and a cheek-piece), vessels (a wooden dish, hand-moulded pot and a hand-moulded bowl), tools (knives, awls, a needle, spindle whorls and an abrasive tool) and jewellery (rings, a metal bracelet, beads, pendants made of shell, oolitic limestone and canine teeth of dogs). In addition tassel-holders, a bronze mirror and a flint strike-a-light were found. A bronze ring from burial 7/2 reflects La Tène influence and the hand-moulded cup from burial 7/4 reflects Thracian influence on the material culture of the Scythians in the North-West Pontic region. In general the funerary rite and range of grave goods demonstrate the transformation of Scythian culture during the second half of the 4th and first half of the 3rd century BC.
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Bibikov, D. V. "STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE CHAMBER GRAVES OF THE VIKING AGE IN THE MIDDLE DNIEPER REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.21.
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The basic structural elements of the chamber tombs of the 10th — beginning of 11th century from the territory of the Middle Dnieper are considered in the paper. The special features make possible to reconstruct their connection with the funeral traditions of other regions of Northern and Eastern Europe. Literary sources confidently point that the burial chamber semantically symbolized the home in which the deceased «settled». Like the synchronous residential buildings, the burial chambers had either a log cabin or frame pillar structure. The first of them were more widespread in the territory of Rus, the second one — in Scandinavia. The upper cover was obligatory that mimicked the roof of the house and provided free, empty space inside the chamber. In some cases, the board floor remnants were occurred, sometimes the boards lied on the transverse logs. In addition, the internal partition of the chambers sometimes can be traced, usually related to the accompanying burial of horse. Above the chamber the mound was built, the size of which depended on the social status of the deceased. In Kiev the chamber rite gradually acquired some specific features, such as the felling of the walls of tombs «in the roundabout» and the cover of tombs by overhead logs. These features make the Kiev and Pskov necropolises related and allow suggests that there were cases of purposeful resettlement of the part of Kyiv elite in northwestern Rus near the third quarter of the tenth century. In return, Shestovitsa demonstrates the closest connection to the Scandinavian Peninsula and Birka in particular. This relationship was revealed itself by the presence of soil steps for the concomitant horse burials and a high percentage of frame pillars in the chambers. The appearance within the tombs of additional element — the movable coffin — illustrates the spread of Christian ideology.
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Limberis, Natalya, and Ivan Marchenko. "Chronology of the Burials with Animal-Style Horse Harness from the Prikubansky Burial Ground." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (June 2018): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.3.9.
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Horvath, Veronika. "The Bronze Horse Bit from the Central Burial Chamber of the Kurgan Arzhan-1." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 63, no. 4 (December 2018): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2018.413.
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Zinchenko, A. S. "A 13th–14th Century AD “Horse Skin Burial” At Basandaika Kurgan 1, Western Siberia." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 41, no. 4 (December 2013): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2014.07.015.
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Kocsis, László, and Erzsébet Molnár. "A 6th–7th century solitary burial of a warrior with his horse at Tiszagyenda." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 72, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 137–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2021.00008.
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AbstractThe site of Tiszagyenda-Búszerző dűlő became known during the archaeological and field surveys prior to the construction of the Tiszaroff Dam. The site covered the northern part of a large contiguous Migration Period settlement, the southern extents of which were discovered within the same project.The settlement occupying both banks of the Tisza River's backwater had been inhabited for centuries. The first settlers in the Bronze Age (leaving behind three burials) were followed by the Sarmatians (seven burials), Gepids (nineteen burials), Avars (seven burials) and finally tribes of Hungarian conquerors (81 burials). Besides of the linear graveyards of common people, solitary, richly-furnished graves of the Gepid and the Avar Periods were also found.The solitary grave of an armed man was unearthed on the west bank of the Tisza's backwater. His horse and his dog, cut in half and thrown over the horse, were buried a couple steps away in a separate grave. Grave No. 1660 is of especially outstanding archaeological value. Dated by the solidus of Byzantian Emperor Maurikios Tiberius (582–602), the grave held rich finds decorated with Early Christian symbols. The mounts of the swordbelt and his belt-set refer to Lombard and Merovingian connections. The Gepid-Germanic warrior of Gyenda was buried in the early Avar period after the collapse of the Gepid Kingdom in 567–568, in the first decade of the 7th century.
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Beisenov, Arman Ziyadenovich, Daniyar Bolatbekovich Duisenbay, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Svyatko. "Barrow with «moustache» Zhamahtas." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763224.
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The monument consists of two parts - burial construction with the diameter of about 14 m and ritual construction located on its east side with the diameter of 10 m from which two stone arches go to the east. The elements of the complex are badly damaged due to using the stones for building. There is a burial pit under the south construction with the dimensions 2,81,41,4 m, which contains disturbed human skeleton. The skeleton was put with his head to the west. There was found a bronze mirror with side handle near his hip bone. In the east construction a round pit with the diameter of 0,8, the depth of 0,4, was found, at the bottom of which there were poorly preserved fragments from the tubular bones of a animal. Horse teeth were revealed to the north of the pit, and 14 fragments of the stucco vessel lay on its eastern side. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained from bone samples from the western and eastern constructions in the laboratory of the Royal University of Belfast, Great Britain. Common intervals of the calibrated value showed that: human burial in the western structure - VIII-V centuries BC, the bones of animals in the eastern structure - III-VI centuries AD. Thus, human burial relates to Tasmola culture, which does not contradict the mirror of the Early Saka image found in the grave. Bones of animals under the eastern structure, iprobably, were left during the Hun period.
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Mordvintseva, Valentina I., Nikolai F. Shevchenko, and Yuri P. Zaïtsev. "Princely Burial of the Hellenistic Period in the Mezmay Burial-Ground (North-Western Caucasus)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18, no. 2 (2012): 279–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341236.
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Abstract In 2004 a previously unknown burial-ground consisting of flat graves was discovered by grave-robbers on the northern slopes of the Central Caucasus range at a height of 800 metres above sea-level near the settlement of Mezmay in the Apsheronsk District of the Krasnodar region. In 2005 the first rescue excavations were undertaken. Among the assemblages so far investigated, the most interesting has been Grave No. 3, in which a warrior of aristocratic descent and high social rank had been laid to rest. Apart from the deceased warrior, there were also horse burials in this funerary complex and a large range of grave goods, the number and quality of which make the complex unique, not only for the Northern Caucasus but also for the whole North Pontic region. Two bronze helmets were found in it for example, iron chain-mail, swords, spear-heads, short spears and arrows, a battle-axe, bronze, glass and pottery vessels, gold jewellery, a bronze mirror, an iron tripod bearing zoomorphic depictions and many other artefacts. The preliminary date which has been assigned to the burial ranges from the late 3rd to the early 2nd century BC, while the necropolis itself is considered as belonging to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman eras. It is not possible to identify unequivocally the culture with which the Mezmay necropolis is linked, but it can for the time being be classified as linked to the range of Maeotian antiquities of the North-western Caucasus. Apart from Burial No. 3, bronze and iron helmets from the spoil heaps of the grave-robbers’ excavations are also published in this article.
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Perevodchikova, E. V., and K. B. Firsov. "ON THE DISPOSITION OF HORSES IN KOZEL BARROW." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.27.
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The article deals with the disposition of horses in Kozel barrow of the IV century BC situated in the left coast Lower Dnieper region. 11 horses were buried in three special tombs there. The horses were adorned with silver and bronze bridles, some had also saddles with golden plagues, and some had bronze breast (neck) dressings.
I. E. Zabelin, the author of excavation this barrow, had described the disposition of horses. We had analyzed the arrangement of horses on the basis of this description. We had seen some rhythm in the arrangement of the horses in silver and bronze dressings. The regularity observed was based on the colour difference of horse bridles. Comparing the results of our observations on the Kozel horses disposition with the disposition of horses in Chertomlyk barrow we had found some resemblance between them also basing on the colour difference of horse bridles.
A.Yu. Alexeev analyzing Chertomlyk horse tombs became to a conclusion this way of space organization of horse tombs is an evidence of royal status of the buried person. This conclusion may be applied for Kozel barrow also, but it is smaller and not so rich, and usually is interpreted as a burial of royal family member. But we should not forgot that nobody knows of the treasures contained this plundered barrow.
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Kuprii, S. O., O. V. Lifantii, and O. V. Shelekhan. "BARROW 6 OF VODOSLAVKA BURIAL GROUND. THE GRAVE OF SCYTHIAN NOBILITY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 182–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.11.
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This is the first publication of the barrow 6 of burial ground placed near Vodoslavka village in Novotroitskyi district of Kherson Oblast of Ukraine. Under the small mound of soil 1.4 m height two wealthy persons were buried in the same catacomb with two entering pits. Due to stratigraphy observation, the funeral rate in this case had two phases. Firstly, the body of Scythian noble warrior was placed in the grave in his armour and with weapon. Near him on the West his horse was putted in separate small grave. Some time since, the woman’s corpse dressed in ceremonial gown with gold decoration was placed near man in his grave. Lately, the grave was robbed (probably not long time since funeral rates). But robbers used the second entering pit for their purpose. It is very uncommon, that after taking some of the grave goods and disturbing the upper part of bodies, thefts have leaved in the second entering pit the animal sacrifice (?) — horse corpse.
The grave goods demonstrate the high social level of the two Scythians. The man was buried with representative set of weapon: set of ranged weapon, spears and javelins, scaled armour and antique greaves. On the woman’s skeleton the number of gold clothes decorations were recorded. Besides that, the set of silver table ware was found inside the catacomb, and the entrance to the grave was lock with wagon parts.
The analysis of the gold appliquйs and rings, armour, weapon and silver vessels shows the time of burial — second—third quarter of the 4th century BC. The area, where these noble Scythians found their last resting place, was strategically important at that time. This barrow was built on the way that leaded from the Bosporan Kingdom to the center of the Scythia in the Dnieper River area.
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N., Plasteeva, Dashkovskiy P., and Tishkin A. "Morphological Description of Horses from the Pazyryk Burials in North-Western Altai." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-09.
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The results of morphological examination of horse remains from the Pazyryk burials the North-Western Altai indicate a high similarity of buried animals in the height at the withers, size and proportions of their bones. Only stallions were buried in the Khankarinsky Dol, Inskoy Dol and Chineta-II burial mounds. Horses from these mounds were morphologically similar to the horses from other Pazyryk burials. The distinctive features of the Pazyryk burials in North-Western Altai are the higher proportion of young horses in the burials and the absence of animals which are above 144 cm at the withers. However, Pazyryk horses from Khankarinsky Dol, Inskoy Dol and Chineta-II burial mounds differ significantly in the size and proportions of the bones from horses which belonged to the previous Arzhano-Mayemir period of the Sayan region and the Bulan-Koby culture of the Xiongnu-Xianbei-Rouran period of the Altai. The morphological differences illustrate local characteristics of animals in the past times.
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Bill, Jan. "Protecting Against the Dead? On the Possible Use of Apotropaic Magic in the Oseberg Burial." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774315000438.
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The use of apotropaic practices, that is, of magic to protect against evil, is sometimes included in archaeological interpretations on the basis of similarities between archaeological objects and objects used in historically documented or present-day apotropaic practices. The present article attempts to develop the archaeological study of apotropaism by focussing on apotropaic ritual, in addition to apotropaic devices. The case study is a burial in ad 834 of a high-ranking Viking Age woman in the Norwegian Oseberg ship grave. Drawing on cognitive magic ritual theory, the study focuses on identifying both a repeated ritual core and a counter-intuitive, magic element in the series of actions that led to the deposition of five elaborately carved wooden animal heads in the burial, each combined with a rattling device probably related to horse driving. The study demonstrates that apotropaism provides a viable explanation for this rather puzzling aspect of the burial. In a wider perspective it emphasizes the importance of the contextual, in addition to the functional, interpretation of objects in graves. It also suggests that the use of animal figures and animal style in Viking Age artwork may have been more intimately connected with apotropaic beliefs than previously suggested.
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Kiryushin, K. Yu, Yu F. Kiryushin, K. N. Solodovnikov, Ya V. Frolov, Ye V. Shapetko, and A. V. Schmidt. "On the relative and absolute chronology of early burials at the Firsovo-XI burial ground (Barnaul Ob River region)." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(54) (August 27, 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-2.
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The present work addresses the issues of the absolute and relative chronology of early burials at the Firsovo-XI burial ground on the right bank of the Upper Ob River. Description of four burials of the site and results of their AMS 14C dating are reported, alongside with the cultural and chronological analogies among the contem-poraneous monuments of Altai. Eight burial places were discovered at Firsovo-XI, including five single graves, two double graves and one collective burial. The burials were arranged in two rows in the direction from northwest to southeast. The deceased were oriented with their heads to the north and northeast. The research concluded that the burials which form the cultural “core” of the Firsovo-XI burial place (burial grounds nos. 14, 15 and 42) belong to the Early Neolithic period, and their radiocarbon age is determined by the middle of the 5th millennium BC, while their calendar age fits into a very narrow interval of several decades or several centuries (a one-sigma interval of 5710–5460 cal BC and a two-sigma interval of 5740–5360 cal BC). The Neolithic burials of Firsovo-XI constitute a single chronological group with burials nos.1 and 13 of the Bolshoi Mys burial ground. It stands to reason that this group may grow in size over time, as the work on AMS 14C dating of early necropolises and single burials of the Upper Ob region expands. At this stage of research, the problem of identifying cultural and chrono-logical markers for the selected group of burials remains urgent. Within the framework of this study, it has been suggested that the ornaments made from the teeth of a bear and a horse (?), or an onager (?), take the role of such markers. It cannot be ruled out that with the appearance of new data such markers may include the orna-ments made from wolf teeth and double-sided polished knives with a concave blade. As a working hypothesis, it has been suggested that the date obtained for the cemetery no. 18 of Firsovo-XI (GV-02889 9106±80 BP) was not accidental and that this burial actually belongs to the final Mesolithic or early Neolithic period. The chronologi-cal and ritual specifics of this burial are also emphasized by the craniological specificity of the buried male, and by the large total size of the skull, which distinguishes him from the rest of those buried at the burial ground.
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Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria. "The Scythian tombs: Construction and geographical orientation." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 3 (2015): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000086.
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This paper details a new approach to the study of the Scythian burial mounds—the ‘planigraphy’ (or spatial analysis) of the mound and its burials, which follows two lines of enquiry that have so far been largely overlooked. Firstly, the statistics concerning the depth of all types of graves, such as primary and secondary burials, servants’ and horse graves, have been closely examined and compared because this parameter is an important mark of the social status and hierarchy of the deceased and their burials in Scythian funeral ceremonies. Secondly, grave locations within the mounds have been analysed with regard to their arrangement in relation to the ideal latitudinal and meridian axis of the Scythian mound. This analysis has led to the discovery of new facts concerning the planigraphy of the Scythian burial mound, which contribute to a more detailed understanding of the spatial representation of kinship and family hierarchy in Scythian society. The new evidence also sheds light on their system of geographical orientation in terms of cardinal points.
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Klepikov, Valeriy, and Mikhail Krivosheev. "Details of the Horse Bridle from the Burial of the Sarmatian Horseman from Kovalevka Kurgan Cemetery." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.12.
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Introduction. The article publishes and analyzes the materials founded by the kurgan research near the village of Kovalevka in the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve. Kurgan No. 13 is part of a kurgan cemetery, where the burials look relatively simultaneous and can be interpreted as a cemetery of nomadic migrants, settled in this territory in the confrontation with other Sarmatian groups. Methods. The authors pay special attention to the details of the horse bridle, to the type of the bits and cheek-pieces, and to the plaques, which decorated the straps of the headband. The traditional method of analogies is used for the analysis and interpretation of the material. Analysis. The type of rod cheek-pieces with two rectangular loops for fixing the rein in the central part and disc-shaped tips at the ends became widespread in the Sarmatian environment at the turn of the era. The cheekpieces and plaques were decorated with gold foil applications. Such burials are known in the Lower and Middle Volga region, Lower, Middle and Upper Don region, Kuban and in the Crimea. The authors find the origins of the tradition of making and using bits and cheek-pieces of this type in the East, in the regions of Transbaikal, Tuva, Altai and Northern China. The analysis of the bridle allows making the conclusion that it belonged to professional warriors-riders of upscale status. Results. The appearance of such burials coincides with the process of changing Sarmatian cultures at the turn of the eras, and probably the horsemen were active participants in these historical changes. However, it is impossible to define them as an ethnic group, or even to combine them within one archaeological culture. Therefore, the authors propose to see such riders as representatives of an intertribal aristocratic military group.
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Chernykh, Elizaveta M. "Items of Horse Equipment From Zuevsky Burial Ground of Ananyinо Culture of Cord Ceramics in Udmurtia." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 27 (March 25, 2019): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2019.1.27.136.149.
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Jumabekova, Gulnara S., and Galiya A. Bazarbayeva. "Highly-Artistic Embroidery in the Decor of Horse Equipment from the Elite Burial in Kazakh Altay." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 29 (September 25, 2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2019.3.29.115.127.
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Joint Archaeological Team Of Shanxi. "The Western Zhou cemetery at Dahekou in Yicheng County, Shanxi." Chinese Archaeology 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2012-0001.
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AbstractSince 2007, the excavations to the Dahekou Cemetery of the Western Zhou Dynasty located in Yicheng County, Shanxi Province have found over 600 burials and 20 chariot-and-horse pits, over 300 burials of which have been excavated. All of these burials were vertical shaft pit tombs in rectangular plan, most of which had waist pits containing dogs, some of which even had recesses on the walls. The burial furniture assemblages were single coffin, one outer coffin and one inner coffin or one outer coffin and two inner coffins. Most of the tomb occupants were in extended supine position; the grave goods of large
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Estemesov, Ernar A. "The Culture of the Sakas of Semirechye: Contemporary State and Current Issues of Study." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 3 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-3-22-35.
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Purpose. The article describes the history and analysis of the main issues in the study of archaeological sites of the Saka period in Semirechye. They are presented by three main types on this territory: burial and memorial complexes, settlements and hoards. The first type of monuments includes numerous burial mounds, where the elite burials of “royal” type and ordinary burials are located. Both social groups are combined by the unity of funeral rites, and the main differences are the complexity of architecture, memorial practices, and richness of burial equipment in the “royal” type burial mounds. The second category of monuments is presented by the settlements that are mostly small in size. The constructions like half dugouts were discovered on them, which gave a rich ceramic material. The third type of monuments of the Saka period in Semirechye includes numerous hoards of bronze items. Some of them are represented by the cult objects (sacrificial tables, lamps and cauldrons) that mark the places of worship. A significant percentage of the hoards contain items of weapons, horse equipment and household purposes and, apparently, serve as offerings to the spirits. However, despite the considerable progress in the study of the Saka monuments of the Semirechye Region, the main problem is their cultural attribution at this time. Some researchers suggest that the independent Saka archaeological culture was formed and developed on the territory of Semirechye in the Early Iron Age, while others believe that the Saka monuments of this region belong to the broader historical and cultural community that also covers the neighboring regions of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang. Results Another important issue in the study of the Saka sites of Semirechye is to clarify the chronology of burial and memorial complexes. Up to now, the significant database of radiocarbon dates has been accumulated, which allows us to consider the chronological positions of a wide range of monuments in a new way. It was of great importance to obtain such dates from several burials of Karatuma necropolis, which showed that it belonged to the Saka period, since burial monuments of this appearance are traditionally dated back to the Wusun period. Conclusion. The necessity of solution of these problems is an urgent task for further research of burial and settlement objects of the Saka period in this region.
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Molodin, V. I., M. S. Nesterova, and L. S. Kobeleva. "On a Distinctive Featureof the Andronovo (Fedorovka) Funerary Rites in the Baraba Forest-Steppe." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.039-052.
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This article summarizes the findings relating to a spatially localized group of graves at the Andronovo (Fedorovka) cemetery Tartas-1 in the Baraba forest-steppe. Several rows of graves combine with ash pits suggestive of ritual activity. In the infill of graves, there were ash lenses with mammal and fish bones, and potsherds with traces showing the signs of applied heat. Ash had been taken from nearby ash pits with similar infill and artifacts. Faunal remains from graves and ash pits (limb bones of cattle, sheep/goat, and horse) indicate sacrificial offerings. In the ash layer of grave No. 282, there was an incomplete human burial, also believed to be a sacrifice. Features such as the orientation of the graves, their alignment, the position of human remains, and the grave goods in that area are similar to the Andronovo (Fedorovka) burial practice and do not differ from those in other parts of the cemetery. No complete parallels to this rite have been revealed. Some similarities, such as the use of ash, and the presence of animal bones, sacrificial pits, etc. at other sites are listed. A reconstruction of the funerary sequence and possible interpretations are considered. It is concluded that those graves were left by a group of Andronovo migrants who maintained close ties with the native population. Unusual features of the burial rite, therefore, can reflect an attempt to consolidate the immigrant groups on the basis of traditional ritual practices, where the major role was played by fire and its symbols.
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Lukyashko, Sergey. "Horse Ammunition. From the History of a Saddle." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.1.
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Introduction. Horse ammunition was formed historically on a large geographical area. The most important component of it is a saddle. The ancient history of a saddle is not sufficiently investigated. It should be safely assumed that the oldest forms of seats appear together with the use of a horse for riding. We can confidently say that the appearance of the horsemen of the Cimmerians and Scythians in Western Asia in 8th – 7th centuries BC would not have been possible if there had been no such devices. There is a deep belief that horse riding in Western Asia arose under the Cimmerian-Scythian influence. Methods and materials. The presence of images of horsemen and archaeological material allow us to revisit the issue. Even on the Nimrodical relief we can trace the saddle blanket provided with breeching strap and the girth. This primitive form of soft saddle can be seen on Assyrian reliefs, where it is complemented by a breast collar. Analysis. The well-preserved saddle of the Pazyryk burial mounds, shows that in the 5th century BC a saddle becomes more complicated, paired pillows and hardwood arcs fastening pillows appear. This type of a saddle in the Asian part of the nomadic world survives until the 3rd century BC and is represented in the Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang. In the West, in the Scythian world, a simple coating with mounting straps exists in the 4th century BC, probably in the late 4th century BC, a wooden base – lence and pommels – appears in the Scythian saddle. Results. The archaeological material clearly indicates that a saddle was formed within the culture of Eurasian nomads in the 1st millennium BC, a rigid saddle appeared in the Scythian culture in the late 4th century BC.
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Görman, Marianne. "Influences from the Huns on Scandinavian Sacrificial Customs during 300-500 AD." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 15 (January 1, 1993): 275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67216.
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Votive offerings may be our main source of knowledge concerning the religion of the Iron Age before the Vikings. An important question is the connection between two kinds of sacrificial finds, i.e. horse sacrifices and burial offerings. They are contemporary and they share the same background. They can both be traced back to the Huns. This means that in all probability religious ideas occurred in southern Scandinavia during the fourth to the sixth century which were strongly influenced by the Huns, who were powerful in Central Europe at that time. The explanation of this is probably that some Scandinavians, for instance by serving as mercenaries, had come in contact with the Huns and, at least to some extent, assimilated their ways of thinking and their religious ideas.