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1
Gradaleva, Ekaterina А. "HORSE FESTIVALS AND HORSES AT FESTIVALS: THE ROLE OF TRADITION IN MODERN BRITAIN." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 40 (2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/40/3.
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The image of a horse appears in many spheres of the British culture and in each case it has a special symbolic meaning. It is important to notice that the symbolic meaning is more essential in the British mentality than the material one. Festivals can be one of the spheres where we can observe the versatility and historical meaning of the horse image. On the one hand, horses as real animals play a significant role in various events: horse competitions, horse shows, parades, royal ceremonies, etc. On the other hand, there is also personification of fancy images of horses at British festivals. Different types of horse figures (hobby horses) take part at certain events. Each of them has its own history and is strongly connected to the location. The most famous horse event is horseracing taking place all over the country. There are 60 race tracks in Great Britain for this occasion. Horseracing appeared here in the XIV century. Soon the British worked out the rules for this event and they are current even today. Horseracing is not just sport for this nation, but a real holiday. Long ago Edward VII marked that it is “a garden party with racing tacked on”. So, for some people horseracing is a week of competitions among the best thoroughbred horses and for the others (ladies mostly) it is the opportunity to compete with each other in hat and dress design. It is significant to understand the difference between the notions “horseracing”, “horse competitions”, “horse show”. The first means classic racing which we have just discussed. Horse competitions are 10 international types of games approved by the International Federation of Equestrian Sports. A horse show is a festival holding the exhibition of the best breeds of horses and some types of competitions (e.g., show jumping, working hunter). One of the best known events is the Royal Windsor Horse Show which takes place every year in Windsor Home Park. It is always attended by the Royal Family. Another example is the Hyde Park festival aiming at choosing the Horse of the Year. Also, January 1 is the Day of Thoroughbred horses in Great Britain. It is a real holiday with the most unusual dishes for these animals (e.g. a Cheltenham pie 2018 made of hay, apples and carrots). At a number of British events horses play an important role, though they are not in the limelight. These are royal weddings, parades and a coronation. The Queen carriage is always carried by the Windsor Greys. There is even a statue to honour them in Windsor. These horses are also pictured at the Royal mail stamp. Personification of fancy images of horses can be seen at various British Festivals (16 in England, 3 in Wales, 1 on the Isle of Man): Padstow Hobby Horse Festival, Banbury Hobby Horse Festival, Minehead Hobby Horse Festival, Dunster Hobby Horse Festival, Hoodening, The Hunting of the Earl of Rone, Morris Dance, etc. The majority of them take place in the days of national holidays including Christmas, New Year, May Day, Halloween. Moreover, some pagan rites that deal with the image of a horse still exist in Great Britain. There is the festival to honour Epona who is a Celtic horse goddess (December, 18). The Welsh horse goddess Rhiannon is connected with the image of Mari Lwyd appearing in New Year events. The Irish horse goddess Macha is honoured at the festivals Lughnasa (August, 1) and Samhain (November, 1). Significantly, a horse is presented at festivals as a funny hero of a performance endowed with human traits, a friend to a person, and it is far from being a work animal. The image of a horse is more of a cultural value than a natural phenomenon.
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Rudiné Mezei, Anita, János Posta, and Sándor Mihók. "Random regression models for genetic evaluation of performance of the Hungarian show-jumping horse population." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 59 (April 23, 2014): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/59/2010.
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The aim of the study was to estimate genetic parameters for show-jumping competition performance using random regression model. Show-jumping competition results collected between 1996 and 2009 were analyzed. The database contained 272 951 starts of 8020 horses. Identity number and gender of the horse, rider, competition date, the level of the competition and placing were recorded in the database. Competition levels were categorized into five groups. Weighted – competition level used – square root transformed placing was used to measure performance of horses. The random regression model included fixed effects for gender, year and place of competition, and random effects for rider, animal and permanent environment.
Later performance of show-jumping horses measured with weighted square root ranks is less influenced by rider and permanent environmental effects than performance at the beginning of a horse’s sporting career. Heritability increased continuously from 6.3 years of age (2296 age in days), values were in the range of 0.07 and 0.37. Higher heritability was found in later ages. Weak genetic and phenotypic correlation was found between the early 4–5–6 years of age and older (7, 8, 8+) age classes. From 8.5 years of age (3132 days old) there were strong genetic and phenotypic correlations between neighboring age groups. For the same age classes moderate and strong genetic and phenotypic correlation was found. Genetic correlation between 13.5 years of age and older horses was very strong.
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Rudiné Mezei, Anita, János Posta, and Sándor Mihók. "Evaluation of Hungarian show-jumping results using different measurement variables." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 53 (May 6, 2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/53/2133.
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The aim of the study was to compare different fitted models for show-jumping results of sporthorses and to estimate heritability and repeatability value. Show-jumping competition results collected between 1996 and 2011 were analyzed. The database contained 358 342 starts of 10 199 horses. Identity number, name and gender of the horse, rider, competition year, the level and location of the competition and placing were recorded in the database. To measure performance of horses, placing, number of starters and competition level were used. Competitions were categorized into five groups based on their difficulty level. The used repeatability animal model included fixed effects for age, gender, competition place, year of competition (and competition level in case of non-weighted measurement variables), and random effects for rider, animal and permanent environment effect. Variance components were estimated with VCE-6 software package. The goodness-of-fit of the models was low and moderate. Heritability and repeatability values were low for each measurement variables. The best goodness-of-fit model the weighted square root of placing resulted the highest heritability and repeatability value h2=0.074 and R=0.296.
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Gaunitz, Charleen, Antoine Fages, Kristian Hanghøj, Anders Albrechtsen, Naveed Khan, Mikkel Schubert, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, et al. "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses." Science 360, no. 6384 (February 22, 2018): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3297.
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The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age.
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Piccione, Giuseppe, Maria Rizzo, Francesca Arfuso, Daniele Bruschetta, Elisabetta Giudice, and Anna Assenza. "Iron Metabolism Modification During Repeated Show Jumping Event in Equine Athletes." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0051.
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Abstract In athletic horse the evaluation of iron status is of great importance to improve physical performance and health status of animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of iron indices following show jumping. Ten regularly trained Italian Saddlebred horses aged 7-8 years (mean body weight 467±12 kg) were subjected to three days jumping competition. Blood samples were collected at 5 time points: T0 (the day before competitions), T1 (immediately after exercise at day 1), T2 (immediately after exercise at day 2), T3 (immediately after exercise at day 3) and during the recovery period T4 (24 h after day 3). On each blood sample the values of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) were assessed. One-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistical significant effect of exercise (P<0.05) on all studied parameters. The application of Bonferroni’s post-hoc comparison showed a statistical significant increase in all studied parameters after exercise. These results provide new information about the changes in iron profile of jumper horse following exercise allowing for better evaluation of the health status and physical performance of this athlete horse.
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Palmer, E., M. Robles, A. Ricard, and P. Chavatte-Palmer. "89 Effect of embryo transfer and recipient breed on offspring performance in equine show jumping." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab89.
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Maternal preconceptional, gestational, and postnatal environments alter offspring phenotype in humans and animals. In particular, embryo technologies were shown in horses and other species to affect offspring growth and metabolism. Quantitative genetic calculations in a database containing genealogy and a measured trait (performance) of individuals enable geneticists to estimate the respective contribution of (A) genetic aptitude for the trait (inherited from all parents), (B) genetic maternal aptitude (additional contribution of the mother and her ancestors, acting through pregnancy, lactation, and nursing), and (C) the permanent maternal environment (similarities between the offspring of a dam that are not attributed to genetics) to the variability of this trait in this population. Additionally, fixed effects can be introduced and estimated to take into account additional factors acting on individual performance. The aim of this project was to apply this method to estimate the respective contributions of A, B, and C as well as the fixed effects of maternal parity (D), age at foaling (E), foaling interval (F), embryo transfer (G), and breed of recipient mare (for ET recipients) on the adult offspring sport performance in show jumping horses. The data came from the French Horse Database established in 1976 for genealogy and performance; calculation was done using WOMBAT® software. The performance of 207,984 horses (4.5 years per horse), born to 90,438 dams (of which 4187 were ET recipients, the others being bred by AI or natural service), were studied. Performance was expressed as follows. For each event, points were distributed depending on the horse’s rank within the event and the event’s difficulty. The logarithm of the sum of points of the year has a Gaussian distribution and is then normalised to mean=0 and standard deviation=1. The genetic maternal aptitude and permanent maternal environment showed a small but significant contribution to the variance of performance (1.4 and 1.5%, respectively) compared to a direct genetic contribution of 24.4%. Within each age class of dam, offspring of primiparous mares have a handicap (−0.04 to −0.06) compared to multiparous mares. Within multiparous mares, a foaling interval of 1 year only provided a small advantage (+0.01, nonsignificant) compared to longer intervals (>2 years). The effect of embryo transfer was strong and significant (+0.24), which could reflect the better management of the horses produced by embryo transfer because of their genetic and financial value rather than a physiologic effect. The performance of offspring born to draft and warmblood recipients (+0.27v. +0.24, nonsignificant) were not different. In conclusion, although jumping performance occurs several years after birth, maternal effects are still measurable and embryo transfer is associated with a strongly increased performance independent of genetic value, probably due to better management of these horses. No effect of recipient mare’s breed was found.
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Strzelec, Katarzyna, Witold Kędzierski, Andrzej Bereznowski, Iwona Janczarek, Krzysztof Bocian, and Maciej Radosz. "Salivary Cortisol Levels in Horses and their Riders During Three-Day-Events." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0042.
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Abstract The group of 36 warm-blooded half-bred horses (18 stallions and 18 mares) and their riders (20 men and 16 women), who ended three-day-events, were selected for the study. The horses were aged 4 to 6 years, while the riders were 19 to 34-year-old. The saliva samples were collected after each phase of the competitions. The cortisol concentration was determined using an immunoassay method. The following factors were considered: type of competition, horse sex, and rider gender. In horses, the statistically important correlation was found between the results obtained for the dressage and cross-country, for the cross-country and show jumping, and for the dressage and show jumping. An analogous comparison for the riders suggests a statistically significant correlation between the data obtained for the cross-country and show jumping. Comparing the data of horses and their riders, a significant correlation coefficient was found for the cross-country group of woman and the dressage group of men. In conclusion, the salivary cortisol level in individual horses in each phase of three-day-event was found to be repetitive. Therefore, the salivary cortisol test is demonstrated to be a useful method to evaluate the horse response to each type of competition during three-day-events.
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Mezei, Anita Rudiné, János Posta, and Sándor Mihók. "Comparison of Different Measurement Variables Based on Hungarian Show Jumping Results." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0063.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to find a possible way to measure the performance of sport horses based on their show jumping results and to estimate the heritability and repeatability values of these performances. The performance was measured with transformation of ranks, taking into account the number of starters at competition and the competition level. The used transformations were logarithmic, square root and an inverse normal transformation known as Blom method. Competitions were categorized into five groups based on their level of difficulty. The level of difficulty of the competitions was used as weighting factors, so performance traits were distinguished being weighted and non-weighted. Show jumping competition results collected between 1996 and 2011 were analysed. The database contained 358342 starts of 10199 horses. Identity number, name and gender of the horse, rider, competition year, the level and location of the competition and ranks were recorded in the database. The used repeatability animal model included fixed effects for age, gender, competition place, year of competition, and random effects for rider, animal and permanent environment effect. Variance components were estimated with VCE-6 software package. The goodness-of-fit of the models was low and moderate (0.09-0.47). Fitting models for weighted traits had better goodness-of-fit value. The best goodness-of-fit values were found in the case of level weighted variables. Heritability (0.02-0.07) and repeatability values (0.09-0.25) were low for each measurement variable.
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Williams, J. M., D. M. Marlin, N. Langley, T. D. Parkin, and H. Randle. "The Grand National: a review of factors associated with non-completion and horse-falls, 1990 to 2012." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13013.
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The Grand National (GN) attracts high profile press and subsequent public attention. This study aimed to establish if factors influential to non-completion, horse-falls and specific fence risk in the GN supported the measures implemented by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) to improve equine welfare in the GN. Horse, jockey, trainer and race related factors associated with non-completion, horse-falls and horse-falls at specific fences of the GN were collated over a 22 year period from 1990 to 2012. Descriptive analysis calculated non-completion rates per year, according to age and reason for non-completion. The distribution of fallers during the race in relation to fence number, design and key feature fences were also determined. Univariable analysis informed multivariable model building to identify factors associated with non-completion (n=840) and horse-falls (n=514) in the GN. Two final logistic regression models were refined through a backward stepwise process with variables retained if likelihood ratio test P-values were <0.05. Chi-square goodness of fit analyses evaluated fall risk at fence level. During the period investigated 347 horses completed the GN; the probability of a horse falling in the race was 0.24. The first fence, Becher's brook and drop fences increased the risk of falling compared to plain fences. Good-soft going increased the number of horses that completed the race and reduced the number of fallers suggesting this is the optimal ground condition for the race. GNs run at a faster than average speed increased the risk of horses not completing and falling. Inexperienced horses and jockeys show a greater risk of not completing and falling. Our work supports BHA measures implemented to improve safety in the GN; controlling speed, modifying fence design, promoting race experience and ground maintenance to produce good-soft going can increase completions and reduce falls, therefore enhancing equine welfare.
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Raś-Noryńska, Małgorzata, and Rajmund Sokół. "Parasite control practices in Polish horse farms." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 11 (2017): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5809.
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Virtually all horses in Poland receive periodically deworming treatment. In the view of emerging anthelmintic resistance it is important to know the current parasite control practices used by Polish horse owners. In order to assess the situation and analyze it in terms of the risk of drug resistance, a questionnaire survey was forwarded to 300 horse establishments. The response rate was 49.6%. The average number of deworming treatments in adult horses was determined at 2.1. and 2.8 for youngstock per calendar year. The most commonly used drugs were ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate and moxidectin. Almost 73% of respondents indicated that they take into consideration the resistance of parasites. However, only 4,03% of the responders regularly send faecal samples from all horses for parasitological examination. In ca. 92% of cases the person administrating the drug guessed the weight of the horse by the visual evaluation. Generally, little attention was payed to pasture hygiene and prevention of parasitic infection. The responses indicate high level of awareness among horse owners of the need to control parasites. It also show the large involvement of veterinarians as a source of advice about deworming practices, so we concluded that the most appropriate way to achieve improvement would be implementation of further education programmes for veterinarians.
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Crossman, G. K. "Factors influencing the demand for British bred horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019396.
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The Sport Horse breeding industry in Great Britain has been in decline for many years. Once, the British were in the vanguard of the worldwide Sport Horse breeding industry, alongside a buoyant Thoroughbred breeding industry. However, in recent years Sport Horse breeding has floundered, with many competitive dressage and show jumping horses being purchased from overseas. (BHIC / Defra 2005) Research has been carried out to identify trends in Thoroughbred auction sales (Buzby and Jessup 1994, Robbins and Kennedy 2001), and Sport Horse auction sales (Hennessey and Quinn 2006). The British Equestrian Federation (BEF), through British Breeding, commissioned this research firstly to ascertain the demand for British bred horses and identify any trends contained within this demand, and secondly to obtain a snapshot of the current horse buying market place.
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Feng, Kurtis H., Gaelle Gonzalez, Lingquan Deng, Hai Yu, Victor L. Tse, Lu Huang, Kai Huang, et al. "Equine and Canine Influenza H3N8 Viruses Show Minimal Biological Differences Despite Phylogenetic Divergence." Journal of Virology 89, no. 13 (April 22, 2015): 6860–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00521-15.
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ABSTRACTThe A/H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged from A/H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) around the year 2000 through the transfer of a single virus from horses to dogs. We defined and compared the biological properties of EIV and CIV by examining their genetic variation, infection, and growth in different cell cultures, receptor specificity, hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage, and infection and growth in horse and dog tracheal explant cultures. Comparison of sequences of viruses from horses and dogs revealed mutations that may be linked to host adaptation and tropism. We prepared infectious clones of representative EIV and CIV strains that were similar to the consensus sequences of viruses from each host. The rescued viruses, including HA and neuraminidase (NA) double reassortants, exhibited similar degrees of long-term growth in MDCK cells. Different host cells showed various levels of susceptibility to infection, but no differences in infectivity were seen when comparing viruses. All viruses preferred α2-3- over α2-6-linked sialic acids for infections, and glycan microarray analysis showed that EIV and CIV HA-Fc fusion proteins bound only to α2-3-linked sialic acids. Cleavage assays showed that EIV and CIV HA proteins required trypsin for efficient cleavage, and no differences in cleavage efficiency were seen. Inoculation of the viruses into tracheal explants revealed similar levels of infection and replication by each virus in dog trachea, although EIV was more infectious in horse trachea than CIV.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses can cross species barriers and cause severe disease in their new hosts. Infections with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus and, more recently, avian H7N9 virus have resulted in high rates of lethality in humans. Unfortunately, our current understanding of how influenza viruses jump species barriers is limited. Our aim was to provide an overview and biological characterization of H3N8 equine and canine influenza viruses using various experimental approaches, since the canine virus emerged from horses approximately 15 years ago. We showed that although there were numerous genetic differences between the equine and canine viruses, this variation did not result in dramatic biological differences between the viruses from the two hosts, and the viruses appeared phenotypically equivalent in most assays we conducted. These findings suggest that the cross-species transmission and adaptation of influenza viruses may be mediated by subtle changes in virus biology.
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Kingston, D., R. Milmine, K. Nankervis, and I. Wolframm. "How useful is the Burghley Young Event Horse Competition as a predictor of performance in British Eventing?" BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042804.
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The Burghley Young Event Horse (BYEH) competition attempts to identify young horses with the potential to excel in the sport of eventing. The competition includes a basic dressage test, a show jumping course and a conformation assessment. Judges are advised to reward potential rather than the degree of training or rider ability. The main aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between scores achieved in the finals of the four and five-year-old sections of the final of the BYEH competition and British Eventing (BE) points achieved by age eight. A second aim was to determine whether or not the BYEH scores of horses that go on to achieve points in BE differed significantly from those that do not.Data were obtained from the Burghley Direct Web Page and from records supplied by British Eventing. Data were analysed for 43 four-year-olds and 77 five-year-olds that competed between the years 1998 and 2001. The BYEH scores for horses with and without BE records were compared using Student's t-test.
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Baban, M., M. Sakac, N. Korabi, B. Antunovic, P. Mijic, A. Ivankovic, and J. Ramljak. "Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103415b.
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Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.
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van Steenpaal, Niels. "Taming the Fire Horse." East Asian Publishing and Society 5, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 178–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341277.
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Despite the increasing popularity of studies of early modern Japanese print culture, the field has primarily restricted itself to examinations of the commercial printindustry—a bias that has come at the price of ignoring a wide variety of non-profit publications that, based on the frequency with which they appear in the archives, clearly played an important role in people’s lives. This article aims to highlight and clarify the significance of these non-profit publications through a case study of so-calledsein, or freely distributed single sheet pamphlets. Concretely, I will focus on how these pamphlets were used in the campaign against the superstition that women born in the year of the Fire Horse (hinoeuma) were a curse upon their husbands, leading them to an early death. By examining these pamphlets as they were distributed before and during the two consecutive Fire Horse years of Tenmei 6 (1786) and Kōka 3 (1846), I will show that the pamphlets were able to achieve wide circulation through a combination of extended networks of human resources, a variety of media strategies, and the phenomenon of sponsored variant woodblocks.
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Posta, J., S. Mihók, S. Márkus, and I. Komlósi. "Analysis of Hungarian sport horse show jumping results using different transformations and models." Archives Animal Breeding 52, no. 5 (October 10, 2009): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-52-451-2009.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to estimate heritabilities and to compare data transformation methods and models for Hungarian Sporthorse show jumping results. The analysis is based on data collected between 1996 and 2005. The linear animal model included fixed effects of gender, breeder, rider, age, and start (coded as year of competition, type of competition and height of obstacle). Square root, cubic and fourth roots, Blom score and cotangent transformed ranks were used as measurements of performance. Difference the height of the obstacle and fault points, height of the obstacle and height of the obstacle and fault point were also used as performance traits. Variance and covariance components were estimated with VCE-5 software package. Model fit was evaluated by log-likelihood values and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). Heritability was low for each performance trait and each model. The poorest goodnessof- fit model was the difference between height of the obstacle and fault points, whereas the best fitting genetic model based on AIC was from using the cotangent transformation.
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Ballou, Jonathan D., Kathy Traylor-Holzer, Allison Turner, Aurelio F. Malo, David Powell, Jesus Maldonado, and Lori Eggert. "Simulation model for contraceptive management of the Assateague Island feral horse population using individual-based data." Wildlife Research 35, no. 6 (2008): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07124.
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The National Park Service (NPS) manages a culturally significant population of feral horses (Equus caballus) inhabiting the Maryland portion of Assateague Island, a barrier island in the eastern United States. Rapid growth of this population over the past few decades from 28 to 166 horses negatively impacts native species and ecological processes on the island. Since 1994, contraception via porcine zona pellucida vaccine has been used to control horse numbers, although herd reduction has been slower than initially expected, leading NPS to consider other management options. An individual-based stochastic simulation model was developed using the Vortex software program to examine the effects of different management strategies on the population. Data from the managed population were used to populate the model parameters. Model projections over the next 50 years using current management practices show an average rate of population decline of 13% per year, suggesting that the population will reach the management target of 80–100 horses in 5–8 years. The effectiveness of contraception to reduce the herd and maintain it at various target sizes of 20–100 horses was also assessed. The accumulation of inbreeding at each target population size was also modelled.
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Gladkikh, Marianna, and Olga Kuznetsova. "The effects of race track surface condition on the racing time of Orlov trotters." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 11055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124411055.
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Race speed is one of the main indicators by which trotting horses are estimated. In addition to the horse genotype, race speed is also determined by the influence of environmental factors, such as feeding, keeping, training, and testing conditions. These conditions include of race track surface condition, the rider’s qualifications, season of the year, weather conditions. In this paper the influence of race track surface condition on the accuracy of assessing race time is considered. The data of horse trials of Orlov trotters at the Moscow hippodrome were used. The race time of 256 horses at a distance of 1600 m was assessed. Depending on the weather conditions and the track surface, 9 different track conditions were identified. For the analysis we used data on stallions and mares aged 4 years and older without disaggregation by sex, since there were no significant differences between the average race speed of stallions and mares and it was shown that it was the horses of the older age group that were reliably characterized by the highest average race time with minimal races per horse. It was found that the strength of the influence of the variety of race tracks on the variety of assessments of race time is reliable and amounted to 23.5%. When analyzing the group of the fastest horses, this indicator turned out to be higher and amounts to 43.8%. It is also shown that the selection of horses for breeding work is more expedient and accurate to carry out according to the average race time of the horse for a number of races, and not according to its best result, since in this case the stability of performances is not taken into account.
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Groux, Rosemary, Brian Whitlock, Peter D. Krawczel, Amanda Lee, and Jay A. Daniel. "PSVII-38 Increased activity in horses following reapplication of shoes." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.634.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Despite shoeing being a common practice, the impact of shoeing on horse behavior has not been widely studied. To examine the impact of reapplication of shoes to previously shod horses on horse activity, seven light horse geldings (3 to 21 year old Quarter Horse, Dutch Warmblood, or Thoroughbred) were fitted with three axis accelerometers (IceTag, Ice Robotics, Edinburgh, Scotland) on the left rear leg. Horses were maintained on pasture except for approximately 1 hour morning and evening for feeding. Boots were placed under the accelerometer, and boots and accelerometers were removed once daily for approximately one hour while the horses were stalled for am feeding to examine the horses’ leg and to allow exposure to air to dry. After seven days, horses were treated by either having shoes removed, feet trimmed, and new shoes fitted (reapplication; n = 3) or being handled by the farrier but not trimmed or fitted with new shoes (sham; n = 4). Horse activity was then monitored for 6 d. Steps per hour were tested for effects of treatment, time (before or after treatment), and interaction of treatment by time using procedures for repeated measures with JMP Software (version 7, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Means separation was performed using Student’s t test if appropriate. There was a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.0109), such that after treatment, reapplication horses took more steps than sham horses (150 ± 20 vs 117 ± 18 steps per hour, respectively). However, both groups took fewer steps after treatment than before (124 ± 13 vs 157 ± 13 steps per hour, respectively; P < 0.0001). These results indicate horses with reapplication of shoes move more than horses which did not experience reapplication of shoes, possibly indicated the horses with reapplication of shoes experienced more comfort in movement.
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Vincze, A., C. Szabo, S. Veres, D. Uto, and AT Hevesi. "Fitness improvement of show jumping horses with deep water treadmill training." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 4 (April 10, 2017): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/135/2016-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
Athletes, including equine athletes need high intensity training in order to achieve high performance. However, continuous high intensity training often results in injuries to the locomotive system. The buoyancy of water reduces the force born on joints; therefore, training in water has been used for rehabilitation purposes both in humans and horses. The few studies dealing with water treadmill training of horses suggest that the fitness of horses can be improved using this training method, but none tested the subsequent performance of horses after water training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of water training of varying intensity on the fitness-related parameters of show jumpers during training and after competition. Four similarly trained show jumper sport horse (aged between 7−11 years) competing at the same level (110 cm) were selected. Horses were subjected to 44-min deep water treadmill training with three intensities (9, 11, 13 km/h maximum speed) three times a week in addition to their normal training. At the conclusion of the week, horses participated in a two-day indoor show jumping event. Blood samples (4 ml) were taken from the jugular vein during the third water training and before and after the completion of the show jumping course on each day. From the blood plasma, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as lactate, glucose and triglyceride levels were determined. Data analysis was carried out with SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, USA) using the GLM procedure and Duncan’s new multiple range test. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the same blood parameters from different sampling times. No interactions were detected between training intensity and sampling time during water training. Plasma lactate and glucose levels were decreased during the water training, while values increased afterwards. In contrast, heart rate, triglyceride and cortisol levels were elevated as a result of water training. Increasing the maximum speed of the water treadmill had no influence on the average heart rate of horses subjected to the training. Plasma lactate levels decreased with the increased maximum speed of the water trainer. Activities of AST, CK, LDH, and levels of cholesterol, cortisol and bilirubin decreased when the maximum speed of the treadmill was set to 11 km/h compared to the 9 km/h training. Water training resulted in lower heart rate measured right after completing the show jumping course when horses were subjected to medium intensity water training. The AST, CK and LDH activities measured before and after water training had only weak to moderate positive correlations with values measured after competition. In conclusion, our results indicate that deep-water training alters the biochemical processes and can improve the aerobic energy supply of show jumpers. Water training is a strenuous exercise, which initially leads to increased muscle damage. However, this initial phase is followed by subsequent adaptation.
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Schubertová, Zuzana, Juraj Candrák, and Michal Rolinec. "6. Genetic Evaluation of Show Jumping Horses in the Slovak Republic." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0072.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values (BVs) of show jumping horses in the Slovak Republic. The data from show jumping competitions performed in 2004-2013 (The Slovak Equestrian Federation) and data from the Breeding Information Register (The National Stud Farm in Topo’čianky) were used in our work. There were 831 horses (4-21 years old) included in the analysis. The level of competitions ranged from LS (125 cm) to TT (160 cm). Profit of penalty points (PP) and ranking in the competition (R) were analyzed as the measures describing horse performance. The average profit of PP was 5.90±6.28, and mean R was 20.20±16.88. The software package CFC 1.0 was used for computation of inbreeding coefficient (F) in given population. The ratio of inbred animals was 74.49% from 831 investigated animals. The average F value was 0.0068 within inbred population. Input data (profit of PP and R) were not normally distributed, therefore the transformation by Blom formula was made. The height of obstacles was taken into account. The ranking in competition has been nearest to the normal distribution even though the tests of normality have not confirmed it significantly. The heritability coefficient was 0.17 in PP and 0.10 in R. The BVs were estimated for PP and R (BVPP, BVR). The BVs for R were modified to the form of relative breeding values (RBVR). The increase of genetic level of R within population of show jumping horses has been observed in recent years.
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Borkovcová, Marie. "A survey of helminth control practices in equine establishments in Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 4 (2008): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856040223.
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In year 2006 a survey was done in Czech Republic, in order to gain data about strategy of parasite control and grazing management of horse breeders and owners. 80 questionnaires were evaluated altogether. 82.5% of breeders claimed self-responsibility for helminth control. All interviewed do the parasite control in all horses at the same time. The results show that in stabled horses the helminth controls are done in interval of 2–4 months. 55% do the helminth control in April. 91.25% variegate the medicaments. Most frequently used drug was Panacur. Calculation of needed dose is by 47.5% respondents done according to the weight of horse. 86.25% graze horses, 52.2% change pastures, 53.6% breeders clean pastures. 32.5% do the parasite control by examining the excrements, but none of them uses the results to change the strategy of helminth control or grazing management. 72.5% had never observed any sign of illness of their horses related with parasites, 10% mentioned skin problems. 70% respondents call in for a veterinarian when there is a problematic case. 17.5% breeders encountered resistance and 36.25% consider the resistance as problem. 72.5% apply the helminth control according to the veterinarian’s advice. 85% consider their parasite-fighting strategy as suitable.
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Wicks, Frank. "Between the Horse and Car." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 07 (July 1, 2003): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-jul-4.
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This article highlights that the world is now celebrating the centennial of three internal combustion engine-driven milestones. Wilbur and Orville Wright achieved controllable and powered flight at Kitty Hawk, with a barely adequate 16-horsepower gas engine they had made in their bicycle shop. Henry Ford in Detroit founded his motor company that rapidly made the horse obsolete and revolutionized our way of life. And in Milwaukee, the 22-year-old William Harley and 21-year-old Arthur Davidson sold their first motorcycle to schoolyard pal Henry Meyer. There is a unique uneven rhythm to a Harley-Davidson engine. In 1994, the company filed a widely publicized application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to register the sound as a trademark. Management decided to withdraw the application in 2000. The motorcycle is fuel-efficient, easy to park, and can maneuver through congestion. It can enhance the quality of life by providing the rider with a unique form of relaxation and enjoyment.
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Lindner, A., and A. Köster. "Cross sectional area of forelimb metacarpal region flexor tendons in horses of different breeds and age." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep130028.
Full textAbstract:
There are few studies on the effects of age within breeds on cross sectional area (CSA) of flexor tendons in horses. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between age and the CSA of the superficial flexor tendon (SDFT), the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and its accessory ligament (AL-DDFT) of both forelimbs in horses utilising ultrasound. Ages of the horses ranged from 2 years to aged, and the breeds evaluated were Thoroughbred (TB), Standardbred (SB), Quarterhorse (QH) and German Warmblood Riding horse (WB). CSAs were measured with ultrasound at 4 cm intervals, starting 4 cm from the distal border of the accessory carpal bone down to the metacarpophalangeal joint. The CSA of the SDFT in 3-year-old and older TB, QH and WBs was smaller than in the 2-year-olds (all P<0.001) and did not differ between 3-year-olds and older horses (P≯0.05). In comparison, the CSA of the SDFT in 2-year-old and 3-year-old SBs was smaller than in the horses older than 3 years (P<0.05 among age groups). The 2-year-olds had larger CSA of the DDFTs than the 3-year-olds (P<0.01), and the CSA was also larger in the older horses of all breeds (P<0.01). However, the 3-year-old QH and SBs had smaller CSAs of the DDFT than the horses older than 3 years of age, (P<0.001), but interestingly the CSA was not different in the TB and WBs based on age (P≯0.05). The CSA of the AL-DDFT in the left forelimb was smaller than in the right forelimb (P<0.01) of all horses. The results of this study show that differential effects exist between age and within breeds on the CSA of the SDFT, DDFT and AL-DDFT, indicating that training and management may play a role, in addition to genetics, in the CSA of the metacarpal region flexor tendons of horses. The data on the CSAs of the SDFT, DDFT and AL-DDFT in WB, QH and SBs provides additional physiological references for these breeds to compliment the CSA data previously published for other breeds.
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Makovská Krčová, Sylvie. "Evaluation of the effect of imported foreign breeds on the sports performance of warm-blood horses in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060243.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of foreign studbooks in the breeding of warm-blood horses in the Czech Republic in the period 2000–2009. We included the following effects in our research: group based on the prevailing horse breed, year of start, sex, age and country of birth. We evaluated the effect of these parameters on the sports performance in show jumping competitions. The sports performance was based on the number of PPB points. The data were processed statistically using the general linear model (GLM). We discovered that the effect of these parameters was statistically highly significant. The HOLST1 group showed the highest performance (4.754 PPB points) and stands for individuals with a 100% proportion of the Holstein studbook. The second most successful group was KWPN1 (4.748). In the individual years of our investigations we found 22 statistically significant differences. For the entire period the number of PPB points was the highest in 2009 (3.420) and the lowest in 2000 and 2001 (2.678 and 2.779, respectively). The performance tended to increase in the individual years. We compared the performance of horses born in the Czech Republic and abroad and we discovered that performance was statistically higher in the group of imported horses. In terms of the effect of sex on the performance of horses in show jumping events the group of stallions showed the highest performance based on PPB points (3.842). In the experiment we estimated the effect of age on the sports performance; the group of 9-year-old horses achieved the highest performance based on PPB points (3.433).
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Siekerska, O. P. "ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL COMPLEXES OF SCYTHIAN BARROWS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.29.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeozoological studies of the complexes of the Scythian burial mounds Babina and Vodyana Mohyly, the Berdyansk Kurhan and barrow group 1 near the town of Kamenka-Dneprovska allow to make the following generalizations. As the studied materials show, the horse was widely used in the funeral rites of the Scythians. Parts of the carcasses of horses were placed in the burial as a farewell food, meat horses were used for conducting funeral rites, horses were buried with their owners. Sheep and cattle were also used as food. During the funeral rites parts of the carcasses of wild animals — European deer and wild boar — were used as well.
In some cases sex and age of animals that were selected for ritual and funeral rites can be established. Commonly the horses of two age categories — young (4—5 years) and middle age (9—10 years), were used in funeral rites.
The vast majority of the horses belonged to the groups of stunted (128—136 cm at the withers) and medium growth (136—144 cm) horses according to their sizes. The exception are the horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: the Mare from burial 3 (very small, height 118.96 cm); the horse from the ditch and horse 2, which had above-average growth and belong to the group of tall.
According to the indices of massiveness of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, horses belonged to the groups of thin-legged (2 specimens), half-thin-legged (8 specimens) and medium-legged (4 specimens) horses, that is, most animals were half- thin-legged.
Horse 2 and horse from the ditch of the Babina Mohyla: moved fast gaits (trot and gallop) quite often, whereas horse 1 rarely resorted to it. Horse 1, obviously, a significant part of the first half of life could graze in the herd, where it formed a type of movement slow gait. This horse could inherit the massiveness of the leg from their ancestors, which were brought from another region. Horses from the Vodyana Mohyla: probably has moved mostly at a slow pace — by-step and slow trot.
Horses from the Berdyansk Kurhan were half-thin-legged, small and medium height at withers. They were formed on fairly hard and dry soils, and their type of movement was mainly fast.
Horses from the tumulus 1 of Kamenka-Dneprovska was a thin-legged and half-thin-legged, mostly — average growth and was approaching the horses running type.
A mixture of features, which are characteristics of horses of various types and, respectively, adaptation of animals to different types of movement may be indicative of their content in the herds for a long time. As a rule, such mixture of signs characterizes the wild animals that do not fall under targeted selection. However, in this case we can talk about large portion of the population of the Scythian horses, which is not selected «under the saddle» of persons of high social status.
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Ilnytska, T. Y., and O. V. Bondarenko. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HORSE OF THE UKRAINIAN SPORTS BREED GROUP THAT IS BEING CREATED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.04.
Full textAbstract:
Sports horse breeding in Ukraine has been rapidly developing over the past 10 years. The number of competitions in classic equestrian sports is increasing. The demands on horse performance are also changing. New assessment methods have been developed and widely implemented using genomic selection for early prediction of sports performance. In Ukraine, modern methods of assessment and selection in the work with the Ukrainian riding horse breed have not received widespread adoption, alas. The result was a reduction in the number of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed and an increase in the total number of sports horses of various origins. With the beginning of Ukraine's independence, active import of horses from Western European sports breeds began. To improve the sports qualities of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed, breeders began to crossbreed en masse with stallions of other breeds, often exceeding the permissible degrees of blood.
The aim of our research. Study of the main selection characteristics of horses of the Ukrainian sports group, which is being created and their comparison with the indicators of horses of the Ukrainian riding and other breeds, which are bred on the territory of Ukraine. Form a target standard and characteristics of the main breeding traits for the assessment and selection of horses for reproduction.
Material and methods. The research materials were the results of a comprehensive assessment of breeding characteristics (pedigree, measurements, sports performance) of 1250 horses of various origins in the sports direction of use, which was carried out from 2013 to 2019 inclusive. The pedigrees of the best sports horses and the methods of obtaining them are analyzed. To assess sports performance, a 20-point scale assessment method was used with the summation of points for each competition and determination of the average.
Results of research. It has been established that 1250 horses of various breeds took part in equestrian competitions for the period from 2013 to 2019. Over the past 8 years, the breed ratio of the sport horse population has changed significantly. In terms of numbers, horses (39.60%) predominate, which belong to the breeds of the Western European root. The number of horses in the Ukrainian sports group is increasing from year to year and from 2013 to 2019 increased from 6.66% to 32.32%. It was found that the majority of horses (95.2%) of the Ukrainian riding breed have representatives of other breeds in their pedigree. The blood content of the original rocks reaches 62.5%. It should be noted that the horses of the new breed group differ significantly in blood from the Ukrainian horse. The analysis of sports results showed that the horses of the group of Western European roots have the best indicators (56.72). Based on the results of the assessment, the main measurements of the horses of the Ukrainian sports group that are being created were determined. The new breed group predominates in height at the withers by 2.1 cm (P > 0.95) and a cannon girth by 2.5 cm (P > 0.95) of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed.
The description of the indicated livestock was carried out on a linear scale. It was determined that the horses of the Ukrainian sporting breed group have better qualities of movement and jumping than the Ukrainian horse, but they are somewhat inferior to the representatives of the Western European breeds. By nature, the horses of the newly breed group are calm, respond well to the rider's controls and quickly go through jumps.
The certain target standard and characteristics of the main selection characteristics of horses of the Ukrainian sports breed group that is being created. Horses of the Ukrainian sports breed group must be large, bony, with a well-expressed sports type, dry strong constitution, correct, harmonious body structure, correct exterior, with a well-defined riding type. The desired colors are bay, black, gray, red and their varieties. It is advisable to select and evaluate horses for the reproduction composition in the specialty according to the type of equestrian sport: dressage or show jumping. The formed target standard for height at the withers and the minimum requirements for the sports performance of horses, which are selected in the reproductive composition of the newly Ukrainian sports breed group.
Conclusions. All the prerequisites have been created for testing a new breed group of horses called "Ukrainian sports", in which the direction of productivity is in common with the Ukrainian horse, namely, sports, with possible differences in body type, origin, and advantages in terms of performance level. Over the past 8 years, the breed ratio of the population of sports horses has changed significantly towards an increase in the number of horses that are assigned to the newly Ukrainian sports group.
Recommendations for the breeder's physique, conformation, movement, jumping and character of the animals are given in accordance with the direction of sports performance for the evaluation and selection of horses.
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Monteverde, Vincenzo, Fulvio Congiu, Irena Vazzana, Salvatore Dara, Sergio Guttadauro, Simona Di Pietro, Claudia Giannetto, and Giuseppe Piccione. "Influence of Omega-3 in Standardbred Horse: Haematological Parameters." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0044.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on some haematological parameters like red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hgb), haematocrit (Hct), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (Neu) and lymphocytes (Lym) that may have a direct effect on the performance of athletic horses. Ten regularly trained Standardbred horses (6 geldings and 4 females, 4-5 years old, mean body weight 500 ± 25 kg) were used for the study. They were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received an omega-3 dietary supplementation every day for 30 days. The control group received no supplementation. Every 10 days, horses took part in a 1660 metre harness race and blood samples were collected from each horse: one in the morning before race (pre) and one after race (post). The application of one-way analysis of variance for repeated mesures (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant difference due to the race in the two different groups. The results obtained in the present study show a discordant effect of supplementation with omega-3 on RBC, HCT and Hgb, while omega-3 supplementation has been shown to have a better effect on WBC, Neu and Lym, but further studies should be performed to better evaluate the benefits of these on the performance of the athletic horse.
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Whitaker, TC, and J. Hill. "Analysis of the population of competing British sport horses as measured by lifetime performance: structural distributions at different levels of competition." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2, no. 1 (February 2005): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp200443.
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AbstractA preliminary investigation into the structure of the competing sport horse population within the UK for the year 2000 was undertaken, comprising 30 974 horses and 39 679 individual performances. All performance data were expressed as total lifetime winnings. The level of non-winning horses, expressed as a percentage, was high in all disciplines: dressage 22%, eventing 50% and show jumping 23%. The percentage of horses competing in disciplines at the highest recognized level was small: dressage 2.5%, eventing 10% and show jumping 6.5%. Highest earners for all disciplines all earned considerably more than the threshold for highest performance level in their respective discipline (×2.2 dressage, ×24 eventing, ×365 show jumping). Data for all three disciplines were highly skewed. Structural analysis of the distributions by level showed a highly skewed hypogeometric distribution at the lowest level of competition for all disciplines, uniform distribution at intermediate levels (bimodal tendencies were observed within dressage) and normal distribution at advanced levels. Product–moment correlations showed a significant correlation between show jumping and eventing (0.228, P<0.01). Problems with data availability and presentation may mean that up to 12.9% of the population may have had a confounding effect on the results of this study.
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Humphreys, John M., Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, Bethany L. McGregor, Kathryn A. Hanley, Amy R. Hudson, Katherine I. Young, Dannele Peck, Luis L. Rodriguez, and Debra P. C. Peters. "Integrating Spatiotemporal Epidemiology, Eco-Phylogenetics, and Distributional Ecology to Assess West Nile Disease Risk in Horses." Viruses 13, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091811.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is the causative agent of West Nile disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Since the initial introduction of WNV to the United States (US), approximately 30,000 horses have been impacted by West Nile neurologic disease and hundreds of additional horses are infected each year. Research describing the drivers of West Nile disease in horses is greatly needed to better anticipate the spatial and temporal extent of disease risk, improve disease surveillance, and alleviate future economic impacts to the equine industry and private horse owners. To help meet this need, we integrated techniques from spatiotemporal epidemiology, eco-phylogenetics, and distributional ecology to assess West Nile disease risk in horses throughout the contiguous US. Our integrated approach considered horse abundance and virus exposure, vector and host distributions, and a variety of extrinsic climatic, socio-economic, and environmental risk factors. Birds are WNV reservoir hosts, and therefore we quantified avian host community dynamics across the continental US to show intra-annual variability in host phylogenetic structure and demonstrate host phylodiversity as a mechanism for virus amplification in time and virus dilution in space. We identified drought as a potential amplifier of virus transmission and demonstrated the importance of accounting for spatial non-stationarity when quantifying interaction between disease risk and meteorological influences such as temperature and precipitation. Our results delineated the timing and location of several areas at high risk of West Nile disease and can be used to prioritize vaccination programs and optimize virus surveillance and monitoring.
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Olivarez, Jeff, Meggan T. Graves, and Federica Morandi. "Cervical diskospondylitis in a Tennessee walking horse mare." Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, no. 2 (June 2019): e000796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000796.
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A 17-year-old Tennessee Walking Horse mare presented for an approximate four-week history of hindlimb weakness and suspect laminitis, as perceived by the owner. When examined by a veterinarian, no lameness was found; rather significant cervical pain was detected. Cervical radiographs revealed abnormalities consistent with diskospondylitis at C5-C6. The patient was placed on oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20 mg/kg orally twice a day) to be continued for two to three months, as well as firocoxib (0.3 mg/kg orally once a day). After two days of treatment, gabapentin (10 mg/kg orally twice a day) was added for pain management. Two days following, fentanyl patches (100 mcg/hour every 36 hours) were placed to further alleviate pain. Acupuncture was also used for pain management. The patient was released two weeks after initial presentation, with marked improvement. At the time of this report, two months after admission, the mare continues to show marked improvement in mobility and range of motion.
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Ilnytska, T. Y. "EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF EVENTING HORSES." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.07.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article analyses results of sport horses competing in eventing. During recent years, the Ukrainian Warmblood horses have not exhibited the desired qualities and were generally much inferior in quality than European Warmblood horses. To ensure effective selection for breeding of future sport horses, it is necessary to introduce a more objective assessment of those qualities which impact on the economic efficiency of the horse breeding industry most. In countries with developed equestrian industries, the performance evaluation of horses is a two-level rating system: first - by own sport performance of the horse and second - by sport results of the progeny.
The absence of a similar systematic evaluation in today's Ukraine significantly affects not only the quality of the produced horses, but also the desirability of the Ukrainian-bred horses among sportsmen and other potential buyers.
Breeding programs focused on sport performance will help to preserve and improve the Ukrainian Warmblood breed of horses.
The purpose of the work was to analyze and evaluate sport performance of eventing horses of various breeds. Analysis of pedigrees of the horses was made as well with recommendations for horse breeders.
Materials and methods for the research. The article uses results of eventing competitions and the pedigree of the competing horses. Results of the national eventing competitions held in Ukraine and international competitions held abroad during the period from 2012 to 2015 were used. The generally accepted method for evaluation of performance of the horses on the 20-point scale was employed. This method does not account for the number of starts of a horse during the period, but takes into account only the best result of the horse in the entire sports career. The academic method does not show the dynamics of the high-level sport performance.
For the complex evaluation of performance of the horses, a new methodological approach was applied. This method is based on summation of the scores for each successfully completed start. Competitions were stratified by difficulty level based on the classifications used by the Ukrainian Equestrian Federation and the Ukrainian Ministry of sports, as well as by the event organizers. This approach allowed identifying the horses that have consistently exhibited the best performance. This outcome emphasizes the need to employ this methodology for choosing the best quality horses (those that have shown good performance most consistently).
Conclusions. The article provides a detailed analysis of sport performance and of the pedigrees of eventing horses. It is shown that the number of the Ukrainian Warmblood horses participating in eventing competitions has decreased over the last 4 years. The number of the European Warmblood horses has increased (many of those horses were born in Ukrainian stud farms). The number of the horses bred in Ukraine, but not registered in any studbook, has also significantly increased. The study shows that the highest scores have been achieved by the horses registered in the leading European Warmblood studbooks. The Ukrainian Warmblood horses, on average, occupy the third place among stud books. The lowest scores have been achieved by horse not registered in any studbook and by horses of unknown origin.
According to the analysis using the new method, the best results in eventing have been achieved by English Thoroughbred horses. They were leading in all eventing competitions of all levels. Two rankings show that: by individual highest score and by total results of all competitions at all levels for the entire researched period. The best eventing sport horses have pedigrees with the sire being an English Thoroughbred or a Trakehner. The most successful Ukrainian Warmblood horses had the combination of the Thoroughbred lines of Faktotum and Khrustalin their pedigrees and the Thoroughbred ancestors were in the 3rd and/or 4th generation.
Recommendations are made for breeders of Ukrainian Warmblood horses.
Originality. The new method allows for the assessment of the complex of traits of sport horses for eventing. The ranking by achievements in sport provides valuable information for evaluation of the horses and of their parents.
Practical value. Recommendations are made to breeders aiming at breeding horses with high potential for performance in eventing. The new methodology can be used for statistics analysis of the genetic potential and determination of the breeding value of the parents. The results of the research will be used for developing the Selection and Breeding Program for the Ukrainian Warmblood Breed for the Period until 2020.
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Dirks, Esther, Phebe de Heus, Anja Joachim, Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri, Ilse Schwendenwein, Maria Melchert, and Hans-Peter Fuehrer. "First Case of Autochthonous Equine Theileriosis in Austria." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030298.
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A 23-year-old pregnant warmblood mare from Güssing, Eastern Austria, presented with apathy, anemia, fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea, and a severely elevated serum amyloid A concentration. The horse had a poor body condition and showed thoracic and pericardial effusions, and later dependent edema and icteric mucous membranes. Blood smear and molecular analyses revealed an infection with Theileria equi. Upon treatment with imidocarb diproprionate, the mare improved clinically, parasites were undetectable in blood smears, and 19 days after hospitalization the horse was discharged from hospital. However, 89 days after first hospitalization, the mare again presented to the hospital with an abortion, and the spleen of the aborted fetus was also PCR-positive for T. equi. On the pasture, where the horse had grazed, different developmental stages of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected and subjected to PCR, and one engorged specimen was positive for T. equi. All three amplicon sequences were identical (T. equi genotype E). It is suspected that T. equi may repeatedly be transmitted in the area where the infected mare had grazed, and it could be shown that transmission to the fetus had occurred. Due to the chronic nature of equine theileriosis and the possible health implications of infection, it is advised to include this disease in the panel of differential diagnoses in horses with relevant clinical signs, including horses without travel disease, and to be aware of iatrogenic transmission from inapparent carrier animals.
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Barkova, A., I. Mil'shteyn, and E. Shurmanova. "Assessment of the condition of the musculoskeletal system sports horses in the Middle Urals." Agrarian Bulletin of the, no. 14 (February 3, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-14-10-18.
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Abstract. Purpose. Evaluation of the effectiveness methods of visual diagnostics of diseases of the musculoskeletal system sports horses and the spread of diseases in equestrian clubs in the Middle Urals. Methods. The analysis of the diagnostic capabilities of X-ray and ultrasound research 31 sports horses of different age categories was carried out. Some of the animals had pronounced clinical signs of pathologies. The results obtained showed that 65 different pathologies were detected in 30 out of 31 examined horses, that is, in 96.7 % of animals. Disorders of the toe axis, fractures and cracks, convergence of spinous processes, end hoof, tendinitis, arthrosis of 2nd, 3rd, 4th degrees, including 1st degree, clinically not expressed were most often recorded. In young animals under the age of 1 year, such pathologies as violation of the finger axis and cracks in the bones prevail, from 1 to 3 years of age, fractures of the coffin bone were recorded, the appearance of the end hoof and a violation of the finger axis predominated, while in these groups of animals no pathologies were recorded during ultrasound. Thus, according to the results of visual diagnostics in the age groups from 0 to 3 years, there are on average 1.6 pathologies per horse, and in the age groups from 3 years and older, there are 2.3 pathologies per horse. Based on the above, we can conclude that the complex use of visual diagnostic methods has shown high efficiency in assessing the state of the musculoskeletal system in animals of all age groups. Scientific novelty. In the conditions of equestrian clubs in the Middle Urals, the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system in sports horses have been identified and the most effective methods for their diagnosis have been determined.
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Törmälehto, Erna, and Riikka Korkiamäki. "The Potential of Human–Horse Attachment in Creating Favorable Settings for Professional Care: A Study of Adolescents’ Visit to a Farm." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091707.
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Previous research has shown features of an attachment bond to be fulfilled in, for instance, human–dog dyads; however, there is a considerable lack of research on the potential attachment in human–horse relationships. Employing Bowlby’s criteria of an attachment bond and Pierce’s model of therapeutically powerful activity, this article studies whether short-term exposure to horses brings about elements of emerging attachment for adolescents and if this interaction holds potential in creating a favorable early-stage setting for professional care. It draws from group discussions carried out with nine 16–17-year-old adolescents who participated in an EASEL (Equine-Assisted Social and Emotional Learning) session when visiting a farm with a youth worker. A qualitative content analysis of the discussions revealed that some characteristics of the four principal criteria of an attachment bond—proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base, and separation distress—were identifiable in the adolescents’ expressed experiences of observing and interacting with horses. Moreover, the three main sources of therapeutic power—appeal, accuracy, and intactness—intersected with the emerging development of the adolescents’ attachment to horses. Additionally, space for self-reflection was enhanced by the presence of the horses. The study offers insights into the potential of human–horse attachment in dealing with adolescents with and without special needs for various therapy and care purposes.
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Prothero, Donald R. "Mammalian Evolution." Short Courses in Paleontology 7 (1994): 238–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001343.
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The evolution of certain mammalian lineages has become the favorite examples of nearly every introductory textbook in historical geology, paleontology, and evolutionary biology. The evolution of the horse is the most frequently used, since it emerged in 1851 and has been reproduced many times in nearly 150 years (see Gould, 1987, and MacFadden, 1992). Occasionally, one sees a revival of one of Osborn's (1929) evolutionary sequences of brontotheres, and some books may show a sequence of mammoths and mastodonts. In most historical geology books, the discussion of fossil mammals usually consists of just these selected examples, since the authors seem to think that a fuller account of Cenozoic mammal evolution is beyond the level of their readers. Children's books, trade books, and museum displays typically show little more than the evolution of the horse and few selected pictures of spectacular beasts such as saber-toothed cats, ground sloths, mammoths, and the gigantic hornless rhinocerosParaceratherium(called by the obsolete namesBaluchitheriumorIndricotheriumin virtually every caption). Given these conditions, one cannot fault students or the general public for thinking that only horses have a good fossil record, or that there are no other well-studied groups of fossil mammals.
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Müller, Christian W., Sebastian Decker, Roland Thietje, and Christian Krettek. "Emergency Closed Reduction of a C4/5 Fracture Dislocation with Complete Paraplegia Resulting in Profound Neurologic Recovery." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/272865.
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Introduction. Cervical spinal cord injuries due to traumatic fractures are associated with persistent neurological deficits. Although clinical evidence is weak, early decompression, defined as <24–72 h, has been frequently proposed. Animal studies show better outcomes after early decompression within one hour or less, which can hardly ever be achieved in clinical practice.Case Presentation. A 37-year-old patient was hospitalized after being hit by a shying horse. After diagnosis of C4/5 fracture dislocation and complete paraplegia, she was intubated and sedated with deep relaxation. Emergency reduction was performed at approximately 120 minutes after trauma. Subsequently, a standard anterior decompression, discectomy, and fusion were carried out. She was then transferred to a specialized rehabilitation hospital. Her neurologic function improved from AIS grade A on admission to grade B postoperatively and grade D after four months of rehabilitation. One year after the accident, she was ambulatory without walking aids and restarted horse riding.Discussion and Conclusion. Rarely in clinical practice, decompression of the spine canal can be performed as early as in this case. This case highlights the potential benefit of utmost early reduction in cervical fracture dislocations with compression of the spinal cord.
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Heleski, Camie, C. Jill Stowe, Julie Fiedler, Michael L. Peterson, Colleen Brady, Carissa Wickens, and James N. MacLeod. "Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare through the Lens of ‘Social License to Operate—With an Emphasis on a U.S. Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051706.
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This review addresses the question of whether Thoroughbred horse racing is sustainable in the context of current social values. A recently acknowledged framework, known as ‘Social License to Operate’ (SLO), provides us with a lens through which to view and assess racehorse welfare. In multiple surveys of the general public, the horse owning public, and university students, the primary topics of concern regarding Thoroughbred racing show considerable concordance: concern about catastrophic injuries—particularly as related to track surfaces, concern over the racing of two-year-olds, whip use by jockeys, drug/medication policies, and aftercare opportunities for retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Legitimacy of an industry, consent from industry stakeholders, and trust between the community players, are all essential to have and maintain SLO. In the current era of 24/7 global media access, and the proliferation of social media providing an interactive platform for all interested parties, a dramatic change has occurred in commentary related to racehorse welfare concerns. The situation at Santa Anita (California, USA) from late December 2018 through mid-November 2019 demonstrated just how tenuous the SLO for horse racing is. This article will provide a brief review of what ‘Social License to Operate’ is, along with a brief literature review of five of the areas of primary concern voiced by stakeholders.
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Deljanin, I., D. Antanasijevic, Anicic Urosevic, M. Tomasevic, Z. Sekulic, A. Peric-Grujic, and M. Ristic. "Selected trace element concentrations in ambient air and in horse chestnut leaves in Belgrade." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 21, no. 1-2 (2015): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq131216019d.
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In this study, airborne particulates (PM10) and leaves of horse chestnut were collected at selected urban sites in Belgrade, Serbia, in years 2006, 2009 and 2012. All samples were analysed for trace element concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. It has been shown that, during the study period, the differences among PM10 mass trace element concentrations were not considerable, and that the measured mass and trace elements concentrations were below the Serbian and EU legislation limits. Highest values of trace element concentrations in leaves were observed in year 2012, with the exception of Pb. Lead concentration had a decreasing trend during the whole studied period, in both PM10 and tree leaves. Since leaded gasoline was banned in 2011, a possible reason could be an increasing number of vehicles using unleaded kind along the previous years. Although trace elements in horse chestnut leaves were accumulated only during summer season, horse chestnut leaves showed good response to changes in trace element atmospheric concentrations. However, seasonal variability was evident in trace element source apportionment due to the lack of stationary heating system influence. The Principal Component Analysis showed that during the studied period, one of the major sources of the measured elements was fossil fuel combustion.
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Pawelec, Katarzyna, Michal Matysiak, Malgorzata Salamonowicz, Jerzy Kowalczyk, Walentyna Balwierz, Ewa Zaleska-Czepko, Alicja Chybicka, et al. "A Retrospective Evaluation of the Effects of Severe Aplastic Anemia Treatment in Children with Horse and Rabbit ATG.Polish Pediatric Hematology Group." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 4375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.4375.4375.
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Abstract Abstract 4375 Antithymocyte horse globulin (hATG) or rabbit (rATG) is used to treat children with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in the absence of a compatible bone marrow family donor’s. We presenting (viewing) retrospective evaluation of the effects of SAA therapy using hATG and rATG. 49 children (20 girls and 29 boys, aged 1.2–17) were treated between 1993 and 2000 - hATG (15mg/kg/day for 5 days with cyclosporine 5mg/kg/day for 12–24 mths). On day 180 day of treatment there was a complete response (CR) in 22 of 49 children (44.5%) and a partial response (PR) in 12 children (24.4%). 34 of 49 children (69,4%) responded to treatment. There was no remission (NR) in 15 of 49 children (30.6%). In the whole group there were 7 deaths during the first 6 months. There were no relapses within 5 years of observation. The 5-year probability of survival in this group was 84%. 55 children (22 girls and 33 boys, aged 3,5–17,7 years) were treated in the years 1996–2009 using rATG (3.75 mg/kg/day for 5 days and cyclosporine 5mg/kg/day for 12–24 mths). On day 180 of treatment 5 patients (9%) achieved a CR, 23 children (41.8%) had a PR. 28 of 55 children (50.9%) responded to treatment. NR was found in 27 children (49%).In the rATG group 15 deaths (27%) were recorded, 4 patients (7%) had relapses. In one child paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was noted.The 5-year survival in the rATG.group was 63.54%. Our results show the greater effectiveness of treatment with horse globulin than rabbit globulin in terms of hematological response and overall survival. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Fedorov, Sviatoslav Igorevich. "Economic activity of the Yakuts in the conditions and climate change and “deficit of cold temperature”: traditional practices and challenges of modernity." Человек и культура, no. 2 (February 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2020.2.32566.
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This article examines the questions pertaining to economic activity of the Yakuts in the conditions of climate change and “deficit of cold temperatures. Such aspects of agricultural activity as horse breeding, animal husbandry, hunting, and horticulture. An attempt is made to assess the scale of influence of changing climate upon the traditional life and industries of horse breeders, animal farmers, and hunters of the rural areas of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), as well as examine which difficulties they face and how they respond to the challenges of modernity. The acquired field materials are collected through the methods of overt observation, in-depth interview, audio, photo and video records. The attention is focused on the rural population who show concern over the situation of their households under such fast-paced circumstances: they do not know what to expect from nature next year, and many of them are not capable of handling the emerged problems. The main conclusions consist in revelation of certain problems in the life of rural population in the territories of Sakha Republic that emerge due to the climatic changes.
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Wilson, Bethany J., Kirrilly R. Thompson, and Paul D. McGreevy. "The race that segments a nation: Findings from a convenience poll of attitudes toward the Melbourne Cup Thoroughbred horse race, gambling and animal cruelty." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0248945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248945.
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The annual Melbourne Cup Thoroughbred horse race has iconic status among many Australians but sits in the context of increasing criticism of the welfare of Thoroughbred racing horses and the ethics of gambling. Despite heated debates and protests playing out in the public domain, there is scant empirical research to document Australian attitudes to the Melbourne Cup, or horse racing more generally. Specifically, little is known about how support for or against the Melbourne Cup correlate with age, gender, income and level of education. To provide a more nuanced understanding of attitudes towards the cup beyond the rudimentary binaries of those who are ‘for’ or ‘against’ gambling and horse racing, the purpose of the study was to identify clusters of people with particular views. An opportunistic survey collected data on respondents’ gender, age, place of residence, weekly income, employment status and highest level of education, and sought their level of agreement with six statements about the Melbourne Cup, gambling and animal cruelty. Ordinal logistic regression and Chi-square analysis were used to evaluate the age and gender of respondents in clusters respectively. Agreement with the statements revealed some significant associations. Male respondents were at greater odds for agreement with the statement: I regularly bet on horse races (OR = 2.39; 95% CI = 1.78–3.22) as were respondents aged 18–19 years (OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.13–7.35) and 20–24 years (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.00–3.62) compared with the median 35–40 years age bracket. Agreement with the statement: I will watch the Melbourne Cup but will not place a bet was more likely among the full-time employed (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.10–2.32), for those aged 20–24 years (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.16–2.95). The odds of increasing agreement with the statement: I have never been interested in the Melbourne Cup were multiplied by 0.87 (95% CI = 0.82–0.92) with each successive five-year age bracket. The most useful of the predictor variables for agreement was level of education. The odds of increasing with the statement: I have become less interested in the Melbourne Cup over recent years because of my concerns with gambling were multiplied by 1.09 (95% CI = 1.02–1.15) for each increased level of education. Agreement with the statement: I have become less interested in the Melbourne Cup because of my concerns about animal cruelty was weaker amongst male respondents (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.48–0.80), and those in increasing age brackets (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.83–0.93). A series of six clusters were identified that show how certain attributes of respondents characterise their responses. The authors labelled these clusters “Devotees” (n = 313; 30.4% of respondents), “Flaneurs” (n = 244; 21.8% of respondents), “Disapprovers” (n = 163; 15.9% of respondents), “Casuals” (n = 148; 14.4% of respondents), “Gamblers” (n = 126; 12.3% of respondents) and “Paradoxical-voters” (n = 54; 5.3% of respondents). The implications for support of the Melbourne Cup are explored.
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Dundes, Lauren. "Elsa as Horse Whisperer in Disney’s Frozen 2: Opportunity “Nokk”s to Quash Gender Stereotypes." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050086.
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Frozen 2 (2019) provided Disney with the opportunity to move past discomfort about the confluence of women’s sexuality and power in Queen Elsa portrayed in Frozen (2013). Yet in Frozen 2, Elsa remains romantically unattached, despite audience interest in her love life in the six years following the release of Frozen. In Frozen 2, Elsa forms a bond with a mythological male horse, a Nokk, whom she first battles, and then tames, showcasing her horse-whispering talents while building intimacy with the equine. The symbolism of Elsa’s domestication of the willful Nokk relates to the gynocentric horse and pony genre that explores girls’ desire for intimacy within a fictional world. In Frozen 2, however, substituting a male horse for a relationship with a human allows Disney to sidestep two potential controversies: (1) a queer love interest for Elsa, and (2) the portrayal of Elsa as wielding more power than a non-magically endowed male partner. In addition, Elsa’s taming of the horse in Frozen 2 places her in the realm of equestrianism, a woman-dominated sport where femininity is nevertheless devalued. As a result, her skills as a horse whisperer do not threaten men’s ascendancy, reflecting real-life gender dynamics in equestrian sport. These themes show how Disney balked at modernizing Elsa, retreating to outdated conceptions of gender roles rather than depicting progressive gender dynamics and sexuality in Disney royalty.
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Molinari, Luca, Giuseppina Basini, Roberto Ramoni, Simona Bussolati, Raffaella Aldigeri, Stefano Grolli, Simone Bertini, and Fausto Quintavalla. "Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Healthy Saddle Horses in Relation to Housing Conditions, Presence of Stereotypies, Age, Sex and Breed." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121670.
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Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many horse diseases and it has been shown that housing has important implications for the psychophysical well-being of horses. The aim of this study is to determine if there are any differences between the redox status in horses in relation to housing conditions. The four housing conditions analyzed were: single box, without external access and without contact (Cat A), single box with external access and possibility of partial contact (Cat B), group housing with box and large paddock (Cat C), pasture with more than 7 horses and the possibility of green forage for the whole year (Cat D). A group of 117 healthy horses were selected in several private stables in Northern Italy. All subjects treated with any type of drug were excluded. At the end of the enrollment, the 117 selected horses were divided into the four housing categories. Stereotypies were highest in the group of horses in single box, without external access and without contact (Cat A). Oxidative stress was evaluated by testing plasma or serum samples for the following parameters: superoxide anion (WST), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (d-ROMs), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Simultaneously with the blood sampling, the owners completed a questionnaire with all the management aspects of the horse (signaling, feeding, equestrian activity, vaccinations, foot management etc.). The statistical evaluation was carried out based on the categories previously described, on the presence and absence of stereotypies and on some signaling data obtained from the questionnaire. There were no significant differences in the parameters analyzed between the categories. No significant redox status differences were detected based on the presence or absence of stereotypies. Interestingly, when the age was introduced as selection (<14 and >14 years old) parameter inside the categories, statistical significance was observed for some of the stress markers considered. Finally, independently of the housing conditions, the horses of the most two represented breeds exhibited different values of FRAP. All these aspects are commented in the discussion.
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Kuemmerle, J. M., H. Uhlig, and J. Kofler. "Severe acute inflammatory reaction (SAIR) of the fetlock joint after intraarticular hyaluronate injection in a horse." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 04 (October 2006): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633006.
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SummaryHyaluronate (HA) was administered by intra-articular injection to a 13-year-old Haflinger mare for treatment of metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Ten hours after the injection, a severe inflammatory reaction developed in the treated joint. While awaiting results of synovial fluid analysis, treatment for iatrogenic infectious arthritis was initiated, but the analysis did not confirm sepsis. Clinical signs improved significantly following systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication and the horse was discharged three days later. Following an intravenous hyaluronate injection, four days after discharge, the synovitis recurred. Synovial fluid analysis did not show any abnormalities, but the clinical signs were severe. The severe acute inflammatory reaction required systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and intra-articular corticosteroid treatment in order to resolve the problem.
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POPADIUK, BOHDANA, and SERGIY HOLOPURA. "Normal QT interval in Ukrainian Riding Horses at rest and during exercise." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 12 (2020): 6472–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6472.
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Measurement of the main parameter of cardiac repolarization, namely QT interval, has a very high diagnostic value in human medicine, since its irregularities may indicate severe life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The QT interval may vary not only with heart rate, age, sex, and autonomic tone, but also with horse breeds. Therefore, the description of its reference values for a specific breed is of great importance. The Ukrainian Riding Horse was bred as a show jumping, dressage and three-day eventing breed on the basis of Hanoverian, Thoroughbred and Trakehner stallions and local mares, as well as Hungarian Furioso, Gidran Arab and Nonius mares. Twenty-three horses of the Ukrainian riding breed were included in the study: 8 geldings, 8 mares, and 7 stallions aged 3-11 years. The electrodes for ECG recording were placed according to an adapted base-apex system. The ECG was registered during rest, exercise, and recovery periods. QT intervals were measured from resting to peak exercise levels on the traces of the 2nd lead and plotted against RR intervals. The piecewise regression model was fitted to the data plot. The values of Slope1, Slope2, and RRbend were compared to those of other breeds. The QT/RR relationship was relatively described by the piecewise linear regression model for all sexes (0.95 < r2 < 0.97). The sex of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed had a significant effect on the model. In terms of Slope1, Slope2, and RRbend values, Ukrainian riding horses are closest to Warmbloods, Standardbreds, and Thoroughbreds. The QT interval in horses should be corrected for breed and sex.
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Nienartowicz-Zdrojewska, Anna, Jolanta Różańska - Zawieja, and Zbigniew Sobek. "Evaluation of Foals Sired by Stallions Belonging to Various Classes of Descent / Ocena Źrebiąt Po Ogierach O Różnym Pochodzeniu." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 4 (September 1, 2013): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0048.
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Abstract The evaluation concerned the progeny born to Polish pedigree stallions, to Polish-born stallions by imported sires, and to stallions imported to Poland. All traits (type, body conformation and development, health status and movement) were evaluated on a point scale. A highly significant effect of stallion on his progeny evaluation was observed. The highest mean for the total points in foal evaluation was noted for the offspring of imported sires. That class differed highly significantly from the foals by Polish-origin stallions and the foals by Polish-born stallions with imported sires. The gathered results clearly show the changes in purpose type over the years, and, consequently, in horse conformation. Horses have been becoming more noble in type, and their competitive potential has been increasing.
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De Kock, SS, JP Rodgers, BC Swanepoel, and AJ Guthrie. "Administration of bovine, porcine and equine growth hormone to the horse: effect on insulin-like growth factor-I and selected IGF binding proteins." Journal of Endocrinology 171, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1710163.
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This study investigated the biochemical effects of administration of three types of recombinant growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) to the Thoroughbred horse. Equine or bovine or porcine GH was administered at a recommended dosage to 3-5-year old Thoroughbred geldings, for up to 21 days. It was shown that, in addition to equine GH, bovine and porcine GH were active in the horse; however, porcine GH caused injection-site reactions that were so serious that administration had to be terminated. The concentrations of a range of GH-related serum protein markers were determined before, during and after the administration period. Because of the short half-life of GH itself, the objective was to identify GH-related markers that showed changes in concentration and which could be used as indicators of the abuse of these hormones. Among the possible markers identified, serum total insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I was shown to be the most promising, increasing to 270% of the basal concentration for equine GH administration. After GH administration, IGF-I took longer to attain baseline concentrations than the time required for GH concentrations to recover to normal. The concentration obtained from the administration significantly exceeded natural concentrations for IGF-I, as was determined from a population of more than 2000 Thoroughbred horses in three continents. The concentrations of serum free IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were also shown to be significantly affected by equine and bovine GH.
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Travouillon, Kenny J. "Oldest fossil remains of the enigmatic pig-footed bandicoot show rapid herbivorous evolution." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 8 (August 2016): 160089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160089.
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The pig-footed bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus, is one of the most enigmatic Australian marsupials, which went extinct in the late 1950s probably as a result of European colonization. It is unusual in being the only marsupial to have evolved reduction of digits on both fore and hind feet, with the forefeet being pig-like (two toes) and the hind feet being horse-like (one toe). According to molecular phylogenetic analyses, Chaeropus diverged from other bandicoots (Peramelidae), and the bilbies (Thylacomyidae) by the mid-Late Oligocene. This is considerably earlier than suggested by the fossil record, with the current oldest specimens being Late Pleistocene in age. Here, I report the oldest fossils of Chaeropus, representing a new species, Chaeropus baynesi from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (2.47–2.92 Ma) Fisherman's Cliff Local Fauna, Moorna Formation, New South Wales, Australia, and extending the fossil record of the genus and family by at least 2 million years. Chaeropus baynesi is less high crowned than C. ecaudatus and lacks lateral blade development on lower molars, suggesting that it was unlikely to be grazing. This suggests that Chaeropus must have adapted rapidly to the drying conditions and changes in environments, and would have become a grazer in a very short period of time.
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Jiang, Dong, Yongkai Yang, Qisheng Guang, Chaohui Gao, and Lijun Chen. "Eavesdropping on quantum secret sharing protocols based on ring topology." Quantum Information and Computation 19, no. 7&8 (June 2019): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic19.7-8-4.
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Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is the process of splitting a secret message into multiple parts such that no subset of parts is sufficient to reconstruct the secret message, but the entire set is. Ever since the first protocol was proposed, QSS has attracted intensive study, and many protocols have been proposed and implemented over recent years. However, we discover that several ring-topology based QSS protocols cannot resist Trojan-horse attacks. In this paper, we first give a modified Trojan-horse attack strategy and show that the eavesdropper can obtain any player's private data and the dealer's secret message without leaving any trace. Then we show that existing defense strategies cannot resist our attack. To defeat such attacks, we design a defense strategy based on quantum memory and evaluate its performance. The evaluation results indicate that the eavesdropper's attack significantly increases the quantum bit error rate and can thus be detected.