Academic literature on the topic 'Horse racing'

ABSTRACT REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF FORMER RACING FEMALE HORSE AT PINABETENGAN VILLAGE WEST TOMPASO DISTRICT OF MINAHASA REGENCY. Horse was the special animal to gain more money compare with any other animals. Breeding management related to reproduction of racing female horse must be taken intensively to produce a standard racing Indonesian horse called Indonesian racing horse (Kuda Pacu Indonesia, KPI). This study was conducted to evaluate reproduction performance of former racing female horse including first mating age, period time of estrus cycle, service per conception, foaling interval at Pinabetengan village, west Tompaso district of Minahasa regency. This village was a core area of farmer maintaining more racing horse in Minahasa regency. This study was done using purposive sampling method and focused on 103 former racing female horses as case study observation in obtaining primer data. The interview was also conducted to the owners of racing horse. Results showed that the averages of first mating age was 5.72 years, period time of estrus cycle was 21.67 days, service per conception was 1.65, and foaling interval was 11.98 months. Therefore, it can be concluded that former racing female horses at Pinabetengan village were included at good category of reproduction performance. Key words: First mating age, estrus cycle period time, service per conception, foaling interval, Pinabetengan village

Jumps racing is a form of Thoroughbred horse racing that involves hurdles and steeples and typically longer distances, and heavier weights compared with flat racing, which does not incorporate obstacles. In Australia, jumps racing is carried out only in Victoria, one of eight states and territories. The continuation of jumps racing is contentious due to the higher risk of fatalities, falls and injuries for horses, compared with flat racing. While measures have been introduced by the industry to improve the safety of riders and horses, the rates of fatalities, falls and injuries in horses participating in jumps races have not been collectively reported in Australia since the 2012 to 2014 race seasons. Although information on individual horse fatalities, falls and injuries is published by Racing Victoria in Stewards’ Reports, the data are not aggregated, and so cannot readily be used to assess trends or evaluate the efficacy of safety measures introduced by the industry. The aim of this study was to determine the fatality, fall and injury rates for horses participating in hurdle and steeplechase races in Victoria in the 2022 and 2023 Thoroughbred horse jumps racing seasons compared with horses participating in flat races at the same race meets. Data on horse fatalities, falls and injuries were extracted from the published Racing Victoria race results and Stewards’ Reports for the jumps races (n = 150) and corresponding flat races (n = 157) held at the 38 jumps race meets in Victoria in 2022 and 2023. Overall, horse fatalities, falls and injuries occurred at higher rates in jumps races compared with flat races during the study period. The rate of horse fatalities in jumps races was 3.3 per 1000 starts, with no fatalities in flat races. The rate of horse falls in hurdle races was 24 per 1000 starts and 41.6 per 1000 starts in steeplechase races, comparable with rates previously reported in the 2012 to 2014 seasons. There were no falls in flat races. Horse injuries occurred at a rate of 68.9 per 1000 starts in jumps races compared with 18.8 per 1000 starts in flat races. In hurdle and steeplechase races, veterinary clearance being required following horse injury was 5.4 times (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.8–10.2) and 7.2 times (OR 7.2, 95% CI 3.3–15.6) more likely, respectively, compared with flat races. The risk of trauma was 4 times more likely in hurdle and steeplechase races (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.7–13.3 and OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.2–13.4, respectively) and the risk of lameness was increased by 2.5 times in hurdles (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.2) and 5.1 times in steeplechase races (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.3–11.5), compared with flat races. These findings support concerns about the welfare of horses involved in jumps racing and of the need for further safety measures to reduce these risks.

In the first four decades of the twentieth century, horse racing was one of America’s most popular spectator sports. Members of America’s elite took to breeding and racing horses as one of their preferred pastimes. Coinciding with an increase in immigration and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics, the idea that careful breeding of thoroughbreds would result in improved horses resonated with Americans worried about racial degeneration. Scientists committed to racial ideologies looked to thoroughbreds—whose owners and breeders maintained extensive pedigree records—to understand the science of genetic inheritance. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of research at the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, pored over breeding charts and race results to develop a mathematical model of inheritance that he called the “inheritance coefficient.” He believed his careful study of horses would yield findings that he and his fellow eugenicists could apply to humans. Thoroughbred breeders followed trends in genetics while contributing to the production of scientific knowledge. Pedigree charts available to bettors at race tracks helped normalize concepts of biological inheritance for race track attendees of all classes. Horse racing’s popularity in the United States contributed to the diffusion of the concept of biological race that originated as an ideological project of the ruling class. This paper analyzes the role of thoroughbred breeding and racing in the formation and popularization of racial ideology by situating breeding farms as sites of knowledge production and racecourses as places that exhibited performances of racial science for large audiences.

SummaryExtracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) was administered to 8 racing Thoroughbreds with superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon injuries sustained during racing or race training. The tendons were assessed ultrasonographically. The ability of the horse to return to racing was monitored. Five of 8 horses raced successfully, 2 re-injured the tendon during retraining, and 1 horse was retired due to age and lesion severity.

Jumps racing involves a higher risk of accident and fatality than flat racing. The wide accessibility of media, combined with alternate views regarding the place of animals in society, raises the question of the acceptability of the continuation of jumps racing. Racing data and media articles from Newztext and Google news search were collected for the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 jumps racing seasons, during which the fatality rate was 5.8 per 1000 starters. Jumps racing articles comprised 3.4% of all race reporting, and the volume of discussion about jumps racing was minimal (2.9% of jumps race articles related to the continuation of jumps racing), short-lived and related to horse fatalities. Articles were categorised and analysed using rhetorical analysis to determine the main arguments. The inherent risk posed by jumps racing to the horse formed a basis for two argumentative positions. Proponents of jumps racing argued that risks were reasonable, with risk minimisation measures best determined by expertise and care from within the racing industry, labelling opponents as naïve extremists. Opponents of jumps racing used anthropomorphism of the horse to argue that any risk was unacceptable and jumps racing should be banned. Horses were attributed with rights, and from this perspective, the racing industry exploited horses for entertainment. These two different arguments were used to shape claims for and against the continuation of jumps racing, allowing both to be built upon a shared acceptance of inherent risk.

The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical analysis on how a Thoroughbred horse should regulate its speed over the course of a race to optimize performance. Because Thoroughbred horses are not capable of running the whole race at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash the burst of speed is essential. Our model relies on mechanics, energetics (both aerobic and anaerobic) and motor control. It is a system of coupled ordinary differential equations on the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy, that leads to an optimal control problem that we solve. In order to identify the parameters meaningful for Thoroughbred horses, we use velocity data on races in Chantilly (France) provided by France Galop, the French governing body of flat horse racing in France. Our numerical simulations of performance optimization then provide the optimal speed along the race, the oxygen uptake evolution in a race, as well as the energy or the propulsive force. It also predicts how the horse has to change its effort and velocity according to the topography (altitude and bending) of the track.

Summary Epiglottitis was diagnosed and treated in 20 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 7 Standardbreds) over a 5-year period. Eighteen horses were used for racing, and 2 Standardbreds were broodmares. Primary clinical signs were exercise intolerance, respiratory noise, and coughing. The most common endoscopic diagnosis made by referring veterinarians was epiglottic entrapment (11 horses). In 19 horses, endoscopic evaluation at admission revealed mucosal ulceration and thickening of the lingual surface of the epiglottis. Other endoscopic findings included dorsal displacement of the soft palate (14 horses), and dorsal deviation of the epiglottic axis (11 horses). Only 1 horse had epiglottic entrapment. Treatment consisting of stall confinement for 7 to 14 days, topical administration of a solution of furacin, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerin, and prednisolone, and systemic administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids was effective in controlling epiglottic edema and inflammation. Antimicrobials were administered to 6 horses. Racing performance of the 18 racehorses was evaluated by examination of racing records. One horse was still convalescing at the time of the study, and 1 horse had been euthanatized 1 week after treatment for epiglottitis because of colic. The remaining 16 horses all started at least 1 race (mean time between initial examination and start of first race, 74 days; range, 8 to 265 days). Thirteen horses started at least 4 races following treatment for epiglottitis; racing performance after treatment was the same in 8 and decreased in 5. Long-term sequelae of epiglottitis included epiglottic deformity (5 horses), intermittent or persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (4 horses), and epiglottic entrapment (1 horse).

There have been horse races for many centuries. Horse racing is closely related to horse betting, which is illegal in China, and strictly speaking, horse betting is regarded as gambling. If horse racing opens up in China, “horse betting”, legally, will likely be included as a part of the process. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has banned horse racing at the beginning of its development. After China’s reforms and opening up, it was tacitly approved and then refused until now. Several provinces in China have made pioneering contributions in this area since the 1990s. Nevertheless, the Chinese authorities are cautious about such plans for various reasons. Until now, the central government has not liberalized the scheme except for a few local trials of speed horse racing, which do not have the property of “betting on the horse”. This paper explores its problems in terms of both historical evolution and realistic development. Then, it proposes practical options for horse racing development based on summarizing the expansion of existing policies to promote horse racing. These options are in response to the lack of development models not mentioned in the guidelines.

With the vigorous development of horse racing, people’s attention to horse racing has increased significantly. Some experts and scholars have conducted research on the decision-making management and predictive analysis methods of horse racing. Today, with the rapid development of information technology, the amount of data and data dimensions of horse racing competitions continue to explode. The increase in data scale and feature dimensions provides new challenges for competition management and competition prediction research. At present, traditional prediction algorithms can no longer meet the needs of horse racing situation prediction, but research has found that association rules and neural network algorithms provide a good solution to the classification and prediction problem. Based on the advantages of association rules and neural networks in analyzing data, according to the requirements of horse racing decision management, this paper adopts the B/S structure to realize the construction of the horse racing decision management optimization model from the three aspects of hierarchical structure, functional structure, and forecasting process. Combined with the horse racing decision management optimization model, based on a large number of experimental training data, the final conclusion is drawn: first, the factors that affect the horse racing performance are from large to small. The order of arrangement is: race schedule > age > gender > weight > rating > horse top three rate > jockey > weight load > harness > ranking > field nature > field > trainer; the second is the prediction and actual results of the neural network algorithm. The closest one, which is slightly higher than 90%, has the highest prediction accuracy; third, the average value of the horse racing performance prediction of this system during the review is only 2.01 s, and the misappraisal rate is 0.12%, indicating that the application value of this system is significant; fourth, in the average time spent in the two seasons, the average time spent in the second season was reduced compared with the average time spent in the first season, with a maximum reduction of 0.984 s, indicating a slight improvement in the performance of the 2020 season. Using this system to predict horse racing, results can improve the optimization of horse racing decision management to a certain extent.

The welfare debate around horse racing appears to be focussed on musculoskeletal injury and the racing of 2-year-olds. Much of this debate appears contrary to the evolutionary history of the horse as a cursorial animal and the capability of the equine musculoskeletal system to respond to the demands of race training. Epidemiological studies have reported that 2-year-old racehorses have a longer time period from entering training to the first race and a greater number of lost training days than older horses. However, this is, in part, due to the time taken to learn to train and the impact of dorsal metacarpal disease, which is due to loading of naïve as opposed to immature tissue. Across several racing jurisdictions and codes, it has been demonstrated that horses that train and race as 2-year-olds have longer, more successful, careers than those that start racing later in life. This positive trend has also been observed with horses starting in equestrian sport at an early age. The literature on the growth and development of the horse indicates that the musculoskeletal system is primed for activity and loading from an early age. Additional exercise for the young horse has a positive rather the negative effect, with many tissues having a sensitive period for ‘priming’ when the horse is a juvenile. This implies that under many modern management systems, the challenge to horse welfare is not ‘too much exercise too soon’ but ‘too little too late’. The current limitation in our understanding is the lack of knowledge of what is the correct exercise dose to optimise the musculoskeletal system. Modern management systems invariably provide too little exercise, but is the exercise data from feral horses the ‘gold standard’, or more a reflection of what the horse is capable of if resources such as food and water are limited? Further research is required to refine our understanding of the optimal exercise levels required and development of greater precision in identifying the sensitive periods for priming the musculoskeletal system.

This thesis is the first substantive analysis of unregistered proprietary horse racing (or pony racing, as it was popularly known) in Sydney, an extremely popular form of the sport conducted weekly or more frequently between 1888 and 1942. However, a number of researchers working on its periphery have contributed commentary and judgements to a discourse on it that has existed since the establishment of the Sydney Turf Club (STC) in 1943. Their writings have created an orthodox view of the sport that suggests inter alia it was a cultural expression of a ‘needy and greedy’ element of the working class and that its constituency was excluded from that of the racing of the Establishment, conducted by the Australian Jockey Club (AJC). This orthodoxy also holds unregistered racing was subject to endemic corruption, haphazardly conducted, inexpensive to attend, provided poor money and was in general a burlesque of AJC racing. The thesis engages this discourse and tests the tenets of the orthodoxy through examination or re-examination of relevant primary sources, including parliamentary papers, contemporary newspapers and journals, race books and other documents, administrative records, photographs, and the memoirs and transcripts of oral history provided by human participants.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Includes bibliography.

Post Time is a non-fiction video program depicting some of the careers found at North American horse race tracks. Through the use of videotaped footage taken at eight race tracks and three training farms, the horse racing industry's trainers, jockeys, owners and grooms are profiled in the world they call the backstretch. The video begins with a brief history of horse racing and the origins of thoroughbred horses followed by closer examinations of the economic and social experiences faced by the owners, trainers, jockeys, and grooms as they attempt to prepare horses for racing every week.

'Betting by the Book' details the steps taken in, and results obtained from, an examination of the processes followed, especially in Australia, of those persons who bet on thoroughbred horseracing. The work briefly describes the evolution of the practice of this form of gambling and details the extent of the activity in the Australian nation. Note is made of the obvious limited amount of attention previously given to the topic by academia. Using illustrations of the extent of the complexity and resulting uncertainty of outcome in selecting winning horses the study finds that the consequential behaviour of almost all those who bet is the adoption of a co-ordinated process of selection commonly referred to as a system. As hypothesised the study found three major categories,viz., logical, naive and superstitious. Sub-types of the three categories, devised as a part of the study, are listed and defined. Unexpectedly the work brought to attention the finding that most bettors, even those following logical systems, will, at times, adopt superstitious practices. Examples are provided of logical, yet simple, selection systems that could be beneficially adopted by those persons who would otherwise follow naive and superstitious systems of selection. Finally the study notes the considerable opportunities that exist for the education of bettors.
Master of Arts (Hons) (Gambling Studies)

Thesis (M.A.Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002].
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney to fulfil the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Honours) Gambling Studies " Bibliography: leaves 277-290.

Dissertation (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to investigate whether environmental and/or genetic factors had an effect on the incidence of epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage among racehorses in Southern Africa. A further aim was to estimate the heritability of liability to epistaxis in the Southern African Thoroughbred population. For the purpose of the environmental study, the data covering the period 1986-2001 and involving a total of778 532-race runs, were analysed. This included the following race start information: date of race (day/month/year), age, sex, breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, weight carried, centre of racing and altitude. The genetic part of the data was two-fold in nature and included firstly the analysis of all horses that suffered epistaxis whilst racing in Southern Africa from 1986 to 2001 and involving 1118 individual bleeders. The second genetic analysis included the same Southern African population plus those Southern African horses exported to Mauritius and then being recorded as bleeders in that country (1252 bleeders in total). Pedigree data covering the period 1960-1986 was used as required to calculate the incidence of bleeding amongst ancestors of the post 1986 era. Only pedigrees of horses that raced were included in this study as it was not possible to predict whether non-runners would have bled had they raced. Consequently all non-runners and also those that raced overseas in countries where bleeding occurrence was not recorded were excluded. Veterinarians employed by the Jockey Club suspended officially recorded horses that showed epistaxis as demonstrated by frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing. Oncourse endoscopy is not employed as a routine on any of the Southern African racetracks. In the environmental study epistaxis was identified in 1 287 race starts (0.165%). Epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage was significantly (p<0.001) associated with altitude, age, race year, month and the day of racing. More horses demonstrated epistaxis at sea level than at altitude, between the months of May - October than the rest of the year, in older horses than in horses less than three-years old, after 1995 than between the years 1986 and 1995, and on Fridays and Sundays than on any other week day. No association could be established between epistaxis and breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, sex and weight carried. The heritability of liability method as described by Falconer (1989) was used to estimate the relative importance of heredity and environment. For the period investigated, the population incidence for epistaxis in Southern African horses was 2.1%. The estimation of heritability ofliability showed that first-degree relatives had a figure of 55.4%. The heritability of second- and third degree relatives were 41.3% and 30.4% respectively. The data investigated depicts horses that bled almost exclusively on race days as only a small percentage (- 5%) was reported as having bled during exercise. Accordingly, the full extent of epistaxis amongst racing Thoroughbreds in Southern Africa is difficult to gauge. Pedigree and race run data from Thoroughbreds racing in Southern Africa, covering the period 1986-2002 (63 146) horses in pedigree data-set and 778 532 race runs, were further analysed in order to study genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of epistaxis as associated with EIPH (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage). As fixed effects for the model, variables that were tested significantly in a preliminary data analyses, were included. Various combinations of such variables namely age, weight, altitude, sex, month and going were tested. Fixed effects that were included in the fmal model were gender, going and altitude. The heritability estimates from a logit transformed analysis for epistaxis fitting both the animal and sire generalized mixed models were 0.23 and 0.40 respectively, which indicated that epistaxis as associated with EIPH in the Southern African Thoroughbred sires has a strong genetic basis. Genetic trends indicating an increase in epistaxis were also found. It is concluded that the frequency of epistaxis related to pulmonary haemorrhage is associated with altitude, winter and spring months and the horse's age. It is suggested that racing at a lower altitude may increase the probability of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. It is clear that epistaxis in the racing Thoroughbred has a strong genetic basis. It is further suggested that horses showing frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing or exercise, be suspended and not used for breeding purposes. This would result in relatively fast progress being made towards eradicating this costly scourge of the modem Thoroughbred racehorse. Affected stallions and those racing whilst being treated with furosemide, should be barred from breeding and not be considered as future sires. Estimated breeding values for epistaxis should be used as a tool for selecting against it and be considered in breeding programmes to decrease the incidence thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n GENETIESE ANALISE VAN DIE VOORKOMS VAN LONGBLOEDING IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE RENPERD: Die doel met hierdie studie was om vas te stelof omgewings- of genetiese faktore enige invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd het. 'n Verdere doelstelling was om die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedpopulasie te bepaal. Vir die omgewingstudie is data wat oor die periode 1986-2001 strek en wat 'n totaal van 778 532 wedren-deelnames ingesluit het, statisties ondersoek. Die data het die volgende inligting ingesluit: datum van deelname, ouderdom, geslag, teler, afrigter, afstand van wedren, jokkie, toestand van baanoppervlakte, gewig gedra, sentrum waar deelname plaasgevind het en die hoogte bo seespieël van die sentrum. Die studie van die genetiese aspekte het eerstens 'n analise van al die perde wat longbloeding tydens 'n wedren in Suider-Afrika gedurende die jare 1986-2002 ondervind het (I118 perde), en tweedens dieselfde populasie perde, plus die Suiderlike-Afrikaanse perde wat uitgevoer is na Mauritius en bloeding daar ondervind het, (1252 perde), ingesluit. Ter aanvulling is uitgebreide stamboomdata van voorouers gedurende 1960-1986 gebruik om die voorkoms van longbloeding tydens die post 1986 tydvak te bepaal. Slegs stambome van renperde wat aktief aan renne deelgeneem het, is in die data ingesluit aangesien dit nie moontlik was om te voorspel of 'n perd wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het nie, longbloeding sou ondervind indien dit wel deelgeneem het. Dus is alle renperde wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het, asook daardie perde wat in die buiteland deelgeneem en waar longbloeding nie aangeteken word nie, uitgesluit. Alle perde wat bloeding van die neus na wedrenne getoon het, is deur veeartse in diens van die Jokkie Klub van Suid-Afrika ondersoek, as 'n bloeier aangeteken en van verdere deelname aan wedrenne geskors. Endoskopie word op geen van die Suid- Afrikaanse renbane as 'n standaard praktyk na wedrenne uitgevoer nie. Longbloeding het in 1 287 perde of gedurende 0.165% van alle wedrenne plaasgevind. Longbloeding soos geassossieer met EIPH, (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage), is betekenisvol (p<0.001) met hoogte bo seespieël, ouderdom, dag van deelname, maand, en jaar verbind. Meer perde het longbloeding by seevlak in vergelyking met hoër vlakke bo seespieël ondervind, tussen die maande Mei-Oktober as die res van die jaar, in perde ouer as drie-jaar, na 1995 as tussen die jare 1986-1995, op Vrydae en Sondae as enige ander dag van die week. en meer by reuns as by merries of hingste. Geen verwantskap kon tussen bloeding en teler, afrigter, afstand, jokkie, toestand van baan, geslag en gewig gedra, gevind word nie. Die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding vir longbloeding soos omskryf deur Falconer (1989), is gebruik om die relatiewe belangrikheid van oorerflikheid en omgewing te bepaal. Vir die periode bestudeer, was die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd 2.1%. Die oorerflikheid van longbloeding was 55.4% vir eerste-graadse verwantes. By tweede-graadse verwantes was die ooretlikheid 41.3% en by derde-graadse verwantes 30.4%. Die data wat ondersoek is, was bykans uitsluitlik die van perde wat tydens wedrenne gebloei het en slegs 'n baie klein persentasie (~ 5%) was aangeteken as perde wat tydens oefening gebloei het. Dus is die volle omvang van longbloeding in Suider-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde moeilik om akkuraat te bepaal. Die stamboom- en wedrendata van Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde is verder ontleed in 'n poging om die genetiese en omgewingsfaktore se invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding, soos geassosieer met EIPH te bepaal. As vaste effekte vir die model is veranderlikes wat betekenisvol gevind was, ingesluit. Verskeie kombinasies van hierdie veranderlikes soos ouderdom, gewig, hoogte bo seespieël, geslag, maand en toestand van die baan is ingesluit. Die vaste effekte wat in die finale model ingesluit is, was geslag, toestand van die baan en hoogte bo seespieël. Die beraamde oorerflikheid verkry vanaf 'n "logit" getransformeerde analise vir longbloeding wat beide die diere- en vader- gemengde model gepas het, was onderskeidelik 0.23 en 0.40, wat 'n aanduidending is dat longbloeding, soos geassosieer met ElPH, 'n sterk genetiese grondslag het. Genetiese tendense het ook gedui op 'n toename in die voorkoms van longbloeding, veraloor die laaste vyf jaar van die studie. Samevattend is die bevinding dat die frekwensie van longbloeding 'n betekenisvolle verwantskap toon met hoogte bo seespieël, winter en lente maande en die perd se ouderdom. Dit word voorgestel dat renperde wat deelneem aan wedrenne by laer vlakke van hoogte bo seespieël, meer onderhewig aan longbloeding sal wees. Uit die resultate verkry is dit duidelik dat longbloeding 'n genetiese grondslag het. Dit word voorgestel dat perde wat fisiese simptome van neusbloeding na of gedurende wedrenne toon, geskors word van verdere deelname en ook nie toegelaat word om mee te teel nie. Hierdie maatreëls behoort aanleiding te gee dat relatief vinnige vordering gemaak sal word in die strewe om hierdie ongewenste sindroom in die moderne Volbloed te verminder. Aangetaste hingste, asook die wat aan wedrenne deelgeneem het terwyl hul behandeling ontvang met furosemide, moet nie toegelaat word om te teel en nie as toekomstige teelhingste oorweeg word nie. Die waarde van voorspelde teelwaardes vir longbloeding moet nie onderskat word in seleksie daarteen nie en moet in teelprogamme om die voorkoms daarvan te verminder, oorweeg word.

'Betting by the Book' details the steps taken in, and results obtained from, an examination of the processes followed, especially in Australia, of those persons who bet on thoroughbred horseracing. The work briefly describes the evolution of the practice of this form of gambling and details the extent of the activity in the Australian nation. Note is made of the obvious limited amount of attention previously given to the topic by academia. Using illustrations of the extent of the complexity and resulting uncertainty of outcome in selecting winning horses the study finds that the consequential behaviour of almost all those who bet is the adoption of a co-ordinated process of selection commonly referred to as a system. As hypothesised the study found three major categories,viz., logical, naive and superstitious. Sub-types of the three categories, devised as a part of the study, are listed and defined. Unexpectedly the work brought to attention the finding that most bettors, even those following logical systems, will, at times, adopt superstitious practices. Examples are provided of logical, yet simple, selection systems that could be beneficially adopted by those persons who would otherwise follow naive and superstitious systems of selection. Finally the study notes the considerable opportunities that exist for the education of bettors.

Defined as Turanist, Eurasianist, pro-Russian, pro-Iranian, anti-immigrant but pro-Islam, racist, antisemitic, anti-Roma, Hungarist, and radically populist, Jobbik do not exist in a vacuum. The rise of Jobbik from deep nationalist, antisemitic, and anti-Roma currents in Hungarian politics dates back to the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite its extensive efforts at “image refurbishment” in recent years, Jobbik remains a populist, revisionist, racist, radical right-wing party that threatens to destabilize Hungary, the neighboring region, and the EU.