Journal articles: 'Horses, abnormalities'

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O'Neill, HV Masey, J. Keen, and L. Dumbell. "Dental abnormalities in horses." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 1 (April 2010): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010003663.

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Dyson, Sue, and Danica Pollard. "Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram and Its Relationship with Gait in a Convenience Sample of 60 Riding Horses." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061044.

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A Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) comprising 24 behaviours has been developed to facilitate the identification of musculoskeletal pain. The aim was to further test the RHpE by its application to a convenience sample (n = 60) of sports horses and riding school horses in regular work and assumed by their owners to be working comfortably. All horses performed a purpose-designed dressage-type test of 8.5 min duration in walk, trot and canter, with their normal rider. The RHpE was applied retrospectively to video recordings acquired in a standardised fashion. Seventy-three percent of horses were lame (≤ grade 2/8) on one or more limbs; 47% had gait abnormalities in canter. Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram scores ranged from 3 to 16/24 (median 9); rider skill score ranged from 2.5 to 8/10 (median 4.75). The effect of horse age, breed, sex, work-discipline, epaxial muscle hypertonicity or pain, an ill-fitting saddle, rider skill score, the presence of lameness or gait abnormalities in canter on the RHpE score was assessed using Poisson regression. Two variables were retained in the final multivariable analysis, rider skill score as a continuous variable (p < 0.001), and lameness (p = 0.008). A RHpE score ≥8 was a good indicator of the presence of musculoskeletal pain.

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Smith, Sarah, and Celia M. Marr. "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in three adult horses." Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, no. 2 (April 2019): e000732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000732.

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The report describes the diagnosis and management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in three horses which were presented with acute-onset increased respiratory effort. Pneumomediastinum was evident radiographically without evidence of internal or external trauma. Two horses had no obvious inciting cause and one horse had chronic interstitial pneumonia. All horses developed echocardiographic changes consistent with right heart dysfunction. Radiographic evidence of pneumomediastinum resolved in 14–21 days along with all other clinical abnormalities. Despite the severity of the initial clinical signs, all cases reported made a rapid and complete recovery, suggesting that, as in human beings, spontaneous pneumomediastinum in horses is a benign condition with a good prognosis.

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Bugno, Monika, Ewa Słota, Aldona Pieńkowska-schelling, and Claude Schelling. "Identification of chromosome abnormalities in the horse using a panel of chromosome-specific painting probes generated by microdissection." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.57.2009.3.3.

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Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using a panel of molecular probes for all chromosome pairs obtained by chromosome microdissection of the domestic horse ( Equus caballus ) was used to diagnose karyotype abnormalities in 35 horses (32 mares, 2 stallions and 1 intersex), which were selected for the study due to infertility (23 horses), reduced fertility (10 horses) and developmental anomalies (2 horses). The use of the FISH technique with probes for each horse chromosome pair enabled the diagnosis of many different chromosome aberrations in this population. Among the horses analysed, 21 animals had normal karyotype — 64,XX (19 mares) and 64,XY (2 stallions). Fourteen animals, constituting 40% of the population studied, showed the following chromosome abnormalities: 63,X (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX (6 mares); 63,X/64,XX/65,XXX (3 mares); 63,X/65,XXX (1 mare); 64,XX/65,XX+Xp (1 mare); 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+Xq (1 mare), and 63,X/64,XX/65,XX+delY (1 intersex). When only the mares studied because of complete infertility were taken into consideration, this proportion exceeded 56%. Due to the increased frequency of the above-mentioned aberrations in the mosaic form of two or more lines, it was necessary to analyse a large number (100–300) of metaphase spreads. The use of specific molecular probes obtained by chromosome microdissection made these diagnoses much easier.

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Lear∗, T. L. "Assessing Chromosome Abnormalities in Horses with Infertility or Congenital Abnormalities." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 29, no. 5 (May 2009): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.023.

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Bugno-Poniewierska, Monika, and Terje Raudsepp. "Horse Clinical Cytogenetics: Recurrent Themes and Novel Findings." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030831.

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Clinical cytogenetic studies in horses have been ongoing for over half a century and clearly demonstrate that chromosomal disorders are among the most common non-infectious causes of decreased fertility, infertility, and congenital defects. Large-scale cytogenetic surveys show that almost 30% of horses with reproductive or developmental problems have chromosome aberrations, whereas abnormal karyotypes are found in only 2–5% of the general population. Among the many chromosome abnormalities reported in the horse, most are unique or rare. However, all surveys agree that there are two recurrent conditions: X-monosomy and SRY-negative XY male-to-female sex reversal, making up approximately 35% and 11% of all chromosome abnormalities, respectively. The two are signature conditions for the horse and rare or absent in other domestic species. The progress in equine genomics and the development of molecular tools, have qualitatively improved clinical cytogenetics today, allowing for refined characterization of aberrations and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. While cutting-edge genomics tools promise further improvements in chromosome analysis, they will not entirely replace traditional cytogenetics, which still is the most straightforward, cost-effective, and fastest approach for the initial evaluation of potential breeding animals and horses with reproductive or developmental disorders.

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Ramsey, Ewart, Render, Cook, and Latimer. "Congenital ocular abnormalities of Rocky Mountain Horses." Veterinary Ophthalmology 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.1999.00050.x.

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Timothy, A. O. Olusa. "Do dental abnormalities predispose horses to colic?" Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 6, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jvmah2014.0290.

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de Mira, M. C., C. Santos, M. A. Lopes, and D. J. Marlin. "Challenges encountered by Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) veterinarians in gait evaluation during FEI endurance competitions: an international survey." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180058.

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Equine endurance competitions are long races over 1-2 days and horses can be eliminated in international competitions by FEI veterinarians for lameness at any time. Elimination rates due to lameness are high, affect the outcome of the races and commonly elicit objections to the decision from endurance competitors. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the opinion of FEI official endurance veterinarians (OEVs) about the challenges in assessing lameness; (2) the occurrence of confrontations with riders when horses are eliminated from races due to lameness; (3) to assess OEVs’ thoughts about the adoption of user-friendly technology for objective gait evaluation to help detect, quantify and document lameness. All FEI OEVs were asked to complete a questionnaire. There were 157 responses, being most of the respondents from Europe (56.1%) or the Middle East (16.6%). For the majority of respondents, detection of lameness was considered challenging, even for experienced and well-trained veterinarians (57.3%). OEVs also considered it was often hard to classify horses as lame or sound (65.8%). Handlers not trotting the horse appropriately during gait evaluations was considered the most common problem compromising the evaluation (94.3%). Most OEVs (98.2%) responded that they had been confronted at least once by a rider or associate about the decision to eliminate a horse due to lameness. Most OEVs (71.3%) would be interested in having the support of user-friendly technology for objective gait evaluation (33.3% for all evaluations; 38.0% only when horses have more subtle gait abnormalities). The findings of this survey suggest that technology to objectively detect and quantify gait abnormalities during endurance competitions would be beneficial to support decisions made by OEVs when evaluating and or eliminating horses for lameness.

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Plummer, Caryn E., and David T. Ramsey. "A Survey of ocular abnormalities in Miniature Horses." Veterinary Ophthalmology 14, no. 4 (April 18, 2011): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00868.x.

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11

Snyman, Jumari, Otto Koekemoer, Antoinette van Schalkwyk, Petrus Jansen van Vuren, Louwtjie Snyman, June Williams, and Marietjie Venter. "Epidemiology and Genomic Analysis of Equine Encephalosis Virus Detected in Horses with Clinical Signs in South Africa, 2010–2017." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030398.

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Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a neglected virus endemic to South Africa and is considered to generally result in mild disease in equines. Specimens were analyzed from live horses that presented with undefined neurological, febrile, or respiratory signs, or sudden and unexpected death. Between 2010 and 2017, 111 of 1523 (7.3%) horse samples tested positive for EEV using a nested real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Clinical signs were reported in 106 (7.2%) EEV positive and 1360 negative horses and included pyrexia (77/106, 72.6%), icterus (20/106, 18.9%) and dyspnea (12/106, 11.3%). Neurological signs were inversely associated with EEV infection (OR < 1, p < 0.05) relative to EEV negative cases despite a high percentage of animals presenting with neurological abnormalities (51/106, 48.1%). Seventeen of the EEV positive horses also had coinfections with either West Nile (5/106, 4.7%), Middelburg (4/106, 3.8%) or African Horse sickness virus (8/106, 7.6%). To investigate a possible genetic link between EEV strains causing the observed clinical signs in horses, the full genomes of six isolates were compared to the reference strains. Based on the outer capsid protein (VP2), serotype 1 and 4 were identified as the predominant serotypes with widespread reassortment between the seven different serotypes.

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McCormick, Karen A., Daniel Ward, and Kimberly M. Newkirk. "Aniridia in Two Related Tennessee Walking Horses." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/703732.

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Aniridia in horses is rare and has previously been reported to be genetically transmitted in Belgian horses and Quarter horses. This paper describes the defect in 2 related Tennessee Walking horses, with special reference to new findings regarding the molecular genetics of ocular development and how they might relate to equine aniridia. In addition to aniridia, these 2 horses possessed additional ocular abnormalities including cataracts and dermoid lesions. Euthanasia was elected, and the eyes were examined histologically. Iris hypoplasia, atypical dermoids, and cataracts were confirmed in both horses. Due to the heritability of aniridia in horses, breeding of affected animals is not recommended.

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Taylor, Sarah, Raphael Labens, Eugenio Cillán-García, and Lucinda Meehan. "Magnetic resonance imaging assisted management in five cases of suspected quittor." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 29, no. 01 (January 2016): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-15-02-0039.

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Summary Objectives: Assessment of the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in treatment planning in suspected cases of quittor in the horse. Methods: Five horses with chronic discharging tracts at the level of the foot underwent MRI for treatment planning. Results: The MRI examination revealed variable involvement of soft tissue and osseous structures of the foot in addition to abnormalities of the ungular cartilages in all cases. In two cases, follow-up MRI examination was performed. Four of five horses had a successful outcome, with three of these undergoing only one surgical procedure and one being managed medically. Clinical significance: We believe that the use of preoperative MRI facilitated accurate determination of the structures involved in cases of quittor, guiding the management, surgical approach and postoperative therapy.

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Briceño, Abelardo Morales, José L. Méndez-Angulo, and Aniceto Méndez Sánchez. "A retrospective study of causes for mortality of Thoroughbred horses in Caracas, Venezuela (2008-2012)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 5 (May 2018): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4673.

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred horses at the Racetrack “La Rinconada”, in Caracas (Venezuela) during 2008-2012. This study was conducted in a cohort of all Thoroughbred horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia. Data was collected retrospectively. Only horses for which a full necropsy report was available were included in the study. The carcass and all internal organs of each horse were examined and representative samples of tissues with abnormalities were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. Samples were collected for bacteriological or virological examination when indicated in gross examination. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 532 Thoroughbred horses were examined post-mortem. Of these horses, 44% were females and 56% males. In general musculoskeletal injuries and dilaceration occurred specifically at higher frequency. The total year and horses dead for descriptive statistical analysis was to mean 106.4 and median 125; Standard Deviation: 47.82573; variation (Standard Deviation): 2287.3, population (Standard Deviation): 42.77663 and variance (Standard Deviation): 18229.84. In conclusion we identify and describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred Race Horses in Caracas, Venezuela. In order of importance the causes of death were principally skeletal muscle injuries resulting in fractures euthanasia, abdominal crisis were mostly bowel twists and gastric rupture andrespiratory pathologies such as the pneumonia, pleuritis presented a significant number of cases of pulmonary hemorrhage induced by exercise. Finally the multisystem pathologies were presented in low cases.

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Morales-Briceño, Abelardo. "A Retrospective Study of Mortality Causes in Arabian Horses." Revista de Medicina Veterinaria 1, no. 41 (August 26, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/mv.vol1.iss41.3.

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This study aims to describe the causes of death in Arabian horses at Al Wathba, in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) during 2018-2019. This study was conducted in a cohort of all Arabian horses that died. Data was collected retrospectively and only those horses with a full necropsy report available were included in the study. The carcass and all internal organs of each horse were examined and representative samples of tissues with abnormalities were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 25 Arabian horses were examined post-mortem. Out of them, 35% were females. In general, colic occurred specifically at a higher frequency (80%), cases of collapse and sudden death during exercise and races occurred in 8%, cases of perinatal death in 8% and one case of laminitis (4%). The annual mortality in relation to the estimated population was 1% approximately. In conclusion, we identified and described the causes of death in Arabian horses in Al Wathba, Abu Dhabi, UAE during the period 2018-2019. In summary, a pathology of the digestive system specifically acute abdominal crisis (colic) is the main cause of death in Arabian horses, with 80%; other causes of mortality with a low incidence were in order collapse and sudden death during exercise and races, perinatal death and laminitis. These results allow establishing risk prevention measures of mortality in horses for specific activities like handling, feeding, training and races

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Durando, Mary M. "Clinical techniques for diagnosing cardiovascular abnormalities in performance horses." Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 2, no. 3 (September 2003): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/s1534-7516(03)00069-6.

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JOHNSTONE, I. B., and S. CRANE. "Haemostatic abnormalities in horses with colic - Their prognostic value." Equine Veterinary Journal 18, no. 4 (July 1986): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03624.x.

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Stockham, S. L., J. W. Harvey, and D. A. Kinden. "Equine Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency." Veterinary Pathology 31, no. 5 (September 1994): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589403100503.

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a well-characterized X-linked inherited disorder in humans but has not been reported in horses. We describe a persistent hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia due to a severe G6PD deficiency in an American Saddlebred colt. Other abnormalities in the colt's erythrocytes as compared with those of healthy horses ( n = 22–35) included increased activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), and increased concentration of oxidized NADP. Morphologic abnormalities included eccentrocytosis, pyknocytosis, anisocytosis, macrocytosis, and increased number of Howell-Jolly bodies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed that eccentrocytes had contracted to spherical regions and thin collapsed regions. Eccentrocytes were more electron dense than were normal erythrocytes when examined by transmission electron microscopy. When exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine, erythrocytes from the G6PD-deficient colt produced more and smaller Heinz bodies than did erythrocytes from normal horses. Abnormalities in the colt's dam included presence of eccentrocytes and pyknocytes; her average erythrocyte G6PD activity was slightly below the range of reference values.

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Saadi, Aram, Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh, Hamid Akbari, Mojtaba Rashedi, and Rahim Mohammadi. "Improvement of the clinical signs of gait abnormality after treatment with levothyroxine in a horse with shivering and hypothyroidism." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 68, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2020.00026.

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AbstractAn 11-year-old Hanoverian gelding used for jumping was evaluated for gait abnormalities and hoof problems in the hindlimbs. Clinical examinations revealed signs consistent with shivers. A thyroid gland enlargement was noticed, baseline serum thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations were low, and a low response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration was observed. Hypothyroidism was suspected. The horse was treated with levothyroxine for 1 year. TH concentrations returned to the normal range by week 4 of treatment. Thirty weeks after the initiation of levothyroxine therapy, the gait abnormality improved. Our findings suggest that the assessment of thyroid status and especially of the subclinical thyroid gland disorders in horses affected with shivering, as well as evaluation of the effects of levothyroxine on the improvement of clinical signs could be promising in establishing the aetiopathogenesis and/or treatment of shivering in horses.

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Kelly, Larry H., Francisco A. Uzal, Robert H. Poppenga, Hailu Kinde, Ashley E. Hill, W. David Wilson, and Brett T. Webb. "Equine dental and skeletal fluorosis induced by well water consumption." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 6 (October 14, 2020): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720962746.

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Two horses that consumed well water with high fluoride content exhibited clinical signs of chronic dental and skeletal fluoride toxicosis and were later euthanized and autopsied. Both horses had degenerative disease of multiple joints and multiple dental defects. Elevated fluoride concentrations were found in bone and tooth samples of both horses, well water, and feed. Microscopically, abnormalities were noted in bone and tooth samples, and consisted mostly of foci of cement necrosis and hypercementosis. Horses exhibiting bilateral, highly symmetrical dental and/or skeletal lesions, with chronic lameness, should be evaluated for the possible presence of fluoride toxicosis.

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COUDRY, V., A. K. ALLEN, and J. M. DENOIX. "Congenital abnormalities of the bicipital apparatus in four mature horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 37, no. 3 (January 5, 2010): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/0425164054530588.

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Decloedt, Annelies. "Pericardial Disease, Myocardial Disease, and Great Vessel Abnormalities in Horses." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 35, no. 1 (April 2019): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.12.005.

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Johns, I. C., and R. W. Sweeney. "Coagulation Abnormalities and Complications after Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Horses." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 2008): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0006.x.

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Dau, S. L., M. S. Azevedo, F. D. De La Corte, K. E. Brass, M. Gallio, F. Ceni, and B. B. Lubini. "Response of three digital anesthetic technics in horses with forelimb hoof lameness." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 4 (August 2017): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9155.

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ABSTRACT The presented study aimed to assess objectively the response of distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ), navicular bursa (NB) and deep digital flexor tendon sheath (DDFTS) anesthesia in horses with forelimb hoof lameness; and evaluate if the presence of radiographic abnormalities on navicular bone could interfere on blocks’ results. Fifteen horses with lameness improvement above 70% after palmar digital nerve (PDN) block were selected for this study. Blocks were assessed separately on five consecutive trials at seven different time-points. The fifth trial was performed to evaluate the influence of exercise on preexisting lameness. Most of horses (73.33%) presented pain related to the podotrochlear apparatus based on clinical and lameness exam and blocks’ responses. NB and DIJ anesthesia differed on the frequency of horses with lameness improvement above 70% only at 10min (p=0.03), and both differed from DDFTS block until 30’(p<0.05). The blocks’ response was variable along the time and the highest means for NB, DIJ and DDFTS were observed at 5-10 minutes (’), 15-20’ and 10-15’ respectively.Exercise had low interference on lameness intensity since no improvement above 50% was observed and an increase on lameness intensity over time was identified in seven horses. Variable grades of navicular bone radiographic lesions were observed in 14 horses, although these lesions had no interference on blocks’ response (p>0.05). The NB and DIJ blocks had similar responses and both were superior to DDFTS anesthesia, coincident with a major prevalence of podotroclear apparatus abnormalities in this equine population.

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Martens, A., D. Maes, B. Boussauw, R. Forsyth, K. J. Boening, and J. Declercq. "Dorsoproximal proximal phalanx osteochondral fragmentation in 117 Warmblood horses." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 22, no. 01 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-08-02-0016.

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SummaryThe objective of the present study was to determine clinical and arthroscopic characteristics associated with dorso-proximal proximal phalanx (P1) fragments in Warmblood horses, as well as to examine their histopathological appearance. One hundred sixty-eight fragments were removed from 150 fetlocks of 117 Warmblood horses. Details of signalment and results of clinical examination were collected prior to surgery. After arthroscopic fragment removal and joint evaluation for synovial and/or cartilage abnormalities, the fragments were measured and evaluated histopathologically. The vast majority of the fragments (95.2%) were found medially, without predilection for front or hind limbs. In 10% of the joints, more than one fragment was present. The mean size of the fragments was 6.8 ± 2.6 mm. Only eight horses presented fetlock-related lameness. Horses of seven years of age and older (OR=13.32; p=0.033) and the presence of more than one fragment (OR=11.12; p=0.016) were significantly associated with lameness. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed one or more abnormalities in 50.7% of the joints. On histopathology, osteochondral fragments presented as a bony center covered with smooth hyaline cartilage on one side and some fibrous tissue on the other side. No clear histopathological signs were indicating precisely their origin. In Warmblood horses with dorsoproximal P1 fragments, the age (seven years and older) and the presence of more than one fragment in a fetlock significantly increased the risk of lameness. The osteochondral dorsoproximal P1 fragments could be defined as a developmental orthopaedic disease.

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Martens, A., J. Declercq, V. Busoni, K. Vanderperren, H. van Bree, J. H. Saunders, and S. Hauspie. "Radiographic features of the dorsal condylar sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in young Warmblood stallions." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 23, no. 06 (2010): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-09-12-0130.

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Summary Objectives: To describe the radiographic appearance of the dorsoproximal aspect of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in Warmblood horses. Methods: The lateromedial radiographic projections of the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints performed on horses as a part of stallion selection were used. The dorsal aspect of the distal third metacarpal/metatarsal bone was divided in two areas. The appearance of the bone surface in area I was classified as normal, irregular, notch, indentation and lucency. For area II, the categories were normal, irregular, depression or lucency and flattening of the sagittal ridge. Other abnormalities at the dorsal aspect were also noted. Results: In area I, 51.5% of the ridges appeared normal, 19.3% were irregular, 8.9% had a notch, 8.1% had a lucency, and 12.2% had an indentation. In 1.2% of the horses a fragment was present, and in 1.7% a fragment was suspected.In area II, 90.6% of the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints were normal, 6.2% were irregular, 2.9% showed a depression or lucency, and the sagittal ridge in 0.2% was flattened. A fragment was present in 0.3%, and suspected in 0.4%. Clinical significance: Morphological variation is present at the dorsal aspect of the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joint in young Warmblood stallions. These various aspects should be recognised and described in horses presented for prepurchase examination. However, their clinical relevance in the individual horse is unclear and needs further investigation.Funding: Stijn Hauspie is a research fellow of the “Special Research Fund”, Ghent University (Belgium).

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Muniz, Talita D'Paula Tavares Pereira, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, José Wilton Pinheiro Junior, Ewerton Renner Gomes de Oliveira, and Gustavo Ferrer Carneiro. "Sero-epidemiological and reproductive survey for alphaherpesvirus infections in horses in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 3 (April 7, 2020): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n3p1079.

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Equine alphaherpesvirus is a major pathogen that causes respiratory disorders, abortion, neurological syndromes, and perinatal mortality in horse populations worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of anti-alphaherpesvirus antibodies is correlated to reproductive abnormalities in horses in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The virus neutralization was carried out in 322 serological samples from unvaccinated horses from 42 farms located in 16 municipalities in the Microregion of the Vale do Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil. Of these horses, 23.3% (75/322; 95% CI: 18.9-28.4%) were found to be reactive to anti-alphaherpesvirus antibodies. In addition, 61.9% (26/42) of farms had at least one reactive animal, with an inter-herd variation of 5% to 100%. With regard to reproductive rates, herpetic infection was associated with the use of biological reproductive techniques such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), which uses natural mating (p = 0.003); history of perinatal mortality (p = 0.004); birth interval greater than two years (p = 0.003); and reproductive seasonality of mares with irregular cycles in the herd (p = 0.041). This is the first report on the identification of horses reactive to anti-alphaherpesvirus antibody in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. From the results obtained, the adoption of prophylactic measures such as vaccination is suggested in order to prevent infection in susceptible animals and to reduce the viral load excreted by animals with quiescent infection.

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Foreman, Jonathan H., Peter D. Constable, Amy L. Waggoner, Michel Levy, R. M. Eppley, Geoffrey W. Smith, Mike E. Tumbleson, and Wanda M. Haschek. "Neurologic Abnormalities and Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Horses Administered Fumonisin B1Intravenously." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18, no. 2 (March 2004): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00165.x.

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Zehetner, Verena, Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri, Andrea Klang, Martin Hofer, Irina Preining, Ralf Steinborn, and Anna S. Ramsauer. "Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081599.

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There is strong evidence that equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is associated with the onset of Theiler’s disease, an acute hepatic necrosis, in horses. However, the impact of this virus on other hepatopathies remains unknown. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and quantify the viral loads of EqPV-H in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine and donkey livers with various histopathologic abnormalities. The pathologies included cirrhosis, circulatory disorders of the liver, toxic and metabolic hepatic diseases as well as neoplastic and inflammatory diseases (n = 84). Eight normal liver samples were included for comparison as controls. EqPV-H DNA was qualitatively and quantitatively measured by real-time PCR and digital PCR, respectively. The virus was detected in two livers originating from horses diagnosed with abdominal neoplasia and liver metastasis (loads of 5 × 103 and 9.5 × 103 genome equivalents per million cells). The amount of viral nucleic acids measured indicates chronic infection or persistence of EqPV-H, which might have been facilitated by the neoplastic disease. In summary, this study did not provide evidence for EqPV-H being involved in hepatopathies other than Theiler’s disease.

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Miró, Jordi, and Marion Papas. "Improvement of cryopreservation protocol in both purebred horses including Spanish horses." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): e0406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018164-13677.

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There is a widely held belief that the semen of Purebred Spanish Horses (PRE) is of generally poorer quality than that of other breeds, and survives cryopreservation less well. To determine whether this is the case, sperm concentration, viability and morphological abnormalities were examined in a total 610 fresh ejaculates from 64 healthy PRE (N=47) and non-PRE stallions (N=17). Sperm concentration and viability were then re-examined after pre-freezing centrifugation, and once again after freezing-thawing. No differences were observed between the PRE and non-PRE stallions in terms of any sperm quality variable at any observation point. When considering all PRE and non-PRE samples together, differences in sperm viability were observed between fresh and fresh-centrifuged sperm viability (70.1±12.5% compared to 76.3±10.9%; p<0.01). After centrifugation the samples were also more homogeneous in terms of the total number of recovered sperm cells. Centrifugation also improved frozen-thawed sperm viability, reducing differences in sperm quality between individual stallions. For all centrifugations, a sperm:extender ratio of 1:5 was used. This would appear to provide better final results than those reported in the literature for the 1:1 ratio commonly used for PRE stallion sperm cryopreservation. In conclusion, obtained results show that the quality and frozen/thawed results of PRE stallion sperm are not lower than that of non-PRE breeds. In addition, using a 1:5 sperm:extender dilution ratio when selecting sperms by centrifugation prior to freezing, seems to provide better results than those usually reported when using a 1:1 ratio.

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Bassuino, Daniele M., Guilherme Konradt, Matheus V. Bianchi, Matheus O. Reis, Saulo P. Pavarini, and David Driemeier. "Spontaneous poisoning by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) in horses." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 9 (September 2017): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900005.

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ABSTRACT: Sida carpinifolia poisoning causes a chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with lysosomal storage by indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). The epidemiological, clinical, pathological and lectin histochemistry findings of an outbreak of natural poisoning by S. carpinifolia in horses in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, are described. Five horses from a total of 15 that were kept on native pasture with large amounts of S. carpinifolia presented during 90 days clinical signs of progressive weight loss, incoordination, stiff gait and ramble, in addition to exacerbated reactions and locomotion difficulty after induced movement. Four horses died, and one of them was submitted for necropsy. At necropsy, no significant gross lesions were observed. Histological findings observed in the central nervous system were characterized by swollen neurons with cytoplasm containing multiple microvacuoles; these abnormalities were more severe in the thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum and pons. Using lectin histochemistry, the pons and hippocampus sections stained positive for commercial lectin Con-A, sWGA and WGA. This study aimed to detail S. carpinifolia poisoning in horses to be included in the differential diagnoses of neurological diseases of horses.

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Machado, Mizael, Larissa Rocha Andrade, Daniella Dianese Alves De Moraes, Márcio Botelho De Castro, Antônio Raphael Teixeirea Neto, Kelly Moura Keller, Benito Soto-Blanco, and Antônio Carlos Gomes. "Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (October 27, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.88220.

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Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM. Ration samples analysis revealed the presence of salinomycin (2,384.91 ± 100.7 ppm), narasin (144.15 ± 7.75 ppm) and fumonisins (0.87 to 4.09 ppm). Eight hospitalized horses were submitted to clinical therapy (gastric lavage and application of activated charcoal; fluid-electrolyte imbalance correction, intravenous dimethylsulfoxide, tocopherol and selenium supplementation). Four (50%) horses had permanent sequelae (muscle weakness and mild ataxia), two (25%) recovered without sequelae, and two (25%) were euthanized due to inability to stand and poor prognosis. Considering the total number of affected horses, mortality rate reached 59.25% (16/27).Discussion: Usually ionophores are safely used in livestock and bird production at the recommended doses. However, horses are among the most susceptible species and do not tolerate any exposure to the substance. The outbreaks herein occurred due accidental ionophore contamination of commercial ration at the industry probably by manufacturing process technical failures. Similarly, fumonisins contamination may be caused by feedstock inadequate storage at the industry, or improper ration storage in the farms. The suspicion of two concurrent diseases (IP and LEM) in the horses of these outbreaks was confirmed through the association of epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings and measurement of ionophores and fumonisins in the commercial ration. We reiterate the difficulty in diagnosing associated clinical syndromes, especially when high-lethality diseases are involved.

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Gama, Juliana Almeida Nogueira da, Mariana Isa Poci Palumbo, Giovane Olivo, Nadia Crosignani Outeda, Luiz Antônio de Lima Resende, and Alexandre Secorun Borges. "Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in horses." Ciência Rural 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141716.

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ABSTRACT: The brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) evaluates the integrity of the auditory pathways to the brainstem. The aim of this study was to evoke BAEPs in 21 clinically normal horses. The animals were sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (0.013mg.kg-1 BW). Earphones were inserted and rarefaction clicks at 90 dB and noise masking at 40 dB were used. After performing the test, the latencies of waves (I, II, III, IV, and V) and interpeaks(I-III, III-V, and I-V) were identified. The mean latencies of the waves were as follows: wave I, 2.4 ms; wave II, 2.24 ms; wave III, 3.61ms; wave IV, 4.61ms; and wave V, 5.49ms. The mean latencies of the interpeaks were as follows: I-III, 1.37ms; III-V, 1.88ms; and I-V, 3.26ms. This is the first study using BAEPs in horses in Brazil, and the observed latencies will be used as normative data for the interpretation of tests performed on horses with changes related to auditory system or neurologic abnormalities.

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Devine, Dustin V., Henry W. Jann, and Mark E. Payton. "Gait abnormalities caused by selective anesthesia of the suprascapular nerve in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, no. 5 (May 2006): 834–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.5.834.

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Foreman, Jonathan H., Peter D. Constable, Amy L. Waggoner, Michel Levy, R. M. Eppley, Geoffrey W. Smith, Mike E. Tumbleson, and Wanda M. Haschek. "Neurologic Abnormalities and Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Horses Administered Fumonisin B1 Intravenously." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18, no. 2 (2004): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<223:naacfc>2.0.co;2.

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Clements, Peter. "Therapeutic farriery of the hind feet for horses with hindlimb orthopaedic injuries." UK-Vet Equine 5, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2021.5.1.6.

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Low heels and negative plantar angles in the hind feet are the most common hind foot conformational abnormality. A causal relationship has been demonstrated between these conditions and hindlimb lameness. It is important these abnormalities are recognised during thorough orthopaedic examinations, so they can be quantified with radiography and appropriately treated with therapeutic farriery to restore optimal hoof conformation, balance and function. This is an essential part of a holistic approach to treating horses with hindlimb lameness. Farriery intervention for these abnormalities involves returning the plantar half of the foot to a load-sharing plane between the frog and heels, restoring phalangeal alignment and providing increased ground surface plantar to the centre of rotation of the distal interphalangeal joint.

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Earley, Edward T., Jennifer R. Rawlinson, Robert M. Baratt, Stephen S. Galloway, Rebecca C. Smedley, Janet M. Scarlett, Kent R. Refsal, Allison R. Dotzel, Victor S. Cox, and Gillian A. Perkins. "Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 34, no. 3 (August 16, 2017): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756417717039.

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Background: Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a frequently diagnosed condition in adult horses. The underlying etiology is still unknown. Hematologic, biochemical, and endocrine values have not been reported in EOTRH-affected horses. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to describe the hematologic, biochemical, and endocrine parameters in horses with EOTRH. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study of client-owned animals with EOTRH. Methods: A complete blood count, biochemistry panel, and endocrine profile were performed in horses diagnosed with EOTRH. Diagnosis was based on oral and radiographic examination findings and confirmed with histopathology. Results: Eighteen horses with EOTRH aged 10 to 32 years from various regions of the United States were sampled. The only consistent abnormality on the complete blood cell count and chemistry panel was hypoalbuminemia (88%). Endocrine parameters demonstrated no major abnormalities in the functioning of the thyroid and pituitary pars intermedia. The parathyroid hormone concentration was increased in 7 (47%) of 15 horses with an elevated 25-hydroxy vitamin D in 3 (17%) of 17 horses. Main Limitations: The main limitations of this study are the small sample size and lack of age-matched and management-matched control horses. Conclusions: The relevance of elevated parathyroid hormone in this study cannot be determined due to the lack of age-based controls and large population studies. With the small population evaluated in this study, there are no obvious hematological, biochemical, and endocrine changes evident. Further evaluation with signalment-matched controls will be necessary to evaluate some trends noted in the laboratory values.

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Kasap, Sevim, Engin Kennerman, Huban Gocmen, Huseyin Cihan, and Mihriban Ulgen. "Results of cytological and microbiological examination using tracheal aspiration in race horses with lower respiratory tract disease." Acta Veterinaria Brno 87, no. 4 (2018): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201887040339.

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Respiratory tract disease is the second most common cause of poor performance in racehorses after musculoskeletal disease. Lower respiratory tract disorders (LRTD) are common in thoroughbred horses of all ages. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was any association between the microbiological and cytological examinations. Fifty horses ranging in age from 2 to 6 years were examined. Horses with only upper respiratory tract abnormalities identified by endoscopy (at rest) were eliminated from the study and horses with LRTD were used in this study. Tracheal aspirate specimens were collected for cytological and microbiological examinations. Thirty six horses had positive and 14 horses had negative cultivation. The isolated bacteria included β-haemolytic Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (38.8%), Escherichia coli (22.2%) and other bacteria that were isolated at rates ranging from 0.4 to 1.8%. Percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and mast cells were evaluated in the cytological examination. The percentages of neutrophils were significantly higher in the samples with isolated bacteria (35.75 ± 2.60%) compared to the samples from which bacteria were not isolated (16.79 ± 2.36%) (P < 0.001). This study shows that S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus could play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of LRTD. It also demonstrates the importance of evaluating the microbiological findings of the tracheal aspirate specimens from horses suffering from respiratory infections, in addition to performing a detailed clinical examination and other complementary tests that focus on the respiratory system, such as endoscopy and cytology of the tracheal aspiration.

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Staniar, William Burton. "Linking dietary energy and skeletal development in the horse." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300016.

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Athletic production is what is sought from the horse. As mammary development is important to the dairy cow, skeletal development is important to horses meeting their production goals. As any integrative physiologist will appreciate, the variables that come together to result in optimal skeletal development are complex. Nutrition is one of these, and it contains two broad variables; the supply of dietary nutrients and energy. This presentation will focus on dietary energy and its links with skeletal development. I propose that it is not simply the amount of dietary energy, but the way and from that that energy is supplied that impacts skeletal development. Through an understanding of how dietary energy impact skeletal development, more precise feeding management strategies can be developed to reduce the risk of skeletal abnormalities and even potentially improve skeletal integrity.

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Pimentel, Luiz Fernando Rapp de Oliveira, and André Luis do Valle De Zoppa. "Analysis of the relationship between occlusal and clinical parameters and the need for incisor reduction in confined horses - a retrospective study." Ciência Rural 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 2052–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130955.

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The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relationship between occlusal and clinical parameters and the need for incisor shortening in horses. It was based on the retrospective analysis of the dental charts of 75 confined horses. Body condition score, shape of incisors, presence of dysmastication, excursion to molar contact (EMC) distance before and after cheek teeth occlusal adjustment were evaluated. History of difficult to riding, dysmastication and digestive problems was also considered. The initial measurement of lateral excursion to molar contact (EMC) revealed incisor occlusal surface abnormalities in 45 (60%) horses and long incisors (EMC>15mm) in five (6.6%) horses. Considering clinical examination and history data the need for reduction of incisor length was significant when EMC exceeded 15mm (P<0.0001) and when based on dental shape, clinical history of dysmastication and/or digestive problems or body condition score was also significant (P<0.05). In confined horses, the decision to shorten and align the incisor teeth should be based on observation and history of dysmastication and digestive problems, body condition score, incisors shape and EMC distance. The need for incisor reduction should be determined before dental intervention and reassessed following cheek teeth oclusal adjustment

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Christmann, U., E. G. Welles, B. M. Waldridge, J. Schumacher, B. L. Grier, and R. D. Hite. "Abnormalities in Lung Surfactant in Horses Clinically Affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, no. 6 (November 2008): 1452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0177.x.

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Hampson, BA, G. Ramsey, AMH Macintosh, PC Mills, MA De Laat, and CC Pollitt. "Morphometry and abnormalities of the feet of Kaimanawa feral horses in New Zealand." Australian Veterinary Journal 88, no. 4 (March 18, 2010): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00554.x.

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Andrysikova, Radka, Simon Pot, Simon Rüegg, Jitka Markova, Eliska Horackova, Filip Kolos, Katrin Voelter, and Bernhard Spiess. "Ocular abnormalities in a herd of Old Kladruber Horses: A cross‐sectional study." Veterinary Ophthalmology 22, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12614.

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Menarim, Bruno Carvalho, Vânia Maria Vasconcelos Machado, Luís Emiliano Cisneros Alvarez, Rodrigo Carneiro, Leandro Busch, and Luiz Carlos Vulcano. "Radiographic Abnormalities in Barrel Racing Horses with Lameness Referable to the Metacarpophalangeal Joint." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32, no. 4 (April 2012): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.09.064.

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ABRAMOWICZ, BEATA, ANDRZEJ MILCZAK, BEATA KACZMAREK, ŁUKASZ KUREK, TOMASZ RIHA, and KRZYSZTOF LUTNICKI. "Coagulation system in horses in the aspect of comparative pathology." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6000–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6000.

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The coagulation system, which is responsible for maintaining an organism’s hemostasis, is present in all mammals; nevertheless, there are differences in the dynamics of processes of coagulation activation and fibrinolysis in individual species. In horses, the development of hemostasis processes is different at all stages in comparison to humans. Primary hemostasis is maintained at a relatively low number of thrombocytes with coexisting differences in the structure and morphology of blood platelets. For many years, primary hemostasis has been determined solely on the basis of coagulation time; currently, lumiagregometry or impedance aggregation is used. New techniques and technologies allow an ever broader view of the pathogenesis of many diseases in terms of the coagulation system’s abnormalities, which either stand for an etiologic factor or only accompany the disease (they are its result). In the course of horse colic, especially in acute and recurrent forms, there are several changes in the parameters of the hemostatic system. It is believed that DIC is the most common coagulopathy. However, there is are no definite life-extending criteria as well as postmortem diagnosis of this syndrome. Changes in blood rheology after exercise are primarily due to an increase in hematocrit. The impact of exercise on the coagulation system in horses was analyzed, and showed a tendency in EPIH horses for the occurrence of hypercoagulability with the prolongation of blood coagulation parameters. The role and the contribution of the coagulation system in the etiopathogenesis of equine laminitis is not clear; in the case of carbohydrate overdosage microtrombosis, reduced platelet survival and their over-aggregation have been reported. Clinical studies in sick animals show that coagulopathy such as DIC and antithrombin deficiency are not primary factors in the etiopathogenesis of laminitis..

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Silva, Marilene Machado, Stefano Carlo Filippo Hagen, Cynthia Do Prado Vendruscolo, Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin, Júlio David Spagnolo, Ana Lúcia Miluzzi Yamada, Fernanda De Castro Stievani, and Luis Claúdio Lopes Correia da Silva. "The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 56, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): e158072. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.158072.

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This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an injury severity score for each joint.

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Trostle, S. S., R. R. Dubielzig, and K. A. Beck. "Examination of Frozen Cross Sections of Cervical Spinal Intersegments in Nine Horses with Cervical Vertebral Malformation: Lesions Associated with Spinal Cord Compression." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5, no. 3 (July 1993): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879300500321.

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Nine horses with clinical and radiographic findings of cervical vertebral malformation that were necropsied and examined using frozen cervical spinal cord cross sections were reviewed. Only cases with actual distortion of the spinal cord due to compression were selected. The goal of the study was to determine the morphologic features responsible for narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. In individual cases, bony changes are associated with osteochondrosis and osteomyelitis of the dorsal articular facets and osteosclerosis of the dorsal cervical lamina. Soft tissue pathology associated with spinal cord compression included ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, joint capsule swelling and hypertrophy, and synovial cysts. In most cases, a combination of abnormalities was found in horses with spinal cord compression.

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Pille, F., P. Desmet, J. Dewulf, M. Steenhaut, F. Gasthuys, A. Martens, and M. Dumoulin. "Upward fixation of the patella in the horse." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 02, no. 02 (2007): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/vcot-06-01-0004.

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SummaryThe objective of the present study was to assess the incidence of upward fixation of the patella (UFP) in different types of patients and to evaluate the outcome of conservative and surgical treatment for correcting this condition. A particular attempt was made to find out whether corrective trimming and/or shoeing (CTS) is efficient in the conservative treatment of UFP, and whether a longer postoperative resting period reduces the risk of complications after medial patellar desmotomy (MPD). Medical records of 78 horses with intermittent or permanent UFP were analyzed retrospectively. Young animals and ponies were mostly affected, mainly during winter (P<0.05). Seventy-six horses with UFP were treated conservatively, with follow-up being possible in 64 of them. This treatment, in which CTS seemed the most important aspect, was fully successful in 51.6% of these patients; 20.3% of them improved partially. In case of no response to conservative treatment, or in case of a permanent fixation, MPD was performed in 20 horses, which corrected UFP completely in 17 of the 18 followed-up patients. However, gait abnormalities were seen in seven of those 17 horses postsurgically, but with the incidence being lower in horses that had rested for at least three months (25%) compared to horses that had only rested for less than one month (66.6%). Results indicate that conservative treatment, with special attention for CTS, is worth trying before performing more radical procedures to correct UFP, and that a longer convalescence period after MPD is desirable.

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Ducheyne, Kaatje D., Marilena Rizzo, Juan Cuervo-Arango, Anthony Claes, Peter F. Daels, Tom A. E. Stout, and Marta de Ruijter-Villani. "In vitro production of horse embryos predisposes to micronucleus formation, whereas time to blastocyst formation affects likelihood of pregnancy." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 12 (2019): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd19227.

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Invitro embryo production is an increasingly popular means of breeding horses. However, success is limited by a high incidence of early embryo loss. Although there are various possible causes of pregnancy failure, chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidy, are important potential contributors. This study evaluated the frequency of micronucleus formation as a proxy for aneuploidy in invitro-produced (IVP) and invivo-derived horse blastocysts. Associations between IVP embryo morphology, frequency of nuclear abnormalities and the likelihood of pregnancy were investigated. IVP blastocysts exhibited a higher frequency of cells with micronuclei than invivo-derived embryos (10% vs 1% respectively; P=0.05). This indication of chromosomal instability may explain the higher incidence of pregnancy failure after transfer of IVP embryos. However, the frequency of micronuclei was not correlated with brightfield microscopic morphological characteristics. Nevertheless, IVP embryos reaching the blastocyst stage after Day 9 of invitro culture were less likely to yield a pregnancy than embryos that developed to blastocysts before Day 9 (27% vs 69%), and embryos that had expanded before transfer were more likely to undergo embryonic death than those that had not expanded (44% vs 10%). These findings indicate that current embryo culture conditions are suboptimal and that the speed of embryo development is correlated with pregnancy survival.

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Simhofer, Hubert, Robert Griss, and Karl Zetner. "The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses." Veterinary Journal 178, no. 3 (December 2008): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.029.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Horses, abnormalities'

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