Academic literature on the topic 'Horticulture durable'

A low-cost field shading structure was developed that offers durability and simplicity. The quonset-type structure uses readily available materials, including polyvinyl chloride pipe, construction-grade reinforcing bars, nylon rope, and commercial shade fabric. The total cost for a 3.0 × 6.0 × 2.4-m (width/length/height) structure that provided 47% shade was $88.00. The structure offers substantial flexibility in terms of size and degree of shading without significantly altering design. The structure was durable under a wide range of weather conditions, and the design allowed sufficient air movement to prevent a stagnant air layer from developing over the crop.

Polyethylene mulch use is common in vegetable production, but disposal of mulch is problematic for growers and of significant environmental concern. Biodegradable fabrics and plastic films are compostable and can be incorporated into the soil at the end of the growing season, but questions remain about the durability, performance, and rate of decomposition of these products after soil incorporation. Three trials were conducted in field and high tunnel cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cropping systems to compare performance and decomposition after use among two bioplastic films and four experimental spunbond, nonwoven biofabrics. Soil temperature and moisture, mulch durability and deterioration, weed suppression, and crop yield data were collected in each growing season. All biomulches were soil incorporated after the growing season and recovered up to 11 months after incorporation to estimate relative rates of decomposition. One bioplastic film increased field soil temperature by 2 °C in 2013, but temperatures under the biofabrics were not different from bare soil. Bioplastics and biofabrics increased soil moisture relative to bare soil. Bioplastic films were less durable and deteriorated sooner than biofabrics, especially in the field environment (as early as 34 days after transplanting). All biomulches suppressed weed emergence relative to bare soil, but weeds were visibly growing beneath the most translucent biofabric. Marketable yield of cucumber was trending highest in the most durable and opaque biofabric (1827 g·m−2), but was not significantly different from weed-free bare soil (1251 g·m−2). Relative rate of mulch decomposition up to 11 months after soil incorporation was not different among bioplastic and biofabric products. Results suggest that the tested biofabrics will be most useful to growers when soil warming is not necessary (e.g., warm climates), but moisture conservation and weed control are critical (e.g., organic cropping systems). Moreover, biofabrics are permeable and may be useful to growers dependent on sprinkler irrigation or rainfall to meet crop water demands.

The effectiveness of antitranspirant type and concentration on the leaf water relations of Saliva splendens F. `Firebird and Petunia × hybrida Juss. `Comanche'. Two film-forming antitranspirants, Cloud Cover and Folicote, were tested at three different concentrations in two different environments. The leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and relative water content were evaluated. Transpiration per unit vapor pressure deficit and stomatal conductance for both crops decrease slightly but there was no trend with respect to the film type, environment or concentration rate. The leaf water potentials and relative water content did not show significant difference after antitranspirant application. In order for antitranspirant application to be of benefit to the growth of herbaceous plants, a more durable coating that remains semipermeable would have to be utilized.

Six durable but slow-to-establish groundcover species, and three fast-growing but short-lived groundcover species, were planted singly and in paired combinations under mature landscape trees to test for relative weed suppression. Installations were replicated on an urban site and a rural site, monitored for two growing seasons, and weeded periodically by hand. All weeds were dried and weighed, and subplot averages (160 observations) for each plant combination were tested by analysis of variance. Weeds were significantly fewer and smaller in the mixed species than in single species subplots. Weed biomass was also significantly less in monospecific groundcover subplots than in unplanted control plots. These results suggest that reduced maintenance cost (and input) for weed control, along with better initial coverage appeal of the paired plantings, may increase marketability of perennial groundcovers.

La zone littorale nord du Sénégal est une bande d'environ 5 à 10 kilomètres de large. Elle part de Dakar à Saint Louis et longe la mer sur une distance de 180 kilomètres. C' est une région très facile à appréhender. Elle est caractérisée par des dunes, des dépressions interdunaires et des vallées souvent inondées par l 'affleurement de la nappe phréatique. Avec un climat très doux du a l'influence de l'alize maritime qui atténue les contrastes saisonniers du climat soudano-sahélien, ce milieu n'a pas manque d'attirer les populations de l'intérieur du pays affectées par la dégradation du cadre de vie et de donner a la zone toute sa vocation agronomique. Cette Grande Cote est dotée d'importantes potentialités (halieutiques, agricoles, touristiques, etc. ). Les conséquences directes de cette attractivité sont la multiplicité des usages, la dégradation des ressources naturel1es, l'exclusion et l'appauvrissement des populations les plus vulnérables qui y vivent et une forte emprise sur les terres. Le littoral est considère comme un espace siège d'interactions entre des composantes physiques, biologiques et anthropiques. II est façonné par des pratiques qui relèvent de différents acteurs à différents niveaux: l'Etat, les collectivités locales, les entreprises, les ONG, les populations a la base et les villages dans le cadre de la gestion des terroirs. Les tendances actuelles sont inquiétantes et leur inversion passe aujourd'hui nécessairement par la mise en oeuvre d'une approche globale considérant a la fois la grande fragilité écologique du littoral, la complémentarité nécessaire entre espace urbain et espace rural, ainsi que la diversité des acteurs et des enjeux parfois contradictoires.

La gestion des ressources naturelles par les divers secteurs d'activités économiques souffre de multiples dysfonctionnements d'ordre écologique, socio-économique, territorial, mais également informationnel. Pour faire face à ces dysfonctionnements, une littérature récente tente de concilier, autour d'un objectif commun de développement durable, les moyens de les dépasser. Parce qu'elle se situe au cœur de la biosphère, l'agriculture est directement concernée par cet objectif. Il en découle la nécessité de se pencher sur les relations entre l'agriculture et l'environnement autour du concept d'une agriculture durable. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette recherche est de proposer, en exploitant la méthodologie et les outils de l'aide multicritère à la décision (AMCD), une démarche locale (DL) ayant pour but de promouvoir une agriculture durable dans un contexte localisé. Appliquée à la régulation des pesticides au sein du secteur horticole de la région Paca et afin de répondre à une demande émanant de l'INRA (Institution National pour la Recherche Agronomique), la promotion d'une horticulture durable passe par l'adoption de la protection biologique intégrée (PBI) qui utilise en priorité la protection biologique afin de réduire la lutte chimique. Cette promotion est réalisée via la recherche d'une incitation locale du secteur agricole, fondement de tous mécanismes incitatifs. Les résultats qui découlent de l'exploitation de la DL-AMCD montrent une incitation fondée avant tout sur la gestion de la problématique informationnelle liée à l'adoption de nouvelles techniques agricoles et l'existence d'un verrouillage technologique. Les recommandations qui résultent des résultats obtenus visent à proposer, dans un contexte territorial, une phase d'expérimentation de la PBI auprès de certains horticulteurs. Ces derniers sont triés en tenant compte de trois familles de critères (technico-économiques, comportementaux, et de durabilité) permettant ainsi la diffusion d'une information de qualité au sein de la Région
Natural resources management suffers from multiple dysfunctions: ecological, social-economic, territorial, but also informational. Facing these dysfunctions, a recent literature is trying to adapt various means to go beyond them, with the sustainable development as a common purpose. As the first user of soil, water for irrigation, ecosystems and biological diversity, agriculture is directly concerned by this concept. Indeed, there is a need for considering both agriculture and environment within a sustainable agriculture. In that respect, this study is proposing a local process (LP) based on modern decision methods such as Multi-Criteria Decision-Aid (MCDA), in order to promote a sustainable agriculture at a local level. Applied to pesticide control within the horticultural sector and used to answer a request from the INRA (National Institute of Agronomic Research), the promotion of a sustainable horticulture needs adopting an integrated biological protection (IBP) that would use in priority biological protection against chemicals. The final purpose of this study is to help local authorities determine their own agricultural sector requirements and propose an adapted environmental policy. Results from implementing the AMCD-LP are showing an incentive based on informational management problems related to the adoption of new agricultural practices and the reality of a “technological lock-in”. In a local policy context, recommendations are proposing an experimental phase with local horticulturists. The latter are being sorted in three criteria groups (technical, behavioural and sustainability) allowing high-quality information broadcast within the area

Petunia hybrida is an ornamental crop of high economic interest but diverse root pathogens can cause high ¬losses, especially in soilless greenhouse production systems, and their control by conventional methods implies an excessive use of pesticides. A more sustainable horticulture requires alternative methods to counter these chemical inputs. The introduction of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), known to reduce a number of root diseases in other plant species, into the production itinerary could form an integral part of an appropriate strategy. However, mycorrhizal effects against soil-borne pathogens are not always predictable and mechanisms behind the protective effects of mycorrhiza are largely unknown. In this context, mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) was studied in P. hybrida in an inert soilless substrate, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated.After testing different soil-borne pathogenic fungi causing disease in petunia nursery production, Thielaviopsis basicola was selected as a model pathosystem. Three AM fungal species were evaluated for their ability to protect petunia against T. basicola; only Glomus mosseae BEG 12 turned out to reduce disease symptoms and pathogen spread in roots. Split root experiments showed that this protective effect was systemic and could be induced in non-mycorrhizal parts of mycorrhizal root systems, in agreement with previous studies in other plant pathosystems. The AM fungus, moreover, reduced the amount of phosphate fertiliser input fivefold, and provides tolerance against high salt concentrations in the horticultural substrate.In order to gain insight into molecular mechanisms involved in the MIR to T. basicola in petunia roots, hypotheses were tested by analysing the expression patterns of plant genes which are involved in various pathways of known plant defence responses. Nine genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by plant growth promoting bacteria and three genes activated by salicylic acid, a key molecule in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), were selected. Expression profiles of these genes indicated that local MIR to T. basicola in petunia roots does not primarily involve either pathway, whilst systemic MIR in this pathosystem could include elements of both SAR and ISR. The activation of seven AM-related genes was unaffected by T. basicola infection of mycorrhizal petunia roots showing that the pathogen does not affect symbiotic functionality. Results suggest that the part of the symbiotic cell programme covering AM-regulated plant defence genes may constitutively contribute to the expression of local MIR; the role of such genes in this phenomenon merits further attention and analyses

Introdução: Hemiptera é uma grande ordem de insetos, com indivíduos como cigarrinhas e percevejos, frequentes na horticultura, visto que se alimentam da seiva de plantas. O conhecimento de sua diversidade em hortas ainda é escasso, e constitui a primeira etapa para um manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) eficaz que garanta rentabilidade. Objetivo: Assim, nosso objetivo foi identificar as famílias da ordem Hemiptera em hortas do município de Altamira - PA, para identificar cultivos vulneráveis. Material e Métodos: Foram amostradas duas hortas urbanas (HU) orgânicas, duas periurbanas (HP) e duas rurais (HR) por meio de Garrafas Armadilha, Bandejas D’água e CaçaMoscas entre fevereiro e abril de 2019. O atrativo foi uma solução de água, álcool, detergente e polpa de maracujá (3-2-1-1). Foram calculadas a diversidade de Shannon-Weaver e equabilidade de Pielou, constância, ANOVA e teste de Tuckey. Resultados e Discussão: Nessas hortas encontramos 23 espécies agrícolas em 10 famílias, sendo Asteraceae, Solanaceae e Brassicaceae as mais ricas em espécies (7,5,3) e HU a mais diversa. Foram coletados 119 indivíduos de Hemiptera, sendo 76,47% da subordem Auchenorrhyncha - famílias Cicadellidae (56; constante), Dictyopharidae (20; acessória) e Cercopidae (15; acessória), e 23,52% da subordem Heteroptera – família Pentatomidae (28; constante). A ANOVA e teste de Tuckey indicaram que Dictyopharidae (p=0,032) difere entre HR-HP, e Cercopidae (p=0,014) difere entre HU-HR e HU-HP. Ambas de grande importância econômica. Há poucas informações sobre Dictyopharidae, mas sabe-se que preferem angiospermas como milho, tomate e abóbora, cultivos abundantes na HR e ausentes na HP, justificando sua presença e ataque. Os Cercopidae são conhecidos por causar danos diretos em Solanaceae e gramíneas, como as existentes nas HU, que possuem poucos tratos silviculturais e excedente plantio de alface, com 4 cultivares A diversidade/equabilidade alcançou H’ 0,18 /J’ 0,03, valores mediano e baixo, respectivamente, se comparados a outros trabalhos em hortas. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que os cultivos que precisam de maior atenção durante o MIP em HR pertencem às famílias botânicas Asteraceae, Curcubitaceae, Poaceae e Solanaceae, e que há necessidade de MIP direcionado às famílias citadas em HR e HU para que as hortas tenham retorno econômico.