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Journal articles on the topic 'Horticulture durable'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

NeSmith, D. S., P. L. Raymer, M. S. S. Rao, and D. C. Bridges. "A Durable, Lightweight Structure for Conducting Field Shading Experiments." HortScience 27, no. 12 (December 1992): 1274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.12.1274.

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A low-cost field shading structure was developed that offers durability and simplicity. The quonset-type structure uses readily available materials, including polyvinyl chloride pipe, construction-grade reinforcing bars, nylon rope, and commercial shade fabric. The total cost for a 3.0 × 6.0 × 2.4-m (width/length/height) structure that provided 47% shade was $88.00. The structure offers substantial flexibility in terms of size and degree of shading without significantly altering design. The structure was durable under a wide range of weather conditions, and the design allowed sufficient air movement to prevent a stagnant air layer from developing over the crop.
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2

Riaz, S., A. Tenscher, D. Pap, N. Romero, and M. A. Walker. "Durable powdery mildew resistance in grapevines: myth or reality." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1248 (August 2019): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.80.

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3

Cadle-Davidson, L. E. "A perspective on breeding and implementing durable powdery mildew resistance." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1248 (August 2019): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.72.

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4

Guimier, S., F. Delmotte, A. S. Miclot, F. Fabre, I. Mazet, C. Couture, C. Schneider, and L. Delière. "OSCAR, a national observatory to support the durable deployment of disease-resistant grapevine cultivars." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1248 (August 2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.4.

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5

Schneider, C., C. Onimus, E. Prado, V. Dumas, S. Wiedemann-Merdinoglu, M. A. Dorne, M. C. Lacombe, et al. "INRA-ResDur: the French grapevine breeding programme for durable resistance to downy and powdery mildew." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1248 (August 2019): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.30.

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6

Kellerhals, Markus, and Beat Furrer. "Approaches for breeding apples with durable disease resistance." Euphytica 77, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02551457.

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7

Wortman, Sam E., Ignatius Kadoma, and Michael D. Crandall. "Biodegradable Plastic and Fabric Mulch Performance in Field and High Tunnel Cucumber Production." HortTechnology 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.2.148.

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Polyethylene mulch use is common in vegetable production, but disposal of mulch is problematic for growers and of significant environmental concern. Biodegradable fabrics and plastic films are compostable and can be incorporated into the soil at the end of the growing season, but questions remain about the durability, performance, and rate of decomposition of these products after soil incorporation. Three trials were conducted in field and high tunnel cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cropping systems to compare performance and decomposition after use among two bioplastic films and four experimental spunbond, nonwoven biofabrics. Soil temperature and moisture, mulch durability and deterioration, weed suppression, and crop yield data were collected in each growing season. All biomulches were soil incorporated after the growing season and recovered up to 11 months after incorporation to estimate relative rates of decomposition. One bioplastic film increased field soil temperature by 2 °C in 2013, but temperatures under the biofabrics were not different from bare soil. Bioplastics and biofabrics increased soil moisture relative to bare soil. Bioplastic films were less durable and deteriorated sooner than biofabrics, especially in the field environment (as early as 34 days after transplanting). All biomulches suppressed weed emergence relative to bare soil, but weeds were visibly growing beneath the most translucent biofabric. Marketable yield of cucumber was trending highest in the most durable and opaque biofabric (1827 g·m−2), but was not significantly different from weed-free bare soil (1251 g·m−2). Relative rate of mulch decomposition up to 11 months after soil incorporation was not different among bioplastic and biofabric products. Results suggest that the tested biofabrics will be most useful to growers when soil warming is not necessary (e.g., warm climates), but moisture conservation and weed control are critical (e.g., organic cropping systems). Moreover, biofabrics are permeable and may be useful to growers dependent on sprinkler irrigation or rainfall to meet crop water demands.
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8

Colon, L. T., L. J. Turkensteen, W. Prummel, D. J. Budding, and J. Hoogendoorn. "Durable resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in old potato cultivars." European Journal of Plant Pathology 101, no. 4 (July 1995): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01874852.

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9

McKenney, Cynthia B., and Marihelen Kamp-Glass. "THE EFFECTS OF FILM-FORMING ANTITRANSPIRANTS ON LEAF WATER RELATIONS OF BEDDING PLANTS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1086e—1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1086e.

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The effectiveness of antitranspirant type and concentration on the leaf water relations of Saliva splendens F. `Firebird and Petunia × hybrida Juss. `Comanche'. Two film-forming antitranspirants, Cloud Cover and Folicote, were tested at three different concentrations in two different environments. The leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and relative water content were evaluated. Transpiration per unit vapor pressure deficit and stomatal conductance for both crops decrease slightly but there was no trend with respect to the film type, environment or concentration rate. The leaf water potentials and relative water content did not show significant difference after antitranspirant application. In order for antitranspirant application to be of benefit to the growth of herbaceous plants, a more durable coating that remains semipermeable would have to be utilized.
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10

Quigley, Martin F. "Reducing Weeds in Ornamental Groundcovers under Shade Trees through Mixed Species Installation." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0085.

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Six durable but slow-to-establish groundcover species, and three fast-growing but short-lived groundcover species, were planted singly and in paired combinations under mature landscape trees to test for relative weed suppression. Installations were replicated on an urban site and a rural site, monitored for two growing seasons, and weeded periodically by hand. All weeds were dried and weighed, and subplot averages (160 observations) for each plant combination were tested by analysis of variance. Weeds were significantly fewer and smaller in the mixed species than in single species subplots. Weed biomass was also significantly less in monospecific groundcover subplots than in unplanted control plots. These results suggest that reduced maintenance cost (and input) for weed control, along with better initial coverage appeal of the paired plantings, may increase marketability of perennial groundcovers.
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11

Stutte, Gary W. "Light-emitting Diodes for Manipulating the Phytochrome Apparatus." HortScience 44, no. 2 (April 2009): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.2.231.

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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are solid-state, long-lived, durable sources of narrow-band light output that can be used in a range of horticultural and photobiological applications. LED technology is rapidly developing and high-quality, high-output LEDs are becoming commercially available at an affordable cost. LEDs provide the opportunity to optimize the spectra for a given plant response, but consideration must be given to both photosynthetic and photomorphogenic effects of light while making those selections. A discussion of basic phytochrome response and data necessary to select narrow-band LEDs to achieve a specific photostationary state is provided. The use of LEDs to alter spectral quality, and phytochrome equilibrium, to regulate anthocyanin formation in red leaf lettuce and to regulate flowering of short-day strawberry are discussed.
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12

Pink, D. A. C., H. Lot, and R. Johnson. "Novel pathotypes of lettuce mosaic virus ? breakdown of a durable resistance?" Euphytica 63, no. 1-2 (1992): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023921.

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13

Kratsch, Heidi A., James A. Schrader, Kenneth G. McCabe, Gowrishankar Srinivasan, David Grewell, and William R. Graves. "Performance and Biodegradation in Soil of Novel Horticulture Containers Made from Bioplastics and Biocomposites." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.119.

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The container-crops industry relies heavily on single-use plant containers made from petroleum-based plastics, most of which contribute to the solid waste stream in landfills. Plant containers made from biorenewable materials have potential to be more sustainable, but most commercially available biocontainers are either not durable enough for common production cycles or do not effectively biodegrade in soil after use. In 2012 and 2013, we evaluated 28 novel biocontainers (injection-molded prototypes) for their performance during plant production and their biodegradation in soil at two sites with dissimilar soil and climate in Iowa and Nevada, and we compared their performance to that of commercially available biocontainers. Prototype containers made of blends or composites of polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) performed well during crop production, and many showed an effective rate of biodegradation in soil. Their rates of biodegradation in Nevada were either similar or lower than they were in Iowa, but the highest rated containers were acceptable for use in both locations. Adding biobased fibers of distiller’s dried grains with solubles or corn stover to form composite materials improved biodegradation over that of the base polymers (PLA or PHA) and had little effect on container performance under greenhouse conditions. Many of the injection-molded prototypes performed as well as the petroleum control containers during crop production, yet biodegraded at similar or faster rates than commercially available fiber containers.
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14

Danial, Daniel, Jan Parlevliet, Conny Almekinders, and Graham Thiele. "Farmers’ participation and breeding for durable disease resistance in the Andean region." Euphytica 153, no. 3 (November 1, 2006): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9165-9.

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15

Dukes, P. D., J. R. Bohac, and J. D. Mueller. "RESISTANCE IN SWEETPOTATO TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE: ITS VALUE AND OTHER BENEFITS." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 726b—726. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.726b.

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A root-knot nematode (Meloldogyne incognita) project was initiated in a field of infested sandy loam (EREC) in 1991 and continued. There were ten sweetpotato entries consisting of six cultivars (Beauregard. Excel, Georgia Jet, Jewel, Red Jewel, and Sumor), three advanced lines (W-270, W-274, and W-279) and PI 399161 which were selected for their diversity in disease reactions and other traits. Each entry was planted in the same plots each year to monitor effects of continuous cropping, disease reactions, yield and population shifts of the pathogen. Marketable yields were reduced each year for Georgia Jet and Red Jewel, but not for Beauregard. Internal necrosis in the storage roots was most severe for Beauregard. Several of the highly resistant entries, especially Sumor and W-279, performed well each year, including high yields, good quality. and little or no nematode reproduction. This study demonstrates the considerable economic benefits of a high level of durable resistance to root knot in sweetpotato.
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16

Owens, D. Steve, Michael A. Schnelle, and John M. Dole. "395 Rock Gardening in Oklahoma." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 461A—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.461a.

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Rock garden plants, typically alpine in nature, are indigenous to higher elevations and thus perform poorly in the South. Consequently, they are not adapted to environments with tight clay soils, extreme heat, high humidity, and periodic drought. A video and extension circular were produced to demonstrate the construction, planting and maintenance of an appealing yet durable rock garden for Oklahoma. Modifications in soil type, plant materials, and arrangement of rock, wherein small micro-habitats are created, comprise the core of the project. The aforementioned educational materials benefit the gardening public with previously unavailable information for Oklahoma. The video is included in the Oklahoma State Univ. Cooperative Extension Service video library, where it is available via rental or purchase. It provides informative visual instruction, complementing the written publication that outlines stepwise construction techniques coupled with a list of adaptable plants. Both the publication and video may have applications for gardeners in peripheral states.
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17

Wright, Amy N., and Robert D. Wright. "The Horhizotron™: A New Instrument for Measuring Root Growth." HortTechnology 14, no. 4 (January 2004): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.4.0560.

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Root growth following transplanting allows a plant to exploit water and nutrient resources in the soil backfill (landscape) or container substrate and thus is a critical factor for transplant survival. The Horhizotron, a horizontal root growth measurement instrument, has been developed and evaluated for use in measuring root growth under a variety of root environments. The design of the Horhizotron includes four wedge-shaped glass quadrants that extend away from a plant's root ball allowing measurement of roots as they grow out from the original root ball. The substrate in each quadrant can be modified in order to evaluate the effect of substrate or root environment on root growth. Materials used for construction were lightweight, durable, easy to assemble, and readily available from full service building supply stores. Units were suitable for use on a greenhouse bench or outdoors in contact with the ground. Horhizotrons provided a simple, nondestructive method to measure root growth over time under a wide range of rhizosphere conditions.
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18

Bowman, Kim D. "Identification of Woody Plants with Implanted Microchips." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0352.

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Secure identification of individual plants by some kind of labels in the field is an important part of many types of horticultural, plant science, and ecological research. This report describes implanted microchips as one method of plant tagging that is reliable, durable, and secure. This technology may be especially useful in long-term experiments involving perennial woody plants. Two methods are described for implanting microchips in citrus trees that would also be applicable to other woody plant species. One method of implanting microchips is demonstrated to have no deleterious effect on citrus tree growth through the first 18 months after implantation into the tree. Since microchips implanted beneath the bark will become more deeply embedded in wood as the plants grow, signal penetration through wood was evaluated and determined to be sufficient for long-term field utility. Implanted microchips are potentially useful for secure tagging of valuable or endangered plant species to deter theft by providing secure and conclusive identification.
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19

Imtiaz, Muhammad, M. G. Cromey, J. G. Hampton, and M. Ahmad. "Inheritance of durable adult plant resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformisf.sp.tritici) in ‘Otane’ wheat (Triticum aestivum)." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 31, no. 1 (March 2003): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2003.9514232.

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20

Jacobs, Jonathan M., and Caitilyn Allen. "Disease Resistance Against a Broad-Host-Range Pathogen." Plant Health Progress 14, no. 1 (January 2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2013-1125-03-rs.

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The bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum causes major agricultural losses on many crop hosts worldwide. Resistance breeding is the best way to control bacterial wilt disease, but the biological basis for bacterial wilt resistance is unknown. We found that R. solanacearum uses an AvrE-family, Type III-secreted effector called PopS to overcome plant defenses and cause disease on tomato. Orthologs of PopS are widely conserved across distinct classes of plant pathogenic bacteria and could provide novel, durable targets for resistance. Accepted for publication 25 September 2013. Published 25 November 2013.
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21

Monroy-Barbosa, Ariadna, and Paul W. Bosland. "Identification of Novel Physiological Races of Phytophthora capsici Causing Foliar Blight Using the New Mexico Recombinant Inbred Pepper Lines Set as a Host Differential." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 136, no. 3 (May 2011): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.136.3.205.

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Phytophthora foliar blight caused by Phytophthora capsici is a serious limitation to pepper (Capsicum annuum) production worldwide. Knowledge of the physiological race composition of isolates causing phytophthora foliar blight is necessary for success in breeding for disease resistance. The New Mexico recombinant inbred lines (NMRILs) effectively differentiated isolates from different geographical locations (i.e., Turkey, The Netherlands, Argentina, and two states in the United States) into 12 physiological races of P. capsici causing phytophthora foliar blight. This research demonstrates the use of the NMRILs to identify P. capsici foliar blight races and the importance of identifying the physiological races occurring in specific regions where a C. annuum cultivar will be grown. Knowing the physiological race(s) in a region will provide valuable information to formulate breeding strategies to deploy durable foliar blight resistance.
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22

Zlesak, David C., Darcy Ballantyne, Matthew Holen, Andrea Clark, Stan C. Hokanson, Kristen Smith, Jason D. Zurn, Nahla V. Bassil, and James M. Bradeen. "An Updated Host Differential Due to Two Novel Races of Diplocarpon rosae Wolf, the Causal Agent of Rose Black Spot Disease." HortScience 55, no. 11 (November 2020): 1756–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14902-20.

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The fungal pathogen, Diplocarpon rosae, infects only roses (Rosa spp.) and leads to rose black spot disease. Rose black spot is the most problematic disease of outdoor-grown roses worldwide due to the potential for rapid leaf chlorosis and defoliation. Eleven races of the pathogen were previously characterized from isolates collected in North America and Europe. Isolates of D. rosae obtained from infected leaves of the roses Brite EyesTM (‘RADbrite’; isolate BEP; collected in West Grove, PA) and Oso Easy® Paprika (‘CHEwmaytime’; isolate PAP; collected in Minneapolis, MN) proved to have unique infection patterns using the established host differential with the addition of Lemon FizzTM (‘KORlem’). The new races are designated race 12 (BEP) and race 13 (PAP), respectively, and Lemon FizzTM should be included in the updated host differential because it distinguishes races 7 and 12. Additionally, inconsistent infections and limited sporulation were found in the host differential Knock Out® (‘RADrazz’) for races 7 and 12. Expanding the collection of D. rosae races supports ongoing research efforts, including host resistance gene discovery and breeding new rose cultivars with increased and potentially durable resistance.
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23

Million, Jeff, Tom Yeager, Henry Bryant, Claudia Larsen, Joe Shook, and Joseph Albano. "Effects of Slope and Underlay on Surface Runoff of Irrigation from Woven Polypropylene Groundcloth." HortTechnology 15, no. 4 (January 2005): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.4.0772.

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Woven polypropylene groundcloth is used extensively in plant nurseries as a permeable and durable surface for container plant production. To better understand the fate of overhead sprinkler irrigation water, we designed and constructed runoff platforms (2.7 m2) to measure runoff and leachate from single irrigation events as affected by slope and underlay substrates. Groundcloth-covered platforms at slopes of 1.5% and 11% were tested with each of five underlay treatments: no underlay, coarse sand, 50% coarse sand and 50% no underlay (CS50), gravel, and native sandy soil. We applied 0.9 cm of irrigation at 1.8 cm·h-1 and determined runoff and leachate volumes. Runoff percentage [runoff × 100%/(runoff + leachate)] increased at the 11% slope for each underlay treatment. Mean (n = 10) runoff percentages (RP) for the 1.5% and 11% slopes were 0.5% and 15.7%, respectively, for no underlay, 0.1% and 1.1% for coarse sand, 0.1% and 0.7% for CS50, 0.7% and 2.5% for gravel, and 0.1% and 3.1% for native sandy soil. The low RP observed indicate that a high percentage of nutrients and agrichemicals associated with container leachate would move into the underlying substrate or soil rather than directly running off into surface waters.
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24

Park, Soon O., Dermot P. Coyne, and James R. Steadman. "074 Molecular Markers Linked to the Ur-7 Gene Conferring Specific Resistance to Rust in Common Bean." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 454A—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.454a.

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Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, is a major disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The objective was to identify RAPD markers linked to the gene (Ur-7) for specific resistance to rust race 59 using bulked segregant analysis in an F2 segregating population from the common bean cross GN1140 (resistant to rust) × Nebraska #1 (susceptible to rust). A single dominant gene controlling specific resistance to race 59 was found in the F2 and was confirmed in the F3. Seven RAPD markers were detected in a coupling-phase linkage with the Ur-7 gene. Coupling-phase RAPD markers OAA11.500, OAD12.550, and OAF17.900 with no recombination to the Ur-7 gene were found. Three RAPD markers were identified in a repulsion-phase linkage with the Ur-7 gene among the three markers at a distance of 8.2 cM. This is the first report on RAPD markers linked to the Ur-7 gene in common bean. The RAPD markers linked to the gene for specific rust resistance of Middle American origin detected here, along with other independent rust resistance genes from other germplasm, could be used to pyramid multiple genes into a bean cultivar for more-durable rust resistance.
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Mackay, Wayne A., and Tim D. Davis. "Breeding of Lupinus harvardii as a Specialty Cut Flower Crop." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 694c—694. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.694c.

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The Big Bend bluebonnet, Lupinus havardii Wats., is a showy winter annual native to a narrow geographical range in southwestern Texas with blue, fragrant 0.5–1.0-m-long racemes. The L. havardii raceme has considerable potential in the floral industry, because there is a need for high-quality, durable, raceme-type cut flowers. We began a research and breeding project in 1991 aimed at evaluating the potential for this species as a specialty cut flower. Breeding strategies included the development of selfed populations as well as random pollinations among selected individuals with the aim of improving flower color, uniformity, yield, and postharvest performance. Recurrent phenotypic selection has resulted in the development of blue, pink, and white color lines. Concurrently with the breeding efforts, research on seed germination, greenhouse culture for year-round production, postharvest handling, and shipping requirements have been conducted. Trials have indicated that L. havardii is adaptable to greenhouse culture and that individual plants can produce 15–25 marketable racemes within 4–5 months from sowing. Two years of commercial greenhouse trials have been completed. Blue and white cultivars will be released by Texas A&M Univ. within the next year.
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Wesp-Guterres, Caroline, José Antônio Martinelli, Felipe André Sganzerla Graichen, and Márcia Soares Chaves. "Histopathology of durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust in the Brazilian wheat variety Toropi." European Journal of Plant Pathology 137, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0232-5.

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Lindhout, Pim, Daniel Danial, and Jan Parlevliet. "Introduction: focusing on breeding for durable disease resistance of the Andean highland food crops." Euphytica 153, no. 3 (October 10, 2006): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9274-5.

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Jung, Geunhwa, Dermot P. Coyne, James Bokosi, James R. Steadman, and James Nienhuis. "Mapping Genes for Specific and Adult Plant Resistance to Rust and Abaxial Leaf Pubescence and their Genetic Relationships Using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 5 (September 1998): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.5.859.

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Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is limited by bean rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus]. An effective control strategy for this disease is to breed cultivars with durable resistance. Information on the inheritance, genetic relationships, and mapping of genes with molecular markers for specific resistance (SR), adult plant resistance (APR), and abaxial leaf pubescence (ALP) is needed to pyramid the desired genes for durable resistance. ALP was found to be associated previously with APR in Andean germplasm. The objective here was to identify and map RAPD markers for the genes controlling SR, APR, and ALP and to examine their relationships. Five rust pathotypes were inoculated on the unifoliate leaves of 68 recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from `PC-50' (presence of SR, APR, and ALP) × XAN-159 (absence of SR, APR, and ALP). SR was determined by a single major gene (Ur-9) to the five rust pathotypes with no detection of recombinants. The fourth trifoliolate leaves were inoculated with one pathotype (A88T1-4b). A single major gene Ur-12 controlled APR to that pathotype. The Ur-9 gene (SR) was independent of and epistatic to the Ur-12 gene (APR). Because of the low number of APR lines in the RI population resulting from the elimination of RI lines with SR, an F2 population was developed from a cross of two homozygous RI lines selected for unifoliate susceptibility to pathotype A88T1-4b and for resistance and susceptibility of the fourth trifoliolate leaves to tag RAPD markers linked to the Ur-12 gene (APR). The single major gene Pu-a determinated ALP and was not linked to Ur-9 (SR) and Ur-12 (ALP). The gene Ur-9 (SR) was linked to RAPD marker J13-1100 at 5 cM and was not assigned to any linkage group or other markers. The gene Pu-a (ALP) was mapped at 20.2 cM from 116.500 and 3.9 cM from marker G3.1150 in linkage group 3. The Ur-12 gene (APR) was mapped at 34.6 cM from marker O13.1350 in linkage group 4b. This is the first report of mapping a gene for APR in common bean.
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Matsumoto, Tracie K., Francis T. P. Zee, Jon Y. Suzuki, Savarni Tripathi, James Carr, and Bruce Mackey. "Determining Sex and Screening for the Adventitious Presence of Transgenic Material in Carica papaya L. Seed Germplasm." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.161.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a devastating disease that has a detrimental impact on both commercial papaya production and Caricaceae germplasm conservation. In 1998, the PRSV coat protein transgenic line 55-1 and derived progeny were released to growers in Hawaii. The transgenic varieties have provided durable and practical control of the disease that have saved the papaya industry. However, like with transgenic crops throughout the world, there is public concern about the possibility of cross-contamination of these transgenic materials into nontransgenic lines. As the designated germplasm repository for Caricaceae, we are responsible for maintaining the genetic integrity of each accession. Therefore, we have developed a protocol using polymerase chain reaction for detection of the adventitious presence of the 55-1 transgene insertion event in both parental plants and their progeny seed populations. This protocol assures a 99.9% confidence level of obtaining seeds that are 99.5% transgene-free. The protocol developed in this study is not typical for most seed validation techniques because there is a higher than normal producer risk resulting from the potential of large numbers of seeds not meeting the stringent criteria. However, we believe this is necessary to ensure the genetic integrity of seeds stored in the repository.
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Peterson, D. L. "Harvest Mechanization Progress and Prospects for Fresh Market Quality Deciduous Tree Fruits." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0072.

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Deciduous tree fruit crops such as apple (Malus domestica), peach (Prunus persica), and sweet cherry (Prunus avium) are not mechanically harvested for the fresh market. Attempts to mechanically harvest these fruits by mass removal techniques have not been successful due to excessive fruit damage caused during detachment, fall through the canopy, and collection. Robotic harvesters have not been commercially accepted due to insufficient fruit recovery. A U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) harvesting concept shows promise for harvesting both fresh market quality apples and sweet cherries. Successful mechanical harvesting of fresh market quality deciduous tree fruit will only occur when plant characteristics and machine designs are integrated into a compatible system. Cultivar characteristics that would facilitate machine harvesting are uniform fruit maturity at harvest, firm fruit that are resistant to mechanical damage, and compact growth habit that produces fruit in narrow canopies and on short/stiff limbs. Engineers must develop new detachment principles that minimize the energy input to effect fruit detachment, and develop durable energy-absorbing catching surfaces/conveyors to eliminate damage during collection of the fruit. As technology advances, sorting and sizing systems might be developed that can be operating on the harvester to eliminate culls in the field and deliver only fresh market quality fruit to the packers.
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31

Rubio-Cabetas, Maria-Jose, Jean-Claude Minot, Roger Voisin, D. Esmenjaud, Georges Salesses, and Abel Bonnet. "Resistance Response of the Ma genes from `Myrobalan' Plum to Meloidogyne hapla and M. mayaguensis." HortScience 34, no. 7 (December 1999): 1266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.7.1266.

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In `Myrobalan' plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehr.), Ma1 and Ma2 are single major dominant genes that control the resistance to the predominant root-knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and M. javanica (Treub). These genes were evaluated for activity to the northern RKN M. hapla Chitwood and the tropical RKN M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, neither of which is controlled by the Mi gene from tomato. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a resistance screening based on high and durable inoculum pressure by the nematodes. Tests were conducted simultaneously for: M. arenaria (as a reference for the Ma genes); M. hapla and M. mayaguensis from crosses segregating for either Ma2 alone or Ma2 and Ma1 and involving the resistant parental clones P.2175 (heterozygous for Ma1) and P.1079 (homozygous for Ma2); and the host parental clone P.2646 (recessive for both Ma genes). Each parental clone and each individual of the segregating progenies reacted in a similar way to M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis, indicating that the Ma genes also control resistance to M. mayaguensis. By contrast, all parental clones and progenies were completely resistant to M. hapla, and, despite high inoculum pressure, no effect of the Ma genes on this species could be established.
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32

Park, Soon O., Dermot P. Coyne, and James R. Steadman. "059 Molecular Markers Linked to the Ur-6 Gene Controlling Specific Rust Resistance in Common Bean." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 398D—398. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.398d.

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Bean rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, is an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objective was to identify RAPD markers linked to the gene (Ur-6) for specific resistance to rust race 51 using bulked segregant analysis in an F2 segregating population from the common bean cross pinto `Olathe' (resistant to rust) × great northern Nebraska #1 selection 27 (susceptible to rust). A single dominant gene controlling specific resistance to race 51 was hypothesized based on F2 segregation, and then was confirmed in the F3 generation. A good fit to a 3:1 ratio for band presence to band absence for each of three markers was observed in 100 F2 plants. Three RAPD markers were detected in a coupling phase linkage with the Ur-6 gene. Coupling-phase RAPD marker OAB14.600 was the most closely linked to the Ur-6 gene at a distance of 3.5 cM among these markers. No RAPD markers were identified in a repulsion phase linkage with the Ur-6 gene. The RAPD markers linked to the gene for specific rust resistance of Middle American origin detected here, along with other independent rust resistance genes from other germplasm, could be utilized to pyramid multiple genes into a bean cultivar for more durable rust resistance.
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33

Chng, S. F., M. G. Cromey, and S. C. Shorter. "Durability of resistance to stripe rust in the wheat cultivar Claire in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5975.

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Host resistance is the most economical way to manage wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f sp tritici The cultivar Claire was released in 1999 and until recently remained highly resistant to the disease in the United Kingdom While Claire was considered durably resistant to stripe rust in New Zealand it is now categorised as moderately susceptible The present study investigated whether racespecific resistance was responsible for this breakdown in resistance and whether cv Claire retains useful durable resistance A rust culture from cv Claire was compared with a pre2005 culture on a set of differential cultivars The seedling resistance in cv Claire was racespecific Greenhouse and field experiments suggest that the adult plant resistance in cv Claire has been reduced in the presence of a more virulent stripe rust population Remaining adult plant resistance is insufficient to provide adequate control of stripe rust in New Zealand wheat crops
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34

Bhattarai, Gehendra, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and David C. Smith. "Inheritance and Linkage Mapping of Eastern Filbert Blight Disease Resistance in ‘Uebov’ Hazelnut." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 4 (July 2017): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04145-17.

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Eastern filbert blight (EFB) is a serious fungal disease of european hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in North America. The causal agent is the pyrenomycete Anisogramma anomala, which is native in the eastern United States where it occasionally produces small cankers on the wild american hazelnut (C. americana). However, most commercial cultivars of european hazelnut are susceptible. Infection leads to perennial cankers, girdling of branches, and premature tree death. Cultural practices including scouting, pruning out infected branches, and fungicide applications are recommended to slow disease spread but are expensive and not completely effective. EFB resistance from ‘Gasaway’ is conferred by a dominant allele at a single locus and has been extensively used in the Oregon State University hazelnut breeding program, but there is concern that this resistance could be overcome by isolates now present in the eastern United States or that a new race of the pathogen could arise in Oregon. Segregation for EFB resistance from ‘Uebov’, a new source from Serbia, was studied in three progenies by a combination of structure exposure and greenhouse inoculation. The frequency of resistant seedlings following structure exposure was about 20% in all three progenies. The ratios failed to fit the expected 1:1 ratio but did fit a ratio of 1 resistant:3 susceptible, which would be expected if resistance were conferred by dominant alleles at two independent loci. Seedlings from a cross of susceptible selection OSU 741.105 and ‘Uebov’ were used to study correlation of disease response and presence of alleles at microsatellite marker loci. Resistance was highly correlated with the presence of alleles at marker loci on linkage group 6 (LG6), and these markers also showed segregation distortion. We conclude that EFB resistance from ‘Uebov’ maps to a single locus on LG6 in the same region as resistance from ‘Gasaway’, although only about 20% of the seedlings are resistant because of segregation distortion. ‘Uebov’ has large, well-filled, round nuts and is suitable as a parent in breeding for the in-shell market, but its low nut yields and a high frequency of shells with split sutures are the drawbacks. Its use would expand options for breeding and ‘Uebov’ resistance could be combined with other resistance alleles with an expectation of more durable EFB resistance. Durable resistance would not only sustain the hazelnut industry in Oregon but would also allow expansion of plantings to new areas.
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35

Sawhney, R. N. "The role of Lr34 in imparting durable resistance to wheat leaf rust through gene interaction." Euphytica 61, no. 1 (April 1992): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00035541.

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36

Kim, Hyeon-Hye, Gregory D. Goins, Raymond M. Wheeler, and John C. Sager. "Green-light Supplementation for Enhanced Lettuce Growth under Red- and Blue-light-emitting Diodes." HortScience 39, no. 7 (December 2004): 1617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1617.

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Plants will be an important component of future long-term space missions. Lighting systems for growing plants will need to be lightweight, reliable, and durable, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have these characteristics. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of red and blue light was an effective light source for several crops. Yet the appearance of plants under red and blue lighting is purplish gray making visual assessment of any problems difficult. The addition of green light would make the plant leave appear green and normal similar to a natural setting under white light and may also offer a psychological benefit to the crew. Green supplemental lighting could also offer benefits, since green light can better penetrate the plant canopy and potentially increase plant growth by increasing photosynthesis from the leaves in the lower canopy. In this study, four light sources were tested: 1) red and blue LEDs (RB), 2) red and blue LEDs with green fluorescent lamps (RGB), 3) green fluorescent lamps (GF), and 4) cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF), that provided 0%, 24%, 86%, and 51% of the total PPF in the green region of the spectrum, respectively. The addition of 24% green light (500 to 600 nm) to red and blue LEDs (RGB treatment) enhanced plant growth. The RGB treatment plants produced more biomass than the plants grown under the cool-white fluorescent lamps (CWF treatment), a commonly tested light source used as a broad-spectrum control.
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37

Waterer, Doug. "Yields and Economics of High Tunnels for Production of Warm-season Vegetable Crops." HortTechnology 13, no. 2 (January 2003): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.2.0339.

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Crop development rates, yields and production economics for muskmelon (Cucumis melo), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) grown in high tunnels [4.3 m wid × 2.5 m high × 29 m long (14 × 8 × 96 ft)] were compared to standard low tunnels over several cropping seasons in a temperate production area. The polyethylene-covered high tunnels protect several rows of crop for the duration of the cropping season. Air temperatures in the high tunnels were controlled by raising the sides of the tunnel. Low tunnels cover only a single row and must be removed soon after the crop is established to prevent overcrowding or overheating. When the low tunnels were in place, rates of accumulation of growing-degree days (GDDs) and early crop growth were comparable in the two tunnel systems. However, once the low tunnels were removed, the accumulation of GDDs in the high tunnels exceeded the standard system. The crops in the high tunnels matured 1 to 2 weeks earlier and produced substantially greater fruit yields before frost than in the low tunnel treatments. The high tunnels provided little frost protection and were of limited utility for extension of the growing season. The high tunnels were much more costly to purchase and construct than the low tunnels but were durable enough to be used for multiple cropping seasons. Based on wholesale commodity prices, it would take 2 to 5 years for the enhanced gross returns obtained with the high tunnels to cover their higher capital costs.
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38

Le Guen, Vincent, Dominique Garcia, Fabien Doaré, Carlos R. R. Mattos, Virgile Condina, Christophe Couturier, Aurélie Chambon, Christelle Weber, Sandra Espéout, and Marc Seguin. "A rubber tree’s durable resistance to Microcyclus ulei is conferred by a qualitative gene and a major quantitative resistance factor." Tree Genetics & Genomes 7, no. 5 (March 19, 2011): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-011-0381-7.

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39

Zhang, Zhong-Jun. "Evidence of durable resistance in nine Chinese land races and one Italian cultivar ofTriticum aestivum toPuccinia striiformis." European Journal of Plant Pathology 101, no. 4 (July 1995): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01874854.

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40

van Dijk, P., J. E. Parlevliet, G. H. J. Kema, A. C. Zeven, and R. W. Stubbs. "Characterization of the durable resistance to yellow rust in old winter wheat cultivars in the Netherlands." Euphytica 38, no. 2 (June 1988): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00040186.

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41

Bisognin, Dilson A., and David S. Douches. "Genetic Diversity in Diploid and Tetraploid Late Blight Resistant Potato Germplasm." HortScience 37, no. 1 (February 2002): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.178.

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An understanding of the genetic relationship within potato germplasm is important to establish a broad genetic base for breeding purposes. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum Hawkes) germplasm that can be used in the development of cultivars with resistance to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Thirty-three diploid and 27 tetraploid late blight resistant potato clones were evaluated for their genetic diversity based on 11 isozyme loci and nine microsatellites. A total of 35 allozymes and 42 polymorphic microsatellite fragments was scored for presence or absence. The germplasm was clustered based on the matrix of genetic similarities and the unweighted pair group means analysis of the isozyme and microsatellite data, which were used to construct a dendrogram using NTSYS-pc version 1.7. Twenty-three allozymes and DNA fragments were unique to the wild species. The diploid Solanum species S. berthaultii Hawkes and S. microdontum Bitter formed two distinct phenetic groups. Within S. microdontum, three subgroups were observed. The tetraploid germplasm formed another group, with S. sucrense Hawkes in one subgroup and the cultivated potato and Russian hybrids in another subgroup. Based upon the genetic diversity and the level of late blight resistance, S. microdontum and S. sucrense offer the best choice for strong late blight resistance from genetically diverse sources. This potato germplasm with reported late blight resistance should be introgressed into the potato gene pool to broaden the genetic base to achieve stronger and more durable resistance.
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42

Foolad, Majid R., Arun Sharma, Hamid Ashrafi, and Guoyang Lin. "Genetics and Breeding of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1114C—1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1114c.

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Early blight (EB), caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, is a destructive disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) worldwide. Sources of genetic resistance have been identified within related wild species, including green-fruited L. hirsutum and red-fruited L. pimpinellifolium. We have employed traditional protocols of plant breeding and contemporary molecular markers technology to discern the genetic basis of EB resistance and develop tomatoes with improved resistance. Backcross breeding has resulted in the development of germplasm with improved resistance; however, linkage drag has been a major obstacle when using L. hirsutum as a donor parent. To identify and map QTLs for EB resistance, we used several filial and backcross populations derived from interspecific crosses between L. esculentum and either L. hirsutum or L. pimpinellifolium. In each population, an average of seven resistance QTLs were detected. While similar QTLs were detected in different generations of the same cross, generally different QTLs were identified in populations derived from different crosses. The results suggested stability of QTLs across environments and generations but variation in QTLs in different interspecific populations. It is expected that marker-assisted pyramiding of QTLs from different sources results in development of germplasm with strong and durable resistance. Further inspection of the results led to the identification and selection of six QTLs with stable and independent effects for use in marker–assisted selection (MAS). However, to facilitate “clean” transfer and pyramiding of these QTLs, near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing individual QTLs in a L. esculentum background should be developed.
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43

Gazula, Aparna, Eric Simonne, Michael Dukes, George Hochmuth, Bob Hochmuth, and David Studstill. "OPTIMIZATION OF DRAINAGE LYSIMETER DESIGN FOR FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT LOADS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 508D—508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.508d.

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Collecting leachate from lysimeters installed in the field below vegetable fields may be used to quantify the amount of nitrogen released into the environment. Because limited information exists on the optimal design type and on the effect of design components on lysimeter performance, the objective of this study were to identify existing designs and their limits, assess cost of design, and test selected designs. Ideally, lysimeters should be wide enough to collect all the water draining, long enough to reflect the plant-to-plant variability, durable enough to resist degradation, deep enough to allow for cultural practices and prevent root intrusion, have a simple design, be made of widely available materials, and be cost-effective. Also, lysimeters should not restrict gravity flow thereby resulting in a perched water table. Previous study done with a group of free-drainage lysimeters (1-m-long, 45-cm-wide, installed 45-cm-deep) under a tomato-pumpkin-rye cropping sequence resulted in variable frequency of collection and volume of leachate collected (CV of load = 170%). Improving existing design may be done by increasing the length of collection, lining the lysimeter with gravel, limiting the depth of installation, and/or breaking water tension with a fiberglass wick. Individual lysimeter cost was estimated between $56 to $84 and required 9 to 14 manhours. for construction and installation. Costs on labor may be reduced when large numbers of lysimeters are built. Labor needed for sampling 24 lysimeters was 8 man-hr/sampling date. Because load may occur after a crop, lysimeter monitoring and sampling should be done year round.
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Beckerman, Janna, James Chatfield, and Erik Draper. "A 33-year Evaluation of Resistance and Pathogenicity in the Apple Scab–crabapples Pathosystem." HortScience 44, no. 3 (June 2009): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.3.599.

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Crabapples (Malus spp.) are popular ornamental trees in the commercial and residential landscape. Over a 33-year period at the Secrest Arboretum, Wooster, OH, 287 accessions of ornamental crabapple were evaluated for their resistance to apple scab caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis. Of these 287 accessions, 31 had no symptoms of scab for longer than a 10-year period and were identified as resistant to the disease. Of these 31 resistant accessions, 14 eventually displayed symptoms, presumably as a result of infection by one or more newly present races of the pathogen in the trial plot. Notable resistance breakdowns in accessions previously classified as resistant include the development of scab on M. × ‘Prairifire’, M. × ‘Bob White’, M. × ‘Red Jewel’, and M. floribunda. Corresponding to these changes of resistance is the putative development of new V. inaequalis races in North America: Race 5, possessing virulence to the Vm gene in ‘Prairifire’; Race 3 that infects M. × ‘Geneva’ but not M. baccata ‘Dolgo’; and the first identification and report of scab on a M. floribunda population that was reported as resistant even before the first 25 years of the evaluation. The detection of scab on this species suggests the presence of Race 7 in North America for the first time. Five named accessions remained free from scab for the entire 33-year trial: M. sargentii ‘Sargent’, M. baccata ‘Jackii’, M. × ‘Beverly’, M. × ‘Silver Moon’, and M. × ‘White Angel’ and may serve as sources of durable resistance in crabapple and commercial apple breeding in the Midwest.
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45

Seiler, Gerald J., Christopher G. Misar, Thomas J. Gulya, William R. Underwood, Bradley C. Flett, Michelle A. Gilley, and Samuel G. Markell. "Identification of Novel Sources of Resistance to Sclerotinia Basal Stalk Rot in South African Sunflower Germplasm." Plant Health Progress 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-01-17-0007-rs.

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Sclerotinia basal stalk rot (BSR) is a serious fungal disease that reduces yield of global sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production. Because limited chemical and biological controls of BSR are available and the present-day hybrids lack sufficient resistance, identification of new sources of resistance is needed to manage the disease in the future. A total of 59 cultivated oilseed sunflower accessions from the Agricultural Research Council, Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa sunflower collection were evaluated for resistance to BSR in artificially inoculated field trials. Nine accessions from the South African sunflower collection were identified with a disease incidence less than or equal to the moderately resistant sunflower oilseed hybrid. These lines can be used in breeding programs to introgress the genes for resistance to Sclerotinia BSR into other adapted lines, providing a more efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly host plant resistance.
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46

da Costa Ribeiro, Cláudia S., and Paul W. Bosland. "Physiological Race Characterization of Phytophthora capsici Isolates from Several Host Plant Species in Brazil Using New Mexico Recombinant Inbred Lines of Capsicum annuum at Two Inoculum Levels." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 6 (November 2012): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.6.421.

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Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is one of the most destructive diseases worldwide that affects Capsicum pepper. Attempts to provide universally resistant cultivars has been unsuccessful, which may be the result of the use of different resistance sources, pathotypes, or races of P. capsici isolates and screening techniques. The screening method used at Embrapa Vegetables in Brazil to detect resistance to P. capsici in Capsicum was compared with the screening method used at New Mexico State University. Both screening methods produced similar and consistent results when a range of P. capsici isolates were used. It was concluded that either method can successfully differentiate resistant and susceptible individuals. In addition, 20 P. capsici isolates from Brazil were characterized for virulence using a subset of 26 New Mexico recombinant inbred lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum). Within the P. capsici populations from Brazil, eight new physiological races for the root rot disease syndrome were identified. A total of nine isolates were pathogenic only on the susceptible control, ‘Camelot’. The ability to identify physiological races of P. capsici occurring in Brazil allows for a better understanding about race-specific resistance leading to improved approaches in breeding for durable resistant cultivars.
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47

Samarakoon, Uttara C., James E. Faust, and John M. Dole. "Quantifying the Effects of Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Its Contribution to Postharvest Durability of Unrooted Cuttings." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11820-17.

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Vegetatively propagated unrooted cuttings are typically imported to the United States from Central America. Death or damage of cuttings during shipping and propagation can be reduced if cuttings can be made more resistant to external forces, such as physical damage or pathogen infection. However, strategies to develop durable cuttings via treating stock plants have not been previously quantified in controlled studies. During the current study, mechanical strength of leaves and resistance to infection by Botrytis cinerea were evaluated after weekly applications of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a foliar spray to stock plants that delivered calcium (Ca) at the concentrations of 0, 400, or 800 mg·L−1. A texture analyzer quantified the peak force required to fracture the leaf and the work of penetration,or area under the force–displacement curve, and these measurements were indicators of mechanical strength. For poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cuttings at the time of harvest from the stock plant, work of penetration increased by 10% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control, whereas peak force by 9%. For zonal geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey), work of penetration increased 15% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control. Calcium concentration in the leaves increased from 1.2% to 2.0% in geranium and from 1.0% to 1.6% in poinsettia with increasing application from 0 to 800 mg·L−1 Ca. In poinsettia, disease incidence in response to inoculation with B. cinerea spores was 55% and 15% less with CaCl2 applications compared with controls with water and surfactant, respectively, whereas CaCl2 application to geranium did not affect disease incidence.
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48

Lough, Rebecca C., and R. G. Gardner. "551 Inheritance of Tomato Late Blight Resistance Derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum LA1033 and Identification of Molecular Markers." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 490E—490. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.490e.

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During the last century Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, which causes the devastating disease late blight of tomato and potato, has been controlled with pesticides. Recently, the difficulty of controlling late blight has increased due to the appearance of new strains of P. infestans that are more virulent and are resistant to metalaxyl. Numerous P. infestans resistance genes exist within the Solanaceae; however, most of these are race-specific and have the potential of being overcome. To achieve durable resistance, it may be necessary to utilize multigenic resistance or gene pyramiding. The Lycopersicon hirsutum Kunth accession LA1033 is highly resistant to P. infestans. To incorporate resistance into a useful background, the L. esculentum Miller inbred line NC215E was used as a recurrent parent in backcrossing with L. hirsutum LA1033. A population of 264 BC3F1 plants derived from 11 BC2F2 families was planted at Fletcher and Waynesville, N.C., in July 1998 in a replicated field trial. BC3F2 seed were collected from a single highly resistant BC3F1 plant. The BC3F2 population was tested for resistance using a detached leaf screen. To verify growth chamber test results, BC3F3 seeds were collected from the BC3F2 individuals and were planted in a field trial at Fletcher in July 1999. The ratio of resistant to susceptible progeny fit the expected ratio for an incompletely dominant trait controlled by two loci. To identify molecular markers linked to the resistance loci, DNA was extracted from the highly resistant and susceptible BC3F2 individuals, and bulks of DNA were constructed. The resistant and susceptible bulks were screened with AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers. Results of the AFLP study indicate marker linkage to resistance.
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49

Grabosky, Jason, and Nina Bassuk. "192 Growth Response of Salix nigra Marsh. to Fertilization, Humate Additive, and Mycorrhizae Inoculation in a CU Soil Container Study." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 424A—424. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.424a.

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CU soil is a material primarily composed of clay loam soil and crushed stone designed for use under pavement to promote street tree root growth in a durable pavement section, such as sidewalks or parking lots. One concern is the low total soil fraction from which tree roots can meet nutritive demands. At issue is the long-term nutrient management of street trees once the root zone has been rendered inaccessible due to the pavement wearing surface, although in 3-year field tests, there were no differences found between a CU soil material and an agricultural field control. CU soil treatments were produced in a fractional factorial design with a patent applied for, processed humate additive, a nursery production fertilization treatment, and a mycorrhizae inoculation package of Pt and various VAM species. The mycorrhizae/fertilizer treatment was eliminated for plant availability restrictions. Bare-root seedlings of Salix nigra Marsh. were grown in treatment containers for 5 months. A Minolta SPAD-502 was used to evaluate relative chlorophyll content as an indication of leaf tissue nutrient levels. Plant growth as a function of root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and shoot: root ratio was analyzed. Soil analyses were conducted on media samples collected at the end of the study to evaluate the impact of humate admixes in nutrient availability. The fertilization treatments positively influenced leaf color, shoot weight, root weight, and shoot: root ratio. There was no impact from the mycorrhizae inoculation on leaf color or growth. There was no impact from the humate additive on leaf color or growth. There were no additive effects found in the treatment levels.
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50

Ashrafi, Hamid, Arun Sharma, David Niño-Liu, Liping Zhang, and Majid Foolad. "(13) Comparative Mapping of Early Blight Resistance QTLs and Candidate Resistance Genes in F2, F3, F4 and a RIL Population of Tomato." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1040B—1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1040b.

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Most cultivars of tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) are susceptible to early blight (EB), a devastating fungal (Alternariasolani) disease of tomato in the northeast and eastern part of the U.S. The most economic and durable measure of disease control is by using genetic resistance. There is limited EB resistance within the cultivated tomato. However, genetic sources of resistance exist within the tomato-related wild species L. hirsutum and L. pimpinellifolium. Early blight resistance does not follow the gene-for-gene model of host–pathogen interaction. Mapping QTLs conferring horizontal resistance is an effective approach for studying complex resistance traits such as EB. We have developed F2, F3, F4, and an F2:7 derived RIL population of a L. esculentum× L. pimpinellifolium cross and evaluated them for EB resistance under field conditions. Genetic maps were constructed based on the F2 (including 256 RFLP, EST and RGA markers) as well as the RIL population (including over 220 RFLP and EST markers). In each of the F2, F3, and F4 population, an average of seven QTLs were identified for resistance, which were highly consistent across populations. Mapping of EB resistance QTLs in the RILs is underway. Co-localizations of QTLs with several ESTs and RGAs were observed, suggesting potential involvement of the latter markers with EB resistance. Furthermore, co-localizations were observed among QTLs, ESTs, and RGAs and several known tomato vertical disease resistance genes. Possible occurrence of such co-localization in the RIL population will be reported. It is speculated that candidate-gene approach is an effective way of identifying and mapping new R genes in tomato. This study may lead to the identification of genes underlying EB resistance in tomato.
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