Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hospital Primary health care'

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
We address the potential integration of the Hospital Dr. Fernando Fonseca E.P.E. with the Primary Care Units in its geographical coverage area in a Local Health Unit. We apply semi-structured interviews in order to understand how to best implement this model of local organization in the referred case. We classify the interviews of each unit according to pre-determined criteria and suggest measures to be implemented. Results demonstrate that the hospital is more able to promptly assume a change process towards the new organizational model when compared to the primary care units. Moreover, we reached the conclusion that the achievement of the expected benefits to the whole depends heavily on local characteristics and implementation process. There is the need to invest in key elements such as the maintenance and renewal of infrastructures and in a common information system. Albeit these investments do not assure the achievement of the benefits of an integrated management system per se, they are essential in the process of constructing an unique entity.

The general aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the role of primary care in health care systems in terms of health, health care utilisation and costs, and to study the feasibility of retrieval of data from computerised medical records to monitor medical quality. The thesis includes five studies, a systematic literature review, a register study of utilisation of hospital and primary care, a study based on data from computerised medical records of individual patients cost for primary care, and two studies of management of respiratory infections in primary care based on data from computerised medical records of twelve health centres. The general findings of the literature review were that an expansion of the primary care component of the health care system would most likely result in better health, lower hospital care consumption and lower expenses for care. The personal physician and continuity of care were core elements to achieve this, and the significance of the way primary care is organised and funded was evident. In the register study fifty health centres were compared. Age and rates of outpatient hospital visits were the most important factors explaining the variation of rates of hospitalisations between the health centres’ areas. Hospital district also influenced hospitalisation rates in the different health centres’ areas, indicating that the health care structure in the district per se was an important factor. The rates of visits to general practitioners correlated negatively with rates of hospitalisations. The study of costs in primary care showed that the variation in the costs of the individual patients was substantial, also within age groups and within the diagnosis-related Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG). Age and gender explained a smaller part of the variation in costs per patient in primary care. Adding the ACG weight had a major influence on improving the ability to explain the variation in costs at patient level. The ACG system might be of value in the calculation of weighted capitation in Swedish primary care, but appears to be sensitive to the thoroughness with which physicians register diagnoses. The retrieval of data from computerised medical records comprised a total number of 19 965 encounters for respiratory tract infections i.e. 199 per 1000 inhabitants during the year 2001. Most frequent diagnoses were common cold, acute tonsillitis, and acute bronchitis. The number of antibioticprescriptions was 7 961, accounting for 47% of the episodes. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were phenoxymethylpenicillin (61%), tetracyclines (18%) and macrolides (8%). A rapid test was performed in 43% of the encounters: for C-reactive protein (CRP) in 31%; for Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (StrepA) in 22%; and both tests were performed in 10% of the encounters. The findings in the study indicate that StrepA and CRP tests were used too frequently and often with minor contributions to patient management. The frequencies of tests and of antibiotic prescriptions varied greatly between health centres in a way that hardly could be explained by differences in morbidity. Computerised medical records provided a source of clinical information, which might be a feasible and pragmatic method for studying daily practice, and for follow-up of adherence to guidelines in general practice.

In 2003, Mexico conducted a major health reform that transformed its health system to gradually extend health care insurance coverage to more than 50 million uninsured. The expansion of insurance coverage increased the demand for health care and the amount of resources allocated to health. However, little is known about the efficiency with which these resources have been used and about the quality of the services provided. This thesis contributes to this literature by analysing the extent to which primary and hospital care providers are making an efficient use of the resources in the system. The first part of the thesis uses ambulatory care sensitive hospitalisations (ACSHs) to analyse the effectiveness of primary care services within and between the 32 states of Mexico during 2001-2011. Additionally, the burden of ACSHs is defined and a methodology to estimate it proposed. The second part of the thesis details the incentive structure faced by Mexican public hospitals and predicts that hospitals will adjust their performance level to meet their external demand. The model is tested by extending previous work that estimates hospital effects on the length of stay of its patients purged of patient and treatment characteristics. Each hospital effect is interpreted as a measure of performance and then used to construct a panel to examine whether variation across hospitals and over time is related to hospital and state characteristics in estimated dependent variable models for 2005-2013. The findings suggest a high heterogeneity in both primary and hospital care performance with well identified groups of best and worst performers. The empirical model on hospital performance supports the theoretical prediction and additionally found that hospital performance is persistent over time and consistent across type of care.

This study was undertaken in order to determine the contribution of the Chogoria Hospital's health education programme to the development of women in the Meru communities of the Kenyan highlands. The research was designed within the framework of the Gender And Development theory, focussing on the social structures and relations underlying women's development needs. The objectives were based on a review of the literature. Field research was then conducted over a three month period in Chogoria, Kenya. The research was based in ethnographic methodology, consisting of participant observation and interviews. The study found that the programme contributes to and perpetuates the traditional social structures and relations of Meru society, including the dominance of men over women. The programme's approach to participatory development was found to empower the existing power structure of Meru communities, obscure the development needs of women and increase their burdens of labour and responsibility. The study offers several recommendations to enable the CHD to better meet the needs of Meru women. The recommendations address the following issues: the commitment of the CHD to the empowerment of the community, of volunteers and of women; the role of dialogue and education about women, their potential and possibilities; the alleviation of women's burdens of labour and responsibilities; the placement of women's health and development at the centre of the CHD agenda; and the training of CHD staff in the full spectrum of community participatory development.

Pregnancy challenges the health care system in a unique way in that it involves at least two individuals – the woman and the fetus. The death rates of both pregnant women (maternal mortality) and newborns (perinatal mortality) are often used to indicate the quality of care the health system is providing. In terms of maternal and perinatal outcomes South Africa scores poorly compared to other upper-middle income countries (Penn-Kekana & Blaauw, 2002:14). The high stillbirth rate compared to the neonatal death rate reflects poor quality of antenatal care. Maternal and perinatal mortality is recognised as a problem and as a priority for action in the Millennium Development Goals (Thieren & Beusenberg, 2005:11). The Saving Mothers (Pattinson, 2002: 37-135) and Saving Babies (Pattinson, 2004:4-35) reports describe the causes and avoidable factors of these deaths with recommendations on how to improve care. The quality of care during the antenatal period may impact on the health of the pregnant woman and the outcome of the pregnancy, in particular on the still birth rate. In primary health care services there are many factors which may impact on and influence the quality of antenatal care. For example with the implementation of the comprehensive primary health care services package (Department of Health, 2001a:21-35) changes at clinic level resulted in a large number of primary health care professional nurses having to provide antenatal care, who previously may only have worked with one aspect of the primary health care package such as minor ailments or childcare. Because skills of midwifery or antenatal care, had not been practiced by some of these professional nurses, perhaps since completion of basic training, their level of competence has declined, and they have not been exposed to new developments in the field of midwifery. The practice of primary health care nurses is also influenced by the impact of diseases not specifically related to pregnancy like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. The principles of quality antenatal care are known (Chalmers et al. 2001:203) but despite the knowledge about these principles the maternal and perinatal mortality remains high. The Basic Antenatal Care quality improvement package is designed to assist clinical management and decision making in antenatal care. The implementation of the BANC package may influence the quality of antenatal care positively, which in turn may impact on the outcome of pregnancy for the mother and her baby. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Basic antenatal care (BANC) package to improve the quality of antenatal care at primary health care clinics.

Masters of Commerce
The provision of health care in South Africa is undergoing major restructuring. The aim is to achieve substantial, visible and sustainable improvements to the efficiency and accessibility of primary healthcare (PHC) services for all South Africans. One of the country's most critical problems is the weak and fragmented public sector PHC system. The most critical problems contributing to this are the maldistribution of resources (financial, physical and human) between hospitals and the primary care system, and between rural and urban areas. The health sector, therefore, faces the challenge of a complete restructuring and transformation of the national health care delivery system and related institutions. Choices need to be made about which services to cut, which to streamline and where savings can be made. Ways need to be found to use ALL of South Africa's resources optimally. This process of restructuring would be facilitated by the availability of accurate information on resource utilisation in the health sector. This study estimates the difference in the cost of primary diabetes treatment at dayhospitals and a provincial hospital in the Western Cape in 1992/93. Health economics is in its infancy in South Africa and serious data limitations exist. This study is therefore a pioneering effort in many ways. An appropriate methodological framework in which to conduct the costing had to be developed. The South African health sector, health spending arid the cost of primary diabetes treatment at day-hospitals and the provincial hospital are reviewed. Theoretical perspectives of the health care market and the methodologies of cost analysis are discussed. The cost analysis method of study is chosen, and arguments are advanced for its suitability in the South African context. A simple method of calculating the direct costs to obtain the average cost is proposed for the purpose of the study. Direct costs consist of staff costs and other related costs, such as medical supplies, non-medical supplies, building operations, equipment etc. These costs are then used to calculate the average costs per diabetic patient at the day-hospitals and the provincial hospital. The average cost per diabetic patient at day-hospitals amounted to R18.76, while at the provincial hospital the cost was R59.60. https://

Studies were conducted in Nottingham, UK to assess quality of discharge summary communication sent from secondary to primary care using updated processing methods. Objectives (1) Assess available evidence on effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve discharge information communication specifically introducing computerised discharge summaries (2) Assess differences in discharge summary quality using new processing methods (3) Obtain perspectives of secondary care on discharge communication issues, identifying points of weakness and primary care views on discharge information communicated from hospital. Methods (1) Systematic review of literature on effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve discharge summary information communication (2) Before and after studies of two different discharge summary types in three departments within Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (3) Qualitative interviews with key stakeholders (N=27) and observations in 3 sites. Results The systematic review returned 21 interventions with emphasis on the introduction of computerised systems to improve quality (timeliness and completeness of discharge summaries). Nine studies significantly improved the completeness of the discharge summary. Ten studies significantly increased the timeliness of the generation of the document and the transfer of information. The three before and after studies produced varying results; the HCOP findings suggested improvements post-intervention in completeness of summaries; this was not statistically significant. In Nephrology, computerisation significantly speeded up the timeliness of discharge summaries but there was no significant difference in completeness between the two types. In Paediatrics, computerisation increased the number of summaries not completed, and the handwritten summary was significantly faster. Computerised discharge summaries contained more information- this was statistically significant. The qualitative study identified issues with understanding the concept of discharge, the purpose and importance of the discharge summary, and organisational issues around the ability to balance the demands for completeness and timeliness, a lack of leadership and user-centred design of the electronic discharge system. Conclusions The literature reviewed found examples of the potential computerisation has on discharge documentation quality. The research studies conducted showed that the introduction of computerisation into the discharge documentation process produced mixed results in quality (completeness and timeliness) of discharge summaries communicated from secondary to primary care. Slight improvements were found in the before and after studies and staff feedback was positive. The success of such interventions depends largely on increased clinical leadership and user-centred design. An established link to patient safety is needed to increase awareness of the importance of discharge summary communication and justify major system change.

Thesis (MTech (Radiography))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2000
Ultrasound has, until recently, been regarded as a sophisticated diagnostic modality, reserved for tertiary health care. In reality, it is a cost-effective, reliable and safe modality that is highly suited to primary health care. Secondary level centres provide the only access to ultrasound for many of the obstetric primary health care patients, as primary health care has limited ultrasound resources. The increasing monthly statistics, at one secondary centre, bares witness to the need for ultrasound in primary health care. At the time of this study ultrasound scans were not routine for every obstetric patient. Experience indicates that only the patients who clinically suggest a possible risk are referred for ultrasound to confirm, or rule out problems. However, there are a number of complications, which have little or no early clinical indications. [Palmer, 1995:285] This means that many of the problems encountered are often in late gestation and they have a marked bearing on the obstetric management of the patient. This was a retrospective study, of approximately 1000 patients attending an ultrasound department at a secondary centre. Most of the obstetric patients that were sent for an ultrasound examination came from the primary health care centres in the region.

In November 1999, financial losses led the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center (UCSF) to close all inpatient services at Mount Zion Hospital, a community teaching hospital affiliated with UCSF since 1990. As a result of the closure, Mount Zions primary care residency program (MZPC) was merged with UCSFs university-based primary care program. We examined these events in the context of three major currents in U.S. health care: containment of rising health care costs, financial pressures on teaching hospitals, and the shifting priorities in graduate medical education with respect to subspecialty medicine and primary care. As part of this descriptive study, we investigated the impact of the Mount Zion closure on all UCSF internal medicine residents who were in training at the time. Using a cross-sectional survey, we found that a majority of residents felt the closure was harmful to their training, but that reasons varied by program affiliation. Many specific areas of training remained unaffected. Low morale correlated with abandonment of generalist career plans among some primary care residents (p=0.02). We concluded that the perception of harm reflected a temporary reaction to change rather than actual harm to the quality of the programs, and that while attrition from generalism may have resulted from disillusionment by some residents, it more likely reflected a national decline in interest in primary care since 1997. We also concluded that the closure of Mount Zion and its residency program was a consequence of the shifting emphasis toward subspecialization in the U.S. and is a harbinger of further changes in that direction.

Orientador: Neury José Botega
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O Estudo de Intervenção Breve Oportuna (EIBO) realizou uma série de ensaios terapêuticos aleatorizados em pacientes internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp. Objetivo: descrever o perfil clínico e a evolução desses pacientes e decorridos seis meses da alta hospitalar, reavaliar todos os pacientes por meio de uma entrevista telefônica. Método: Após screening com a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), os primeiros 50 casos com episódio depressivo confirmados pelo Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview compuseram a amostra deste estudo da depressão e foram encaminhados para um serviço de saúde pública. Devido ao caráter naturalístico do presente estudo, não interferimos na conduta dos médicos durante a internação. Após 6 meses de alta hospitalar, todos os pacientes foram entrevistados novamente por telefone. Resultados: a média de idade foi 49,3 anos (desvio-padrão:14,5), com predominância do sexo feminino (68%). Infecções, neoplasias malignas, doenças gastrointestinais e renais foram às principais razões de internação, muitas vezes associadas a doenças de base (principalmente hipertensão arterial, diabetes e cardiopatias). Decorridos seis meses da alta, cinco pacientes faleceram, seis não puderam ser contatados e um recusou a nova entrevista. Dos 38 reavaliados, dois terços continuavam deprimidos. Apenas 12 pacientes foram tratados e desses 7 (58%) foram com antidepressivos. Continuar deprimido associou-se à ideação suicida e a reinternações. Banalização dos sintomas depressivos, medo de ficar dependente de psicofármacos e descrédito em antidepressivos e psicoterapias constituíram barreiras para que 21 pacientes (55%) não buscassem tratamento para depressão. Dos 17 que o fizeram, 5 não conseguiram tratamento. Conclusão: Este estudo inédito demonstrou que após seis meses da alta hospitalar, 66% dos pacientes continuam deprimidos e 15% recebem tratamento. E dos que continuam deprimidos 64% apresentam ideação suicida e 16% tiveram novas internações. As crenças que os pacientes têm sobre depressão e o tratamento também constituem fatores de impedimentos subjetivos para buscar tratamento
Abstract: The Study of Brief Opportunity Intervention (EIBO) performed a series of randomized clinical trials with patients admitted to Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp-Brazil). Objective: to describe both the clinical profile and evolution from the subjects, after 6-month discharge period and also to review ali the patients through a telephone call interview. Methodology: As part of this research project, the researchers screened ali patients using of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). As part of this research project, the researchers screened ali patients using of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). The first fifty (50) cases of depressive episode confirmed through Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) received standardized information about depression and were referred to a public health service to start the treatment. Due to the naturalistic nature of the present study, there was no interference on the assistant doctors' treatment provided to patients during hospitalization. After six-months of hospital discharge, ali the patients were reassessed through a telephone interview. Results: Patients' mean age was 49.3 years old (standard deviation: 14.5), being 68% females. Infections, malign neoplasias, renal and gastrointestinal diseases were the major reasons for hospitalization and they were many times associated with underlying diseases (mainly high blood pressure, diabetes and heart diseases). After six-month of discharge, five patients died, six could not be contacted by telephone and one of them refused to participate on a new interview. Out of 38 reassessed patients, two-thirds continued depressed. At the baseline assessment, this was the group that reported more frequently pain and suicidal behavior. Only one-third of the patients had received treatment for depression (from these 12 treated patients, 7 (58%) received antidepressive medication). Maintained depression was associated with suicidal ideation and rehospitalization. The discredit on depressive symptoms, the fear of becoming dependent on psychopharmacological medication and the disbelief on antidepressive drugs and psychotherapies were barriers that led 21 patients not to search treatment for depression. Out of 17 who search for treatment at public healthcare services, 5 could not get it. Although the patients were assessed by several physicians, only one out of three patients received some treatment for depression; only one, out of five, received an antidepressive medication. Conclusion: The findings show that after 6-month discharge period, 66% patients remained depressed and only 15% of them received treatment. The patients who continued depressed, they 64% showed suicidal ideation and 16% were rehospitalized. The beliefs that the patients have about depression and its treatment also constitute factors that impede them of looking for treatment
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Magister Curationis - MCur
The purpose of the study will be to explore the discharge referral pathway for patients that have been discharged from hospital to home in the Western Cape Province. A mix of quantitative and qualitative research, using a descriptive design will be undertaken. Quantitatively, following the patient paper trail from Tertiary Hospital to grassroots level. Qualitatively, to identify whether the referral pathway was user friendly. Records of discharged patients from the Tertiary Hospital will be used as the study population. Patient information will be accessed from patient files at the hospital. Interviews will be conducted with the relevant discharge liaison officers at the Tertiary Hospital, and Primary Health Care level. Relevant staff members within the non–governmental –organisations (NGOs), will also be interviewed in order to determine their perception of the discharge referral pathway. The findings of the study will be used to inform policy guidelines. Challenges encountered by staff members in referring patients for continuum of care, and the perception of consumers will also be described and documented.

Approximately half of all emergency department (ED) visits are primary-care sensitive (PCS) – meaning that they could potentially be avoided with timely, effective primary care. Reducing undesirable types of healthcare utilization (including PCS ED use) requires the ability to define, measure, and predict such use in a population. In this retrospective, observational study, we quantified ED use in 2 privately insured populations and developed ED risk prediction models. One dataset, obtained from a Massachusetts managed-care network (MCN), included data from 2009-11. The second was the MarketScan database, with data from 2007-08. The MCN study included 64,623 individuals enrolled for at least 1 base-year month and 1 prediction-year month in Massachusetts whose primary care provider (PCP) participated in the MCN. The MarketScan study included 15,136,261 individuals enrolled for at least 1 base-year month and 1 prediction-year month in the 50 US states plus DC, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. We used medical claims to identify principal diagnosis codes for ED visits, and scored each according to the New York University Emergency Department algorithm. We defined primary-care sensitive (PCS) ED visits as those in 3 subcategories: nonemergent, emergent but primary-care treatable, and emergent but preventable/avoidable. We then: 1) defined and described the distributions of 3 ED outcomes: any ED use; number of ED visits; and a new outcome, based on the NYU algorithm, that we call PCS ED use; 2) built and validated predictive models for these outcomes using administrative claims data; 3) compared the performance of models predicting any ED use, number of ED visits, and PCS ED use; 4) enhanced these models by adding enrollee characteristics from electronic medical records, neighborhood characteristics, and payor/provider characteristics, and explored differences in performance between the original and enhanced models. In the MarketScan sample, 10.6% of enrollees had at least 1 ED visit, with about half of utilization scored as PCS. For the top risk group (those in the 99.5th percentile), the model’s sensitivity was 3.1%, specificity was 99.7%, and positive predictive value (PPV) was 49.7%. The model predicting PCS visits yielded sensitivity of 3.8%, specificity of 99.7%, and PPV of 40.5% for the top risk group. In the MCN sample, 14.6% (±0.1%) had at least 1 ED visit during the prediction period, with an overall rate of 18.8 (±0.2) visits per 100 persons and 7.6 (±0.1) PCS ED visits per 100 persons. Measuring PCS ED use with a threshold-based approach resulted in many fewer visits counted as PCS, discarding information unnecessarily. Out of 45 practices, 5 to 11 (11-24%) had observed values that were statistically significantly different from their expected values. Models predicting ED utilization using age, sex, race, morbidity, and prior use only (claims-based models) had lower R2 (ranging from 2.9% to 3.7%) and poorer predictive ability than the enhanced models that also included payor, PCP type and quality, problem list conditions, and covariates from the EMR, Census tract, and MCN provider data (enhanced model R2 ranged from 4.17% to 5.14%). In adjusted analyses, age, claims-based morbidity score, any ED visit in the base year, asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, tobacco use, and neighborhood poverty were strongly associated with increased risk for all 3 measures (all P<.001).

Approximately half of all emergency department (ED) visits are primary-care sensitive (PCS) – meaning that they could potentially be avoided with timely, effective primary care. Reducing undesirable types of healthcare utilization (including PCS ED use) requires the ability to define, measure, and predict such use in a population. In this retrospective, observational study, we quantified ED use in 2 privately insured populations and developed ED risk prediction models. One dataset, obtained from a Massachusetts managed-care network (MCN), included data from 2009-11. The second was the MarketScan database, with data from 2007-08. The MCN study included 64,623 individuals enrolled for at least 1 base-year month and 1 prediction-year month in Massachusetts whose primary care provider (PCP) participated in the MCN. The MarketScan study included 15,136,261 individuals enrolled for at least 1 base-year month and 1 prediction-year month in the 50 US states plus DC, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. We used medical claims to identify principal diagnosis codes for ED visits, and scored each according to the New York University Emergency Department algorithm. We defined primary-care sensitive (PCS) ED visits as those in 3 subcategories: nonemergent, emergent but primary-care treatable, and emergent but preventable/avoidable. We then: 1) defined and described the distributions of 3 ED outcomes: any ED use; number of ED visits; and a new outcome, based on the NYU algorithm, that we call PCS ED use; 2) built and validated predictive models for these outcomes using administrative claims data; 3) compared the performance of models predicting any ED use, number of ED visits, and PCS ED use; 4) enhanced these models by adding enrollee characteristics from electronic medical records, neighborhood characteristics, and payor/provider characteristics, and explored differences in performance between the original and enhanced models. In the MarketScan sample, 10.6% of enrollees had at least 1 ED visit, with about half of utilization scored as PCS. For the top risk group (those in the 99.5th percentile), the model’s sensitivity was 3.1%, specificity was 99.7%, and positive predictive value (PPV) was 49.7%. The model predicting PCS visits yielded sensitivity of 3.8%, specificity of 99.7%, and PPV of 40.5% for the top risk group. In the MCN sample, 14.6% (±0.1%) had at least 1 ED visit during the prediction period, with an overall rate of 18.8 (±0.2) visits per 100 persons and 7.6 (±0.1) PCS ED visits per 100 persons. Measuring PCS ED use with a threshold-based approach resulted in many fewer visits counted as PCS, discarding information unnecessarily. Out of 45 practices, 5 to 11 (11-24%) had observed values that were statistically significantly different from their expected values. Models predicting ED utilization using age, sex, race, morbidity, and prior use only (claims-based models) had lower R2 (ranging from 2.9% to 3.7%) and poorer predictive ability than the enhanced models that also included payor, PCP type and quality, problem list conditions, and covariates from the EMR, Census tract, and MCN provider data (enhanced model R2 ranged from 4.17% to 5.14%). In adjusted analyses, age, claims-based morbidity score, any ED visit in the base year, asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, tobacco use, and neighborhood poverty were strongly associated with increased risk for all 3 measures (all P<.001).

Magister Economicae - MEcon
The provision of health care in South Africa is undergoing major restructuring. The aim is to achieve substantial, visible and sustainable improvements to the efficiency and accessibility of primary healthcare (PHC) services for all South Africans. One of the country's most critical problems is the weak and fragmented public sector PHC system. The most critical problems contributing to this are the maldistribution of resources (financial, physical and human) between hospitals and the primary care system, and between rural and urban areas. The health sector, therefore, faces the challenge of a complete restructuring and transformation of the national health care delivery system and related institutions. Choices need to be made about which services to cut, which to streamline and where savings can be made. Ways need to be found to use ALL of South Africa's resources optimally. This process of restructuring would be facilitated by the availability of accurate information on resource utilisation in the health sector. This study estimates the difference in the cost of primary diabetes treatment at dayhospitals and a provincial hospital in the Western Cape in 1992/93. Health economics is in its infancy in South Africa and serious data limitations exist. This study is therefore a pioneering effort in many ways. An appropriate methodological framework in which to conduct the costing had to be developed. The South African health sector, health spending arid the cost of primary diabetes treatment at day-hospitals and the provincial hospital are reviewed. Theoretical perspectives of the health care market and the methodologies of cost analysis are discussed. The cost analysis method of study is chosen, and arguments are advanced for its suitability in the South African context. A simple method of calculating the direct costs to obtain the average cost is proposed for the purpose of the study. Direct costs consist of staff costs and other related costs, such as medical supplies, non-medical supplies, building operations, equipment etc. These costs are then used to calculate the average costs per diabetic patient at the day-hospitals and the provincial hospital. The average cost per diabetic patient at day-hospitals amounted to R18.76, while at the provincial hospital the cost was R59.60.

Thesis (M Med(Family Medicine))--University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2009.
Aim: To determine whether routine dipstick urinalysis adds value to the management of patients at Primary Health Care clinic (PHC) in Mankweng Hospital. Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of urine abnormality in patients. 2. To determine components of urine (i.e. blood, protein, glucose etc.) that shows abnormality. 3. To determine the association of urine abnormality with regard to age and gender. 4. To estimate the cost of doing dipstick urinalysis. Design: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative survey. A fresh urine sample collected from patients attending the clinic was tested for ten components using UriCHECK 10. The cost of the dipstick test was estimated. Setting: A Primary Health Care clinic in Mankweng Hospital which is a tertiary institution for the province of Limpopo, RSA. Results: A total of 227 patients participated in the study. Of these, 153(67%) were female and 74(33%) were male. Urine abnormality rate was 35%. The most (26%) abnormalities were found in the age group 20-24 years. The prevalence of abnormalities were 19% blood, 12% leukocytes, 4% protein, 11% ketones, 3% glucose, 3% nitrites and 0.4% urobilinogen. The total cost per 100 urine samples was R319.41. Conclusions: The prevalence of initial urinary abnormality at primary care setting is high. There is no significant association between urine abnormality and age. Females are more likely to show urine abnormality. Routine dipstick urinalysis does not lead to significant additional cost and can add value to the management of patients at a Primary Health Care setting.

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Access and effectiveness of Primary Health Care are decisive to avoid hospitalizations. Therefore, Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) is an excellent indicator to evaluate Primary Health Care. In view of the relevance of this indicator to propose strategies of organization and consolidation of Sistema Único de Saúde, this study has the main purpose to analyze pediatric hospitalizations by ACSC in a tertiary referral hospital in Maranhão. It was made a descriptive and retrospective study of the epidemiological data and diagnostics collected in University Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão. The data were transferred to a database, using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software (2011) to do statistical analysis. The crossing of diagnostics register systems and age groups was analyzed by non parametric test of independence; when it was not possible to use test, it was used the exact Fisher test or the G independence test. To analyze frequencies of hospitalizations by ACSC among age groups within each register system was applied test of adherence. The crossings of hospitalized patients by ACSC, within each register system, and the presence or not of Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família (UBSF) near their residence, were analyzed by test of adherence, and the comparison between the register systems about the presence or not of UBSF, by the test of independence. The level of significance in all tests was 5%. The diagnostics were classified according to Brazilian List of ACSC. There were 17% of hospitalizations by ACSC. The predominant age group was 1 to 4 years old (36%), male (51,2%) and brown-skinned (60,5%). The patients came from São Luís (50%) and from interior of Maranhão (50%), and the majority was from the urban zone (65,1%) and did not have UBSF near your residence (57%). Within the ACSC groups of the Brazilian List, the most frequent was pneumonias bacterianas (25,5%), followed by the group of infecção no rim e trato urinário (19,7%). Considering the classification of ACSC Brazilian List, almost one fifth of admissions in this high complexity reference hospital in the state could have had, plausibly, resolution in Primary Health Care.
O acesso e a efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) são fundamentais para evitar hospitalizações. Por isso, as Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) constituem-se em um excelente indicador desta Atenção. Dada a relevância desse indicador para a proposição de estratégias de organização e consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde, o presente estudo objetiva analisar as ICSAP de pediatria em um hospital de referência em alta complexidade no Maranhão. Foi feito um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, dos dados epidemiológicos e diagnósticos de pacientes, coletados no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Os dados foram avaliados utilizando o software estatístico IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (2011). Os cruzamentos dos sistemas de registro de diagnósticos com a faixa etária foram avaliados pelo teste não paramétrico de de independência; quando não foi possível aplicou-se o teste Exato de Fisher ou o G de independência. Para avaliar as frequências de ICSAP entre as faixas etárias dentro de cada sistema de registro aplicou-se o teste de de aderência. Os cruzamentos dos pacientes internados por CSAP, nos diversos sistemas de registro, com a presença ou não de Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família (UBSF) no seu local de residência foram avaliados pelo teste de de aderência e a comparação entre os sistemas de registro, quanto à presença ou não de UBSF, pelo teste do de independência. Em todos os testes o nível de significância (α) foi de 5%. Os diagnósticos foram classificados de acordo com a Lista Brasileira de CSAP. Houve 17% de hospitalizações por CSAP, com predomínio da faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (36%), do sexo masculino (51,2%) e da cor parda (60,5%). A procedência dos pacientes foi 50% de São Luís e 50% do interior do Maranhão, da zona urbana (65,1%) e sem UBSF na localidade de residência (57%). Dentre os grupos de CSAP da Lista Brasileira, o mais frequente foi o das pneumonias bacterianas (25,5%), seguido do grupo de infecção no rim e trato urinário (19,7%). Quase um quinto das internações neste hospital de alta complexidade e referência estadual poderia, plausivelmente, considerando a classificação da Lista Brasileira de CSAP, ter tido resolutividade em nível ambulatorial da Unidade Básica.

Master of Public Health - MPH
Introduction: Despite the progress that Zambia has made in reducing its maternal mortality ratio from 649 to 398 per 100,000 live births between 1996 and 2013/14, the country did not meet the Millennium Development Goal 5a target, of reducing the maternal mortality ratio by 75% (i.e. to a ratio of 162 per 100,000 live births) by the end of 2015. Thus, as is the case with many other countries, considerable challenges still remain in relation to reducing maternal mortality in Zambia. According to Zambia's Roadmap for Accelerating Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality (2013-2016), the continuum of care for reproductive and maternal, newborn, and child health includes integrated service delivery for mothers and children across these various time periods, and also across place: within the home, the community, and in health facilities. In this regard, a referral system plays a key role in linking the various levels at which care is provided, and the different types of services offered at these levels. In the urban district of Lusaka, Zambia, all complicated pregnancy-related cases received by health centres or clinics are referred to either Levy Mwanawasa General Hospital, or the University Teaching Hospital. However, it appears that at present those working at the primary level of care, who make such referrals up to these higher levels of care, receive no feedback on the outcome of their referrals; there are also few counter-referrals to the respective clinics in the district. With limited communication to the primary level of care, and with no formal handover of patients back to the clinics by the tertiary level institutions, it is difficult to ensure that the required continuum of care for the referred mothers and their children, post-delivery, has been established within the district. This explorative study aimed therefore to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the maternity-related referral system currently operating between primary and tertiary levels of health care in the district, and to consider how the system might be strengthened so as to support a stronger continuum of care with respect to maternal and neonatal health. Methods: Using a descriptive qualitative research approach, stakeholders involved in the planning, delivery and/or oversight of maternal and neonatal health services in the district were purposively sampled and asked to voluntarily participate in the study. Prior to all the interviews, after being informed about the study, and receiving information sheets to read through, participants were required to give informed consent. Their experiences and opinions regarding referrals and counter-referrals were collected through a series of 23 individual, semi-structured interviews. A Thematic Analysis approach was used to analyse data in this study. Ethics approval was first obtained from the Senate Research Committee, University of the Western Cape and thereafter from the Excellence in Research Ethics and Science Converge Ethical Review Board in Zambia, before proceeding with the study. Clearance was also obtained from the Ministry of Health, the Lusaka District Health Management Team and the University Teaching Hospital to facilitate entry into the health facilities. Findings: The study found that, in practice, the referral system for maternity and neonatal health does exist and is generally – but not optimally - functional in the Lusaka District. However, challenges were noted that included the fact that the district’s maternity referral system has not been revised since it was first developed in the 1980s and is not available in a comprehensive set of guidelines or standard operational procedures which explicitly outline the reasons for referral and the related referral steps and mechanisms. In addition, the referral forms currently in use in the district have not been standardised and appear to be inconsistently used by the different facilities. Interviewees reported that there were limitations in terms of the number of, and availability of ambulances, and that there was also an inadequate number of trained midwives. Limitations on the health service's infrastructure, namely, the physical space that is available, the number of delivery beds, and the limited supply of equipment place an additional burden on the staff working at both the primary and tertiary level. Conclusion: Overall, the study recommends that further research – possibly in the form of a baseline audit – be conducted so as to develop a more detailed and/or operational assessment of the actual rather than the reported level of functionality of the district's maternity referral system. Specific recommendations are also proposed for the various stakeholders who are critical role players in the referral system, namely, the clinics, the University Teaching Hospital, the Lusaka District Health Management Team, the Provincial Health Office, the Ministry of Health and Cooperating Partners.

O câncer colorretal (CCR) é o quarto tipo mais incidente mundialmente e a taxa de mortalidade ocupa a terceira posição. Apresenta desenvolvimento lento e bom prognóstico quando diagnosticado em estadio inicial. Apesar de ser um câncer que pode ter rastreamento populacional, as políticas públicas não têm conseguido estabelecer estratégicas efetivas de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico da coorte dos pacientes diagnosticados com CCR, atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2010. Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, longitudinal, baseado em dados secundários do Registro Hospitalar de Câncer (RHC) do HCFMRP-USP. As análises foram realizadas com o auxílio do Programa Excel 2010 da Microsoft e o Software R 3.0.1. Para análise da sobrevida, foi utilizado o método não paramétrico de Kaplan-Meier e para as associações foi aplicado o teste de Fisher e Qui-quadrado. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto- USP, nº 224.448/2012, Resolução CNS 466/2012. A população foi composta por 926 pacientes e os resultados evidenciaram prevalência do sexo masculino, com idade de 70 anos ou mais, 38,9% analfabetos/baixa escolaridade, 54,2% foram diagnosticados com o estadio III e IV e a localização predominante do tumor foi cólon e reto. O tempo médio entre a primeira consulta e o diagnóstico foi de 19,8 dias e entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento, foi de 27,8 dias. Observou-se igual sobrevida para homens e mulheres, sendo que o tempo médio entre o início do tratamento e a ocorrência do óbito foi de 626,3 dias. Conclui-se que há necessidade de investir na prevenção primária do CCR, com ações que minimizem os fatores de riscos conhecidos e na prevenção secundária com testes efetivos, como a pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes. Destaca-se ainda a urgente necessidade de políticas públicas mais direcionadas e investimento na educação permanente dos profissionais de saúde, principalmente o enfermeiro, que tem papel primordial na geração de conhecimento para esta população
Colorectal cancer (CCR) is the fourth most incident cancer worldwide and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. It develops slowly and has a good prognosis when identified in early stages. Even though it can be screened in the population, public policies have not established effective preventive measures or early diagnosis strategies. This study\'s general objective was to characterize the epidemiological profile of a cohort of patients diagnosed with CCR cared for by the Hospital das Clinicas at University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, Medical School (HCFMRP-USP) from January 2000 to December 2010. This longitudinal, retrospective cohort was based on secondary data from the Cancer Hospital Record from HCFMRP-USP. Analyses were performed using Excel 2010, Microsoft and R software 3.0.1. For the analysis of survival, Kaplan-Meier non-parametric method was used and the Fisher\'s test and Chi-square were used for associations. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto, USP according to CNS Resolution 466/2012 (No. 224,448/2012). The population was composed of 926 patients and the results show a prevalence of 70 years old or older males, 38.9% were illiterate or had low level of education, 54.2% were diagnosed at stages III and IV, while the predominant sites were colon and rectum. The average time between the first consultation and diagnosis was 19.8 days and 27.8 days between diagnosis and treatment. Equal survival rates were observed for both men and women while the average time between the beginning of treatment and death was 626.3 days. There is a need to invest in CCR primary prevention with actions that minimize known risks and secondary prevention with effective tests such as fecal occult blood test. We also highlight the urgent need of public policies focused on this condition and investment on the permanent education of healthcare professionals, especially nurses who play an essential role in transmitting knowledge to this population

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 177 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-154).

Orientadores: Luciane Maria Pezzato, Flávio César de Sá
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer e refletir sobre a transferência do cuidado a pacientes portadores de Microrganismo Multirresistentes- MR que recebem alta hospitalar do Hospital Estadual Sumaré-SP, a fim de propor estratégias para qualificar o sistema de referência e contra referência, buscando a integralidade do cuidado. Para isso buscou-se um diálogo entre o enfermeiro do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar do Hospital Estadual Sumaré-HES com os profissionais das Unidades Básicas de Saúde da microrregião. Para a consecução dos objetivos propostos julgou-se pertinente à adoção de uma estratégia metodológica qualitativa em que se organizaram dois encontros presenciais, sendo que no primeiro utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável no qual se procurou conhecer como as secretarias municipais de saúde dos municípios da microrregião de saúde do HES estavam estruturadas para receber os pacientes com alta hospitalar portadores de Microrganismos Multirresistentes, bem como se os profissionais responsáveis recebiam estas informações na alta hospitalar e estavam capacitados a respeito da transmissão cruzada destes microrganismos. No segundo encontro, a partir das necessidades apontadas pelos participantes do encontro anterior realizou-se uma capacitação sobre esta temática. As legislações vigentes pontuam ações preventivas no âmbito hospitalar. Nas diretrizes da OMS desde 2004 há um direcionamento global, ou seja, todas as unidades prestadoras de saúde devem realizar ações de prevenção. Conceitos da Análise Institucional foram utilizados para análise do material produzido nos encontros, bem como das entrevistas. Os resultados alcançados foram a melhoria no relatório de alta do Hospital Estadual Sumaré, uma capacitação para os municípios participantes sobre medidas de prevenção de infecção cruzada e parceria com os gestores do Núcleo de Saúde Pública para futuras abordagens dos municípios não participantes deste trabalho
Abstract: This research aims to understand and reflect on the transfer of care to patients with multidrug-resistant microorganism-MR who are discharged from the State Hospital Sumaré-SP in order to propose strategies to qualify the reference and counter reference, seeking wholeness care. For this we sought a dialogue between nurse Control Service of Hospital Infection Sumaré-HES State Hospital with professionals of Basic Health Units microregion. To achieve the proposed objectives was deemed pertinent to the adoption of a qualitative methodological strategy in which organized two physical meetings, the first of which used a self-administered questionnaire in which we sought to know how the municipal health of municipalities of micro health HES were structured to receive patients with hospital patients with multiresistant microorganisms, as well as the professionals responsible for receiving this information at discharge and were trained about the cross-transmission of microorganisms. At the second meeting, based on the needs identified by the participants of the previous meeting was held a training course on this subject. Existing laws punctuate preventive measures in hospitals. On WHO guidelines since 2004 there is an overall direction, ie, all providers of health units should develop preventive actions. Concepts of Institutional Analysis were used to analyze the material produced in the meetings and interviews. The results shows improvement in high Sumaré State Hospital, a training to municipalities participants on measures to prevent cross-infection and partnership with the managers of the Center for Public Health for future approaches of the participating municipalities report of this work
Mestrado
Saude Coletiva
Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Despite a number of research studies showing the correlation between higher nurse staffing levels and improved outcomes, RCN members continues to report lower nurse-to-patient ratios than what research results suggests (RCN, 2011:1). This reflected a general concern within the nursing profession. The operating room requires appropriate staffing which is critical to the safety of surgical patients and quality of patient care. The research study was motivated by the researcher’s own experiences while working in an OR in a private hospital where continuous discussions were held with management about the shortage of skilled staff; and where a shortage of OR nurses resulted in the use of Central Sterilizing Department (CSD) staff to do OR duties. The objective of the study was to explore and describe the perceptions of nurses regarding staffing in the operating rooms of a private hospital in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District. The researcher used qualitative methods and designs to explore and described the perception of nurses regarding staffing in the operating room (OR) of a private hospital in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District. The research population of the study included all the nurses working in the OR of a private hospital. The total number of 20 OR nurses was individually interviewed by means of semi-structured interviews. Three main themes emerged that includes nurses ‘perceptions with regard to the implications of inadequate staffing in the OR; nurses experiences towards top management with regard to staffing in the OR and recommendations from participants to improve staffing in the OR. Research findings concluded that nurses have a perception that shortage of OR nurses causes lack of communication, physical, emotional and psychological strain. They also perceived OR nurses to work under unrealistic conditions and to receive added responsibilities due to staff shortages, which affect the overall delivery of quality patient care. Comments included failure of management to attend to staff complaints and the perception of high staff turnover due to a lack of recognition and acknowledgement of overworked staff.

Abstract Hospital treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary and secondary health care and changes in treatment from 1972 to 2004 were examined by means of the treatment register and the register of deaths. During the study period, the patients with a principal diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent 356,066 treatment periods. In 1980–1984, 44.3% of the patients hospitalized the first time for COPD died within five years after their treatment period, and in 1990–1994, 50.9% died after their treatment period. According to Cox’s age-adjusted regression model, mortality increased among both men (Hazard Ratio 1.093, 95% CI 1.055–1.133) and women (HR 1.138, 95% CI 1.061–1.221). The number of long-term, over-90-day periods of inpatient treatment of COPD patients in university and central hospitals decreased 97.6% and the number of days of treatment decreased 98.4% between 1972–1976 and 1997–2001. Correspondingly, these treatment periods increased 7.6% in primary care hospitals and the number of days of treatment decreased 47.6%. In 1995–2001 the number of inpatient periods due to acute exacerbations of COPD increased 10.9%, but the number of days of treatment decreased 8.5%. The growth in age-adjusted treatment periods was 0.8% among men and 18.5% among women. The number of treatment periods increased 36.8% in general practice wards and 17.8% in wards for respiratory diseases, while they decreased 22.3% in internal medicine wards. General practitioners sent 5.1% of patients admitted to a primary care hospital with acute exacerbation of COPD to a secondary care hospital. The age- and gender-adjusted risk of death of patients managed by a general practitioner was 0.83 (95% CI 0.75–0.91) compared with those managed by a pulmonary specialist. Patients treated in primary care had a 1.74 times greater risk of being readmitted within a week after being released from inpatient treatment for acute exacerbations of COPD compared with patients treated in secondary care. The strategic policies of the 1980s, changes in the service structure, the national guidelines for the prevention and treatment of COPD issued in 1998, the valid treatment recommendation, and new treatments and medication have made treatment of COPD patients more effective. The emphasis has shifted to outpatient care and primary health care, where sufficient resources and education must be insured in order to guarantee good quality
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin hoitoilmoitus- ja kuolinsyyrekisterin avulla keuhkoahtaumataudin sairaalahoitoa ja sen muutoksia perusterveydenhuollossa ja erikoissairaanhoidossa vuosina 1972–2004. Tutkimusaikana oli 356 066 hoitojaksoa niillä potilailla, joiden päädiagnoosi oli keuhkoahtaumatauti (KAT). Vuosina 1980–1984 olleen ensimmäisen KAT:sta aiheutuneen sairaalahoitojakson jälkeen potilaista kuoli viiden vuoden kuluessa 44,3 % ja vastaavasti vuosien 1990–1994 hoitojakson jälkeen 50,9 %. Coxin regressiomallilla iän ollessa vakioituna kuolleisuus lisääntyi sekä miehillä (Hazard Ratio 1,093, 95 % CI 1,055–1,133) että naisilla (HR 1,138, 95 % CI 1,061–1,221). Pitkäaikaiset, yli 90 hoitopäivää jatkuneet, sairaalahoitojaksot vähenivät KAT-potilailla yliopisto- ja keskussairaaloissa 97,6 % ja hoitopäivät 98,4 % ajanjaksojen 1972–1976 ja 1997–2001 välillä. Vastaavasti terveyskeskussairaaloissa nämä hoitojaksot lisääntyivät 7,6 % ja hoitopäivät vähenivät 47,6 %. Vuosina 1995–2001 olleiden KAT:n akuuttien pahenemisvaiheiden sairaalajaksojen määrä kasvoi 10,9 %, mutta hoitopäivien määrä väheni 8,5 %. Ikävakioitujen hoitojaksojen kasvu miehillä oli 0,8 % ja naisilla 18,5 %. Hoitojaksot lisääntyivät yleislääketieteen erikoisalan osastoilla 36,8 % ja keuhkosairauksien osastoilla 17,8 %, kun taas sisätautien osastoilla ne vähenivät 22,3 %. Yleislääkäri lähetti erikoissairaanhoitoon 5,1 % terveyskeskuksen vuodeosastolle otetuista akuuteista KAT:n pahenemisvaiheen potilaista. Yleislääkärin hoitovastuulla olleiden potilaiden ikä- ja sukupuolivakioitu kuoleman riskisuhde oli 0,83 (95 % CI 0,75–0,91) verrattuna keuhkolääkärin vastuulla olleisiin potilaisiin. Perusterveydenhuollossa hoidetuilla potilailla oli 1,74 kertainen riski joutua uudelleen sairaalahoitoon viikon kuluessa KAT:n akuutin pahenemisvaiheen sairaalahoidon jälkeen verrattuna erikoissairaanhoidossa hoidettuihin potilaisiin. 1980-luvun strategiset linjaukset, palvelurakennemuutokset ja kansalliset ohjeet keuhkoahtaumataudin ennaltaehkäisystä ja hoidosta vuodelta 1998 ja Käypä hoito -suositus sekä uudet hoitomuodot ja lääkkeet ovat tehostaneet keuhkoahtaumapotilaan hoitoa. Painopiste on siirtynyt avohoitoon ja perusterveydenhuoltoon, jossa on huolehdittava riittävästä resursoinnista ja koulutuksesta hyvän laadun varmistamiseksi

Summary in English.
Bibliography: pages 122-126.
This dissertation studies the delivery of health care to street children. ft investigates the existing street children's facilities and the health system in Ang of a in order to determine an appropriate type of health facilities for the special health needs of these children. The study was based on a review of bibliographic material on street children and related subjects. The findings from this review were tested through a series of interviews with professionals working with street children in Angola and with ~treet children randomly selected from shelters and on the streets in Luanda. The questionnaires were designed for evaluation of the street children's facilities, the health system and to determine street children's preferences and attitudes towards formal institutions in a context where th'e main cause of family disintegration was war. The study concluded that street children's health needs in Angola would be better catered for through independent primary health centres provided with partial in-patient services (temporary sf eeping and eating facilities for children under medical care). These centres would serve mainly children with no access to shelters and those living in shelters without health centres. The study formulates guidelines and presents a design example of the type offacifity proposed.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
As Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) são um indicador da efetividade da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por meio da atividade hospitalar ao representar problemas de acesso e qualidade que impactam nos gastos do Sistema Único de Saúde. A APS vem sendo consolidada no país por meio da ampliação da cobertura pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), pelo olhar diferenciado para as demandas em saúde, sob a concepção ampliada do conceito saúde, resultando em melhores indicadores como cobertura vacinal, redução da mortalidade infantil e ICSAP. OBJETIVO: analisar a prevalência e os gastos com ICSAP no estado e nas macrorregiões de saúde de Minas Gerais (MG). METODOLOGIA: estudo ecológico, realizado nos anos de 2009 e 2014. Foram extraídas as AIH do SIH-SUS e separadas em internações por causas gerais; e por ICSAP de acordo com a lista brasileira de 2008. O banco de dados foi estruturado incluindo-se as internações e as variáveis de estrutura dos serviços para as macrorregiões de saúde de MG e para o estado. Optou-se por estudar as faixas etárias infantil (0 a 12 anos) e de idosos (60 anos ou mais). Foi realizada a análise descritiva da prevalência e gastos com ICSAP e a identificação de possíveis associações estatísticas entre as variáveis de estrutura e as ICSAP, tanto no estado como nas macrorregiões de saúde, por meio da correlação de Pearson, assumindo-se como associação estatisticamente significante o valor de p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: um primeiro estudo analisou o panorama das ICSAP no estado de MG e notou-se redução dos gastos e das taxas de ICSAP no ano de 2014. As causas mais prevalentes de ICSAP foram a Insuficiência Cardíaca para os idosos e as Gastroenterites e Pneumonias Bacterianas para a população infantil. A cobertura pela ESF apresentou associação estatisticamente significante com as ICSAP. O segundo estudo, identificou, pela análise macrorregional, a redução das taxas e gastos por ICSAP na maioria das macrorregiões de saúde em 2014, evidenciando a diversidade dos cenários regionais no estado. Não foi estabelecida associação estatística entre as variáveis de estrutura e as ICSAP, na maioria das macrorregiões. CONCLUSÃO: a redução das ICSAP e dos gastos com as internações consideradas evitáveis foi observada no estado e na maioria das macrorregiões do estado para 2014, mas com piores resultados em macrorregiões de menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A expansão da cobertura pela ESF, além de auxiliar na consolidação e fortalecimento da APS, está associada à redução das ICSAP no estado de MG. É preciso conhecer os gastos em saúde para auxiliar a gestão no planejamento e no uso racional de recursos financeiros em saúde.
Hospitalizations due to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions are an indicator of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care through hospital activity and represent problems of access and quality that impact the spending of the Unified Health System. PHC has been consolidated in the country through the expansion of coverage by the Family Health Strategy, which has a differentiated look at health demands under the broader conception of health and has been able to improve indicators such as vaccine coverage, reduction of infant mortality and ACSC. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the prevalence and expenditure with ACSC in the state and macro-regions of health of Minas Gerais. METHODOLOGY: an ecological study, carried out for the years 2009 and 2014. The Authorizations for Hospital Stay of the Hospital Information System-UHS were extracted and separated in hospitalizations for general causes and by ACSC, selected according to the Brazilian list of 2008. The database included the hospitalizations and the structure variables of services for the health macro-regions of MG and for the state. It was decided to study the age groups of children (0 to 12 years) and the elderly (60 years and over). Descriptive analysis of the prevalence and expenditures with ACSC was made and the identification of possible statistical associations between the structural variables and the ACSC, both in the state and in the macro-regions of health, occurred through the Pearson correlation, assuming as a statistically significant association value of p≤0.05. RESULTS: a first study analyzed the scenario of ACSC in the state of Minas Gerais and there was a tendency to reduce expenditures and ACSC rates between the years. The most prevalent causes of ACSC were Heart Failure for the elderly and Gastroenteritis and Bacterial Pneumonias for children. The coverage by the FHS showed a statistically significant association with the ACSC. For macroregional analysis, there was a tendency to reduce rates and spending in most macro-regions of health, with a great variability of regional scenarios, evidencing the diversity of the state. Few statistical association was established between the structural variables and the ACSC, in most of the macro regions. CONCLUSION: the trend towards the reduction of ACSC and expenditures with hospitalizations considered avoidable was observed in the state and in most macro-regions of the state, but worse results were observed in macro-regions of lower socioeconomic development. The expansion of coverage by the FHS, besides helping to consolidate and strengthen the PHC, is associated with the reduction of the ACSC in the state of MG. It is necessary to know the health expenditures to assist the management in the planning and rational use of financial resources in health.

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The region of Sorocaba/SP concentrated between the 1960s and 2012, the largest number of psychiatric beds in the country, mainly occupied by long-term patients. Based on the precepts of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and motivated by denunciations of ill-treatment, in December 2012, the signing of a Conduct Adjustment Agreement determined the deinstitutionalization of all persons interned together with the restructuring of the Psychosocial Care Network. From the GM Ordinance 3088/2011, which included the Primary Care as one of the main points of the PCN, there have been several changes and adjustments necessary for the mental health care in these services would be possible and effective. The Matrix Support came as the main tool suggested by the Ministry of Health for this construction. This research aims to demonstrate the relationship between the matrix support in mental health in primary care and the improvement in solving cases, and know the opinion of the BHU teams after the matrix support in order to better understand the needs of users with mental suffering. This is an observational, cross-sectional and exploratory study with a quanti-qualitative approach. Information collection were obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire with open questions validated by an expert committee of 5 specialists and applied to 36 health professionals from four of the thirty-one BHU of Sorocaba/SP, after approval by The Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde of PUC-SP. A Laurence Bardin content analysis method was used for open questions analysis. The research showed that the matrix support improves the resolution of the problems related to Mental Health in the BHU and in the opinion of the participants offers greater satisfaction to the team in this resolution, for a better understanding of the cases attended, and for the opportunity to discuss the cases with the matrix support teams, despite pointing obstacles to be overcome
A região de Sorocaba/SP concentrou entre a década de 60 e 2012, o maior número de leitos psiquiátricos do país, ocupados principalmente por pacientes de longa permanência. Embasado nos preceitos da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira e motivado por denúncias de maus tratos, em dezembro de 2012 a assinatura de um Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta1 determinou a desinstitucionalização de todas as pessoas internadas juntamente com a reestruturação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. A partir da Portaria 3088/2011, que incluiu a Atenção Primária como um dos principais pontos da Rede, fizeram-se necessárias adequações para que o atendimento em saúde mental nestes serviços fosse possível e eficaz. O matriciamento veio como a principal ferramenta sugerida pelo Ministério da Saúde para esta construção. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivos demonstrar a relação entre o matriciamento em Saúde Mental na Atenção Primária e a melhora na resolutividade dos casos e conhecer a opinião das equipes das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) após o matriciamento, no sentido de compreender melhor as necessidades dos usuários com sofrimento mental. Trata-se de estudo observacional, transversal e exploratório, de abordagem quanti-qualitativa. As informações foram coletadas por meio de questionário semiestruturado de múltipla escolha, contendo também questões abertas, validado por um Comitê de cinco especialistas e aplicado a 36 profissionais de saúde de quatro das trinta e uma UBS de Sorocaba/SP, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde da PUC-SP. Foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin para análise das respostas às perguntas abertas. A pesquisa mostrou que o apoio matricial melhora a resolutividade dos problemas relacionados à Saúde Mental nas UBS e, na opinião dos participantes, oferece maior satisfação nesta resolução, por melhor compreensão dos casos atendidos e pela oportunidade de discutir os casos com as equipes de matriciamento, apesar de apontar obstáculos a serem vencidos

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Physical therapy appears worldwide in the late nineteenth century, being the first physiotherapy service installed in Brazil in 1884. In 1969, the profession is regulated by Decree-Law No. 938 and the following year the number of physiotherapists totaled 700 with six undergraduate courses. In 2011, the total number of physiotherapists registered in the Federal Council of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy (COFFITO) has reached 154,563 professionals, there are 542 undergraduate courses. The growing number of professionals, however, is not necessarily linked to the expansion of physical therapy for the population equitably. The present study aimed to investigate the distribution and role of physiotherapists in the health system, in order to contribute to policies and interventions according needs of the population, consisting of four articles. The first three articles aimed to describe the distribution of physiotherapists in the health system according to data provided by National Register of Health Service Providers (CNES), considering the different regions, federal units, and population size of cities, public and private sectors, and the different levels complexity of health care. The studies were characterized as descriptive cross-sectional studies, developed from data collected on the bank of CNES in Brasilia, referring to February 2010, and Census for 2010, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study identified 53,181 registries of physiotherapists distributed of 22,238 establishments, arranged in 76% of the cities. Approximately 50% of registries were concentrated in the Southeast, 21% Northeast 18% South, Central-West 7% and 4% North. South and Southeast had the best ratio physiotherapists/1000 inhabitants (0.33 and 0.35, respectively), as opposed to the North (0.13), and the highest percentage of municipalities with registries (91% Southeast and 83% South), being observed in the North only 40% of cities with this type of professional. Metropolises and big cities concentrated 64% of the identified positions. Approximately 60% of registries occurred in the private sector, and specialized private establishments in the Southeast of the main actuation sites of physiotherapists, 57% of registries were linked to Specialized Ambulatory Care and 30% to Hospital Care. The Primary Health Care (PHC), which represents the priority level of attention of the health system, focused only 13% of registries, divided into 46.7% of the cities - the highest percentage in small cities (38.2% of registries in the APS). From this fact, the fourth article aimed to investigate the role of physiotherapists in APS, developed through a questionnaire online; 34 physiotherapists participated in the study, with aged between 22 and 47 years (mean 32.5 ± 6.36). Despite the intense demand for therapeutic actions, the initiatives in health promotion and disease prevention have been demonstrated. Main difficulties cited: demand spontaneous excessive, insufficient number of physiotherapists, inadequate physical space, lack of transportation to home care activities, insufficient support of medium and high complexity, ignorance of the attributions of professional PHC, difficulties in teamwork and low population adherence interventions.
A fisioterapia surge mundialmente no final do século XIX, sendo instalado no Brasil o primeiro serviço de fisioterapia em 1884. Em 1969, a profissão é regulamentada pelo Decreto- Lei nº 938 e no ano seguinte o número de fisioterapeutas totalizava 700, existindo seis cursos de graduação. Em 2011, o total de fisioterapeutas inscritos no Conselho Federal de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional já atingia 154.563 profissionais, existindo 542 cursos de graduação. O crescimento do número de profissionais, contudo, não está necessariamente vinculado à expansão da oferta de assistência fisioterapêutica à população de forma equânime. O presente estudo pretendeu investigar a distribuição e atuação de fisioterapeutas no sistema de saúde, buscando contribuir com políticas e intervenções que possam transformar a expansão de profissionais em uma oferta voltada às necessidades de saúde da população, sendo constituído por quatro artigos. Os três primeiros artigos objetivaram descrever a distribuição dos fisioterapeutas no sistema de saúde de acordo com o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), considerando as diferentes regiões, unidades federativas e porte populacional dos municípios; os setores público e privado; e os diferentes níveis de complexidade de atenção à saúde. Todos se caracterizaram como estudos transversais descritivos, desenvolvidos a partir de dados coletados no banco do CNES em Brasília, referentes a fevereiro de 2010, e dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010, sendo analisados por técnicas estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: foram identificados 53.181 cadastros de fisioterapeutas distribuídos entre 22.238 estabelecimentos, dispostos em 76% dos municípios. Aproximadamente 50% dos cadastros estiveram concentrados na região Sudeste, 21% Nordeste, 18% Sul, 7% Centro-Oeste e 4% Norte. Sudeste e Sul apresentaram as melhores razões de fisioterapeutas/1000 habitantes (0,33 e 0,35, respectivamente), em contraposição ao Norte (0,13), e as maiores proporções de municípios com cadastros (91% Sudeste e 83% Sul), sendo no Norte observado apenas 40% dos municípios com este profissional. Metrópoles e municípios de grande porte concentraram 64% dos postos de trabalho. Aproximadamente 60% dos cadastros ocorreram no setor privado, sendo estabelecimentos privados especializados do Sudeste os principais locais de atuação deste profissional; 57% dos cadastros estiveram vinculados à Atenção Ambulatorial Especializada e 30% à Atenção Hospitalar. A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que representa o nível de atenção prioritário do sistema de saúde, concentrou apenas 13% dos cadastros, distribuídos em 46,7% dos municípios - maior percentual em municípios de pequeno porte (38,2% dos cadastros na APS). A partir desta realidade, o quarto artigo objetivou investigar a atuação de fisioterapeutas na APS, por meio da aplicação de questionário on line. Participaram do estudo 34 fisioterapeutas da APS com idade entre 22 e 47 anos (média 32,5 ± 6,36), que, apesar da intensa demanda por ações terapêuticas, demonstram que iniciativas de promoção da saúde e de prevenção de enfermidades estão sendo desenvolvidas pelo país. Entre as dificuldades enfrentadas, destacam-se: Demanda espontânea excessiva; Número insuficiente de fisioterapeutas; Espaço físico inadequado; Falta de transporte para ações domiciliares; Suporte insuficiente da média e alta complexidade; Desconhecimento sobre atribuições de profissionais da APS; Dificuldades no trabalho em equipe e Baixa adesão da população as intervenções.

O estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar um mecanismo de contrarreferência implantado entre o serviço de emergência (SE) de um hospital universitário e as Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESFs) de uma gerência distrital do município de Porto Alegre. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória de caráter qualitativo. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semidirigidas com 14 profissionais que se envolveram no mecanismo proposto. Destes, metade pertencia ao SE e a outra metade às ESFs. Para tratamento dos resultados foi utilizada a técnica de análise temática. Foram estabelecidas cinco categorias: “Uma reorganização para podermos manter o sistema de saúde funcionando”- a organização dos serviços para operacionalizar a contrarreferência; “A base de tudo é a comunicação e nós podemos estar aprimorando isso” - a comunicação no processo de contrarreferência; “Somar os conhecimentos, trocar experiências e decidir conjuntamente” - a organização do trabalho e o estabelecimento das relações profissionais; “Ver que tem uma rede que se pode estar integrando com o atendimento” - a integração entre os serviços de saúde; “Saber o que aconteceu é valorizar o usuário” - continuidade da atenção como desfecho da contrarreferência. Os resultados evidenciaram que os profissionais realizaram a contrarreferência como previsto no projeto proposto. O SE envolveu diretamente os residentes da Residência Integrada Multiprofissional em Saúde, exigindo a reorganização de suas atividades diárias. Já na ESF, foram envolvidos os trabalhadores do serviço, o que gerou uma priorização dos casos contrarreferenciados. Os profissionais enfrentaram dificuldades como a falta de estrutura física e material nas ESF, a desatualização do cadastro de endereço dos usuários, e também as lacunas de cobertura das ESFs. Houve complementaridade na troca de informações e também entre a comunicação falada e escrita. A discussão em equipe e avaliação dos casos em duplas favoreceu a integralidade no desenvolvimento destas ações na SE. Na ESF, as demandas da contrarreferência que já constituíam atividades programadas e suas relações mantiveram-se baseadas no trabalho em equipe. Os resultados evidenciaram que os profissionais percebem a contrarreferência como uma forma de integração, que permite conhecer o funcionamento de outros serviços e oportunizar a continuidade da atenção. Para eles, esta assistência contínua pode contribuir para redução da superlotação das emergências e gera desafios a serem vencidos como a baixa credibilidade nos serviços de atenção primária e também o fortalecimento do vínculo com os usuários. Conclui-se que este é um mecanismo que apresenta potencialidade para ser ampliado e que gera benefícios para ambos os serviços, e principalmente para os usuários, pois permite a integração de informações para oferecer adequada assistência em qualquer ponto da rede de atenção.
The study aimed to analyze a counter-mechanism deployed between the emergency department (SE) of a university hospital and Strategies for Family Health (ESFs) of a district in Porto Alegre. This is a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative research. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 professionals who were involved in the proposed mechanism. Of these, half belonged SE and the other half to ESFs. For treatment of the results we used the technique of thematic analysis. We found five categories: "A reorganization in order to keep the health system functioning" - a service organization to operationalize the counter-reference; "The basis of everything is communication and we may be tweaking it" - communication in the process of counter-reference; "Adding the knowledge, exchange experiences and decide together" - the organization of work and the establishment of relations professionals, "See that you have a network that can be integrated with the service" - the integration of health services, "Knowing what enhance the user's happened "- continuity of care as the counter- reference outcome. The results showed that the professionals conducted counter- reference as provided in the proposed project. The SE directly involved residents of the Residence Integrated Multidisciplinary Health, requiring the reorganization of their daily activities. In the ESF, were involved service workers, which did not require reorganization, but generated a prioritization of the cases. The professionals have faced difficulties such as lack of physical structure and material in the ESF, the downgrade of the register address of the users, and also the gaps in coverage of ESFs. There complementarity in information exchange and also between the spoken and written communication. The team discussion and review of cases in doubles, completeness favored the development of these actions. In the ESF, the demands of counter-reference already constituted activities were developed in this service, so there was no need to reorganize their work and their relations remained based on teamwork. The results showed that professionals perceive as a form of counter-integration, which allows to know the functioning of other services and nurture the continuity of care. For them, this continued assistance can contribute to reducing overcrowding emergencies and generates challenges to be overcome as the low credibility in primary care services and also strengthen the bond with users. We conclude that this is a mechanism that has the potential to be expanded and that generates benefits for both services, especially for users as it allows the integration of information to provide appropriate assistance anywhere in the network of care.
El objetivo del estudio fue analizar un mecanismo de contra referencia entre el departamento de emergencia (SE) de un hospital universitario y Estrategias para la Salud de la Familia (ESF) de un distrito de administración de la ciudad de Porto Alegre. Se trata de un salto cualitativo exploratorio descriptivo. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 14 profesionales que participan en el mecanismo propuesto. De éstos, el medio pertenecía SE y la otra mitad a ESFs. Para el tratamiento de los resultados se utilizó la técnica de análisis temático. Se encontraron cinco categorías: "Una reorganización con el fin de mantener el funcionamiento del sistema de salud" - una organización de servicios para poner en práctica la contra referencia, "La base de todo es la comunicación y podemos estar retocando él" - comunicación en el proceso; "La adición del conocimiento, intercambiar experiencias y decidir juntos" - la organización del trabajo y el establecimiento de relaciones profesionales, "Mira que tiene una red que puede ser integrado con el servicio" - la integración de los servicios de salud "Sé lo que pasó es mejorar el usuario” - la continuidad de la atención como lo desenlace del contra referencia. Los resultados mostraron que los profesionales llevado a cabo la contra referencia según lo previsto en el proyecto propuesto. El SE directamente involucrados residentes de la Residencia Multidisciplinaria de Salud Integral, que requiere la reorganización de sus actividades diarias. En el FSE, participaron trabajadores de los servicios, los cuales no requieren de una reorganización, pero generó una priorización de casos. Los profesionales se han enfrentado a dificultades como la falta de estructura física y material del FSE, la rebaja de la dirección del registro de los usuarios, así como las lagunas en la cobertura de ESF, lo que resulta en pacientes no presentados. Hay complementariedad en el intercambio de información y también entre la comunicación oral y escrita. La organización del trabajo y las relaciones que se establecen inicialmente en el sudeste mostraron fragmentación debido a la división de tareas. La discusión en equipo y la revisión de los casos en dobles, integridad favorecido el desarrollo de estas acciones. En el FSE, las demandas de la contrarrevolución ya constituida actividades se desarrollaron en este servicio, por lo que no había necesidad de reorganizar y su trabajo y sus relaciones se mantuvieron basa en el trabajo en equipo. Los resultados mostraron que los profesionales perciben como una forma de lucha contra la integración, que permite conocer el funcionamiento de otros servicios y fomentar la continuidad de la atención. Para ellos, esta asistencia continua puede contribuir a reducir el hacinamiento y las emergencias genera desafíos que hay que superar como la baja credibilidad en los servicios de atención primaria y también fortalecer el vínculo con los usuarios. Se concluye que este es un mecanismo que tiene el potencial de ser ampliado y que genera beneficios tanto para los servicios, especialmente para los usuarios, ya que permite la integración de la información para proporcionar asistencia adecuada en cualquier lugar de la red de atención.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to identify the various levels of health care units, their relationships and the problems hindering an effective referral system. To achieve this goal, use is made of a case study of the West Rand area in Gauteng. The standpoint is that, to achieve Primary Health for all South Africans referral systems within health care units and levels must be reciprocal. It is argued that for Primary Health Care to be successful, it must satisfy the goal of affordability appropriateness and accessibility. Results from the research revealed that four health care levels, namely traditional healers, health NGOs, Clinics, and Hospitals. Though there is some degree of referral in the study area, it was observed that referrals in the study area were not reciprocal. Amongst the major problems identified as hindering an effective referral system in the study area, include lack of cooperation between health institutions, poor health infrastructure and communication network as well as lack of other health paraphernalia. The research also found that government policy towards some of the health institutions (Traditional healers) contributes to the inefficiency of proper referrals in the study area.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oogmerk van hierdie ondersoek is om die verskillende vlakke van gesondheidsorgeenhede, hulonderlinge verbande en die probleme wat doeltreffende verwysings in die wiele ry, te identifiseer. Dit word gedoen aan die hand van 'n gevallestudie van die Wes-Randarea in Gauteng. Die uitgangspunt is dat doeltreffende Primêre Gesondheid vir alle Suid- Afrikaners afhang van resiprokale verwysingsisteme tussen gesondheidsorgeenhede en -vlakke. Suksesvolle Primêre Gesondheidsorg vereis bekostigbaarheid, toepaslikheid en toeganklikheid. Die ondersoek het vier gesondheidsorgvlakke aan die lig gebring: tradisionele genesers, gesondheids-nie-regerings-organisasies, klinieke en hospitale. Hoewel daar 'n mate van onderfinge verwysing in die studie-area bestaan, was dit nie wederkerig nie. Onder die vernaamste struikelblokke vir 'n doeltreffende verwysingsisteem tel swak samewerking tussen gesondheidsinstellings, gebrekkige gesondheidsinfrastruktuur en kommunikasienetwerk, en 'n skaarste aan ander gesondheidsmiddelle. Die ondersoek het ook bevind dat regeringsbeleid aangaande sommige van die gesondheidsinstellings (tradisionele genesers) bydra tot die ondoeltreffendheid van verwysings in die studie-area.

Introdução: Visando a prevenção da transmissão de microrganismos, o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recomenda a aplicação de conjuntos de medidas denominadas Precauções Padrão (PP) e Precauções Específicas (PE). Assim, um dos grandes desafios dos serviços de saúde em especial na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é identificar as lacunas dos conhecimentos e comportamentos concernentes a PP e PE. Objetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos e o comportamento autoreferidos dos profissionais de saúde da APS sobre PP e PE e propor uma intervenção educativa baseada em casos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo e de intervenção, desenvolvido por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa, cujo percurso metodológico ocorreu em seis momentos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário previamente validado de avaliação de conhecimento dos profissionais com relação à PP e PE e de avaliação de comportamento auto-referido sobre boas práticas de precauções. O questionário abordou as seguintes dimensões relativas ao conhecimento e comportamento sobre PP e PE: Identificação de risco, Higienização das mãos, Uso de luvas comum, Uso de máscaras e a etiqueta de tosse e Medicação segura e descarte de material perfurocortante. Realizou-se uma intervenção educativa, por meio do método de Aprendizagem Baseada em Casos (ABC) no qual foram entregues estudos de casos extraídos da vivência prática do pesquisador. O questionário foi aplicado pré e pós esta intervenção. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de São Paulo, tendo como população alvo profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) que atuavam diretamente na assistência. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com cada momento, por meio de estatística descritiva e apresentada em forma de gráficos e tabelas. Resultado: A análise dos dados nos permitiu identificar que os profissionais de saúde da APS apresentaram fragilidade em relação ao conhecimento e ao comportamento auto referido sobre o uso da PP e PE. Os valores de acertos individuais variaram, respectivamente: de 36,3% a 100% no momento I e de 50% a 100% no momento IV. A intervenção educativa obteve resultados positivos, embora não tenha sido plenamente eficaz por não ter conseguido atingir mudanças relevantes em todas as dimensões avaliadas. O número de questões que obtiveram menos de 70% de profissionais que acertaram foi respectivamente 15 no momento I e 10 no momento IV. Contudo, este modelo de intervenção educativa pode ser considerada uma importante ferramenta para promover reflexão e oportunidade de aprendizagem a todos os trabalhadores da área de saúde, tornando-os críticos de suas próprias atitudes e fornecendo instrumento para combater situações de risco para aquisição de patógenos nas unidades de saúde. Conclusão: O presente estudo trouxe contribuições importantes para o conhecimento sobre o tema dentro da APS, destacando as deficiências de conhecimento e comportamento autoreferido dos profissionais na APS e propondo uma intervenção educativa que contribui potencialmente para mudança neste cenário.
Introduction: In order to prevent the transmission of microorganisms, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the implementation of joint measures known Standard Precautions (PP) and Specific Precautions (PE). Thus one of the challenges of non-hospital health services, especially in primary health care (PHC) is to identify gaps in knowledge and behavior concerning PP and PE. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and self-reported behavior of APS professionals on PP and PE and propose an educational intervention. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, prospective and intervention, developed through a quantitative approach, whose methodological approach occurred in six moments.Data collection was performed by applying a previously validated questionnaire assessment of professional knowledge with regard to PP and PE and assessment of self-reported behavior on good practices precautions. The questionnaire included the following dimensions for the knowledge and behavior of PP and PE: \"Risk Identification\", \"Handwashing\", \"Use of common gloves,\" \"Using masks and cough etiquette\" and \"Safe Medication and disposal of sharps. An educational intervention was carried out, using Case- Based Learning (ABC) method in which case studies were extracted from the practice of research experience. The questionnaire was applied before and after this intervention. Data collection was performed at a Basic Health Unit in the city of São Paulo, whose target population was the Health Strategy professionals Family (ESF) and the Support Center for Family Health (NASF) working directly in assistance. Data were analyzed according to each moment through descriptive statistics and presented in graphics and tables Results: The data analysis allowed us to identify that health professionals at APS showed weakness in relation to knowledge and the selfreported conduct on the use of PP and PE. The individual values ranged, respectively: 36.3% to 100% in the moment I and 50% to 100% at moment IV. The educational intervention model positive results, although it was not fully effective for failing to achieve significant changes in all dimensions evaluated. The number of questions that have obtained less than 70% of professionals who agreed was respectively 15 in the moment I and 10 at moment IV. The educational intervention can be considered an important appliance to promote reflection and learning opportunity to all workers in the health area, making them critical of their own attitudes and providing a tool to combat risk situations for the acquisition of pathogens in units health. Conclusion: This study has brought important contributions to the knowledge on the subject within the APS, highlighting the deficiencies of knowledge and self-reported behavior of professionals in APS and proposing an educational intervention that potentially contribute to change this scenario.

Introdução: Com as Reformas Sanitárias e Psiquiátrica, a promulgação das Leis 8.080 de 1990 e 10.2016 de 2001 (Lei Paulo Delgado), ocorreu a reformulação do modelo assistencial de saúde mental no Brasil. A criação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), com objetivo de articular a Desinstitucionalização, vinculada ao princípio da Integralidade devem ser a práxis do trabalho multiprofissional para garantir os cuidados integrais dos pacientes com transtornos mentais. A Enfermagem, como prática social, pode contribuir fundamentalmente na construção do cuidado afim de sistematizar a alta e vincular pacientes e familiares à rede. Objetivos: Revisar a bibliografia acerca do processo de alta da internação dos pacientes com depressão; levantar os instrumentos ou estratégias de cuidado aplicados pelos enfermeiros; propor instrumento ou estratégias de sistematização do processo de alta. Métodos: Revisão Integrativa que buscou selecionar, organizar e sistematizar os artigos publicados no período de 2005 a 2015, afim de responder à pergunta elaborada pelo acrônimo PICO: quais os instrumentos ou estratégias de cuidados estão sendo utilizados pelos enfermeiros no planejamento da alta hospitalar de pacientes com depressão? A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados BDEnf, LiLACS, ScieLO, PubMed e Cochrane e os dados foram organizados pelo software End Note Web. Resultados: Foram encontrados 1630 artigos indexados nas bases de dados, e após triagem pelos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, obtivemos uma amostra de 14 trabalhos (n=14) que foram lidos integralmente e fichados. Os estudos trouxeram algumas estratégias, porém não foram encontrados instrumentos padronizados. A aplicação de check-list no momento da alta hospitalar e o enfermeiro de ligação, foram sugeridos como ponto de contato entre a rede de assistência, os profissionais, pacientes e seus familiares. Foi proposto um modelo de instrumento para sistematização da alta e vinculação formal com a Atenção Primária à Saúde.
Introduction: With the Sanitary and Psychiatric Reform, the enactment of Law 8080 of 1990 and 10.2016 2001 (Paulo Delgado Law), was the reformulation of the care model of mental health in Brazil. The creation of the Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), in order to articulate the deinstitutionalization, linked to the principle of Completeness must be the practice of multi-professional work to ensure the comprehensive care of patients with mental disorders. Nursing, as social practice, can fundamentally contribute to the construction of care in order to systematize the high and link patients and families to the network. Objectives: To review the literature on the process of discharge from hospital of patients with depression; up instruments or care strategies applied by nurses; proposed instrument or systematic strategies of the discharge process. Methods: An Integrative Review that sought to select, organize and systematize the articles published from 2005 to 2015, in order to answer the question prepared by PICO: \"which instruments or care strategies are being used by nurses in hospital discharge planning patients with depression? The search was conducted in BDEnf databases, LiLACS, ScieLO, PubMed and Cochrane and data were organized by End Note Web software. Results: We found 1630 articles indexed in the databases, and after screening for inclusion / exclusion criteria, we obtained a sample of 14 studies (n = 14) were read in full and filed. The studies brought some strategies, but have not found standardized instruments. The application checklist at the time of hospital discharge and the connecting nurse, have been suggested as a contact point between the service network, professionals, patients and their families. An instrument model for systematizing the high and formal link with the Primary Health Care has been proposed.

Abstract Amidst the worst disaster to impact a major U.S. city in one hundred years, New Orleans’ main trauma and safety net medical center, the Reverend Avery C. Alexander Charity Hospital, was permanently closed. Charity’s administrative operator, Louisiana State University (LSU), ordered an end to its attempted reopening by its workers and U.S. military personnel in the weeks following the August 29, 2005 storm. Drawing upon rigorous review of literature and an exhaustive analysis of primary and secondary data, this case study found that Charity Hospital was closed as a result of disaster capitalism. LSU, backed by Louisiana state officials, took advantage of the mass internal displacement of New Orleans’ populace in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in an attempt to abandon Charity Hospital’s iconic but neglected facility and to supplant its original safety net mission serving the poor and uninsured for its neoliberal transformation to favor LSU’s academic medical enterprise.

Introdução A educação médica sofreu transformações ao longo do século XX. Alguns educadores médicos já reconheceram o problema do modelo centrado na doença e focado em condições não usuais de pacientes hospitalizados e a carência do ensino sobre problemas comuns de saúde. O termo ecologia do cuidado médico é como se conhece a relação entre as pessoas e os cenários de saúde. Esse conceito foi introduzido em 1961 por K. White (e atualizado por Green em 2001), que mostrou graficamente a proporção de pessoas que utilizaram serviços de saúde no período de um mês. Esses resultados influenciaram organizações do sistema de saúde, pesquisa científica e educação médica ao longo dos anos. Objetivos Reavaliar a ecologia médica, agora na população brasileira, identificando, no período de um mês, o número de pessoas que apresentaram sintomas, qual atitude tomaram em relação a eles e comparar as queixas apresentadas com o conteúdo dos livros tradicionais de clínica médica. Métodos Entrevistas telefônicas realizadas por auxiliares de enfermagem a 1.065 participantes consecutivos de uma empresa de convênio médico no período de maio de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009 em São Paulo. Resultados Dos entrevistados, 70% eram mulheres e a idade média foi de 68 anos. No período de 30 dias, em 1.000 pessoas: 398 apresentaram algum sintoma; a maioria (292) procurou consulta ambulatorial; 99 buscaram resolver a queixa no pronto-socorro; 59 foram internadas e 1 foi internada em um hospital universitário. Os sintomas mais encontrados foram: dor em extremidades (10%), mal-estar (10%), lombalgia (8%), cefaleia (6%) e dor articular (6%). Foram 5 livros selecionados; Harrinson, Cecil, Current e Tratado de Clínica Médica AC Lopes e Clinica Médica Milton Arruda e colaboradores, um dos sintomas mais frequentes, como lombalgia, é abordado em 4 a 13 páginas, dor em membros em 0 a 4 páginas e fadiga/mal-estar são discutidos em 2 a 4 páginas dentre todo o conteúdo desses livros. Os sintomas inespecíficos não foram abordados nesses livros. Discussão O cenário que as pessoas procuram com maior frequência é o ambulatorial e também o prontoatendimento. A internação em um hospital universitário ocorreu para 1 em 1.000 participantes. Os sintomas encontrados foram abordados muito pouco nos livros consagrados de medicina. O ensino do estudante de medicina hoje, na maioria das universidades, não guarda correlação direta com o perfil epidemiológico da população, sendo necessário formar melhor os estudantes de medicina para manejarem as doenças dos pacientes nos locais de atendimento em que futuramente prestarão serviços
Background Medical education has gone through several transitions during the twentieth century, and medical educators recognize the problems inherent to hospital-centered learning: treating rare conditions and involving medical subspecialties very frequently resulting in lack of continuity care. Today, we talk about fragmentation of medical education for both students and patients. This goes far from meeting the real needs of the general population. The expression medical ecology is a conceptual framework to describe the relationship and utilization of medical care by a given population. Introduced by White in 1961 (updated by Green in 2001), the results of these studies have had great impact and influenced ideas regarding organization of health services, research and education. Objectives To analyze the ecology of medical care in a Brazilian population. First, we have aimed to quantify the number of people who demonstrated symptoms in a previous month and considered seeking health care in any one of the following settings: patient does not seek medical care; a physicians office; office of complementary/alternative medicine professional; emergency department; patients home; hospital and university hospital. We have also compared the prevalence of reported symptoms with number of pages of traditional textbooks that discussed these symptoms. Design and Participants The survey was based on telephone interviews in a health insurance company of São Paulo from may/2008 to feb/2009 Results Patients responding (1.065) included 70% women with a mean age of 68 years old; 398 people felt some symptoms in a month; 292 people were in a consultation; 99 have visited an emergency room; 59 were hospitalized and 1 per thousand was admitted in a university hospital. The most prevalent symptoms were: pain in extremities (10%), fatigue (10%), back pain (8%), headache (6%), and joint pain (6%). They are not discussed enough in medical graduation. 5 books were analyzed: Harrinson, Cecil, Current, Tratado de Clínica Médica AC Lopes and Clinica Médica Milton Arruda et al. One of the most prevalent symptoms such as back pain is covered in 4 to13 pages, joint pain in 0 to 4 pages, and fatigue corresponded to 2 to 4 pages, medically unexplained symptoms werent found. Discussion The services people have sought most frequently were ambulatory settings, followed by emergency rooms. Admission to a teaching hospital occurred for one participant in 1,000. The symptoms observed were little discussed in medicine textbooks. The teaching of medical students today in most universities has no direct correlation with the epidemiological profile of the population, being necessary to train medical students to manage the illness of patients in scenarios where they will serve in the future

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O crescimento rápido e desordenado das cidades tem ocasionado mudanças epidemiológicas importantes, especialmente quando nos referimos ao crescimento de enfermidades relacionadas às situações de urgência. O Ministério da Saúde propõe como ação para o problema, a implantação das Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), em destaque a Rede de Atenção às Urgências (RUE). Atualmente o SAMU 192 é o principal componente móvel da rede de atenção às urgências, para diminuir o número de óbitos, as sequelas causadas pela demora no atendimento e o tempo de internação hospitalar. Em Botucatu, o serviço iniciou-se em 2011, é de caráter Regional e, além das ambulâncias, possui uma Central de Regulação de Urgência e Emergência. Objetivou-se Analisar os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU 192: componente móvel da Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências, no município de Botucatu-SP. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, de série histórica, exploratóriodescritivo de abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi focado na análise dos atendimentos realizados pela equipe do SAMU 192 de Botucatu, entre agosto de 2011 e janeiro de 2012, baseando-se em 2635 Fichas de Atendimento. O estudo teve parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição (OF. 3907/2012). Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das vítimas era do sexo masculino (53%), os adultos demandaram maiores números de atendimentos. A principal natureza da ocorrência atendida foi a clínica, corroborando com outros estudos. A Unidade de Suporte Básico foi responsável pela maioria dos atendimentos (66,57%), a Unidade de Suporte Avançado associou-se com os atendimentos de ocorrência psiquiátrica (p=0.0002). As principais queixas clínicas atendidas foram convulsão (12,16%), que se associou com a população adulta (p<0.0001), a embriaguez (9,95%) que se associou com o sexo masculino (p<0.0001) e adultos (p<0.0001), e dor precordial (8,15%) que se associou com ...
The fast and unplanned growth of cities has led important epidemiological changes, especially when referring to the growth of diseases related to emergency situations. The Ministry of Health proposes action as the condition for deployment of Network for Health Care, highlighted the Network for Emergency Care. Currently SAMU - 192 is the main component of the mobile for the Network for Emergency Care, to decrease the number of deaths, the sequela caused by delays in care and hospital stay. In Botucatu the service began in 2011, is a regional character and, besides ambulances , has a Central Regulatory Urgency and Emergency . This study aimed to analyze the services performed by SAMU-192: mobile component of the Network Emergency Care and Emergencies, in Botucatu-SP. This is an exploratory - descriptive field study of time series, a quantitative approach. The study focused on the analysis of the care provided by SAMU - 192, Botucatu between August 2011 and January 2012 , based on 2635 Attendance Sheets . The study had a favorable opinion of the institution's Ethics Committee and Research (Of. 3907/2012). The results showed that the majority of victims were male (53 %), adults demanded larger numbers of attendances. The primary nature of the clinical occurrence was attended, agreeing with other studies. The Basic Support Unit was responsible for the majority of treatment (66.57 %), the Advanced Support Unit was associated with the occurrence of psychiatric care (p = 0.0002). The main clinical complaints were met seizure (12.16%) , which was associated with the adult population (p < 0.0001), drunkenness (9.95 %) which was associated with male gender (p < 0.0001) and adults (p < 0.0001), and chest pain (8.15%) that was associated with the adult population. Traumatic complaints that stood out were nonspecific fall (23.05%) that joined the adult population, and fall from height (22.34%) which was associated with the elderly population. As for ...

Orientador: Magda Cristina Queiroz Dell'Acqua
Banca: Valéria de Castilho Palhares
Banca: Shirlene Pavelqueires
Resumo: O crescimento rápido e desordenado das cidades tem ocasionado mudanças epidemiológicas importantes, especialmente quando nos referimos ao crescimento de enfermidades relacionadas às situações de urgência. O Ministério da Saúde propõe como ação para o problema, a implantação das Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), em destaque a Rede de Atenção às Urgências (RUE). Atualmente o SAMU 192 é o principal componente móvel da rede de atenção às urgências, para diminuir o número de óbitos, as sequelas causadas pela demora no atendimento e o tempo de internação hospitalar. Em Botucatu, o serviço iniciou-se em 2011, é de caráter Regional e, além das ambulâncias, possui uma Central de Regulação de Urgência e Emergência. Objetivou-se Analisar os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU 192: componente móvel da Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências, no município de Botucatu-SP. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, de série histórica, exploratóriodescritivo de abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi focado na análise dos atendimentos realizados pela equipe do SAMU 192 de Botucatu, entre agosto de 2011 e janeiro de 2012, baseando-se em 2635 Fichas de Atendimento. O estudo teve parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição (OF. 3907/2012). Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das vítimas era do sexo masculino (53%), os adultos demandaram maiores números de atendimentos. A principal natureza da ocorrência atendida foi a clínica, corroborando com outros estudos. A Unidade de Suporte Básico foi responsável pela maioria dos atendimentos (66,57%), a Unidade de Suporte Avançado associou-se com os atendimentos de ocorrência psiquiátrica (p=0.0002). As principais queixas clínicas atendidas foram convulsão (12,16%), que se associou com a população adulta (p<0.0001), a embriaguez (9,95%) que se associou com o sexo masculino (p<0.0001) e adultos (p<0.0001), e dor precordial (8,15%) que se associou com ...
Abstract: The fast and unplanned growth of cities has led important epidemiological changes, especially when referring to the growth of diseases related to emergency situations. The Ministry of Health proposes action as the condition for deployment of Network for Health Care, highlighted the Network for Emergency Care. Currently SAMU - 192 is the main component of the mobile for the Network for Emergency Care, to decrease the number of deaths, the sequela caused by delays in care and hospital stay. In Botucatu the service began in 2011, is a regional character and, besides ambulances , has a Central Regulatory Urgency and Emergency . This study aimed to analyze the services performed by SAMU-192: mobile component of the Network Emergency Care and Emergencies, in Botucatu-SP. This is an exploratory - descriptive field study of time series, a quantitative approach. The study focused on the analysis of the care provided by SAMU - 192, Botucatu between August 2011 and January 2012 , based on 2635 Attendance Sheets . The study had a favorable opinion of the institution's Ethics Committee and Research (Of. 3907/2012). The results showed that the majority of victims were male (53 %), adults demanded larger numbers of attendances. The primary nature of the clinical occurrence was attended, agreeing with other studies. The Basic Support Unit was responsible for the majority of treatment (66.57 %), the Advanced Support Unit was associated with the occurrence of psychiatric care (p = 0.0002). The main clinical complaints were met seizure (12.16%) , which was associated with the adult population (p < 0.0001), drunkenness (9.95 %) which was associated with male gender (p < 0.0001) and adults (p < 0.0001), and chest pain (8.15%) that was associated with the adult population. Traumatic complaints that stood out were nonspecific fall (23.05%) that joined the adult population, and fall from height (22.34%) which was associated with the elderly population. As for ...
Mestre

Magister Public Health - MPH
Background: The Provincial Government Western Cape (PGWC) Department of Health identified a lack of data on inpatient diagnoses and procedures in a form suitable to use for operational, strategic as well as financial health care planning. The only format in which diagnostic and procedure data was available was a paper based one encompassing individual patient notes in folders and discharge summaries. Making the data available in a coded format within an electronic database would facilitate storage, analysis and utilisation of that data for health service planning. Recognising the lack of availability of such coded data, this study was undertaken to evaluate different coding systems for their ability to code data in order to assist in deciding which coding systems best fit the need to facilitate easy and accurate recording of data on diagnoses and procedures from patient records. The identification of the most appropriate coding system for the context in which the PGWC Department of health functions should facilitate the easy recording, storage and retrieval of data that is accurate, reliable and useful for management decision making and would support optimal patient care. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate a selection of potentially suitable coding systems in order to determine which would be best able to code public sector district and regional hospital diagnostic and procedure data in the Western Cape Province. Method: A cross sectional analytical study design was used. Discharge diagnosis and procedure data were extracted from 342 patient folders from 3 district and 3 regional public hospitals in the Western Cape. This yielded 221 different diagnostic concepts and 126 different procedure concepts. The diagnostic concepts were further grouped into “all” diagnostic concepts recorded, diagnostic concepts recorded as “symptoms only” and diagnostic concepts recorded as “proper diagnoses”. The diagnostic coding systems evaluated were ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases), ICPC-2 (International Classification of Primary Care 2nd edition) and ICD-10 Condensed Morbidity List. The procedure coding systems evaluated were CCSA-2001 (Current Procedure Terminology for South Africa) ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases Clinical Modification 9th revision) and ICPC-2. The diagnoses and procedures were then coded in all of the coding systems being evaluated. Each diagnosis and procedure concept was matched with its representing concept in the coding system and scored according to the ability of the coding system to provide an “exact” match which was scored as (3) or a “partial” match scored as (2) or a “poor” match scored as (1) or “no” match scored as (0). Results: ICD-10 was better able to code diagnoses obtained from district and regional hospitals in the Western Cape compared to ICPC-2 and ICD-10 Condensed Morbidity list. For all recorded diagnostic concepts, ICD-10 was able to score 82% of the concepts as either an “exact” or a “partial” match compared to 79% in ICPC-2 and 30% in ICD-10-CL. ICD-10 consistently performed best across different stratification of diagnostic concepts namely concepts recorded as “proper diagnoses”, concepts recorded from regional hospitals only, concepts recorded from district hospitals only, concepts designated as “common diagnoses” and for concepts designated as “very common diagnoses”. In addition ICD-10 had zero diagnostic concepts for which “no match” could be found. CCSA -2001 proved to be the best coding system for coding procedures across all hospitals with an overall percentage of “exact” and “partial” matches of 83% compared to 65% for ICD-9-CM and 39% for ICPC-2 and also proved to be best across all strata. Conclusion: There were striking differences between the evaluated coding systems with regard to their ability to code diagnoses and procedures in the evaluated district and regional hospitals in the Western Cape Province. ICD-10 covers the scope of clinical diagnoses in more accurate and specific detail than ICPC-2 and ICD-10 CL. Though ICPC-2 is simpler and easier to use than ICD-10, it is not as detailed and specific as the latter but it proved ideal for symptoms rather than for specific diagnoses. ICD-10 Condensed Morbidity List was shown to be inadequate for coding diagnoses. However the difference between the two, although statistically significant were not very large and given the ease of use of ICPC-2, it could be recommended for use. As for procedures CCSA-2001 was assessed as being the most appropriate for coding procedures recorded in this setting compared to the other coding systems. ICPC-2 performed poorest for coding procedures across all evaluated settings and thus would be inappropriate to use. ICD-10 in most comparisons performed second best to ICPC-2 in terms of coding ability for diagnoses and could be considered for recommendation as a diagnostic coding tool.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é uma das manifestações clínicas da doença arterial coronariana. A Estratégia de Registro em Insuficiência Coronariana (ERICO) é uma coorte de indivíduos atendidos no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo por SCA. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo descrever a frequência de uso o tempo para administração dos medicamentos habitualmente usados no tratamento das SCA nos participantes do estudo ERICO. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 746 participantes ERICO, entre fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2012 que procuraram diretamente o hospital (N=656) ou que se dirigiram inicialmente a unidades de atenção primária à saúde (APS; N=90). Avaliamos o tempo do contato médico ao tratamento com aspirina, clopidogrel, heparina e trombolíticos, de acordo com a unidade de primeiro contato, utilizando modelos de regressão logística. Posteriormente, foram revisados os prontuários de 563 (85,8%) participantes que vieram diretamente ao hospital, e descritas as frequências de administração de aspirina, clopidogrel, heparinas, betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) / bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA), estatinas, nitratos e morfina. Os motivos de não-administração ou suspensão da aspirina, clopidogrel, heparinas, betabloqueadores e IECA/BRA foram obtidos dos registros em prontuário. RESULTADOS: Observamos que 93,6%, 86,1% e 86,5% dos participantes do estudo receberam aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina, respectivamente, durante as primeiras 24 horas de internação. Em modelos ajustados, indivíduos encaminhados de unidades de APS tinham mais chance de receber aspirina nas primeiras 3 horas (Razão de chances [RC]: 3,65; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 2,04-6,52), mas menor chance de receber heparina (RC: 0,32; IC95%: 0,16-0,62) ou clopidogrel (RC: 0,49; IC95%: 0,29-0,83) no mesmo intervalo de tempo. Entretanto, 24,4% dos participantes encaminhados das unidades de APS não receberam aspirina antes da transferência ao hospital. A não administração de aspirina, clopidogrel e heparina ao longo da internação foi um evento raro, e geralmente ligada a um maior risco de sangramento. Os betabloqueadores não foram prescritos para 15,8% dos participantes, e a principal causa encontrada foi a insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. IECA/BRA não foram prescritos para 16,7%, e a principal causa foi choque ou hipotensão. Entretanto, as causas de não-administração (64,0%) e de suspensão (26,4%) frequentemente não estavam descritas. CONCLUSÕES: Em nosso estudo, participantes que primeiramente foram a unidades de atenção primária tiveram uma maior probabilidade de receber tratamento precoce com aspirina, em comparação aos participantes que foram diretamente ao hospital. Entretanto, proporção significativa não recebeu o medicamento antes da transferência, apontando espaço para potenciais melhorias no atendimento. A frequência do uso de medicamentos no estudo ERICO foi, em geral, igual ou superior à maior parte dos estudos encontrados. A falha de registro adequado dos motivos de não-administração e suspensão em prontuário foi um achado frequente, e que também aponta para oportunidade de aperfeiçoamento da assistência
BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease. The Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) is a cohort of individuals treated at the Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo due to an ACS event. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of use and time-to-treatment for drugs commonly used in ACS treatment, in the ERICO study. METHODS: We included 746 ERICO participants enrolled from February 2009 to December 2012 who either sought the hospital directly (N = 656) or were initially referred to primary care units (N = 90). We evaluated the time-to-treatment with aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins and thrombolytics, according to the unit of first contact, using logistic regression models. Subsequently, the medical records of 563 (85.8%) participants who came directly to the hospital were reviewed and the frequency of aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) / angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), statins, nitrates and morphine use. The reasons for non-administration and/or withdrawal of aspirin, clopidogrel, heparins, beta-blockers and ACEI / BRA were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: We observed that 93.6%, 86.1% and 86.5% of study participants received aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin, respectively, during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. In adjusted models, individuals referred from primary care units were more likely to receive aspirin within the first 3 hours (odds ratio [OR]: 3.65, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.04-6.52), But less likely to receive heparin (OR: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.16-0.62) or clopidogrel (OR: 0.49; 95%CI: 0.29-0.83) in the same time interval. However, 24.4% of the participants referred from primary care units did not receive aspirin before transfer to hospital. Non-administration of aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin during hospitalization was a rare event, and generally linked to an increased risk of bleeding. Beta-blockers were not prescribed for 15.8% of the participants, and the main cause was decompensated heart failure. ACEI / ARB were not prescribed for 16.7%, and the main cause was shock or hypotension. However, the causes of non-administration (64.0%) and withdrawal (26.4%) were often not described. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, participants who first went to primary care units were more likely to receive early treatment with aspirin compared to those who went directly to the hospital. However, a significant proportion did not receive the drug prior to the transfer, indicating room for potential improvements in care. The frequency of medication use in the ERICO study was generally equal to or greater than those described in other studies. Failure to properly register the reasons for drug non-administration and treatment withdrawal was a frequent finding, pointing to an opportunity for improved care

Este estudo foi desenvolvido junto aos cenários de práticas da Residência Integrada em Saúde da Família e Comunidade (RIS/SFC) e à Residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RMFC), no Serviço de Saúde Comunitária (SSC) pertencente ao Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (GHC) em Porto Alegre, RS. O objetivo foi produzir reflexões sobre o ensino e a aprendizagens de práticas cuidadoras e para tanto se articulou três dimensões nas análises produzidas: preceptoria de campo, processo de ensino e aprendizagem e práticas cuidadoras. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, de natureza descritiva e exploratória, que teve como estratégias metodológicas a entrevista semiestruturada e pesquisa documental. O material foi analisado por meio do método hermenêutico-dialético, da análise institucional e o produto foi um mapa analítico. Essas três dimensões são costuradas à ideia de campo-equipe, privilegiando este local como um vetor político na aprendizagem. A função preceptoria de campo, antes de ser uma “supervisão docente assistencial”, identifica-se como um apoio pedagógico e cuidador, afirmando-se enquanto um compartilhamento de práticas de trabalho. O processo de ensino e aprendizagem produz sentidos e estranhamentos no trabalho tal qual instituído, e assim tensiona a construção de um campo de especialidade mais aberto às colateralidades (produção de redes). O desafio para a produção de práticas cuidadoras é produzir o alívio do sofrimento e a coprodução de autonomia. Os resultados aqui destacados apontam a qualificação das Residências em Saúde como uma possibilidade de vivências e experimentações do mundo do trabalho, de modo ampliado, solidário e compartilhado, no qual a equipe é espaço privilegiado de construção de saberes.
This study was developed with the field of practice of Integrated Residency in Family and Community Health (RIS / SFC) and the Residency of Family and Community Medicine (RMFC) at the Department of Community Health (SSC) belonging to the Conceição Hospital Group (GHC) in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The goal was to reflect about the teaching and learning practices of health care. For that, three dimensions were articulated: field preceptorship, teaching and learning processes, and practices of care. This is a qualitative study, of a descriptive and exploratory nature, which used semistructured interviews and documentary research as its methodology. The material was analyzed using the dialectic hermeneutics method, institutional analysis and analytical maps. These three dimensions are sewn on the idea of field-team, privileging this place as a space for producing knowledge. The function of the field preceptor, rather than being a "teaching aid supervision", is to serve as pedagogical support and caregiver, as a sharing of working practices. The process of teaching and learning builds meaning and strangeness at work as it is set, and so the tension builds a field more open to co-laterality (production networks). The challenge for the production of care is to put in immanence the relief after suffering and the co-production of autonomy. The results highlighted here aim to qualify the Health Residences as an experience of real work environment in a way that is extended, supportive and shared, in which the team is a privileged space for the building of knowledge.

Thesis (MSc (Dietetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to contribute to the nutritional well-being of 0 - 24 month old children who attend primary health care clinics (PHC) in Duncan Village, an urban slum. This was to be achieved by first formulating essential nutrition-related message topics and second by formulating recommendations for optimising the accessibility of services, including nutrition-related messages, aimed at mothers attending PHC clinics in Duncan Village. In order to formulate targeted and relevant nutrition-related messages for mothers attending the PHC clinics (Phase I of the research) the need for more information on the six focus areas for intervention that were identified in the previous Duncan Village Day Hospital (DVDH) study" was determined. This was done through key-informant interviews and studying other relevant published research. Eleven research questions related to the six focus areas were subsequently formulated to guide further research. Non-scheduled structured interviews were conducted with mothers with children in specific age groups until data saturation was achieved. A total of 31 interviews were thus conducted at the homes of participants and observation data was also collected at the same time. Three focus groups with corresponding participant categories were also conducted to check the information obtained through the interviews. Two focus groups were conducted with grandmothers to serve as a further form of checking research but also to obtain a different perspective on the research questions. The data available for the formulation of the message topics was analysed qualitatively by hand. The focus areas and the research questions gave a specific focus to the analysis process and the unprocessed data was available in these broad predetermined categories. All the information from all sources (DVDH study, the non-scheduled structured interviews with mothers, focus groups with mothers and grandmothers and observation data) was studied, interpreted and integrated for each identified category. During this process key-factors, which need to be addressed in nutrition-related messages essential for the well-being of infants attending PHC clinics in Duncan Village, were identified. The final step in the analysis process was the formulation of message topics based on these key-factors. During the analysis process it became clear that some of the identified key factors were not suitable for the formu lation of nutrition-related message topics but rather give insight into the total context of the mothers attending the clinics in Duncan Village. It was evident that the information contained in the key factors could be used by health workers to identify and assist vulnerable mothers. These key-factors led to the formulation of relevant help topics. Eighteen main message topics and 16 help topics were formulated. The message topics included topics on: self-development, household food security, breastfeeding, good feeding practices, mothers' health and nutrition and hygiene practices. in Phase 2 of the study the accessibility of services, including nutrition-related messages, to mothers attending PHC clinics in Duncan Village was determined. This was done by determining how mothers inDuncan Village experience the clinics where they could be exposed to nutrition-related messages and by determining the experiences of health care workers with mothers as clients as well as with service delivery. This information was obtained through focus group discussions with different participant categories. These categories included mothers with children in the same age groupings as in Phase I who had either attended clinic for all the child's immunisations or who had not attended clinic for all the child's immunisations or who had attended clinics outside Duncan Village for immunisation purposes. Pregnant women who had either attended antenatal clinics or had not attended antenatal clinics were also included. The last participant category involved health workers. This category included health workers from the obstetric unit where mothers from Duncan Village give birth, the primary health care clinics and community health care workers. The data obtained was analysed with ATLAS/ti, computer software specifically designed for qualitative data analysis. Twelve code families were created during the analysis process, each family referring to a specific aspect of accessibility of services provided at the PHC clinics. A detailed description of each code family is presented after which six networks were compiled. The data and networks were used to create a framework for data interpretation. According to the framework it is proposed that the final elements in the process of providing accessible nutrition-related messages to clients at clinics are (1) that the clients must attend the clinic and (2) that appropriate nutrition-related messages must be available. Problems with interpersonal and organisational aspects of service delivery were found to be two of the most important aspects that influence accessibility of clinic services and therefore nutrition-related messages at the clinics. The last phase of the study (Phase 3) involved the formulation of recommendations to the relevant authorities about targeted and relevant nutrition-related message topics to be included in the education of mothers and pregnant women as well as recommendations to optimise accessibility of nutrition-related messages at the three PHC clinics in Duncan Village and the obstetric unit where mothers of Duncan Village give birth. A total of fifteen recommendations were formulated based on the frndings and recommendations of Phase I and Phase 2. These recommendations focus especially on the necessity for the municipality to create a health empowering environment at the clinics, on the provision of appropriate nutrition-related messages at the clinics and on the need to reach vulnerable mothers. The importance of involving the community in these processes was also emphasised in the recommendations. It is concluded that the implementation of the recommendations will contribute to the nutritional well-being of all young children in Duncan Village and could play an important role in realising the rights of children living in the area.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om 'n bydrae te maak tot die voedingswelstand van 0-24 maandoue kinders wat prirnere gesondheidsorg (PGS) klinieke in Duncan Village, 'n verarmde stedelike gebied, besoek. am die doel te bereik is daar eerstens beplan om essensiele voedingsverwante boodskappe te formuleer. Tweedens is daar beplan om aanbevelings vir die optimalisering van die toeganklikheid van gesondheidsorgdienste vir rna's wat die klinieke bywoon, insluitend die toeganklikheid van voedinsgverwante boodskappe, te maak. Voordat relevante voedingsverwante boodskappe vir rna's wat die klinieke in Duncan Village besoek, geformuleer kon word, was meer inligting nodig oor die ses fokusareas vir intervensie wat in die vorige Duncan Village Daghospitaal studie bepaal is. Die bepaling van watter inligting nodig was, is gedoen deur sleutelinformantonderhoude en die bestudering van ander relevante gepubliseerde navorsing. Na aanleiding hiervan is elf navorsingsvrae wat verband hou met die ses fokusareas geformuleer. Nie-geskeduleerde, gestruktureerde onderhoude is vervolgens met 111a's met kinders in spesifieke ouderdomsgroepe gehou totdat dataversadiging bereik is. 'n Totaal van 31 onderhoude is met respondente gehou by hul huise, waartydens die onderhoudvoerder ook sekere waamemingsdata ingesamel het. Drie fokusgroepe is ook met rna's met kinders in ooreenstemmende kategoriee gehou om die inligting na te gaan wat deur die onderhoude ingesamel is. Twee fokusgroepe is ook met oumas gehou om die data verder na te gaan maar ook om 'n ander perspektief op die navorsingsvrae te verkry. Die data wat verkry is, is kwalitatief met die hand geanaliseer. Die fokusareas en die navorsingsvrae het 'n spesifieke fokus aan die analiseproses gegee en die ongeprossesseerde data was beskikbaar in hierdie bree vooraf gedetermineerde kategoriee. Die inligting van aile bronne (DVDH-studie, die nie-geskeduleerde gestruktureerde onderhoude met die rna's, die fokusgroepe met die rna's en oumas asook die observasie data) is bestudeer, geinterpreteer en geintegreer vir elke geidentifiseerde kategorie. Gedurende hierdie proses is sleutelfaktore geidentifiseer wat aangespreek moet word in essensiele voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe wat gemik is om die voedingswelstand van klein kinders wat die PGS-klinieke in Duncan Village besoek te verbeter. Die finale stap in die analiseproses was die formulering van boodskaponderwerpe. Die onderwerpe is gebaseer op die geidentifiseerde sleutelfaktore Dit het duidelik geword tydens die analiseproses dat sommige van die sleutelfaktore nie geskik was vir die formulering van voedingsverbandhoudende boodskaponderwerpe nie, maar dat dit eerder insig verskaf in die totale lewenskonteks van die rna's. Die inligting in hierdie sleutelfaktore kan wei gebruik word deur gesondheidswerkers om kwesbare ma's te identifiseer en by te staan. Hierdie sleutelfaktore het dus tot die formulering van relevante hulpboodskappe gelei. Agtien voedingsverbandhoudende en 16 hulpboodskappe is geformu leer. Die boodskaponderwerpe sluit in onderwerpe oor selfontwikkeling, huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit, borsvoeding, goeie voedingspraktyke, gesondheid van die rna en voeding- en higienepraktyke. Tydens Fase 2 van die studie is die toeganklikheid van PGS dienste, insluitend voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe vir rna's, bepaal. Dit is gedoen deur te bepaal hoe mas in Duncan Village die kliniekdienste ondervind, waar hulle aan hierdie boodskappe blootgestel kan word asook die ondervindinge van die gesondheidswerkers met die rna's en die diensleweringsproses. Hierdie inligting is deur middel van fokusgroepbesprekings met verskillende deelnemerskategoriee ingesamel. Hierdie kategoriee het rna's ingesluit wat die klinieke in Duncan Village besoek het vir a.l die spesifieke kinders se immunisasies maar ook ma's wat nie kinders geneem het vir al hul immunisasies nie of wat hul kinders na klinieke buite Duncan Village geneem het. Swanger vroue wat die voorgeboortelike klinieke besoek het asook die wat nie die klinieke besoek het nie, is ook ingesluit. Die laaste kategorie wat betrek is, was gesondheidswerkers. Hierdie kategorie het werkers van die kraamafdeling van die nabygelee hospitaaI en die primere gesondheidsorgklinieke ingesluit. Beide professionele verpleegpersoneel en gemeenskapsgesondheids= werkers van die klinieke is betrek. Die data wat verkry is, is met ATLAS/ti, 'n rekenaarprogram spesifiek geskep vir die analise van kwalitatiewe data, ontleed. Twaalf kodefamilies is geskep tydens die analiseproses. Elke familie verwys na 'n spesifieke aspek van toeganklikheid van dienste by die klinieke. 'n Gedetailleerde beskrywing van elke kodefamilie is gegee asook ses netwerke. Die data en die netwerke is gebruik om 'n raamwerk vir data-intepretasie te skep. Die raamwerk postuleer dat die finale elemente in die proses van die verskaffing van toeganklike voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe by klinieke die volgende is: (1) kliente moet die kliniek besoek en (2) toepaslike voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe moet beskikbaar wees. Probleme met interpersoonlike en organisatoriese aspekte van dienslewering is geidentifiseer as die twee belangrikste aspekte wat toeganklikheid van kliniekdienste en daarom ook toeganklikheid van voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe beinvloed. Die laaste fase van die studie (Fase 3) het die formulering van aanbevelings aan die relevante owerhede behels Die aa.nbevelings handel oor die insluiting van toepaslike voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe by die gesondheidsonderrig van ma's en swanger vroue sowel as aanbevelings oor die optimalisering van toeganklikheid van dienste by die PGS klinieke en die kraamafdeling waar Duncan Village rna's geboorte gee. Vyftien aanbevelings gebaseer op die bevindinge van Fases I en 2 is geformuleer . Die aanbevelings fokus veral op die nocdsaaklikheid vir die plaaslike owerheid om 'n atmosfeer van gesondheidbemagtiging by die klinieke te skep, die nodigheid om toepaslike voedingsverbandhoudende boodskappe by die klinieke te verskaf en die belangrikheid daa.rvan om kwesbare rna's te bereik. Die noodsaaklikheid om die gemeenskap te betrek in hierdie prosesse is ook benadruk. Samevattend kan gese word dat die implementasie van die aanbevelings sal bydra tot die voedingswelstand van alle jong kinders in Duncan Village en dat dit 'n belangrike bydrae kan lewer tot die realisering van die regte van kinders in die area.

Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Purpose of the study. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the referral system between CMH ART unit and its feeder sites, and assess the staff perception and patient.s satisfaction about the latter with the intention of improving and shaping it. Research design A non-experimental descriptive type of quantitative research was used in conducting a cross sectional survey to evaluate the referral system between CMH ART unit and its feeder sites. Data was collected through open and closed ended questionnaires handed to the respondents to fill and return back to the researcher. Findings The results revealed lack of management support and supervision of the system; absence of standard operative procedure to follow when down referring patients; insufficient staffing; congested waiting rooms and long waiting hours. Conclusion The down referral process began without the completion of planning with all involved stakeholders because of the pressure to implement the decision to down refer, staff at the feeder clinics although trained on ART care, but not experienced enough to manage the large influx of patients on ART were left alone to manage patients on HAART. Simple measures like communication between facility staff and patient education should be adopted to improve the system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel van die studie Die primêre doel van die studie was om die verwysing stelsel tussen die CMH ART eenheid en sy voeder werwe te evalueer, asook om die personeel se persepsie en pasiënte se tevredenheid oor die laasgenoemde te evalueer met die voorneme om dit te verbeter en verwerk. Navorsingsontwerp 'n Nie-eksperimentele beskrywende aard van kwantitatiewe navorsing is gebruik in die uitvoering van' n kruis deursnee-opname om die verwysing stelsel tussen CMH ART eenheid en sy voeder werwe te evalueer Data is ingesamel deur middel van oop en geslote geëindig vraelyste uitgedeel aan die respondente om in te vul en terug te keer na die navorser. Bevindings Die resultate blyk 'n gebrek aan ondersteuning van die bestuur en beheer van die stelsel; die afwesigheid van standaard operatiewe prosedure om te volg wanneer pasiënte af verwys word; „n tekort aan personeel; oorgelaaide wagkamers en lang wag ure. Gevolgtrekking Die af verwysing proses het sonder die voltooiing van die beplanning met alle betrokke belanghebbendes begin as gevolg van die druk om die uitvoering van die besluit om af te verwys te implementeer. Personeel by die voeder klinieke, alhoewel opgelei in ART sorg, maar sonder die nodige onderving om die groot instroming van ART pasiënte te behandel, was alleen gelos om die pasiënte op HAART te behandel. Eenvoudige maatreëls soos die kommunikasie tussen die fasiliteit personeel en die opvoeding van pasiente sal moet goedgekeur word om die stelsel te verbeter.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar as causas de morbidade hospitalar da população materno-infantil Yanomami, residente nos estados de Roraima e Amazonas, no período de 2008-2012. As causas de hospitalização foram pesquisadas nas Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar e Documentos de Registro de Internação Hospitalares de dois hospitais públicos da cidade de Boa Vista/RR, o Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio e o Hospital Materno Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth, referencias para a população sob responsabilidade sanitária do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami. Foram localizados 1023 registros de crianças e 332 registros de internação obstétrica nos arquivos dos referidos hospitais. As principais causas de hospitalização infantil, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças foram: doenças do aparelho respiratório (53,9%); doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (19,5%); e doenças nutricionais (12,1%), caracterizando hospitalizações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária. Os menores de um ano foram responsáveis pelo maior número de internações e pelas maiores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e ao longo dos cinco anos pesquisados observou-se um aumento das internações por doenças do aparelho respiratório. Entre as internações obstétricas predominaram as hospitalizações por assistência ao parto (51,5%); seguida das intercorrências clínicas na gravidez (32,8%); aborto (11,4%) e intercorrências clínicas no puerpério (4,2%). A maioria dos partos realizados foram partos espontâneos, no entanto, a taxa de parto cesáreo foi superior a preconizada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Predominaram as internações das mulheres entre 15 e 35 anos de idade, não foi observado registro de óbito materno no período do estudo. A análise das hospitalizações por regiões da Terra Indígena Yanomami demostra perfis diferentes e situações complexas para as regiões com os menores coeficientes de internação, relacionadas à dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde.
The aim of this study was to identify the causes of morbidity in maternal and child Yanomami population, from Amazonia, Brazil, in the period 2008-2012. The causes of hospitalization were investigated in two public hospitals located in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil: Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio and Hospital Materno-Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth, both hospitals are the only references to the population under health responsibility of the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami. It was identified 1023 records regarding to children hospitalization and 332 records regarding obstetric hospitalization. The main causes of hospitalization among children, according to the International Classification of Diseases were: respiratory diseases (53,9%); infectious and parasitic diseases (19,5%); and nutritional diseases (12,1%), this profile of hospitalization causes is in accordance with poor health conditions. Children under one year old were responsible for the highest number of hospitalizations and the highest rates of hospital mortality. During the five years surveyed observed an increase in hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Among obstetric admissions predominated hospitalizations for childbirth care (51,5%); followed by clinical complications during pregnancy (32,8%); abortion (11,4%) and clinical events after delivery (4,2%). Most deliveries were vaginal deliveries, however, the rate of cesarean section was higher than recommended by the World Health Organization. Women between 15-35 years old were responsible for the highest number of obstetric hospitalization, no record of maternal death was observed during the five years of survey. The analysis of hospitalizations in the different regions of Yanomami Territory demonstrated different profiles and complex situations in the regions with lower rates of hospitalization related to poor access to health services.

Problem: Medical and nursing literature poorly identify primary care providers' (PCP) relationship to care coordination (CC). Primary care providers' education, experience, and perspective, contribute to: (a) assessments of patient's care coordination needs, and (b) variability in behavior to address needs. Dissimilar approaches to CC by PCPs affect work relationships and office flow.

Purpose: To pre-pilot a new tool describing PCPs' knowledge, perception, and behavior regarding CC. Methods: Primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants were surveyed.

Analysis: Frequencies and percentages provided sample characteristics. Descriptive statistics analyzed provider responses within and between groups. Narratives were analyzed for themes. Tool refinement is suggested however, the tool does describe PCPs and CC activities.

Significance: A tool was developed to evaluate areas of CC activity performed by PCPs. Information from surveys of PCPs can illuminate behaviors that lead to improved work flow, efficiency, and patient outcomes. Doctors of Nursing Practice who are PCPs contribute to primary care CC through leadership, experience, and descriptive evidence.

Background: Improving coordination of care is a major challenge for health systems internationally. Tools are required to evaluate alternative approaches to improve coordination from the patient perspective. This study aimed to develop and validate a new measure of coordination for use in a primary care setting. Methods: Four methods were used. Firstly, a concept analysis was undertaken to identify the essential attributes of coordination drawing upon literature from health and organisational studies and to establish its boundaries with related concepts such as continuity of care, integration and patient centred care. Secondly, existing measures of coordination were reviewed to assess the extent to which item content reflected the definition arising from the concept analysis and to appraise psychometric properties. Thirdly, a new instrument, the Care Coordination Questionnaire (CCQ), was developed utilising items from existing questionnaires and others developed following focus groups with 30 patients. Ten cognitive interviews were used to evaluate the items generated. Finally, the CCQ was administered in a cross sectional survey to 980 patients. Item and model analyses were performed. Test-retest reliability was evaluated through a second administration of the CCQ after two weeks. Concurrent validity was evaluated through correlation with the Client Perceptions of Coordination Questionnaire (CPCQ). Construct validity was evaluated through correlation with responses to a global coordination item and a satisfaction scale and the testing of two a prior hypotheses: i) coordination scores would decrease with increasing numbers of providers and ii) coordination scores would decrease with increasing numbers of long-term conditions. Results: The concept analysis suggested that coordination should be considered as a process for the organisation of patient care characterised by: purposeful activity, information exchange, knowledge of roles and responsibilities, and responsiveness to change. The systematic review identified 5 existing measures of coordination and a further 10 measures which incorporated a coordination subscale. Only one demonstrated conceptual coverage but had poor psychometric properties. A new instrument was therefore developed and tested as described above. 299 completed surveys were returned. Respondents were predominantly elderly and of white ethnicity; approximately half were female. Five items were deleted following item analyses. Model analysis suggested a four factor two-level model of coordination comprising of 18 items. This correlated well with the CPCQ, the global coordination item and satisfaction scale. The a priori hypotheses were upheld. Retest reliability was acceptable at the patient group level. Conclusions: The CCQ has demonstrated good psychometric characteristics in terms of item responses, reliability and construct validity. Further exploration of these properties is required in a larger, more diverse sample before it can be recommended for widespread use, but it shows potential utility in the evaluation of different approaches to coordinating care.

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Hospitalization for primary care sensitive conditions is an indicator that aims to track and evaluate, through a group of diagnoses, the quality of services offered in primary care and of health conditions of the population. It results in reduction of the risk of hospitalization when primary care is effective. The study s objective is to analyze the hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions in São Luís in the years of 2002 (beginning of the implantation of the family healthcare strategy) and 2012 (strategy already implanted). The variables were the coefficients of hospitalization for primary care sensitive conditions, groups divided by causes, gender and age. It is a transversal study, with secondary data from the hospitalizations of the public health care system. The methodology used data bases provided by the health ministry, the SIH/SUS and from IBGE. The statistical analysis was conducted with the TABWIN 3.5 and Biostat 5.0, with two independent samples and calculation of the relative risk. The differences were considered significant when p<0,05. It was shown a reduction of the hospitalizations (coefficient decreased from 8,7 in 2002 to 4,4/1000hab in 2012). The hospitalizations were more frequent in children under 5 years old, the elderly and males, in both years studied. There was a decrease in the hospitalization of both genders, with greater reduction between 15 to 24 years (coefficient went from 0,6 to 0,2/1000hab in males and from 1 to 0,3/1000hab in females). There was also a decrease in most of the diseases that caused hospitalization, with statistical significance, except bacterial pneumonia, which underwent an increase in numbers. Brain-vascular conditions, angina, epilepsy and ear, nose e throat infections maintained the same coefficients. It is concluded that even with a small cover of the family health strategy (27,53%) in 2012, the reduction of hospitalization for primary care sensitive conditions shows significant impacts in this indicator. Although the recent publication of the hospitalization list, it is a tool of great value that works as an instrument of tracking, planning and evaluation for the health actions of an integrated and universal public health system.
Internação por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) é um indicador, que se propõe a monitorar e a avaliar através de um grupo de diagnósticos, a qualidade dos serviços oferecidos na atenção primária e das condições de saúde da população refletindo através de seus resultados, o risco de hospitalização consideravelmente diminuídos, quando a atenção primária é adequada. O estudo objetivou analisar as ICSAPs no município de São Luís nos anos de 2002 (início da implantação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família - ESF) e 2012 (com implantação da ESF). As variáveis estudadas foram os coeficientes de internação por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (CSAP), grupos de causas, sexo e faixa etária. Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, com dados secundários das internações por CSAP, do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), ocorridas no período citado. A metodologia utilizou bancos de dados disponibilizados pelo Ministério da Saúde, o Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A análise estatística foi feita, inicialmente pelo TABWIN 3.5 e posteriormente pelo programa Biostat 5.0, com 2 amostras independentes e cálculo de risco relativo, considerando-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes, quando p<0,05. Observou-se redução das internações por CSAP, com coeficiente de 8,7 em 2002 para 4,4/1.000 habitantes em 2012. As internações foram mais frequentes em menores de cinco anos e idosos e no sexo masculino, nos dois anos estudados. Houve diminuição do número de internação, em ambos os sexos, com redução mais importante na faixa de 15 a 24 anos, quando se observou queda do coeficiente de 0,6 para 0,2/1000hab, no sexo masculino e de 1,0 para 0,3/1000hab, no sexo feminino. A maioria das patologias por CSAP sofreu redução no número de internação em 2012, com significância estatística, exceto pneumonia bacteriana, que mostrou aumento do número de internação no ano em questão, enquanto doenças cerebrovasculares, angina, epilepsias e infecções de ouvido, nariz e garganta apresentaram estabilidade no coeficiente de internação por 1000 habitantes Concluímos, que, mesmo com uma cobertura de ESF de 27,53% em 2012, a redução das internações por CSAP mostra impactos significativos neste indicador. E que mesmo com sua publicação e utilização recente, a lista ICSAP é um instrumento de grande projeção e funciona como instrumento de monitoramento, planejamento e avaliação para as ações de um SUS mais integrativo e universal.

Introduction: More than half of all patients seeking care for chest pain do not have a cardiac cause for this pain. Despite recurrent episodes of chest pain, many patients are discharged without a clear explanation of the cause for their pain. A lack of explanation may result in a misinterpretation of the pain as being cardiac-related, causing worry and uncertainty, which in turn leads to substantial use of healthcare resources. Psychological distress has been associated with non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), but there is limited research regarding the relationship between different psychological factors and their association with healthcare utilization. There is a need for interventions to support patients to manage their chest pain, decrease psychological distress, and reduce healthcare utilization and costs. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to improve care for patients with  non-cardiac chest pain by describing related psychological distress, healthcare utilization and societal costs, and by evaluating an Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural intervention. Designs and methods: This thesis presents results from four quantitative studies. Studies I and II had a longitudinal descriptive and comparative design. The studies used the same initial cohort. Patients were consecutively approached within 2 weeks from the day of discharge from a general hospital in southeast Sweden. In study I, 267 patients participated (131 with NCCP, 66 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 70 with angina pectoris (AP)). Out of these, 199 patients (99 with NCCP, 51 with AMI, 49 with AP) participated in study II. Participants were predominantly male (about 60 %) with a mean age of 67 years. Data was collected on depressive symptoms (Study I), healthcare utilization (Study I, II), and societal costs (Study II). Study III had a cross-sectional explorative and descriptive design. Data was collected consecutively on depressive symptoms, cardiac anxiety and fear of body sensations in 552 patients discharged with diagnoses of NCCP (51 % women, mean age 64 years) from four hospitals in southeast Sweden. Patients were approached within one month from the day of discharge. Study IV was a pilot randomized controlled study including nine men and six women with a median age of 66 years, who were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=7) or control group (n=8). The intervention consisted of a four-session guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) program containing psychoeducation, exposure to physical activity, and relaxation. The control group received usual care. Data was collected on chest pain frequency, cardiac anxiety, fear of body sensations, and depressive symptoms. Results: Depressive symptoms were prevalent in 20 % (Study IV) and 25 % (Study I, III) of the patients, and more than half of the patients still experienced depressive symptoms one year later (Study I). There were no significant differences in prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms between patients diagnosed with NCCP, AMI or AP. Living alone and younger age were independently related to more depressive symptoms (Study I). Cardiac anxiety was reported by 42 % of the patients in study III and 67 % of the patients in study IV. Fear of body sensations was reported by 62 % of the patients in study III and 93 % of the patients in study IV. On average, patients with NCCP had 54 contacts with primary care or the outpatient clinic per patient during the two-year study period. This was comparable to the number of contacts among patients with AMI (50 contacts) and AP (65). Patients with NCCP had on average 2.6 hospital admissions during the two years, compared to 3.6 for patients with AMI and 3.9 for patients with AP (Study II). Four out of ten patients reported seeking healthcare at least twice during the last year due to chest pain (Study III). On average, 14 % of patients with NCCP were on sick-leave annually, compared to 18 % for patient with AMI and 25 % for patient with AP. About 11-12 % in each group received a disability pension. The mean annual societal costs for patients with NCCP, AMI and AP were €10,068, €15,989 and €14,737 (Study II). Depressive symptoms (Study I, III), cardiac anxiety (Study III) and fear of body sensations (Study III) were related to healthcare utilization. Cardiac anxiety was the only variable independently associated with healthcare utilization (Study III). In the intervention study (Study IV), almost all patients in both the intervention and control groups improved with regard to chest pain  frequency, cardiac anxiety, fear of body sensations, and depressive symptoms. There was no significant difference between the groups. The intervention was perceived as feasible and easy to manage, with comprehensible language, adequate and varied content, and  manageable homework assignments. Conclusions: Patients with NCCP experienced recurrent and persistent chest pain and psychological distress in terms of depressive symptoms, cardiac anxiety and fear of body sensations. The prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in patients with NCCP did not differ from patients with AMI and patients with AP. NCCP was significantly associated with healthcare utilization and patients had similar amount of primary care and outpatient clinic contacts as patients with AMI. The estimated cumulative annual national societal cost for patients with NCCP was more than double that of patients with AMI and patients with AP, due to a larger number of patients with NCCP. Depressive symptoms, cardiac anxiety and fear of body sensations were related to increased healthcare utilization, but cardiac anxiety was the only variable independently associated with healthcare utilization. These findings imply that screening and treatment of psychological distress should be considered for implementation in the care of patients with NCCP. By reducing cardiac anxiety, patients may be better prepared to handle chest pain. A short guided Internet-delivered CBT program seems to be feasible. In the pilot study, patients improved with regard to chest pain frequency, cardiac anxiety, fear of body sensations, and depressive symptoms, but this did not differ from the patients in the control group who received usual care. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to evaluate both the short and long- term effects of this intervention.