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1

Fry, John, and W. John Stephen. "Primary Health Care in the United Kingdom." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 4 (October 1986): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m0l4-qp4q-50k2-8rgv.

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General practice is one of the three bases of care in the British National Health Service (NHS); the other two are hospital and community services. Each is administered separately. There are 30,000 general practitioners (for a population of 57 million), who are independent and can organize their work as they see fit. Few are single-handed (13 percent) and the majority work in groups of three to five physicians. They are paid by capitation fees, and fees for specific services, and also receive reimbursements for staff, premises rental, and local taxes (rates). They work in close association with practice teams that include nurses, midwives, and social workers. There are no universal hospital privileges but many general practitioners hold appointments in local hospitals. Important trends in the NHS include mandatory vocational training of general practitioners for three years; the growing importance of attempts by the Royal College of General Practitioners to shift care from the hospital to the community; increased patient participation; clashes between the government and the medical profession over restricted funding of the NHS; definition and improvement of “quality,” and a need for improved data collection; and long waits for hospital services.
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Arisanti, Nita, Dany Hilmanto, Elsa Pudji Setiawati, and Veranita Pandia. "The Need for Palliative Care in Primary Health Care." Review of Primary Care Practice and Education (Kajian Praktik dan Pendidikan Layanan Primer) 1, no. 3 (December 9, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rpcpe.41691.

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.................... The access to palliative care in ends of life is one of the patients’ rights. Therefore it should be delivered into every level of health care for patients and family members. In some countries, palliative care is more frequent delivered in hospitals compare to primary health care, even though primary health care has a significant role in providing palliative care. Most families prefer to care for patients at home rather than in the hospital................................... The implementation of palliative care in Indonesia is still very limited to certain hospitals, even though doctors in primary care have great potential to offer such care to people in the community. Some of the factors contributing to the implementation are cultural and socioeconomic factors, patient and family perceptions, attitudes of service providers, lack of trained personnel, distribution of palliative care units, lack of consolidation and limited funds. As a result, patients with end-stage disease die in hospitals without receiving palliative care or dying at home with inadequate support................
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3

Krämer, Jonas, and Jonas Schreyögg. "Substituting emergency services: primary care vs. hospital care." Health Policy 123, no. 11 (November 2019): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.08.013.

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4

Day, Carolina Baltar, Regina Rigatto Witt, and Nelly D. Oelke. "Integrated care transitions: emergency to primary health care." Journal of Integrated Care 24, no. 4 (August 15, 2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-06-2016-0022.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Integrated Care Transitions Project between the emergency department (ED) of a university hospital and primary health care (PHC) services in a large city in Southern Brazil was the focus of this study. Care transitions occurred through telephone contact for patients discharged from the ED to PHC. Design/methodology/approach – This descriptive, exploratory qualitative research collected data via semi-structured interviews (n=14) including interns of health disciplines, advisors for interns, nurses, and physicians from the ED and PHC Family Unit. A thematic analysis of the data were conducted. Findings – ED providers felt they gained increased knowledge of the care networks available for patients in the community. Connection between the providers in ED and PHC facilitated confidence in the services provided in the community and increased continuity of care for patients’ needs. The PHC providers recognized integration promoted communication and better care planning for patients discharged from ED. Integrated care made the work in the PHC easier and benefited the users. Research limitations/implications – The study evaluated a program available in one hospital. Generalizability may be limited as services in the ED were provided by professional residents and their advisors, not employees of the hospital. Practical implications – Shared information by different health services leads to better care for patients and greater job satisfaction for providers. Originality/value – Care transitions are not well-managed in health care; there is limited research focusing on care transitions from ED to community. For providers and patients, this program assisted in building capacity and networks for transitions in care.
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5

Bay, K. S., K. A. Toll, and J. R. Kerr. "Utilisation of Acute Care Hospital Beds by Levels of Care." Health Services Management Research 2, no. 2 (July 1989): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148488900200205.

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An exploratory analysis of utilisation patterns of acute care hospitals in the Province of Alberta, Canada was carried out to develop a methodology for assessing bed utilisation profiles of acute care hospitals by levels of care. The utilisation of Alberta acute care hospital beds was measured in terms of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of hospital services. Patient origin—destination methodology was applied and a regionalisation perspective employed. The data used for this study were hospital separation abstracts compiled by all Alberta acute care hospitals during year 1986, this coincided with the most recent available Canadian census data. It was estimated that approximately 10–11% of Alberta beds were used for tertiary care as derived from population based utilisation rates and patient flow patterns. With respect to per capita measurement, the number of beds used per 1,000 residents was: 3.5 to 3.9 for primary, 1.2 to 1.6 for secondary, and about 0.6 for tertiary levels of care. Regression analysis revealed that the marginal cost per bed at each level was approximately 75–79, 87–88, and 201–209 thousand Canadian dollars per year in 1986 for primary, secondary and tertiary care respectively. The profiles thus estimated explained about 65% of per bed hospital cost variation.
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6

KAAG, MARJA E. C., DIRK WIJKEL, and DICK DE JONG. "Primary Health Care Replacing Hospital Care—the Effect on Quality of Care." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 8, no. 4 (1996): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/8.4.367.

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7

Pinchbeck, Edward W. "Convenient primary care and emergency hospital utilisation." Journal of Health Economics 68 (December 2019): 102242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102242.

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8

Syukriani, Yoni Fuadah. "Academic Health System in West Java in Strengthening Primary Health Care." Journal of Midwifery 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.5.1.71-80.2020.

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Academic Health System (AHS) has been developed in many countries to strengthen the relationship between medical education and health professions with the health care system, which is essential to improve health outcome. Indonesia has chosen to establish AHS in several provinces, each with the autonomy to develop the system in accord with regional needs. Health cluster faculties in Universitas Padjadjaran, with its two main teaching hospitals, the West Java provincial government strived to develop AHS to overcome health services problem and medical education in the province that has enormous geographical and demographic challenges. The strategy used focuses on two things: distributed medical education (DME) and the development of a more effective referral system. The goals are dividing the province into seven regionals, upscaling one local hospital in each to become a regional referral hospital, expanding learning opportunities for medical students, and endorsing research to strengthen the primary healthcare services. Activities were carried out through the distribution of medical students and residents to local hospitals and primary healthcare facilities along with the education of local medical professionals as supervisors. Grants were provided for research that focus on quality primary healthcare, construction of data portal for patient management referral systems, telemedicine, and tele-education. The challenges faced are mainly related to the different mindset between institutions that have different work cultures and the wide variance of situations between regions. It is therefore recommended to build a more straightforward AHS system with addition of sub-networks, besides continue to maintain close communication and policy development.
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9

Malcolm, Laurence. "Primary health care and the hospital: Incompatible organisational concepts?" Social Science & Medicine 39, no. 4 (August 1994): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90088-4.

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10

Quanjel, Tessa C. C., Marieke D. Spreeuwenberg, Jeroen N. Struijs, Caroline A. Baan, and Dirk Ruwaard. "Substituting hospital care with primary care: The evaluation of a cardiology Primary Care Plus intervention." International Journal of Integrated Care 18, s2 (October 23, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s2197.

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11

Kjekshus, Lars Erik. "Primary health care and hospital interactions: Effects for hospital length of stay." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 33, no. 2 (March 2005): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034940410019163.

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12

Swerissen, Hal. "Editorial: Strengthening clinical governance in primary health and community care." Australian Journal of Primary Health 11, no. 1 (2005): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py05001.

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Large numbers of people die each year in hospitals as a result of preventable errors. High profile cases like the Royal Bristol Infirmary in the UK or the King Edward Memorial Hospital in Western Australia highlight the problem in the popular media, putting pressure on governments, providers and the professions to improve safety and quality in hospitals. In Australia, the Quality in Australian Health Care study reviewed the medical records of 14,179 admissions to 28 hospitals and found that an adverse event occurred in 16.6% of cases, with 51% considered to have been preventable (Wilson et al., 1995).
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13

Wright, C., MK Nepal, and WDA Bruce-Jones. "Mental Health Patients in Primary Health Care Services in Nepal." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 3, no. 3 (July 1989): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958900300309.

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Patients attending two primary care settings in Nepal (a village health post and a district hospital outpatient department) were screened for psychiatric morbidity using the Self Reporting Questionnaire. Approximately one-quarter of all patients screened were found to have psychiatric morbidity. Women presenting were found to have higher frequency of “psychiatric caseness” than men. All these psychiatric patients presented with physical complaints, none with psychological, and the most common physical symptoms presented were abdominal pain, headache and cough. Health worker recognition of these cases was 29% in the health post and 0% in the hospital. Conclusions are drawn regarding the need for sufficient and relevant psychiatric teaching in health worker curriculae
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14

Boutsioli, Zoe. "A Promising Health Care Reform in Greece." International Journal of Healthcare Delivery Reform Initiatives 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhdri.2011040102.

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The Greek Ministry of Health has decided to reform hospital services, due to high cost and low services offered and a part of health care expenditures is wasted. The Minister of Health, Mr. Andreas Loverdos has enacted a law for the Greek health care system which include 3 major health reforms: the co-management of hospital units, taking either the type of ‘shared Manager’ or ‘shared Board of Directors,’ the transformation of some general hospitals/health centers or specialized hospitals that present low effective/efficiency rates into either primary health care units or day clinics for specific health care problems, and the merging of similar departments/clinics and/or laboratories either in a hospital or among two or more hospitals that are in the neighborhood. From these reforms, it is estimated that more than 150 million Euro will be saved from these reforms during the 4-year period 2012-2015.
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15

Linnala, Aarno, Arpo Aromaa, and Kari Mattila. "Specialist consultations in primary health care—A possible substitute for hospital care?" Health Policy 78, no. 1 (August 2006): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.10.008.

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16

Gogler, Janette. "Connecting the primary and the acute health-care sectors." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 7, no. 2_suppl (December 2001): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633011937272.

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An attempt to implement electronic clinical messaging between general practitioners and a hospital outpatient department was unsuccessful. Nonetheless, the project facilitated the formation of relationships between vendors and hospital departments from which has developed an integrated model of message delivery.
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17

Kushner, Christine, James D. Bernstein, and Serge Dihoff. "Our Community Hospital: The Evolution of a Rural Primary Care Hospital." Journal of Rural Health 8, no. 3 (June 1992): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1992.tb00352.x.

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18

Bener, Abdulbari, Mariam Abdulmalik, Mohammed Al-Kazaz, Abdul-Ghani Mohammed, Rahima Sanya, Sara Buhmaid, Munjid Al-Harthy, and Mahmoud Zirie. "Medical Audit of the Quality of Diabetes Care." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 3, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131911414063.

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Objective: To assess the quality of diabetes care provided to patients attending primary care settings and hospitals in the State of Qatar. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: The survey was carried out in primary health care centers and hospitals. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted from January 2010 to August 2010 among diabetic patients attending primary health care centers and hospitals. Among the patients participating, 575 were from hospitals and 1103 from primary health care centers. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic, clinical, and satisfaction score of the patients. Results: The mean age of the primary care diabetic patients was 46.1 ± 15.1 years and 44.5 ± 14.8 years for hospital patients ( P = .03). There was a significant difference observed in terms of age group, gender, marital status, occupation, and consanguinity of the diabetic patients in both medical settings ( P < .001). Overweight was less prevalent in primary care patients than in hospital diabetes mellitus patients (40.4% vs 46.4%). A significant variation was observed in the mean values of blood glucose (−0.76), HbA1C (−0.78), LDL (−0.01), albumin (−0.37), bilirubin (−0.76), and triglyceride (−0.01) in primary care patients compared to the mean values of the preceding year. Overall, complications were lower in primary care diabetic patients, and patients attending primary care were more satisfied with the diabetes care. Conclusion: The present study revealed that in general, primary health care provided a better quality of care to diabetic patients compared to that of hospitals. Also, primary care patients had a better satisfaction score towards diabetes care.
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19

Skorga, Phyllis, and Charlotte F. Young. "Primary care professionals providing non-urgent care in hospital emergency departments." International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 11, no. 3 (September 2013): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12032.

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20

Maarse, J. A. M., I. M. Mur-Veeman, and I. M. J. G. Tijssen. "Changing relations between hospitals and primary health care: New challenges for hospital management." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740050107.

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21

Stoeckle, John D. "Primary Care and Diagnostic Testing Outside the Hospital." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 5, no. 1 (January 1989): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300005912.

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This article enumerates and describes the wide range of sites at which primary care is now offered; analyzes the impact of diagnostic testing procedures used in locations outside the doctor's office, such as imaging centers, hospices, and nursing homes; and looks at the effect of this decentralization on patients and medicine.
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22

COTTER, SIOBHAN M., NICHOLAS D. BARBER, and MARTIN McKEE. "Hospital clinical pharmacy services provided to primary care." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 4 (June 1994): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.1994.tb00766.x.

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23

Virtanen, P., T. Oksanen, M. Kivimaki, M. Virtanen, J. Pentti, and J. Vahtera. "Work stress and health in primary health care physicians and hospital physicians." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 65, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.034793.

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24

Sequeira Aymar, Ethel, Vanesa Mauri, Anna Peña, Ana Franco, MªJesús Valderas, Rosa Gorgot, Encarna Sánchez, Inés Oliveira, and Jose Muñoz. "International Health: Exchange of Views between Hospital and Primary Care." International Journal of Integrated Care 16, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2784.

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25

Westman, Göran, Marianne Hanning, and Bengt Mattsson. "Utilization of Inpatient and Emergency Care: Effects of Changes in Primary Care System." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 15, no. 2 (June 1987): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349488701500208.

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At the Vännäs Health Centre changes in practice style and work routines were introduced in 1978. The concomitant changes in hospital use in Vännäs and three reference areas were followed. The results were based on recorded visits to the emergency department of the hospital three months each year 1976–1980 and upon all individual admissions to hospital care in the county 1977–1979. We found a decrease in the number of visits to the emergency department and no changes in admissions to inpatient care for inhabitants of the Vännäs catchment area. The question remains unresolved, whether a mere change in the way of working in the health centre, caused a change in hospital use.
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Swerissen, Hal. "Implications of Hospital Deinstitutionalisation for Primary Health and Community Support Services." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 1 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02002.

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Interest in expanding and reforming the role of primary health and community support services is increasing. In part this reflects the steadily building evidence that stronger primary health care services lead to better health outcomes. But probably more importantly substitution, prevention and diversion through primary health and community support are seen as a way of reducing the pressure and costs of expensive secondary and tertiary services in hospitals and residential institutions. There is considerable interest in limiting growth in demand and expenditure for hospital and residential care services.
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27

Santelli, John, Anthony Kouzis, and Susan Newcomer. "School-based health centers and adolescent use of primary care and hospital care." Journal of Adolescent Health 19, no. 4 (October 1996): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(96)00088-2.

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28

Midlöv, Patrik, Anna Bergkvist, Åsa Bondesson, Tommy Eriksson, and Peter Höglund. "Medication errors when transferring elderly patients between primary health care and hospital care." Pharmacy World & Science 27, no. 2 (April 2005): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-004-3705-y.

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29

Owens, Caitlyn R., Mary E. Haskett, Rasheeda T. Monroe, and Carrie Dow-Smith. "Integrating Behavioral Health Care into an Urban Hospital-Based Pediatric Primary Care Setting." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 32, no. 1 (2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2021.0017.

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30

Xu, Jin, Martin Gorsky, and Anne Mills. "A path dependence analysis of hospital dominance in China (1949–2018): lessons for primary care strengthening." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz145.

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Abstract Although China’s community health system helped inspire the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on Health for All, it currently faces the challenge of strengthening primary care in response to hospital sector dominance. As the world reaffirms its commitment towards primary health services, China’s recent history provides a salient case study of the issues at stake in optimizing the balance of care. In this study, we have used path dependence analysis to explain China’s coevolution of hospital and primary care facilities between 1949 and 2018. We have identified two cycles of path-dependent development (1949–78 and 1978–2018) involving four sets of institutions related to medical professionalization, financing, organization and governance of health facilities. Both cycles started with a critical juncture amid a radically changing societal context, when institutions favouring hospitals were initiated or renewed, leading to a process of self-reinforcement empowering the hospitals. Later in each cycle, events occurred that modified this hospital dominance. However, pro-primary care policies during these conjunctures encountered resilience from the existing institutional environment. The result was continued consolidation of hospital dominance over the long term. These recurrent constraints suggest that primary care strengthening is unlikely to be successful without a comprehensive set of policy reforms driven by a primary care coalition with strong professional, bureaucratic and community stakes, co-ordinated and sustained over a prolonged period. Our findings imply that it is important to understand the history of health systems in China, where the challenges of health systems strengthening go beyond limited resources and include different developmental paths as compared with Western countries.
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31

Jones, Rod. "Demand for hospital beds in primary care organisations." British Journal of Healthcare Management 17, no. 8 (August 2011): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2011.17.8.360.

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32

Chan, Linda S., Martha A. Galaif, Cynthia L. Kushi, Sol Bernstein, Harvey J. Fagelson, and Paul J. Drozd. "Referrals from hospital emergency departments to primary care centers for nonurgent care." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 8, no. 1 (February 1985): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-198502000-00007.

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33

Godoy, Leandra, Melissa Long, Donna Marschall, Stacy Hodgkinson, Brooke Bokor, Hope Rhodes, Howard Crumpton, Mark Weissman, and Lee Beers. "Behavioral Health Integration in Health Care Settings: Lessons Learned from a Pediatric Hospital Primary Care System." Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 24, no. 3-4 (September 19, 2017): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10880-017-9509-8.

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34

Howard, Susan J., Rebecca Elvey, Julius Ohrnberger, Alex J. Turner, Laura Anselmi, Anne-Marie Martindale, and Tom Blakeman. "Post-discharge care following acute kidney injury: quality improvement in primary care." BMJ Open Quality 9, no. 4 (December 2020): e000891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000891.

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BackgroundOver the past decade, targeting acute kidney injury (AKI) has become a priority to improve patient safety and health outcomes. Illness complicated by AKI is common and is associated with adverse outcomes including high rates of unplanned hospital readmission. Through national patient safety directives, NHS England has mandated the implementation of an AKI clinical decision support system in hospitals. In order to improve care following AKI, hospitals have also been incentivised to improve discharge summaries and general practices are recommended to establish registers of people who have had an episode of illness complicated by AKI. However, to date, there is limited evidence surrounding the development and impact of interventions following AKI.DesignWe conducted a quality improvement project in primary care aiming to improve the management of patients following an episode of hospital care complicated by AKI. All 31 general practices within a single NHS Clinical Commissioning Group were incentivised by a locally commissioned service to engage in audit and feedback, education training and to develop an action plan at each practice to improve management of AKI.ResultsAKI coding in general practice increased from 28% of cases in 2015/2016 to 50% in 2017/2018. Coding of AKI was associated with significant improvements in downstream patient management in terms of conducting a medication review within 1 month of hospital discharge, monitoring kidney function within 3 months and providing written information about AKI to patients. However, there was no effect on unplanned hospitalisation and mortality.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the quality improvement intervention successfully engaged a primary care workforce in AKI-related care, but that a higher intensity intervention is likely to be required to improve health outcomes. Development of a real-time audit tool is necessary to better understand and minimise the impact of the high mortality rate following AKI.
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Cawthon, Courtney, Lorraine C. Mion, David E. Willens, Christianne L. Roumie, and Sunil Kripalani. "Implementing Routine Health Literacy Assessment in Hospital and Primary Care Patients." Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 40, no. 2 (February 2014): 68—AP1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1553-7250(14)40008-4.

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Zubatsky, Max, and Jay Brieler. "A Health Systems Genogram for Improving Hospital Transitions to Primary Care." Annals of Family Medicine 16, no. 6 (November 2018): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.2318.

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37

Belo, Adelaide, Cláudia Vicente, Isabel Taveira, Sofia Sobral, Teresa Silva, Hugo Mendonça, Vitor Gomes, Susana Matos, and Carlos Soares. "Case management and coordination between primary and hospital care." International Journal of Integrated Care 19, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s3198.

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38

Aoki, Takuya, and Shunichi Fukuhara. "Associations of types of primary care facilities with adult vaccination and cancer screening in Japan." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa056.

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Abstract Objective To examine the association between primary care facility types and the quality of preventive care, especially adult vaccination and cancer screening, with a focus on the differences between community clinics and hospitals. Design Multicenter cross-sectional study. Setting A primary care practice-based research network in Japan (25 primary care facilities). Participants Adult outpatients for whom the participating facility serves as their usual source of care. Intervention None. Main Outcome Measures Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination delivery and performance of colorectal, breast and cervical cancer screening. Results Data collected from 1725 primary care outpatients were analyzed. After adjustment of possible confounders and clustering within facilities, hospital-based practices were significantly associated with poorer uptake of influenza [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42–0.96] and pneumococcal vaccines (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.40–0.75) and colorectal cancer screening (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.39–0.88) compared with clinic-based practices. In contrast, the associations of types of primary care facilities with uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening were not statistically significant. Conclusions Differences in the performance of adult vaccination and cancer screening raised concerns about the provision of preventive care at hospital-based compared with clinic-based primary care practices. Efforts to improve preventive care at hospital-based primary care practices should help to promote equalization of the quality of primary care. Further study is needed on the comparisons of other quality indicators among different structures of primary care facilities.
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39

Al Haddad, M. K., A. Al Garf, S. Al Jowder, and F. I. Al Zurba. "Psychiatric morbidity in primary care." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 1 (May 1, 1999): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.1.21.

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The prevalence of hidden psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale [HAD]. A total of 149 Bahraini patients aged > or = 16 years were selected randomly from those attending primary health care centres for problems other than psychiatric illness. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity using GHQ was 45.1% [cut-off > or = 5]and 27.1% [cut-off > or = 9]. Using the HAD scale, the prevalence was 44.4% [cut-off > or = 8]and 23.6% [cut-off > or = 11]. Psychiatric morbidity was more common in women aged 50-55 years, in divorcees or widows and in lesser educated patients. Either instrument could be used to diagnose psychiatric illness
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40

Soklaridis, Sophie. "Improving hospital care: are learning organizations the answer?" Journal of Health Organization and Management 28, no. 6 (November 11, 2014): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-10-2013-0229.

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Purpose – Hospital leaders are being challenged to become more consumer-oriented, more interprofessional in their approach to care and more focused on outcome measures and continuous quality improvement. The concept of the learning organization could provide the conceptual framework necessary for understanding and addressing these various challenges in a systematic way. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A scan of the literature reveals that this concept has been applied to hospitals and other health care institutions, but it is not known to what extent this concept has been linked to hospitals and with what outcomes. To bridge this gap, the question of whether learning organizations are the answer to improving hospital care needs to be considered. Hospitals are knowledge-intensive organizations in that there is a need for constant updating of the best available evidence and the latest medical techniques. It is widely acknowledged that learning may become the only sustainable competitive advantage for organizations, including hospitals. Findings – With the increased demand for accountability for quality care, fiscal responsibility and positive patient outcomes, exploring hospitals as learning organizations is timely and highly relevant to senior hospital administrators responsible for integrating best practices, interprofessional care and quality improvement as a primary means of achieving these outcomes. Originality/value – To date, there is a dearth of research on hospitals as learning organizations as it relates to improving hospital care.
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41

Swerissen, Hal. "Toward greater integration of the health system." Australian Health Review 25, no. 5 (2002): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020088.

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As demand for hospital and emergency services grows there will be pressure to improve the integration of primary, acute and continuing care services. Research on ambulatory sensitive care conditions suggests that a significant proportion of hospital use is potentially preventable by primary health and community care services. The desire for better health outcomes and reduced use of acute care suggests a greater focus on primary health and community care. Reforms have generally emphasised planning, funding and regulatory mechanisms including brokered management of services for an enrolled population, capitation payments and pooled funding across primary,acute and continuing care, the development of coordinated service pathways and the consolidation of responsibility for costs and outcomes. Australia's division of funding, regulatory and planning responsibilities across jurisdictions introduces a unique set of challenges to address these issues. Nevertheless, there are a number of options better aligning Commonwealth and State initiatives through the Australian Health Agreements and funding for range of primary health and community care funding programs.
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42

Hsieh, Victar, Glenn Paull, and Barbara Hawkshaw. "Heart Failure Integrated Care Project: overcoming barriers encountered by primary health care providers in heart failure management." Australian Health Review 44, no. 3 (2020): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18251.

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ObjectiveHeart failure (HF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A significant proportion of HF patients will have repeated hospital presentations. Effective integration between general practice and existing HF management programs may address some of the challenges in optimising care for this complex patient population. The Heart Failure Integrated Care Project (HFICP) investigated the barriers encountered by primary healthcare providers in providing care to patients with HF in the community. MethodsFive general practices in the St George and Sutherland regions (NSW, Australia) that employed practice nurses (PNs) were enrolled in the project. Participants responded to a printed survey that asked about their perceived role in the management of HF patients and their current knowledge and confidence in managing this condition. Participants also took part in a focus group meeting and were asked to identify barriers to improving HF patient management in general practice, and to offer suggestions about how the project could assist them to overcome those barriers. ResultsBarriers to effective delivery of HF management in general practice included clinical factors (consultation time limitations, underutilisation of patient management systems, identifying patients with HF, lack of patient self-care materials), professional factors (suboptimal hospital discharge summary letters, underutilisation of PNs), organisation factors (difficulties in communication with hospital staff, lack of education regarding HF management) and system issues (no Medicare rebate for B-type natriuretic peptide testing, insufficient Medicare rebate for using PN in chronic disease management). ConclusionsThe HFICP identified several barriers to improving integrated management for HF patients in the Australian setting. These findings provide important insights into how an HF integrated care model can be implemented to strengthen the working relationship between hospitals and primary care providers in delivering better care to HF patients. What is known about the topic?Multidisciplinary HF programs are heterogeneous in their structures, they have low patient participation rates and a significant proportion of HF patients have further presentations to hospital with HF. Integrating the care of HF patients into the primary care system following hospital admission remains challenging. What does this paper add?This paper identified several factors that hinder the effective delivery of care by primary care providers to patients with HF. What are the implications for practitioners?The findings provide important insights into how an HF integrated care model can be implemented to strengthen the working relationship between tertiary health facilities and primary care providers in delivering better care to HF patients.
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43

Wheeler, John R. C., Thomas M. Wickizer, and Stephen M. Shortell. "The financial performance of hospital-sponsored primary care group practice." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 9, no. 3 (August 1986): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-198608000-00005.

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44

Haddad, Faisal, Hamed Mansur, and Yasmeen Momatin. "Work-related stress in primary health care physicians and hospital physicians in Riyadh Military Hospital." International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5, no. 11 (2016): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2016.12062016511.

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45

Fulop, Naomi J., Sonja Hood, and Sharon Parsons. "Does the National Health Service want Hospital-at-Home?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90, no. 4 (April 1997): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689709000408.

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There has been increasing interest in the development of hospital-at-home within the National Health Service (NHS) as a way of shifting resources from secondary to primary care. We describe the development of hospital-at-home schemes in London and draw on data from an evaluation of five such schemes to discuss support for hospital-at-home within the NHS. The study has identified a small but important group of patients who do not want hospital-at-home, as well as resistance to it from some health care professionals and managers, particularly in hospitals. These organizational issues must be taken into account in any evaluation of hospital-at-home, along with issues of quality, outcome and cost. Feasibility studies are needed to identify possible organizational barriers to hospital-at-home and the development work that is required. This service innovation should not be considered in isolation from other services, but rather within the context of a wider debate about the pattern of acute care.
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46

Mann, Susan, Tess Byrnes, and Kate Saint. "New Curriculum, Primary Health Care and Nursing Practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 1 (2000): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00008.

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The Community Enrichment Programme (CEP) was a four-year program of study, which has incorporated Primary Health Care (PHC) and Community Health Nursing practice in the curriculum of a select cohort of undergraduate nursing students at Flinders University. At the end of the students' second undergraduate year this qualitative study showed that PHC principles had permeated the students' thinking. One of the aims of the project was to determine whether enough evidence could be generated to implement ongoing curriculum change. Preliminary evaluation of the views of students, community health nurses, nurse academics and agency and hospital staff has supported this aim. The inclusion of PHC theory and demonstrated practice has not only enhanced the students' knowledge and understanding of the complexities of Community Health Nursing practice but has positively influenced the students' overall perceptions about all nursing practice and its relationships with PHC principles, regardless of the setting. Academics in the School of Nursing are actively engaged in discussion and implementation of the outcomes to date.
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Tzimos, Agnes. "Victorian Integrated Care Model, supporting better integration of care between primary care and hospital services." International Journal of Integrated Care 20, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s4170.

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48

Thornicroft, G., and M. Tansella. "The balanced care model for global mental health." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 4 (July 11, 2012): 849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001420.

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BackgroundFor too long there have been heated debates between those who believe that mental health care should be largely or solely provided from hospitals and those who adhere to the view that community care should fully replace hospitals. The aim of this study was to propose a conceptual model relevant for mental health service development in low-, medium- and high-resource settings worldwide.MethodWe conducted a review of the relevant peer-reviewed evidence and a series of surveys including more than 170 individual experts with direct experience of mental health system change worldwide. We integrated data from these multiple sources to develop the balanced care model (BCM), framed in three sequential steps relevant to different resource settings.ResultsLow-resource settings need to focus on improving the recognition and treatment of people with mental illnesses in primary care. Medium-resource settings in addition can develop ‘general adult mental health services’, namely (i) out-patient clinics, (ii) community mental health teams (CMHTs), (iii) acute in-patient services, (iv) community residential care and (v) work/occupation. High-resource settings, in addition to primary care and general adult mental health services, can also provide specialized services in these same five categories.ConclusionsThe BCM refers both to a balance between hospital and community care and to a balance between all of the service components (e.g. clinical teams) that are present in any system, whether this is in low-, medium- or high-resource settings. The BCM therefore indicates that a comprehensive mental health system includes both community- and hospital-based components of care.
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Doey, Tamison, Pamela Hines, Bonnie Myslik, JoAnn Elizabeth Leavey, and Jamie A. Seabrook. "Creating Primary Care Access for Mental Health Care Clients in A Community Mental Health Setting." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 27, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2008-0023.

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Successful support of persons living with a mental illness in the community is challenged by the lack of primary care accessible to this population. The Canadian Mental Health Association–Windsor Essex County Branch explored options to provide mental and physical health care, initially creating an integrated primary care clinic and later a larger community health clinic co-located with its mental health care services and staffed by a multidisciplinary team. A retrospective review of 805 charts and a client satisfaction survey were conducted in 2001 to evaluate this service. Findings indicate that access to primary care and mental health care co-located at a community-based clinic has reduced the number of emergency room visits and admissions, and length of stay in hospital, for individuals with moderate to serious mental illness. A client survey in January 2008 supports these preliminary findings.
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Wang, Wenhua, Leiyu Shi, Aitian Yin, Zongfu Mao, Elizabeth Maitland, Stephen Nicholas, and Xiaoyun Liu. "Primary Care Quality among Different Health Care Structures in Tibet, China." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/206709.

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Objective.To compare the primary care quality among different health care structures in Tibet, China.Methods.A self-administered questionnaire survey including Primary Care Assessment Tool-Tibetan version was used to obtain data from a total of 1386 patients aged over 18 years in the sampling sites in two prefectures in Tibet. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between health care structures and primary care quality while controlling for sociodemographic and health care characteristics.Results.The services provided by township health centers were more often used by a poor, less educated, and healthy population. Compared with prefecture (77.42) and county hospitals (82.01), township health centers achieved highest total score of primary care quality (86.64). Factors that were positively and significantly associated with higher total assessment scores included not receiving inpatient service in the past year, less frequent health care visits, good self-rated health status, lower education level, and marital status.Conclusions.This study showed that township health centers patients reported better primary care quality than patients visiting prefecture and county hospitals. Government health reforms should pay more attention to THC capacity building in Tibet, especially in the area of human resource development.
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