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Journal articles on the topic 'Host cities'
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Tabi Amponsah, Christian, Gouher Ahmed, Manoj Kumar, and Samuel Adams. "The business effects of mega-sporting events on host cities: an empirical view." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.26.
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The study is an empirical view of the important issue of the business effects of the mega-sporting events (MSEs), like the Olympic Games, on which there are favorable and unfavorable views, the design of the study is to go through different views and find out the effects from knowing or knowledgeable persons of the event with the help of a sample of 155 respondents drawn randomly from across the continents in the form of opinions on the positive and negative effects of the MSEs through a questionnaire, containing questions on economic development, infrastructure development, environ¬ment, lifestyles, etc., and their favorable and unfavorable responses were elicited. The data collected have been analyzed in terms of the characteristics of respondents and their negative and positive responses on the Olympic and FIFA. The findings on the whole of study show that the hosting of the MSEs has positive effects on the economy and society of the host cities through the influx of tourists, infrastructure development, and image promotion of the country, among others, notwithstanding the certain drawbacks in terms of environmental disturbances, and some inconveniences to the locals.
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Nitsch, Volker, and Nicolai Wendland. "The IOC’s midas touch: Summer Olympics and city growth." Urban Studies 54, no. 4 (September 29, 2016): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015623719.
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Hosting a mega-event is a costly activity of short duration. Still, cities frequently compete to become host of all types of events. This paper examines the effect of staging the largest and most important sporting event in the world, the Summer Olympic Games, on the host city. Applying a difference-in-differences methodology, we analyse the population size of Olympic cities, candidate cities and other large cities in host and candidate countries over the period from 1860 to 2010. We find that, following the Games, host cities do not experience a measurable increase in population size relative to cities in the control group. On the contrary, to the extent that any effect of hosting the Games is identifiable, our results indicate that being awarded the Summer Olympics has a negative impact on cities.
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Xu, Zhuyan, Chengzhong Wu, and Xuefei Li. "Residents’ Perceptions and Behavioral Intentions towards Mega-Sports Events: A Case Study of Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 14955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214955.
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Despite growing research on the impacts of mega-sports events, comparative studies of the value perceptions of residents in host and non-host cities are rare. Residents’ perceptions are effective indicators of their behavioral intentions, which are crucial for the success of events and for the place marketing of hosting cities. To fill this gap, this study constructed a model linking residents’ expected impacts, perceived value and behavioral intentions for mega-sports events. Informed by Social Exchange Theory, this study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze 1527 valid questionnaires collected in mainland China (412 in host cities, 1115 in non-host cities). The results reveal that non-host-city residents have more substantial expectations of impacts, perceptions of value, and behavioral intentions than host-city residents. Residents in Northeast China had the highest perceptions and behavioral intentions toward the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, implying that the geographical location of the non-host cities is an influencing factor. Researchers and practitioners should pay attention to those differences in research design and event planning to promote the sustainable development of mega-sports events.
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Holden, Russell. "Host cities and the Olympics: an interactionist approach." Sport in Society 18, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.939833.
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McNamee, David. "European cities host discussions on science and technology." Lancet 356, no. 9243 (November 2000): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71950-4.
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Cohen, Phil. "Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist approach." Sport in History 34, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2014.942157.
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Kotzen, Benz. "Future cities: Speculation on the case for vertical biophilic cities." Ecocycles 7, no. 2 (2021): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v7i2.192.
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As the world’s population increases and as populations of cities increase there is a real need to find solutions to accommodate these people. Vertical cities may provide a solution. Whilst megastructures have been built as individual buildings, thus far there are no vertical cities, but the existing megastructures indicate this is possible. The skyscrapers of vertical cities can be integrated in the skies as well as below ground as earthscrapers and host all the functions of the city including green spaces such as parks and gardens and urban agriculture. The current model of a central city core area and expansive suburbs does not provide a solution for future growth. Past and future losses in ecosystem services through extensive horizontal development cannot be sanctioned. This is an ‘ideas paper’ which speculates on the forms of future vertical cities and the necessity of integrating biophilia into the vertical city as not only do vertical cities provide an answer to accommodating the world’s burgeoning population, but the compact footprint of the city allows for an increase in nature, access to nature, allowing land that would be swamped by development to be used for farming, water collection, forests and other land uses that host the ecosystem services that are required by people and the planet.
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Lauermann, John. "The Urban Politics of Mega-Events." Environment and Society 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2019.100104.
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This article reviews recent scholarship on the urban politics of mega-events. Mega-events have long been promoted as drivers of urban development, based on their potential to generate beneficial legacies for host cities. Yet the mega-event industry is increasingly struggling to find cities willing to host. Political arguments that promote mega-events to host cities include narratives about mega-event legacy—the potential for events to generate long-term benefits—and mega-event leveraging—the idea that cities can strategically link event planning to other policy agendas. In contrast, the apparent decline in interest among potential host cities stems from two political shifts: skepticism toward the promises made by boosters, and the emergence of new kinds of protest movements. The article analyzes an example of largely successful opposition to mega-events, and evaluates parallels between the politics of mega-events and those of other urban megaprojects.
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Heller, Lauren R., and E. Frank Stephenson. "How Does the Super Bowl Affect Host City Tourism?" Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520959393.
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This paper uses a unique dataset containing more than eight years of daily data to examine the effect of the Super Bowl on hotel room rentals, rates, and room revenue in four recent host cities. The findings include (1) the net gain in rentals is considerably fewer than the gross number of rooms rented, (2) benefits are heterogeneous across cities, (3) the areas that benefit are not always those located close to stadiums, and (4) nearly 90% of hotel room revenue gained is because of increased room rates which means concerns about leakages from host cities’ regional economies are salient.
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Stewart, Allison, and Steve Rayner. "Planning mega-event legacies: uncomfortable knowledge for host cities." Planning Perspectives 31, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2015.1043933.
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Brown, Graham. "Emerging Issues in Olympic Sponsorship: Implications for Host Cities." Sport Management Review 3, no. 1 (May 2000): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1441-3523(00)70080-5.
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Tu, Ying, Bin Chen, Jun Yang, and Bing Xu. "Olympic effects on reshaping urban greenspace of host cities." Landscape and Urban Planning 230 (February 2023): 104615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104615.
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Mhanna, Rami, Adam Blake, and Ian Jones. "Spreading tourists around host countries of mega sport events." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-06-2019-0040.
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Purpose This study aims to recommend initiatives that can be adopted to overcome overtourism in host destinations of mega sport events. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a qualitative research design that involves 20 semi-structured interviews with key informant stakeholders of the London 2012 Olympic Games. An exploratory case study approach was used to investigate strategies used to leverage tourism benefits in host destinations, and the authors used thematic analysis to present strategies to overcome overtourism in host cities. Findings This study emphasises the need for spreading tourists beyond the host city as a main strategy. To do so, three initiatives are recommended: spreading domestic tourism outside the host city, showcasing destination beyond the host city and promoting regional collaboration. Practical implications This research provides tourism practitioners and destination management organisations in host destinations of mega sport events with an advanced strategic insights to capitalise on mega sport events. The authors suggest considering the events as a theme through an event planning process to overcome potential overtourism in unique host cities. Originality/value As overtourism has an impact on visited destinations, this study argues that overtourism can be generated by mega sport events. This paper offers an extended insight into overcoming overtourism by implementing strategic event tourism, leveraging initiatives that can be extended in use to reach geographic areas beyond host cities of mega sport events.
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Schut, Pierre-Olaf, Sandie Beaudouin, and Marion Philippe. "Interaction between Olympism and Host Cities: The Example of Paris." International Journal of the History of Sport 37, no. 14 (December 4, 2020): 1443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1837777.
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Simic, Agnes. "The role of superdiverse home country cities in helping migrants negotiate life in superdiverse host country cities." Geoforum 107 (December 2019): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.015.
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Falk, Martin, and Eva Hagsten. "The art of attracting international conferences to European cities." Tourism Economics 24, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618758732.
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The aim of this study is to provide new empirical insights into the attractiveness of European cities for international conferences and to investigate how cities perform in relation to their potential. In order to explore this attractiveness, a zero-inflated count-data model is estimated. The analysis uses a unique data set where information from the International Congress and Convention Association on international association meetings is linked to a set of specific characteristics for 943 cities in Europe for the period 2012 to 2016. Approximately one out of five cities hosts five meetings or more in a single year. Estimations reveal that cultural offerings, quality of local universities, attractiveness as a location for international research and development and foreign direct investments (FDI) in hotels as well as size are factors of importance for the probability of becoming a host city as well as for the extent of meetings. Infrastructure, such as an airport nearby and sea border in the proximity, is crucial only for becoming a host city. A comparison of actual and potential number of meetings reveals that large cities like Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Lisbon, Porto, Munich and Barcelona all host far more meetings than would have been expected given their destination attributes.
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Mchome, Emanuel Lukio. "Resilience from Below: Technicians, Repair and Maintenance Works in Post-socialist Dar es Salaam, 1985-2020." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2022-0005.
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Abstract Since its establishment by the German East Africa Railway Company in 1906, Dar es Salaam’s electricity infrastructure has been functioning precariously. Tanzania’s national power company (Tanesco) collaborated with donors to ameliorate these problems, but to no avail. Tanzania’s cities continued to experience both cascading and rolling blackouts, and such breakdowns of infrastructure became critical, especially from the 1980s onward, making electricity consumers vulnerable. This article illustrates that the failure of Tanesco’s systems does not mean that inhabitants in the city have remained passively exposed to the consequences of power breakdowns. Based on interviews, a literature review, and archival material, it demonstrates that electricians have become part and parcel of a socio-technical landscape that has enhanced household resilience—the ability to survive in a country partly plagued by failing critical infrastructure. The article reveals the active role played by formally and informally trained electricians (mafundi) in forging alternative solutions, increasing electricity users’ ability to cope with power outages. Employing innovative skills to repair electrical appliances and tinker with Tanesco’s infrastructure, street electricians increased the resilience of residential electricity users in the face of recurrent power failures. The author argues that urban resilience studies in African cities like Dar es Salaam need to consider street technicians to gain a full understanding of households’ responses to vulnerable electric infrastructure.
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Gao, Shuang, Shaojian Wang, and Dongqi Sun. "Development Zones and Their Surrounding Host Cities in China: Isolation and Mutually Beneficial Interactions." Land 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010020.
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The construction of development zones is an important strategic measure for China to attract foreign investment and open up more extensively to the outside world; for this reason, such zones are also of great significance to China’s regional development. Although the economic effects of development zones have received extensive attention from scholars, the interaction between the development zone and the host city that surrounds it has, to date, remained unexamined. To fill this gap, this research constructed a panel measurement analysis framework and selected 46 of China’s national development zones established from 2004 to 2018 as study samples and used Granger causality test method to reveal the causal relationship between the total factor productivity of the development zones and their surrounding host cities. The consequences exhibited a long-term causality between the total factor productivity of the development zones and that of the host cities in all the panels. Short-term causality, however, was only identified in the eastern and western area panels. The development zone is shown to significantly promote the development of its host city, albeit with a certain lag effect; conversely, the support function provided by the host city to the development zone was found to remain weak. Our research results provide a new perspective on realizing a mutually beneficial interaction between development zones and their host cities.
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Вольфе, Свен Дэниель. "Urban Development Through the 2018 FIFA Men’s Football World Cup: Mutated Mobile Policies in the Peripheries." Городские исследования и практики 4, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/usp43201923-41.
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Planners, politicians, boosters and other elites often use mega-events like the 2018 FIFA Men’s World Cup as a strategy for urban development. This was also the case with the World Cup, hosted in eleven Russian cities and designed to modernize Russia’s peripheral host cities. While the idea of developing cities through mega-events is common, the Russian experience displays much that is new.
This paper examines urban development in the World Cup as an example of mobile policy, exploring how this mega-event was imported from abroad and how this policy mutated as it was implemented on the ground in Russia. The specificities of the Russian experience were due in large part to the ways in which the World Cup organizing committee was created and operated as an extension of the central government in Moscow. What appeared at first to be a way for Russian peripheral host cities to differentiate themselves through urban development in a form of inter-urban competition, turned out to be a reestablishment of the central state in regional spatial planning. In this way, even as certain material conditions in the host cities were improved, the World Cup represented not an expression of regional democracy, nor even a strategy for inter-urban differentiation, but rather one more instance of development dictated from the center and from afar.
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Dalziel, Benjamin D., Babak Pourbohloul, and Stephen P. Ellner. "Human mobility patterns predict divergent epidemic dynamics among cities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1766 (September 7, 2013): 20130763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0763.
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The epidemic dynamics of infectious diseases vary among cities, but it is unclear how this is caused by patterns of infectious contact among individuals. Here, we ask whether systematic differences in human mobility patterns are sufficient to cause inter-city variation in epidemic dynamics for infectious diseases spread by casual contact between hosts. We analyse census data on the mobility patterns of every full-time worker in 48 Canadian cities, finding a power-law relationship between population size and the level of organization in mobility patterns, where in larger cities, a greater fraction of workers travel to work in a few focal locations. Similarly sized cities also vary in the level of organization in their mobility patterns, equivalent on average to the variation expected from a 2.64-fold change in population size. Systematic variation in mobility patterns is sufficient to cause significant differences among cities in infectious disease dynamics—even among cities of the same size—according to an individual-based model of airborne pathogen transmission parametrized with the mobility data. This suggests that differences among cities in host contact patterns are sufficient to drive differences in infectious disease dynamics and provides a framework for testing the effects of host mobility patterns in city-level disease data.
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Kononovas, Kostas, Georgia Black, Jayne Taylor, and Rosalind Raine. "Improving Olympic Health Services: What are the Common Health Care Planning Issues?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 6 (October 29, 2014): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14001113.
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AbstractIntroductionDue to their scale, the Olympic and Paralympic Games have the potential to place significant strain on local health services. The Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, Vancouver 2010, and London 2012 Olympic host cities shared their experiences by publishing reports describing health care arrangements.HypothesisOlympic planning reports were compared to highlight best practices, to understand whether and which lessons are transferable, and to identify recurring health care planning issues for future hosts.MethodsA structured, critical, qualitative analysis of all available Olympic health care reports was conducted. Recommendations and issues with implications for future Olympic host cities were extracted from each report.ResultsThe six identified themes were: (1) the importance of early planning and relationship building: clarifying roles early to agree on responsibility and expectations, and engaging external and internal groups in the planning process from the start; (2) the development of appropriate medical provision: most health care needs are addressed inside Olympic venues rather than by hospitals which do not experience significant increases in attendance during the Games; (3) preparing for risks: gastrointestinal and food-borne illnesses are the most common communicable diseases experienced during the Games, but the incidence is still very low; (4) addressing the security risk: security arrangements are one of the most resource-demanding tasks; (5) managing administration and logistical issues: arranging staff permission to work at Games venues (“accreditation”) is the most complex administrative task that is likely to encounter delays and errors; and (6) planning and assessing health legacy programs: no previous Games were able to demonstrate that their health legacy initiatives were effective. Although each report identified similar health care planning issues, subsequent Olympic host cities did not appear to have drawn on the transferable experiences of previous host cities.ConclusionRepeated recommendations and lessons from host cities show that similar health care planning issues occur despite different health systems. To improve health care planning and delivery, host cities should pay heed to the specific planning issues that have been highlighted. It is also advisable to establish good communication with organizers from previous Games to learn first-hand about planning from previous hosts.KononovasK, BlackG, TaylorJ, RaineR. Improving Olympic health services: what are the common health care planning issues?Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-6.
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Tomatis, Francisco, Luisa F. Lozano-Castellanos, Oscar L. García-Navarrete, Adriana Correa-Guimaraes, Maria Sol Wilhelm, Ouiam Fatiha Boukharta, Diana A. Murcia Velasco, and José E. Méndez-Vanegas. "Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Cities of The French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) in Castilla y León according to The Spanish Urban Agenda." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159164.
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The emblematic French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) crosses towns, cities, and Spanish regions to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain), However, where is The French Way of Saint James going with respect to the urban sustainability of its host cities? As each city is unique and urban sustainability favors the revitalization and transition of urban areas, to know where to go, it is first necessary to establish a diagnosis that makes the different urban situations visible. In this article, the behavior of urban sustainability is analyzed in the six host cities of The French Way of Saint James in the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León, a region characterized by its link with the rural environment and its current depopulation problems. The data and indicators used are officially provided by the Spanish Urban Agenda, which, through the normalization of its values, are able to territorialize the SDGs at the local level and reflect the realities of the cities of Burgos, Astorga, Cacabelos, León, Ponferrada, and Valverde de la Virgen. The results make it possible to diagnose and compare these host cities, identifying weaknesses, skills, and opportunities that favor the promotion of action plans, local or joint (favored by The French Way of Saint James), in the multiple aspects of sustainability. In addition, they show that Valverde de la Virgen is the city with the best performance in terms of urban sustainability.
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Kassens-Noor, Eva. "From Ephemeral Planning to Permanent Urbanism: An Urban Planning Theory of Mega-Events." Urban Planning 1, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i1.532.
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Mega-events like the Olympic Games are powerful forces that shape cities. In the wake of mega-events, a variety of positive and negative legacies have remained in host cities. In order to bring some theoretical clarity to debates about legacy creation, I introduce the concepts of the mega-event utopia, dystopia and heterotopia. A mega-event utopia is ideal and imaginary urbanism embracing abstract concepts about economies, socio-political systems, spaces, and societies <em>in</em> the host <em>during</em> events. The mega-event utopia (in contrast to other utopian visions other stakeholders may hold) is dictated by the desires of the mega-event owners irrespective of the realities in the event host. In short, a mega-event utopia is the perfect event host from the owner’s perspective. Mega-event utopias are suggested as a theoretical model for the systematic transformation of their host cities. As large-scale events progress as ever more powerful transformers into this century, <em>mega-event dystopias</em> have emerged as negatives of these idealistic utopias. As hybrid post-event landscapes, m<em>ega-event heterotopias</em> manifest the temporary mega-event utopia as legacy imprints into the long-term realities in hosting cities. Using the Olympic utopia as an example of a mega-event utopia, I theorize utopian visions around four urban traits: economy, image, infrastructure and society. Through the concept of the <em>mega-event legacy utopia</em>, I also provide some insight toward the operationalization of the four urban traits for a city’s economic development, local place marketing, urban development, and public participation.
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Lauermann, John. "Competition through Interurban Policy Making: Bidding to Host Megaevents as Entrepreneurial Networking." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 11 (January 1, 2014): 2638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a130112p.
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Recent scholarship on policy mobility, globally active municipal governments, and transnational city-to-city policy making suggest a new dynamic in entrepreneurial cities: entrepreneurialism based not only on place competition, but also based on practices of interurban networking. This paper argues that cross-city initiatives to share planning expertise can function both as policy-making networks and as markets for policy knowledge, as urban governance stakeholders strategically leverage intercity initiatives for sharing urban planning knowledge. Bidding to host sporting ‘megaevents’ highlights these networked entrepreneurial strategies. A comparative study of bids to host the Olympic Games over a twenty-year period shows that policy-making knowledge (templates, models, and best practices) shared between cities is both necessary for competing to host events, and represents ‘policy commodities’ that planning coalitions can use as part of their entrepreneurial portfolios. While much commentary on interurban policy making focuses on how policy practices are received by cities or mobilized by international businesses or policy makers, this paper signals to a multidirectional entrepreneurial strategy: although megaevents federations and sponsors developed megaevents knowledge networks to leverage urban planning for profit, many local development coalitions have incorporated these same networks into their competitive strategies.
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Grydehøj, Adam. "Guest Editorial Introduction: Understanding island cities." Island Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (2014): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.300.
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Island studies research has traditionally focused on relatively rural, peripheral, and isolated communities, yet island cities (strongly urbanized small islands or archipelagos or major population centres of large islands or archipelagos) also represent an important research area. Island spatiality has a host of historical and continuing effects on urban development, influencing urban densification and agglomeration, zonal differentiation, and neighbourhood formation in cities both big and small. This special section of Island Studies Journal includes papers on the island cities and urban archipelagos of Peel (Isle of Man, British Isles), Nuuk (Greenland), Palma de Majorca (Spain), Belize City (Belize), and Mumbai (India). The Island Cities and Urban Archipelagos research network seeks to help enrich wider island studies scholarship and contribute to introducing the island dimension to urban studies.
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Koswara, Aang, and Syauqy Lukman. "Communication competence of Indonesian workers in intercultural interaction in Munich and Canberra." Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v10i2.41976.
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The discourse of intercultural communication competence is increasingly important in the globalized world. However, there need to be more studies reported on the communication competence of Indonesian workers in intercultural interaction, particularly in the host country Germany and Australia. This study investigates communication competence in the intercultural interaction of Indonesian workers in two cities, Munich and Canberra. It focuses on intercultural challenges encountered by Indonesian workers working at different corporations and organizations in Munich and Canberra. Using qualitative methods, we examine Indonesian workers' intercultural awareness, sensitivity, and language competence in the host cities. This ethnographic study is based on interviews and informal conversations with Indonesian workers in Munich and Canberra and observations through the engagement of the researchers in the various Indonesian Diaspora community in the two cities. Based on thematic analysis, two empirical findings are essential to everyday intercultural interaction. First, intercultural awareness and sensitivity explain the knowledge and experiences of Indonesian workers on local rules and regulations, culture, and history of the host cities. Second, language competence describes the ability of Indonesian workers to understand the accents and dialects (German Bavaria and English Australian) and to overcome language barriers in everyday work and community life. The study concludes that participants have different experiences implementing communication competence in everyday interaction. It depends on the intercultural interaction intensity of Indonesian workers with their colleagues and the local community.
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Lowes, Mark. "Toward a Conceptual Understanding of Formula One Motorsport and Local Cosmopolitanism Discourse in Urban Placemarketing Strategies." Communication & Sport 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2017): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517697955.
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Guided by a conceptual approach, this article delves into the image-saturated world of Formula One (F1) motorsport to argue that the interrelations among sport mega events, urban identity, and placemarketing work to create spectacular entertainment events that embody a distinctly promotional performance of local cosmopolitanism. F1 events are staged promotional performances of local cosmopolitanism intended for a global audience and feature prominently in urban placemarketing strategies. Hosting such sport mega events is a constitutive feature of placemarketing strategies designed and implemented by host cities to join the ranks of “world-class” cosmopolitan cities. F1 motorsport is a representation of a particular conception of urban cosmopolitanism, one that embodies a fusion of sports entertainment, symbolic capital, and image into a single placemarketing product. The article concludes that the bombardment of visual signs advertising elite global mega brands constructs a specific identity for host cities anchored in a broad discourse of cosmopolitanism. This deployment of visual indicators is designed to link the image of F1 cities with the desired lifestyle markers that are constitutive features of the aesthetic of contemporary urban cosmopolitanism.
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Yan, Xiujuan. "Distribution and Virulence Phenotypes of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) based upon Host Differentials in Jilin Province." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1724.
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Jilin is the dominant soybean production province in China. Soybean cyst nematode [Heterodera glycines] (SCN) is one of the most important yield-limiting factors in soybean production. Information about the distribution and virulence phenotypes of SCN in soybean fields are essential for optimizing varieties choice in the region. The distribution and virulence phenotypes of SCN in 141 soil samples from 38 cites (cities, counties and towns) across Jilin province were investigated. One hundred and four (73.76%) of the samples from all 38 cities (counties, towns) tested positive for SCN and SCN population densities were more than 5 cysts/100 mL soil in 53 samples from 27 cities (counties, towns). In those 53 samples, we identified 7 races and 12 Heterodera glycines (HG) types, with Race 3 and HG Type 7 being the most dominant genotypes. Of all the genotypes identified, Race10 and HG Type 1.7 were found for the first time in China, and HG Type 3.4.5.7 was the first reported worldwide. Thirty-eight SCN populations (34.5%) were virulent on plant introduction (PI) 548316 (#7) and 15 of them had female indices (FI) ≥ 10% on Pickett. PI 548316 and Pickett were not recommended as parents of breeding against cyst nematode in Jilin province. Peking-type resistance sources were preferred to pi88788-type in Jilin province. In addition, it was found neither the race nor HG scheme is sufficient for differentiating SCN populations in Jilin province, nor the combination of the two methods is recommended for studying the genetic diversity of SCN in Jilin province. That is, Pickett which was removed in HG scheme should be included not as an indicator line but just to separate different races from the same HG type. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Hereźniak, Marta, and Magdalena Florek. "Citizen involvement, place branding and mega events: insights from Expo host cities." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41254-017-0082-6.
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Saeid Kiani, Mohammad. "Sport Tourism and Sustainable Local Development for Host Cities for Sporting Events." American Journal of Sports Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20190701.12.
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Sant, Stacy-Lynn, Laura Misener, and Daniel S. Mason. "Leveraging sport events for tourism gain in host cities: a regime perspective." Journal of Sport & Tourism 23, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2019.1711444.
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Fairley, Sheranne, and Donna M. Kelly. "Developing leveraging strategies for pre-Games training for mega-events in non-host cities." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 35, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 740–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-01-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how non-host cities strategically plan to leverage pre-Games training for the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games to maximize benefits to the city. Design/methodology/approach Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with key tourism and government stakeholders involved in developing leveraging strategies for pre-Games training in a non-host city. Interviews were conducted a little over 18 months before the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games. Findings A model of the strategic planning of leveraging pre-Games training is presented. Pre-Games training was positioned as a leverageable resource. The non-host city was well positioned to host pre-Games training given its existing sport focus and facilities and its proximity to the host city and its similar climate. Opportunities, objectives, means, and considerations were constantly developed. The city strategically targeted teams to maximize the use of the training facilities and make the most of the value of well-known athletes, while being cautious of overcrowding. The teams had to be secured before strategies were devised to achieve other opportunities and objectives. Short-term benefits included generating tourism through visiting teams and entourages and integrating visiting teams into the local community through education and sport programming. Long-term benefits included building the destination’s capacity and reputation as a place for elite training camps and tourism. Practical implications Understanding how to develop strategies to leverage pre-Games training can inform those responsible for developing and implementing pre-Games training strategies and lead to maximizing the benefits to a city or region. Originality/value Limited research has examined the strategic planning process used to develop tactics to leverage mega-events. This study provides insight into the strategic planning process of non-host cities to increase short- and long-term benefits by leveraging pre-Games training.
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Neis, Hans Joachim, Briana Meier, and Tomoki Furukawazono. "Welcome City: Refugees in Three German Cities." Urban Planning 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1668.
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Since late 2015, the authors have studied the refugee crisis in Europe. In this article, we analyze local factors that are significant for urban planning to include in an integration plan through case studies in three cities in Germany. We have chosen to study Germany because of the country’s touted Willkommen Kultur (welcome culture), which was prompted in large part by Chancellor Angela Merkel’s “Flüchtlinge Willkommen” (“refugees welcome”) stance. Now, three years after Chancellor Merkel’s declaration to the world, although international and national policies set many parameters for refugee integration, responses to the uncertainty of the situation are fundamentally informed by local contexts. Germany has adopted a policy of distributing refugees to communities throughout the country according to the so-called “Königstein Key”, which sets quotas for each state according to economic capacity. We have selected case study cities and a county that are at different scales and regions: Borken in Hessen (13,500 people), Kassel County (200,000), and Essen, a larger city (600,000). Here we investigate the ways in which German citizens and refugees interact and integrate, with a focus on the social-spatial aspects of refugee experiences and the impacts on urban planning policy, urban morphology, building typology, and pattern language formation. Beyond crisis, we are looking at how refugees can and will try to integrate into their host countries, cities, and neighborhoods and start a new life and how host communities respond to refugee arrival. Urban architecture projects for housing and work opportunities that help the process of integration are part of this study. Particularly, in this article, we investigate the reality on the ground of the positive Willkommen Kultur and the high expectations and implied promises that were set in 2015 by Chancellor Angela Merkel and German society.
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Asmussen, Christian Geisler, Bo Nielsen, Anthony Goerzen, and Svenja Tegtmeier. "Global cities, ownership structures, and location choice." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 252–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2017-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a more nuanced view of subnational location choice with a particular focus on global cities. It is argued that multinational firms may use global cities to establish bridgeheads-subsidiaries at intermediate levels of the ownership chain that enable further international as well as subnational expansion. Design/methodology/approach Beyond those host country subsidiaries that are directly owned by a foreign multinational, the authors go deeper and focus specifically on the multi-tiered – “subsidiaries of subsidiaries” to examine how the geographic origins and destinations of these investments are associated with micro-location choices in a host country. Findings The authors find that there are substantial differences between the types, roles, activities and geographic origins of the firms locating in different areas, and in the ownership structures spanning them. The authors propose that this has managerial and theoretical implications which may be understood based on an organizing framework describing a tradeoff between the pursuit of global connectivity and local density on the one hand and cost control on the other. Research limitations/implications Empirical work on foreign location choices should take into account ownership structures and take a more fine-grained view of subnational variation. Practical implications Managers need to consider the trade-offs between connectivity, density and costs when making foreign location decisions. Social implications Policy makers should think about the unique contributions that various subnational regions such as global and ordinary cities can make to global value chains. Originality/Value The authors bridge the hitherto separate literatures pertaining to subsidiary mandates and subnational dimensions of foreign location choice by investigating the fine-grained roles and ownership structures from a supranational as well as subnational perspective.
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NESTORENKO, TETYANA. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE UNIVERSITY FOR THE CITY ECONOMY: AN EXAMPLE OF THE IMPACT OF A DISPLACED UNIVERSITY." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 298, no. 5 Part 1 (October 4, 2021): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-39.
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The article considers the importance of a displaced university for the economy of the host city. The main directions of the impact of the displaced university on the local economy are analysed. The role of the displaced university for the revenue of the budget of the host city is considered. The example of Donetsk National Technical University shows the importance of displaced university for employment of the local population and reducing the rate of migration. The study aims to determine the impact of displaced universities on the economy of host cities (on the example of Donetsk National Technical University and Pokrovsk city). As a result of moving to the territories controlled by the Ukrainian authorities, the displaced universities, on the one hand, lost a significant part of their assets and found themselves in a difficult situation due to limited resources to continue their core business (training future professionals). On the other hand, the relocation of such universities was the impetus for the further development of host cities. The displaced university provides local youth with the opportunity to obtain higher education without leaving for other cities. Through their activities, displaced universities are creating new jobs for locals. Also, displaced universities are becoming big taxpayers to the local budget. That is why the support of displaced universities by the state and international organizations (granting certain preferences, financial assistance, etc.) will contribute not only to the “survival” of such universities but also to the socio-economic development of host cities. The study found that Donetsk National Technical University as a displaced university has a positive impact on the economy of the city of Pokrovsk: the university uses and pays for utilities provided by local businesses, buys goods and food from local producers. The university pays local taxes and fees to the local budget. Also, the local budget receives the taxes from university staff. Thanks to the activities of the university, about 400 jobs were created in the Pokrovsk city.
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Dabaj, Joana, and Riccardo Luca Conti. "Placemaking in Lebanese Cities Hosting Displaced Communities." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 1 (January 31, 2020): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i1.1259.
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CatalyticAction is a design studio and charity that works to empower communities through strategic and innovative community-led spatial interventions. They developed their architectural approach in the Lebanese context of displacement where the built environment and wellbeing are being constantly negotiated. Focusing on context specific educational spaces, they have created valuable impacts on the locality, on education, local economy, equality and wellbeing. The projects have been benefiting the most vulnerable groups including children, elderly and persons with disabilities. With this process of thinking and doing architecture, refugee and host communities co-design together and shape their shared built environment at this specific time of displacement, but also work towards a sustainable longer-term use of the spaces.
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Guo, Kexin, Fujia Li, and Hao Cheng. "Evaluating the Sustainability of the Olympic Transport System on the View of Regional Transport Development Pattern." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159756.
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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) proposed that the host city should consider sustainable development from the Games’ beginning to end, and that the host city should make full use of the Olympic infrastructure even after the Games. However, a less systematic evaluation of their sustainability exists, especially for the roads. The new connections built for the Olympic Games cost the most and influenced the host city directly. We apply spatial design network analysis (sDNA) with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to evaluate the sustainability of the new connections built for the Olympics Games in the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. The results show that the Games encourage the host cities’ governments to work towards a common goal, and directly benefits Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei transport coordinated development. In “Edge cities”, such as Hengshui, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, and Zhangjiakou, traffic accessibility has been promoted dramatically. The foreground network of the region development moved northward, from “Beijing–Shijiazhuang–Baoding” to “Beijing–Tangshan–Qinhuangdao”. These findings can be used for policy design, to keep the new connections running with long-term stability, and to constantly create better economic effects.
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Kuhlberg, Jill A., J. Aaron Hipp, Amy Eyler, and Genevieve Chang. "Open Streets Initiatives in the United States: Closed to Traffic, Open to Physical Activity." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 8 (November 2014): 1468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0376.
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Background:The ciclovía, or open streets concept, is a community-level physical activity (PA) promotion strategy where streets are closed to motorized traffic and open for individuals to engage in PA. This paper presents an overview of such initiatives in the United States (US) to understand their potential in PA promotion, comparing event and city characteristics.Methods:We searched ciclovía and open streets initiatives held in 2011 in the US using internet searches, publication databases, social media, and personal contacts. We extracted data on the each initiative’s frequency, route length, attendance, evaluation procedures, and sociodemographic characteristics of host cities.Results:Our search yielded 47 US cities with open streets in 2011. Cities were diverse in sociodemographic characteristics. Route lengths ranged from a few blocks to 51 miles and event frequency ranged from annual to monthly. Reporting number of participants for events was sporadic. Few events conducted formal evaluations.Conclusion:The number of US cities hosting open streets is increasing. The sociodemographics of the host cities suggest a potential to increase physical activity in populations at risk for developing chronic diseases through these initiatives. However, further evaluation is required. Identifying successful promotion and evaluation tactics would boost the health promotion potential of these initiatives.
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Károly, Teperics, Zsuzsa M. Császár, Gábor Csüllög, and Klara Czimre. "Cost sensitivity of international students in the largest hungarian university cities." Landscape & Environment 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/15/1/10.
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Statistics on international students distinguish between diploma mobility (full-time students abroad) and credit mobility (part-time courses, student exchanges such as Erasmus+, etc.). In terms of economic benefits, their common feature is mostly realised in the spendings by the foreign students in the host country. The comparison of the host cities reveals that Budapest should be considered as a separate category being different from the other cities in many respects. Although, the assessment of the other three university centres (Pécs, Debrecen and Szeged) received similar evaluations (close average values) but some kind of order developed between them in which Szeged and Pécs are perhaps regarded in a little bit more favourable position than Debrecen. There is a lot to be improved to broaden the studentification process in these cities particularly in four fields. The evaluations can certainly be considered useful in the sense that they help to identify those services which are problematic in any terms (price or quality).
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Orr, Madeleine, and Walker J. Ross. "Assessing Climate Suitability of Three Cities for the 2027 Women’s World Cup." Case Studies in Sport Management 11, S1 (January 1, 2022): S14—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2021-0043.
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Given the impacts of climate change, sport event organizations need to adapt to changes in their environment to remain feasible, safe, competitive, and profitable. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups take years to plan and, ideally, produce long-lasting legacy benefits for their host communities. In awarding these events to host cities and countries, the rightsholders must carefully consider the local climate to ensure that playing conditions will be safe and competitive. This case study examines the prospective 2027 FIFA Women’s World Cup bid in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands and invites students to put themselves in the position of a joint bid committee, which must assess the suitability of three cities (Brussels, Berlin, and Amsterdam) for hosting based on their climate. Furthermore, students will be asked to identify climate adaptation strategies that might be adopted by the prospective host committees to accommodate any potential climate challenges. Through this case study, students will learn to investigate the potential effects of climate, climate change, and weather issues on a mega-event; explore the relationship between sport and the natural environment; and learn to source climate data for their own communities and organizations.
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Chien, P. Monica, Sarah J. Kelly, and Chelsea Gill. "Identifying objectives for mega-event leveraging: a non-host city case." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-05-2017-0085.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify strategic objectives that can be utilized by non-host communities to leverage the opportunities provided by mega sport events. The unique context and timing of this study facilitates discussion surrounding a particular non-host community and how it can plan relevant objectives to best identify appropriate leveraging mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a qualitative approach, drawing upon a case study of Kobe City, Japan, a non-host city of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Data were collected using diverse sources such as site visits, field notes, newspaper articles, destination marketing materials, archival data from sport and tourism facilities, and workshop with key stakeholders. Findings The within-case analysis identified four key objectives a non-host city could utilize to leverage mega sport events, namely, enhancing destination brand equity, integrating leveraging strategies with the existing event portfolio, fostering social capital, and strengthening corporate networks. Originality/value Research on event leveraging has typically focused on host cities, while there has been limited research attention on non-host cities. This paper highlights the importance of formulating shared objectives so as to provide a strong focus for relevant stakeholders, guide the deployment of resources, and create effective leveraging strategies. Few studies have focused on the planning of leveraging initiatives.
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Nie, Xiaomei, Yongpeng Qu, and Feng Yi. "The Impact of Sports Event Branding Using Edge Computing on Urban Marketing under the Background of Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5837919.
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The purpose is to explore the impact of sports event branding on urban marketing. Under the Internet of Things (IoT) background, the impact of sports events on the economy and culture of the host city is explored based on the idea of edge computing. In addition, the economic and cultural impact of the current highest level sports event—the Olympic Games—on the host country is also analyzed. The results show that the more large-scale events are held, the more they can promote the development of the high-end market of urban tourism. The hosting of the Beijing Olympic Games brought Beijing $3.127 billion in revenue and great changes in humanities, ecology, living environment, and other aspects. The higher the gross domestic product (GDP) of a domestic city is, the more events will be held in this city, and the two are positively correlated. Domestic competition resources are concentrated in these cities with strong economic strength. The total number of events held by the top 10 cities in GDP accounts for 64.1% of the top 30 cities. Geographically, among the cities that have hosted sports events, there are 89 cities in the east, with a total number of 1676 events, accounting for 64% of the national events, far exceeding the central and western cities, and even far exceeding the sum of the latter two. Therefore, it can be said that the holding of sports events reflects the comprehensive strength of a city and improves the city’s exposure and popularity. The exploration provides a certain reference value for cities to enhance their influence with the help of events.
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Edward, Frank. "Planned Vulnerabilities? Street Flooding and Drainage Infrastructure in Colonial Dar es Salaam." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2022-0003.
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Abstract Technology can be both a problem and a solution in connection with critical events like road flooding in cities. This article explores how roadwork undertaken during German and British colonial rule created a situation which has, ever since, made the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) vulnerable to flooding. The article identifies colonial spatial planning, a globally circulating engineering culture, and an undue emphasis on anti-malarial measures as the main causes of the flood vulnerability of roads. After decades of neglect, repeatedly flooded streets made the construction of drainage infrastructure an increasingly necessary preventive solution. Only slowly did drainage become an integral feature of road design, thus decreasing the city’s vulnerability to floods. Drawing on analyses of archival and documentary sources, the article contends that the making of the vulnerability and criticality of roads and drainage systems unfolded within a socio-technical context which reflects colonial structures and terrains in the Global South.
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Schwartz, Robert M. "The Transport Revolution on Land and Sea: Farming, Fishing, and Railways in Great Britain, 1840-1914." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0005.
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Abstract The introduction and expansion of rapid rail transportation in Great Britain helped transform sea fishing and make fresh fish a new commodity of mass consumption. In agriculture the rail network greatly facilitated the shift from mixed cereal farming to dairy farming. To demonstrate the timing and extent of these changes in food production this article blends history and geography to create a spatial history of the subject. Using the computational tools of GIS and text mining, spatial history charts the expanding geography and size of the fresh fish industry and documents the growing concern among fishermen of over-fishing. In agricultural, huge flows of cheap wheat from the United states caused a crisis in British wheat farming, forcing many farmers to convert arable land to pasture for use in dairy farming. Given the growing demand for fresh milk in cities and increased availability of rapid rail transport in rural areas, dairy farming replaced wheat farming in outlying counties such as Wiltshire, the example examined here.
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Eick, Volker. "Lack of Legacy? Shadows of Surveillance after the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany." Urban Studies 48, no. 15 (October 24, 2011): 3329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422389.
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The FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany saw the largest display of domestic security since 1945. More than 250 000 police officers from the state and federal police, 7000 military guards, 20 000 private security contractors and an unknown number of intelligence service officers operated in the 12 host cities during the four-week event. In addition, more than 20 000 volunteers took part in security and safety measures, constituting what have become known as ‘pop-up armies’. Surveillance technologies were deployed, including but not limited to airborne warning and control system planes (AWACS), a variety of security robots, video surveillance cameras and radio frequency identification chips (RFID). Data banks stored more than 250 000 personal data files of FIFA employees and another 10 million of those persons applying for tickets. The paper first describes how, since the early 20th century, FIFA has been embracing neo-liberalism as a ‘neo-communitarian entrepreneur’. Secondly, it analyses how FIFA enabled itself to set the preconditions for candidate and host cities to carry out the event. Thirdly, it develops the concept of ‘legacy’ in order to allow for an understanding of the World Cup’s positive and negative impacts for all stakeholders involved. Fourthly, it examines the 2006 World Cup in Germany as a sports-related ‘security assemblage’, deciphering why parts of the assemblage were dismantled whereas others remained after the World Cup was over. Finally, it draws some conclusions about the role of FIFA as an incubator for a ‘sustained securitisation’ of host and post-host cities.
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Oliveira, Clarice Misoczky de, and Maria Ceci Misoczky. "Urban entrepreneurialism in fifa World Cup host cities: the case of Porto Alegre." Organizações & Sociedade 23, no. 79 (December 2016): 624–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-9230710.
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Abstract The aim of the study that gave rise to this paper was to analyse the practices in place in Porto Alegre in relation to Large Urban Projects (LUPs) linked to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. An instrumental case study was performed, incorporating three units of analysis: mobility, stadiums and the waterfront, comprising 18 projects. Following the introduction, a presentation on the methodological procedures and two theoretical sections are given: on the concepts of urban entrepreneurialism and urban marketing, and on definitions and practices of planning and their expression in cities. The case of Porto Alegre then follows. Lastly, is an analysis indicating how each project is connected to urban entrepreneurial strategies. It concludes, indicating that the fact of being a host city was used to disseminate the image of a modern, developed and efficient city; the choice and management of projects was interconnected to economic growth, entrepreneurialism and the creation of an environment favourable for business; and the selection of LUPs led to a fragmented treatment of the territory. Under the aegis of speculation, urban planning lost relevance and the public administration renounced its position as market regulator.
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Randeree, Kasim. "Reputation and Mega-project Management: Lessons from Host Cities of the Olympic Games." Change Management: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-798x/cgp/v13i02/50750.
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Wang, Dong, and Zhang Lan Wu. "The Effect of FDI on Host Country's Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Chinese Cities." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3487.
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With the increasing global competition, people worried that most foreign-funded enterprises have comparative advantage in pollution-intensive products due to the relatively relaxed environmental regulation and lax enforcement in China. This study examines the relationship between the foreign direct investment (FDI) and local pollution in china. Our results find that a city received more FDI may be not lead to higher pollution. In fact, FDI have a beneficial effect on local environment. Policy-makers should be to attract more foreign investment that openness could improve development China's environment by increasing local income, introducing more energy efficient production technology, and increasing competition and diving out less efficient factories. This suggests that the market-oriented economic reform improve the environment.
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Sheng, Li, and Jie Gao. "Foreign investors versus host communities: an urban political economy model for tourist cities." Argumenta Oeconomica 2, no. 41 (2018): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2018.2.11.
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Peterson, Anna C., Bruno M. Ghersi, Fernando Alda, Cadhla Firth, Matthew J. Frye, Ying Bai, Lynn M. Osikowicz, et al. "Rodent-Borne Bartonella Infection Varies According to Host Species Within and Among Cities." EcoHealth 14, no. 4 (November 21, 2017): 771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1291-4.
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