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Seidaliseifabad, Mohammad. "Hosting Capacity Assessment of Distribution Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22077.
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The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems may result in a number of technical problems such as over-voltage, overloading, maloperation of protection systems and power quality issues. One approach to address the above-mentioned issues is upgrading the distribution network, which is quite costly. The second approach is to limit the penetration of DERs to the hosting capacity (HC), which is defined as the maximum DER capacity that can be installed in a system without violating the operational constraints. Understanding this concept can assist utilities to ensure the reliable operation of the system. There have been different studies to identify the HC in a system. Nevertheless, the uncertainties associated with the DERs and loads have not been addressed properly in such studies. Besides, it is very difficult to quantify the findings of those studies and make general conclusions, as they were often based on specific networks, while their methods is time consuming in a big distribution network. Furthermore, the impact of voltage control schemes and emerging technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) on the HC have not been studied, adequately. Thus, in this thesis, we propose a suitable HC assessment framework, as well as utilize some of the conventional and emerging resources to increase the HC.
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Sun, Wei. "Maximising renewable hosting capacity in electricity networks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10483.
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The electricity network is undergoing significant changes in the transition to a low carbon system. The growth of renewable distributed generation (DG) creates a number of technical and economic challenges in the electricity network. While the development of the smart grid promises alternative ways to manage network constraints, their impact on the ability of the network to accommodate DG – the ‘hosting capacity’- is not fully understood. It is of significance for both DNOs and DGs developers to quantify the hosting capacity according to given technical or commercial objectives while subject to a set of predefined limits. The combinational nature of the hosting capacity problem, together with the intermittent nature of renewable generation and the complex actions of smart control systems, means evaluation of hosting capacity requires appropriate optimisation techniques. This thesis extends the knowledge of hosting capacity. Three specific but related areas are examined to fill the gaps identified in existing knowledge. New evaluation methods are developed that allow the study of hosting capacity (1) under different curtailment priority rules, (2) with harmonic distortion limits, and (3) alongside energy storage systems. These works together improve DG planning in two directions: demonstrating the benefit provided by a range of smart grid solutions; and evaluating extensive impacts to ensure compliance with all relevant planning standards and grid codes. As an outcome, the methods developed can help both DNOs and DG developers make sound and practical decisions, facilitating the integration of renewable DG in a more cost-effective way.
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Walla, Tobias. "Hosting capacity for photovoltaics in Swedish distribution grids." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207871.
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For planning issues, it is useful to know the upper limit for photovoltaics (PV) in the electrical grid with current design and operation (defined as hosting capacity) and how this limit can be increased. Future costs for grid reinforcement can be avoided if measures are taken to implement smart grid technology in the distribution grid. The aim of this project is to identify challenges in Swedish electricity distribution grids with a high penetration of local generation of electricity from PV. The aim is also to help Swedish Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to better understand hosting capacity issues, and to see which room for PV integration there is before there is need for actions to maintain power quality. Three distribution grids are modelled and simulated in Matlab: Rural area, Residential area and City (Stockholm Royal Seaport). Since the project is a cooperation between Uppsala University and Fortum, three different representative grids from Fortum’s grid software ”Power Grid” have been used as input to a flexible simulation program developed at Uppsala University. The simulation includes Newton-Raphson power-flow computing but has also been improved with a model of the temperature dependency of the resistance. The results show that there is room for a lot of PV systems in the Swedish grids. When using voltage rise above 1.1 p.u. voltage as limitation, the hosting capacity 60% PV electricity generation as a fraction of the yearly load were determined for the rural grid and the suburban grid. For the city grid, which is very robust, the hosting capacity 325% was determined. When using overload as limitation, the hosting capacities 70%, 20% and 25%, were determined for the same grids.
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Li, Fanxun. "STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PV HOSTING CAPACITY." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/140.
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As renewable energy plays an increasingly important role in the power system, the addition of PV systems to the distribution network has become a major trend in the current power system development. However, if a PV system with excessive capacity is added to the distribution network, voltage problems may occur in the system. Hence, it is important to determine the capacity of the PV system that can be added at the distribution system.
The thesis aims to identify the major factors that affect the PV hosting capacity of distribution systems. The thesis studies various scenarios for the IEEE-123 test network PV system and evaluates the PV hosting capacity of the distribution system based on simulation tools including Matlab and Opendss software.
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Hobbs, Dale. "Probabilistic estimation of hosting capacity and operating reserve including optimisation of PV installation capacity." Thesis, Hobbs, Dale (2019) Probabilistic estimation of hosting capacity and operating reserve including optimisation of PV installation capacity. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52466/.
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In recent times the need to deploy additional sustainable generation means has become more apparent due to the ever-changing landscape of the global energy generation sector. Australia’s changing consumer needs means new technologies like renewable generation sources such as solar PV systems have increased in popularity over time, though their full capability has not yet been met. Though their intermittent generation is cause for concern in maintaining a stable and quality power supply. This thesis aims to address the issues by developing a probabilistic methodology for the day ahead estimate of the maximum hosting limits capacity and minimum operating reserve requirements of a microgrid containing high levels of PV penetration.
Before the commencement and development of the project, a wide range of methods from literature were analysed regarding microgrids and their use in this project. The comprehensive range of concepts of microgrids and their distributed generation were divulged and incorporated into the project methodology. To understand how to provide the probabilistic estimate of the maximum hosting capacity, three previously methods in literature were analysed, each providing more technically advanced approaches than the last. The same research approach was used to understand the methodology of developing a probabilistic estimate of the operating reserve. These methods range in methodology, from the Monte Carlo simulation method to advanced artificial neural networks.
To provide the day ahead estimates, an artificial neural network is developed to generate the network parameter forecasts required, providing with it, a probabilistic range of input to a network model. The maximum hosting capacity limit will ensure the amount of renewable generation expected will not exceed the performance indexes required for, voltage level, line loading limits and generator reverse power flow. The minimum operating reserve will provide an estimate of the reserve generation required if there were to be a sudden drop in the renewable energy supply. The estimates are created by modelling the IEEE 13-bus network in PowerFactory containing high levels of renewable generation. The programming functionality in this package has been utilised to automate the immense simulation, calculation and data collection processes required on a case by case basis. Statistical analysis is performed to define the probability of these estates occurring. The probabilities of these estimates will help network operators in making decisions for the control of the microgrid. Adding to these estimates were the PV generation capacity optimisations to increase the maximum hosting capacity limit.
Several test cases were created to analyse the performance of the modelling automation developed. Each of these cases created a different insight into the estimation and optimisation cases and their interaction with the performance indexes. The probabilistic estimations derived produced a normal distribution of values for each of the cases tested. Probability statistics are applied to provide the probability of such estimates occurring for the next day's operation. The optimisation successfully provided the maximised PV generation, setting a maximum hosting capacity within the performance index limits.
The methodology developed was successful in providing the probabilistic estimation required and optimising the PV installed capacity. This method offered the use of advanced technology, such as artificial neural networks, to provide more reliable predictions into the network operation.
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Jain, Akshay Kumar. "Enhancing PV Hosting Capacity of Distribution Feeders using Voltage Profile Design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82481.
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Distribution feeders form the last leg of the bulk power system and have the responsibility of providing reliable power to the customers. These feeders experience voltage drops due to a combination of feeder length, load distribution, and other factors. Traditionally, voltage drop was a major concern. Now, due to an ever-increasing PV penetration, overvoltage has also become a major concern. This limits the amount of solar PV that may be integrated.
Few solutions exist to improve the voltage profile, where the most common is the use of voltage control devices like shunt capacitors and voltage regulators. Due to a large number of design parameters to be considered, the determination of the numbers and locations of these devices is a challenging problem. Significant research has been done to address this problem, utilizing a wide array of optimization techniques. However, many utilities still determine these locations and numbers manually. This is because most algorithms have not been adequately validated. The validation of a voltage profile design (VPD) algorithm has been presented here. The validation of this algorithm was carried out on a set of statistically relevant feeders. These feeders were chosen based on the results obtained from a feeder taxonomy study using clustering analysis. The algorithm was found to be effective in enhancing the amount of solar PV a feeder may host, while still maintaining all the voltages within the ANSI standard limits. Furthermore, the methodology adopted here may also be used for the validation of other algorithms.Master of Science
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Valenzuela, Gallegos Elías Eduardo. "Network hosting capacity for renewables: an economic approach through bilevel optimization." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170239.
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Etherden, Nicholas. "Increasing the hosting capacity of distributed energy resources using storage and communication." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18490.
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This thesis develops methods to increase the amount of renewable energy sources that can be integrated into a power grid. The assessed methods include i) dynamic real-time assessment to enable the grid to be operated closer to its design limits; ii) energy storage and iii) coordinated control of distributed production units. Power grids using such novel techniques are referred to as “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is an alternative to traditional grid planning like replacement of transformers or construction of a new power line. Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar power will impact the performance of the grid and this sets a limit to the amount of such renewables that can be integrated. The work develops the hosting capacity concept as an objective metric to quantify the ability of a power grid to integrate new production. Several case studies are presented using actual hourly production and consumption data. It is shown how the different variability of renewables and consumption affect the hosting capacity. The hosting capacity method is extended to the application of storage and curtailment. The goal is to create greater comparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussions between grid operators, electricity producers and other stakeholders on the amount and type of production that can be connected to a grid.Energy storage allows the consumption and production of electricity to be decoupled. This in turn allows electricity to be produced as the wind blows and the sun shines while consumed when required. Yet storage is expensive and the research defines when storage offers unique benefits not possible to achieve by other means. Focus is on comparison of storage to conventional and novel methods.As the number of distributed energy resources increase, their electronic converters need to provide services that help to keep the grid operating within its design criteria. The use of functionality from IEC Smart Grid standards, mainly IEC 61850, to coordinate the control and operation of these resources is demonstrated in a Research, Development and Demonstration site. The site contains wind, solar power, and battery storage together with the communication and control equipment expected in the future grids.Together storage, new communication schemes and grid control strategies allow for increased amounts of renewables into existing power grids, without unacceptable effects on users and grid performance.Avhandlingen studerar hur existerande elnät kan ta emot mer produktion från förnyelsebara energikällor som vindkraft och solenergi. En metodik utvecklas för att objektivt kvantifiera mängden ny produktion som kan tas emot av ett nät. I flera fallstudier på verkliga nät utvärderas potentiella vinster med energilager, realtids gränser för nätets överföringsförmåga, och koordinerad kontroll av småskaliga energiresurser. De föreslagna lösningarna för lagring och kommunikation har verifierats experimentellt i en forskning, utveckling och demonstrationsanläggning i Ludvika.
Godkänd; 2014; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden är industridoktorand på STRI AB i Göteborg. Vid sidan av doktoreringen har Nicholas varit aktiv som konsult inom kraftsystemsautomation och Smarta Elnät. Hans specialitet är IEC 61850 standarden för kommunikation inom elnät, vindkraftparker och distribuerad generering. Författaren har en civilingenjörsexamen i Teknisk fysik från Uppsala Universitet år 2000. Under studietiden läste han även kurser i kemi, miljökunskap och teoretisk filosofi. Han var under studietiden ordförande för Student Pugwash Sweden och ledamot International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES). Efter studietiden var han ordförande i Svenska Forskare och Ingenjörer mot Kärnvapen (FIMK). Han började sin professionella bana som trainee på ABB i Västerås där han spenderade sex år som utvecklare och grupp ledare för applikationsutvecklingen i ABB reläskydd. I parallell till arbete har han läst elkraft vid Mälardalenshögskola. År 2008 började han på STRI AB som ansvarig för dess IEC 61850 interoperabilitetslab. Han är på uppdrag av Svenska Kraftnät aktiv i ENTSO-E IEC 61850 specificeringsarbete och svensk representant i IEC tekniska kommitté 57, arbetsgrupp 10 som förvaltar IEC 61850 standarden. Han har hållit över 30 kurser i IEC 61850 standarden i fler än 10 länder.; 20140218 (niceth); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Nicholas Etherden Ämne: Elkraftteknik/Electric Power Engineering Avhandling: Increasing the Hosting Capacity of Distributed Energy Resources Using Storage and Communication Opponent: Professor Joao A Peças Lopes, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal Ordförande: Professor Math Bollen, Avd för energivetenskap, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 24 mars 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: Hörsal A, Campus Skellefteå, Luleå tekniska universitet
SmartGrid Energilager
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Etherden, Nicholas. "Increasing the hosting capacity of distributed energy resources using storage and communication." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18009.
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The use of electricity from Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar powerwill impact the performance of the electricity network and this sets a limit to theamount of such renewables that can be connected. Investment in energy storage andcommunication technologies enables more renewables by operating the networkcloser to its limits. Electricity networks using such novel techniques are referred toas “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is analternative to traditional network planning like replacement of transformers orconstruction of new power line.The Hosting Capacity is an objective metric to determine the limit of an electricitynetwork to integrate new consumption or production. The goal is to create greatercomparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussionsbetween network operators and owners of Distributed Energy Resources on thequantity and type of generation that can be connected to a network. This thesisextends the Hosting Capacity method to the application of storage and curtailmentand develops additional metrics such as the Hosting Capacity Coefficient.The research shows how the different intermittency of renewables and consumptionaffect the Hosting Capacity. Several case studies using real production andconsumption measurements are presented. Focus is on how the permitted amountof renewables can be extended by means of storage, curtailment and advanceddistributed protection and control schemes.Användningen av el från förnyelsebara energikällor som vind och sol kommer att påverka elnätet, som sätter en gräns för hur mycket distribuerad energiproduktion som kan anslutas. Investeringar i storskalig energilager och användning av modern kommunikationsteknologi gör det möjligt att öka andelen förnyelsebarenergi genom att nätet kan drivas närmare sina gränser. Elnät med sådana nya tekniker kallas ofta för ”Smarta Elnät". Implementering av sådana smarta elnät kan vara ett alternativ till traditionell nätplanering och åtgärder som utbyte av transformatorer eller konstruktion av nya kraftledningen.Nätets acceptansgräns är ett objektivt mått för att bestämma gränsen för nätets förmåga att integrera ny förbrukning eller produktion. Målet är att skapa större transparens och bidra till ett bättre faktaunderlag i diskussioner mellan nätoperatörer och ägare av distribuerade energiresurser. Denna avhandling utökar acceptansgränsmetoden för tillämpning med energilager och produktions nedstyrning och utvecklar ytterligare begrepp så som acceptansgränsen koefficienten.Forskningen visar hur varierbarheten hos olika förnyelsebara energikällor samverkar med förbrukningen och påverkar nätets acceptansgräns. Flera fallstudier från verkliga elnät och med uppmätt produktion och konsumtion presenteras. Fokus är på hur den tillåtna mängden förnyelsebara energikällor kan ökas med hjälp av energilagring, kontrollerad produktionsnedstyrning och med avancerad distribuerade skydd och kontroll applikationer.
Godkänd; 2012; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden works at STRI AB (www.stri.se) in Gothenburg, Sweden. When he is not pursuing his half-time PhD studies he works as a specialist consultant in the field of Power Utility Automation, specialising on the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation (today widely used in substations as well as some wind parks, hydro plants and DER and Smart Grid applications such as vehicle-to-grid integration). The author of this thesis received his Master of Science in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University 2000. Side tracks during his engineering studies included studies in theoretical philosophy, chemistry, ecology and environmental sciences as well as chairing the Swedish student committee of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and Worlds Affairs and later board member of the International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES) and chair of Swedish Scientists and Engineers Against Nuclear Arms. He has been a trainee at ABB in Västerås Sweden and spent six years as developer and team leader for the application development of a new relay protection family (ABB IED 670 series). In parallel to his professional work he studied power system engineering at Mälardalens University and travelled to all continents of the world. Since 2008 he is responsible for the STRI IEC 61850 Independent Interoperability Laboratory and a member of IEC Technical Committee 57 working group 10 "Power system communication and associated data models” and UCA/IEC 61850 User group testing subcommittee. He is co-author of IEC 61850-1 and main contributor to “Technical Report on Functional Test of IEC 61850 systems” and has held over 25 hands-on courses around the world on IEC 61850 “Communication networks and systems for power utility automation”.; 20120514 (niceth); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Energiteknik/Energy Engineering Examinator: Professor Math Bollen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Sami Repo, Tampere University of Technology, Finland Tid: Onsdag den 13 juni 2012 kl 10.00 Plats: Hörsal A, campus Skellefteå, Luleå tekniska universitet
SmartGrid Energilager
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Marklund, Jesper. "Potential för storskalig anslutning av solel i landsbygdsnät." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258711.
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The study examines the potential for extensive connection of photovoltaic (PV) production in the Swedish rural power grid, considering the case distribution grid (10kV) of Herrljunga Elektriska. Hourly PV production is calculated using radiation and temperature data together with information regarding building roofs in the studied area. Furthermore, hourly customer load data is aggregated, enabling detailed power flow simulations of the grid resulting in hourly voltages and currents for all nodes during 2014. Three cases with varying PV production are studied, using different thresholds for minimum annual radiation. Thus, roofs with lower annual radiation are excluded from the simulations, limiting PV production. The three cases considers annual radiation greater than 0 kWh/m2 , 700 kWh/m2 and 1000 kWh/m2. Simulations show that the distribution grid in Herrljunga maintains acceptable performance with respect to voltages and currents for the 1000 kWh/m2,year case, yielding an annual production of 30 % of consumption. The hosting capacity, which is an estimate of the amount of PV that can be connected to the grid, is therefore 30 %. In order to further examine grid limitations, weak parts of the grid are identified. These are situated in the peripheral parts of the grid, which is in accordance with earlier studies of intermittent power production in distribution grids. Additionally, low voltage grids in connection to these weaker parts of the distribution grid are simulated, showing no further limitations for hosting capacity.
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Zetterström, Patrik. "Utökade dimensioneringskrav från en förhöjd installationsgrad av distribuerade solcellssystem." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296520.
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This study aims to examine the hosting capacity (the maximum amount of distributed generation possible to add to a current grid) of Mälarenergi’s distribution networks. The three areas examined are a rural network, a modern suburban grid and an older suburban grid. The networks are modelled in PowerWorld Simulator with data mainly from Mälarenergi’s NIS (Network Information System). The basic models include calculated minimum loads based on load profiles, combined with 0 kW, 2 kW, 4kW or 5 kW installed photovoltaics (PV) systems at each consumer. The compensating models are based on the previous ones but with reduced transformer voltages to lower the risk of grid over-voltages. A high load case is also examined to make sure there are no under-voltages for these models. The results show that the rural network is strong enough to handle the biggest available PV system at 5 kW, if the transformer voltage is lowered from 1.03 p.u. to 1.005 p.u. The modern suburban grid can host 4 kW solar panels together with a lowered voltage level of 1.005 p.u. The larger package of 5 kW leads to overloading at the transformer when used. The older suburban grid has the largest issues with both overvoltages and overloading and can only handle 2 kW distributed generation with a voltage reduction to 1.005 p.u. The models are fairly sensitive because of assumed transfomer parameters and, in the case of the modern suburban grid, some lines being removed due to limitations in the software. Regardless, the results are robust enough that they can be considered correct.
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OLIVEIRA, Tiago Elias Castelo de. "The Concept of Dynamic Hosting Capacity of Distributed Renewable Generation Considering Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Distortion." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIFEI, 2018. http://repositorio.unifei.edu.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/1817.
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This thesis introduces a brief analysis on hosting capacity and related concepts as applied to distribution network systems. Furthermore, it addresses the applicability of hosting capacity study methodologies to harmonic voltage distortion caused by photovoltaic panels (PV) connected at a low-voltage (LV) side of a university campus grid. The analysis of the penetration of new distributed generation technologies, such as PV panels, in the distribution grid of the campus was carried out via measurement processes, and later by computer simulations analysing a new concept of the hosting capacity approach in relation to voltage harmonics distortion. The voltage rise due to harmonic injection is analysed and discussed with the aim of validating the discussed model and also putting forward recommendations for connecting PV generation across other network systems. Furthermore, it presents a new approach for hosting capacity in relation to harmonic voltage distortion with variance in time, be it daily, weekly, monthly or even yearly. This concept is addressed as Dynamic Hosting Capacity (DHC). General aspects of DHC are demonstrated, as well as its applications using energy storage systems as a mitigation tool to control the voltage profile for the system and increasing the hosting capacity profile.
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Erten, Sertac. "Spatial Analysis Of Mega-event Hosting: Olympic Host And Olympic Bid Cities." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609390/index.pdf.
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The aim of this dissertation is to provide a new perspective to the analysis of megaevent / host city relationship. The significance of the research subject depends on the
interest in hosting mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the World Fairs, which generate a competition among cities. Turkish cities are recently being involved in this competition. In addition to that, mega-events have large-scale and long-term impacts on the built environment, which has not been thoroughly discussed in urban studies. The methodology which is based on a qualitative analysis comprises three steps: a historical analysis made on the Olympic host cities, and two case studies. The first case is Athens as the 2004 Olympic city, the second case is Istanbul as an Olympic bid city since 1990. This study recognizes but qualifies the concept of megaevent hosting. It is shown that mega-event hosting is a capacity-building process, whilst it has a potential to generate overdose investments problem in the built environment. The most significant conclusion of the study is that the ability of coping with this problem is correlated with the ability of absorbing the investments made.
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Sam, Angula Markus. "Post-implementation review of the net metering policy in Namibia and design of distributed generation hosting capacity algorithm." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33952.
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Global campaigns against fossil fuels to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and combat climate change has compelled the electricity supply industry (ESI) around the globe to explore environmentally friendly sources of electricity. The concept of distributed generation (DG) has gained momentum and is emerging as a promising source of clean energy, with immense potential to maximize the shares of renewable energy in the global energy mix. Like the rest of the world, Namibia is witnessing an unprecedented growth of DG courtesy of governmental efforts to ensure a speedy transition to low-carbon generation technologies. In 2016, the Namibia government developed the net metering (NM) policy known as the Net Metering Rules (NMR) as a consumer-focused approach to achieve the low-carbon objective. To date, there has been no rigorous post-implementation review of the NMR to assess its effectiveness, despite rising concerns from distribution network operators (DNOs) about whether the NMR is suited for long-term application in the fast-growing market of prosumers. This study conducts a broad appraisal of the status quo on DG integration into distribution networks in Namibia and an in-depth assessment of the technical and financial impacts of the NMR using the Erongo Regional Electricity Distributor (Erongo RED) as a case study. The findings indicate that most prosumers export over 60% of generated energy to distribution networks and achieve significant financial savings by offsetting on-site demand with their generation in real-time, as well as, by offsetting a portion of their electricity bills through NM compensations for grid exports. NM compensations at the avoided cost makes grid exports in Namibia a cheaper alternative source of energy to DNOs as compared to the national utility, which charges other energy service charges i.e. reliability charge, transmission losses charge etc. on top of the avoided cost. Additional findings indicate that prosumers are subjecting DNOs to revenue losses because of reduced volumetric energy sales caused by the reduction of prosumers' on-site energy requirements from the grid. With the deployment of DG growing rapidly in Namibia, increasing grid exports and associated technical constraints are envisaged in distribution networks. This dissertation recommends adaptations to existing regulatory policies to mitigate envisaged financial and technical risks associated with DGs. These adaptions include a DG hosting capacity (HC) assessment methodology for consumer-side photovoltaic (PV) DG in existing distribution network where a high and uniform uptake of DG is anticipated. The methodology captures time dependency correlations between load and generation profiles, which increase the accuracy of HC results. The uniqueness of the methodology is the concept of calculating monthly HC, which aids the optimal integration of DG into distribution networks to meet consumers' daily energy requirements throughout the year without comprising the network's quality of supply. The methodology was tested on a residential and business distribution network. Results confirm that HC in distribution networks varies monthly. However, the practical implementation of monthly HC require upgrades to existing inverter technology, which currently contains a single export limit functionality. This opens the possibility to drive innovation in the inverter technology, to develop a date-based multiple export limit functionality. The results also demonstrated the importance of considering phase unbalance when conducting HC studies for residential distribution networks. Applications and limitations of the methodology were discussed.
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Andersson, Jonas, Vendela Bernström, and Joacim Törnqvist. "Hosting Capacity of a Low-Voltage Grid : Development of a Simplified Model to be used in future Solar Roadmaps." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325010.
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The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to assess whether it is possible to create a simplified model that estimates the hosting capacity of a low-voltage grid. The Simplified model is compared with a more elaborate model created by the Built Environment Energy Systems Group (BEESG) at Uppsala University. The Simplified model takes three easily obtainable variables into account. The model created by BEESG allows us to observe both the amount of photovoltaic (PV) power that is installed as well as the voltages in each bus in a grid. The hosting capacity is found by gradually increasing the amount of PV power installed in a low-voltage grid until overvoltage is reached. Simulations with BEESG’s model are done for a week in July when the PV generation has its peak and the load is generally low. The Simplified model is created using linear regression with the calculated values from the BEESG’s model as a reference. The report shows that the Simplified model will give an estimation of the low-voltage grid’s hosting capacity that is comparable to the value calculated with BEESG’s model. The results show that it is rarely the low-voltage grid that restricts the installation of PV facilities and that a high self-consumption is advantageous regarding to the grids hosting capacity.
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Fachrizal, Reza. "Synergy between Residential Electric Vehicle Charging and Photovoltaic Power Generation through Smart Charging Schemes : Models for Self-Consumption and Hosting Capacity Assessments." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-419665.
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The world is now in a transition towards a more sustainable future. Actions to reduce the green-house gases (GHG) emissions have been promoted and implemented globally, including switching to electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaics (PV). This has led to a massive increase of EVs and PV adoption worldwide in the recent decade. However, large integration of EVs and PV in buildings and electricity distribution systems pose new challenges such as increased peak loads, power mismatch, component overloading, and voltage violations, etc. Improved synergy between EVs, PV and other building electricity load can overcome these challenges. Coordinated charging of EVs, or so-called EV smart charging, is believed to a promising solution to improve the synergy. This licentiate thesis investigates the synergy between residential EV charging and PV generation with the application of EV smart charging schemes. The investigation in this thesis was carried out on the individual building, community and distribution grid levels. Smart charging models with an objective to reduce the net-load (load - generation) variability in residential buildings were developed and simulated. Reducing the net-load variability implies both reducing the peak loads and increasing the self-consumption of local generation, which will also lead to improved power grid performance. Combined PV-EV grid hosting capacity was also assessed. Results show that smart charging schemes could improve the PV self-consumption and reduce the peak loads in buildings with EVs and PV systems. The PV self-consumption could be increased up to 8.7% and the peak load could be reduced down to 50%. The limited improvement on self-consumption was due to low EV availability at homes during midday when the solar power peaks. Results also show that EV smart charging could improve the grid performance such as reduce the grid losses and voltage violation occurrences. The smart charging schemes improve the grid hosting capacity for EVs significantly and for PV slightly. It can also be concluded that there was a slight positive correlation between PV and EV hosting capacity in the case of residential electricity distribution grids.
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Rocha, Ednardo Pereira da. "Análise Trifásica de Sistemas de Distribuição com Modelos de Turbinas Eólicas Tipo IV." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/533.
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The connection of wind generators might cause significant influences in the profile voltages, voltage unbalance, loading and the electrical losses in radial power distribution systems. This fact requires a specific study, called Hosting Capacity, which aims to analyze the maximum limit of the power increase on the network that makes the performance of the system acceptable to the established quality limits. This work shows an IEEE radial distribution system behavior, composed of 13 bus, in steady state, when a synchronous wind machine is engaged on the bus 680 in two ways: directly connected to the network and connected through the frequency converter. For each type of connection the power factor was varied from 0.9 capacitive to inductive 0.9. The parameters analyzed in connection bar were the degree of voltage unbalance, the losses in the system and the profile of voltages on the bus 680 for each case . The simulations were performed using the program Distribution Network Analysis with Generation Aeolian-Electric - ANAREDGEE, which was developed and validated with own results of the IEEE. It was found that there was a reduction in the degree of unbalance for all simulated situations, when compared to the original value of the system status, not exceeded the limits determined by imbalances entities NEMA, ANSI, IEEE and ANEEL. Regarding the profile of voltages in the various system buses, there was a slight decrease in some situations. In the original system, the voltage level of the phase B in the bus 680 exceeded the 5% voltage given by ANEEL, with a value of 1.0529 p.u. With the machine connected directly, there was an increase of this value in all simulations with different power factor, while the connection through frequency converter might causa a reduction of the phase B voltage levels to below 1.05 pu in situations where the power factors were equal to 0.9 capacitive and unitary. The system losses were reduced in all cases, but showed lower values when the synchronous machine was integrated into the system by frequency convertor. It was also observed a significant reduction in the degree of system imbalance after connecting the synchronous machine, this reduction, in most cases, occurred in proportion to the increase in power injected into the connection bar
A conexão de geradores eólio-elétricos pode causar influências significativas no perfil de tensões, desequilíbrio de tensão, no carregamento e nas perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição de energia radiais. Este fato requer um estudo específico, denominado Hosting Capacity, que tem por finalidade analisar o limite máximo do incremento de potência na rede que torna a performance do sistema aceitável para os limites de qualidade estabelecidos. Este trabalho demonstra o comportamento do sistema de distribuição radial do IEEE, composto de 13 barras, em regime permanente, quando uma máquina eólica síncrona é acoplada na barra com o maior nível de tensão do sistema, de duas formas distintas: diretamente conectada à rede e conectada por meio de conversor de frequência. Para cada tipo de conexão o fator de potência foi variado de 0.9 capacitivo a 0.9 indutivo. Os parâmetros analisados na barra de conexão foram o grau de desequilíbrio de tensão, as perdas no sistema e o perfil das tensões. As simulações foram realizadas através do programa Análise de Redes de Distribuição com Geração Eólio-Elétrica - ANAREDGEE, que foi desenvolvido e validado com resultados próprios do IEEE. Verificou-se que houve uma redução no grau d e desequilíbrio para todas as situações simuladas, quando comparadas ao valor da situação original do sistema, não superado os limites de desequilíbrios determinados por entidades como NEMA, ANSI, IEEE e ANEEL. Com relação ao perfil das tensões nas diversas barras do sistema, houve uma ligeira diminuição em algumas situações. No sistema original, o valor de tensão na fase B da barra 680 superava os 5% de sobretensão determinado pela ANEEL, apresentando um valor de 1,0529 p.u. Com a máquina diretamente conectada houve um aumento deste valor em todas as simulações com diferentes fatores de potência, enquanto que a conexão por meio de conversor de frequência possibilitou uma diminuição dos níveis de tensão da fase B para valores abaixo de 1,05 p.u. nas situações em que os fatores de potência eram iguais a 0.9 capacitivo e unitário. As perdas no sistema foram reduzidas em todos os casos, entretanto apresentaram menores valores quando a máquina síncrona era integrada ao sistema por meio de conversor de frequência. Foi observado também uma redução considerável do grau de desequilíbrio do sistema após a conexão da máquina síncrona, esta redução, na maioria dos casos, se deu de forma proporcional ao aumento da potência injetada na barra de conexão
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Aydin, Muhammed Sait. "Investigating the adoption of ring operation in LV networks with PV systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-adoption-of-ring-operation-in-lv-networks-with-pv-systems(92a99e81-921b-4614-9ab8-f08dcfc913b3).html.
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The ambitious governmental policies, particularly in Europe, in pursuit of established energy targets require an increase in distributed generation. As a result, photovoltaic (PV) technologies have emerged, predominantly at residential Low Voltage (LV) feeders. However, PV rich LV feeders are highly likely to pose technical challenges such as significant voltage rise and thermal overloading. This inevitably limits the volume of PV systems that can be hosted on LV feeders. Therefore, the deployment of solutions that can enable feeders to accommodate greater volumes of PV systems without having any technical issues is crucial. This thesis, consequently, thoroughly investigates one of the potential solutions: transforming the radial operation of LV feeders into ring operation. European-style LV feeders are typically operated in a radial fashion and yet are designed to be reconfigurable with neighbouring feeders. It is, therefore, essential to identify the best pairing option (of PV rich LV feeders) in a practical and straightforward manner due to the large number of existing LV feeders in a given Distribution Network Operator (DNO) area. This thesis proposes a generic innovative methodology to enable DNOs to straightforwardly identify the best pairing feeder; a decision-making tool to facilitate the rapid uptake of PV systems. To accomplish this goal, an impact assessment of a set of real residential LV feeders is carried out to identify the first technical issue/constraint that limits their hosting capacity. Next, regression analyses are carried out to gain an understanding of the relation between this first occurrence of technical issue/constraint and the corresponding level of PV penetration. The most practical and adequately accurate metric needs to be chosen. Feeders are then classified based on the range of metrics to cover all possible pairing cases. Finally, the ring operation of feeders in each class is analysed and hosting capacities are compared to those of radial ones. This process creates a practical matrix from which DNOs can easily identify the best pairing feeders. DNOs are likely to be hesitant to adopt permanent ring operation as it is not typically adopted in traditional LV feeders. Therefore, the switch located between feeders can be operated over time (i.e., dynamic ring operation) to reduce the duration for which ring operation is in place. It is, however, challenging to identify the most favourable control strategy. This thesis proposes different strategies for dynamic ring operation. Note that the most preferable control strategy is that which preserves the benefits of permanent ring operation with the minimum duration of ring operation and minimum number of switching. To achieve this, four different control strategies are explored-using different control cycles and considering hosting capacity, duration and switching. The best control strategy is found to be able to increase hosting capacity as permanent ring operation, reduce switching actions and minimise duration of ring operation compared to other proposed strategies and, crucially, operate ring operation only when it is truly needed. Finally, this thesis investigates the use of ring operation with an LV on-load tap changer (OLTC) as this is recently available voltage control technologies and is increasingly drawing the attention of DNOs. Two approaches are investigated to increase hosting capacity and limit ring operations: the use of the switch and OLTC are controlled separately using local measurements (i.e., localised) and their simultaneous control at the LV transformer level (i.e., centralised). The latter gives the priority to the OLTC to minimise the duration of the ring operation. The assessments are extended to cover an integrated medium and low voltage network to obtain more realistic results. The results show that centralised approach provides better performance considering hosting capacity, the number of switching/tap actions and the duration of ring operation.
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Almenar, Molina Irene. "Planning the future expansion of solar installations in a distribution power grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-427190.
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This thesis provides a tool to determine the maximum capacity, of a given power grid, when connecting distributed photovoltaic parks including the optimal allocation of the parks taking the power grid configuration into account. This tool is based on a computational model that evaluates the hosting capacity of the given grid through power flow simulations. The tool also integrates a geographic information system that links suitable land areas to nearby substations that can host photovoltaic parks. The mathematical model was tested on different cases in the municipality of Herrljunga, Sweden, where it was determined to be possible to connect 47 photovoltaic parks of 1MWp to the power grid as well as the most appropriate substations to allocate them to without the need for grid reinforcements. Additionally, the concept of grid cost allocation is presented and briefly discussed while analysing the results in relation to national energy targets.
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Rauma, Kalle. "Aspects industriels de la gestion de tension et la capacité d'accueil de la génération photovoltaïque dans les réseaux basse tension." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT036/document.
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Dans cette thèse, les mesures de tension fournies par l'infrastructure de comptage avancé (Advanced Metering Infrastructure, AMI) sont utilisées pour contrôler un régleur en charge situé à la sous station HTA/BT. La thèse présente une méthode simple permettant de sélectionner les clients basse tension pour lesquels les mesures de tension sont utilisées comme une entrée au contrôleur du régleur en charge. Le procédé mis au point tient compte de la charge et de la topologie du réseau. En outre, une méthode simple pour créer des courbes réalistes et statistiquement correctes pour les études de réseaux est présenté. Les méthodes créées ont été testées en utilisant des données réelles de réseaux basse tension sur un logiciel très utilisé dans le secteur de la distribution d'électricité ont conduit à des résultats encourageants; quelques clients par réseau basse tension doivent être surveillés afin d’estimer avec une grande précision où se situe les extremums de tension sur le réseau.Cette méthodologie est également utilisée pour estimer la capacité d'accueil de génération d'énergie photovoltaïque dans un réseau à basse tension donné.Dans la première partie, l'évolution de la capacité d'accueil en utilisant trois types de contrôle de tension différents; un régleur en charge de cinq et neuf positions et le contrôle de la tension à travers les générateurs photovoltaïques, sont étudiés. L'étude considère deux cas différents pour le placement et le dimensionnement des générateurs photovoltaïques dans un réseau basse tension. Les résultats sur 38 réseaux basse tension sont fournis.Dans la deuxième partie, les capacités d'accueil de 631 réseaux basse tension, situés dans une région métropolitaine française, sont analysés en utilisant un régleur en charge de cinq et neuf positions.Le travail a été réalisé en collaboration avec Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), le principal opérateur du réseau de distribution français. Toutes les études présentées dans la thèse reposent sur les données réelles de fonctionnement normal. En outre, toutes les études sont mises en œuvre sur un logiciel largement utilisé dans l'industrie de la distribution d'énergie.Comme une partie introductive aux réseaux basse tension, la thèse fournit une vue générale sur le système électrique français. De plus, la thèse présente un certain nombre de technologies sélectionnés en tenant compte des réseaux basse-tension qui semblent prometteurs pour le futurIn this thesis, voltage measurements provided by the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) are used to control an on-load tap changer located at the secondary substation. The thesis presents a practical and a straightforward method of selecting the low voltage customers whose voltage measurements are used as an input to the controller of the on-load tap changer. The developed method takes into account the load and the topology of the network. Furthermore, a simple method of creating synthetic and statistically correct load curves for networks studies is presented. The created methods have been tested by using real data of low voltage networks on a common platform in the power distribution industry leading to encouraging results; a few customers per low voltage network should be monitored in order to achieve accurate voltage measurements.This methodology is further applied to estimate the hosting capacity of photovoltaic power generation in a given low voltage network.In the first part, the evolution of the hosting capacity by using three different types of voltage control; an on-load tap changer of five and nine tap positions and voltage control through photovoltaic power generators, is studied. The study considers two different cases for placing and sizing the photovoltaic generators in a low voltage network. The results of 38 low voltage networks are provided.In the second part, the hosting capacities of 631 low voltage networks, located in a French metropolitan area, are analysed by using an on-load tap changer of five and an on-load tap changer of nine tap positions.The work has been together with Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), the major French distribution system operator. All studies presented in the thesis are based on the real operational data of the company. Moreover, all studies are implemented on a platform that is widely used in the power distribution industry.As an introductory part to low voltage networks, the thesis provides a general view about the French power system. In addition, the thesis presents a number of selected technologies considering low voltage networks that seem promising in the future
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Holt, Thomas. "Hög andel solcellsproduktions påverkan på mellanspänningsnätet : Med avseende på spänningshöjning." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42583.
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Detta arbete sammanfattar och redovisar ett arbetssätt för att bedöma vilken spänningshöjning som uppstår i tre radiella mellanspänningsnät på grund av den nettoeffekt som avges från solcellsanläggningar i de sammankopplade lågspänningsnäten. Hur anläggningarna är placerade antas vara efter hur abonnenterna är fördelade i mellanspänningsnäten. Spänningshöjningen som sker i mellanspänningsnäten är viktig att veta om då den kan medföra att marginalen till acceptabel spänningsnivå minskar i svaga punkter i näten vilket leder till ökad risk för att gränsvärden till långsamma spänningsvariationer och överspänning kan överskridas i abonnenters anslutningar till elnäten. Metoden bygger på ett iterativt tillvägagångssätt där nätens olika punkter undersöks och den som påverkas mest blir gränssättande för nätet. Resultaten påvisade skillnader mellan olika nät beroende på ledningsresistanser och antal abonnenter samt hur dessa är fördelade och hur nettoflöden av aktiv effekt ser ut i näten tillsammans med spänningshöjningen i var nod fram till slutpunkten. Med hjälp av dessa nettoflöden kunde riktlinjer tas fram och användas som rekommendationer för vilka storlekar på anläggningar som kan komma att begränsa mellanspänningsnäten.This work summarizes and presents a method for assessing the voltage increase that occurs in three radial medium voltage networks due to the net power emitted from photovoltaic systems in the interconnected low voltage networks. How the production is located is assumed to be according to how the users are distributed in the medium voltage networks. The voltage increase that occurs in the medium voltage networks is important to know as it can lead to a decrease of the margin to acceptable voltage levels in weak points in the networks. The method is based on an iterative approach where the various points of the network are examined and the one that affects the most becomes the boundary for the network. Results showed differences between networks depending on line-resistances and number of users and how these are distributed and how net flows of active power cause the voltage increase in each node up to the end point. With the help of these net flows, guidelines could be drawn up and create recommendations size of photovoltaic systems that may limit the medium-voltage networks.
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Hanhisalo, Patrik. "Mikroproduktion med solceller : Användandet av acceptansgränser." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31375.
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Detta arbete har med hjälp av acceptansgränser uppskattat hur mycket mikroproduktion som kan installeras i ett lågspänningsnät och resultatet presenteras som en karta över ett referensområde. Arbetet visar att det trots ett mycket starkt elnät i huvudsak är acceptansgränsen för spänningshöjning som kommer att vara begränsande. Det läggs fram tre förslag på åtgärder som underlättar införandet mikroproduktion. Mätning för att uppskatta återstående marginal till acceptansgränsen, vilket sedan kan fungera som ett beslutsunderlag för att tillåta mer installerbar effekt. Justering av transformatorns nominella spänning, vilket frigör utrymme för mer produktion. Möjligheten till begränsning av produktion under kritiska timmar medför att mer installerbar effekt kan tillåtas och det finns mer tid för genomtänkta investeringar.This work has estimated the amount of microgeneration that may be installed in a low voltage grid based on hosting capacity limits and presents an overview of a reference area. The work shows that despite a very strong power grid, it is essentially the hosting capacity for voltage increase that will limit microgeneration production. Three proposals are given for measures that facilitate the introduction of microgeneration. Measurements to estimate the remaining margin to the hosting capacity limit, which serves as a decision base to allow more installable effect. Adjustment of the transformer's rated voltage, which increases the hosting capacity and allows more production. Production curtailment during critical hours means that more installable power can be allowed and there is more time for thoughtful investments.
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Bruce, Niklas, Elaine Daly, and Paul Horton. "The critical role of social capital in strategic sustainable development." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5158.
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The primary intent of this thesis was to determine if and how the practice of Art of Hosting, a dialogue–based, participatory process architecture, could foster social capital in communities and other large, complex social systems working to address a variety of complex challenges, in order to draw conclusions that could contribute, in a meaningful way, to the advancement of strategic sustainable development (SSD). We hoped to gain useful insights by examining and interpreting the results from two case study systems existing within very different social contexts and with very different organizational structures: Columbus, Ohio and the European Commission. Based on the results of our research, strategic recommendations, guidelines and tools were developed for SSD practitioners wishing to assess the level of social capital in the systems in which they operate and take strategic steps to increase it. These same recommendations, guidelines and tools should also be helpful for Art of Hosting practitioners working to address complex societal challenges in general. Overall, the authors of this thesis believe that these results hold particular significance for any collaborative or multi-stakeholder effort to build support for adoption, and ensure the successful implementation, of sustainability goals and programs. This could include Eco-Municipalities, Transition Towns, Agenda 21 Communities, Smart Cities, and large complex organizations such as multi-national corporations or universities, to mention but a few.daly.elaine2013@gmail.com
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Filip, Robin. "Chytré dobíjení EV a BESS pro zvýšení FV hostingové kapacity distribučních sítí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449163.
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Diplomová práce se zabývá dopadem nabíjení elektrických vozidel a bateriových úložišť na schopnost distribučních sítí nízkého napětí absorbovat fotovoltaické systémy. Převážně venkovské, příměstské a převážně městské regiony s různými stupni penetrace nekontrolovaně i kontrolovaně nabíjených elektromobilů jsou analyzovány Monte Carlo simulacemi. Hostingová kapacita je také analyzována, jestliže jsou elektrická vozidla jak nahrazena, tak doplněna domácími bateriovými úložišti. Práce je zakončena krátkou analýzou využitelnosti BESS.
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Ramadhani, Umar Hanif. "Uncertainty and correlation modeling for load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems : Probabilistic modeling of low voltage networks with residential photovoltaic generation and electric vehicle charging." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434951.
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The penetration of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) continues to grow and is predicted to claim a vital share of the future energy mix. It poses new challenges in the built environment, as both PV systems and EVs are widely dispersed in the electricity distribution system. One of the vital tools for analyzing these challenges is load flow analysis, which provides insights on power system performance. Traditionally, for simplicity, load flow analysis utilizes deterministic approaches and neglecting correlation between units in the system. However, the growth of distributed PV systems and EVs increases the uncertainties and correlations in the power system and, hence, probabilistic methods are more appropriate. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of how uncertainty and correlation models can improve the quality of load flow analysis for electricity distribution systems with large numbers of residential PV systems and EVs. The thesis starts with an introduction to probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems. Uncertainties and correlation models are explained, as well as two energy management system strategies: EV smart charging and PV curtailment. The probabilistic impact of these energy management systems in the electricity distribution system has been assessed through a comparison of allocation methods and correlation analysis of the two technologies. The results indicate that these energy management system schemes improve the electricity distribution system performance. Furthermore, an increase in correlations between nodes is also observed due to these schemes. The results also indicate that the concentrated allocation has more severe impacts, in particular at lower penetration levels. Combined PV-EV hosting capacity assessment shows that a combination of EV smart charging with PV curtailment in all buildings can further improve the voltage profile and increase the hosting capacity. The smart charging scheme also increased the PV hosting capacity slightly. The slight correlation between PV and EV hosting capacity shows that combined hosting capacity analysis of PV systems and EVs is beneficial and is suggested to be done in one framework. Overall, this thesis concludes that an improvement of uncertainty and correlation modeling is vital in probabilistic load flow analysis of future electricity distribution systems.
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Jonsson, David Orn. "Conservative estimation of overvoltage-based PV hosting capacity." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26014.
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The primary objective of this work is to develop and demonstrate a steady-state
stochastic simulation method to estimate the PV hosting capacity of a given distribution,
based on the ANSI voltage regulation standard. The work discusses the key factors that
determine the voltage rise due to distributed PV. Load demand analysis is done to
determine statistically representative minimum daylight load demand for PV analysis. And
lastly, the steady-state, stochastic simulation method is discussed and implemented to
estimate the PV hosting capacity for small-scale and large-scale PV Deployments.text
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"Hosting Capacity for Renewable Generations in Distribution Grids." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.51621.
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abstract: Nowadays, the widespread introduction of distributed generators (DGs) brings great challenges to the design, planning, and reliable operation of the power system. Therefore, assessing the capability of a distribution network to accommodate renewable power generations is urgent and necessary. In this respect, the concept of hosting capacity (HC) is generally accepted by engineers to evaluate the reliability and sustainability of the system with high penetration of DGs. For HC calculation, existing research provides simulation-based methods which are not able to find global optimal. Others use OPF (optimal power flow) based methods where
too many constraints prevent them from obtaining the solution exactly. They also can not get global optimal solution. Due to this situation, I proposed a new methodology to overcome the shortcomings. First, I start with an optimization problem formulation and provide a flexible objective function to satisfy different requirements. Power flow equations are the basic rule and I transfer them from the commonly used polar coordinate to the rectangular coordinate. Due to the operation criteria, several constraints are
incrementally added. I aim to preserve convexity as much as possible so that I can obtain optimal solution. Second, I provide the geometric view of the convex problem model. The process to find global optimal can be visualized clearly. Then, I implement segmental optimization tool to speed up the computation. A large network is able to be divided into segments and calculated in parallel computing where the results stay the same. Finally, the robustness of my methodology is demonstrated by doing extensive simulations regarding IEEE distribution networks (e.g. 8-bus, 16-bus, 32-bus, 64-bus, 128-bus). Thus, it shows that the proposed method is verified to calculate accurate hosting capacity and ensure to get global optimal solution.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2018
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Liu, Kuei-Yu, and 劉桂宇. "Analysis of the PV Hosting Capacity for Distribution Feeders." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f9xsc3.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
106
Renewable energy is an inexhaustible resource. In the world, it has been advocating energy saving and cutting carbon dioxide. Therefore, the scale of renewable energy development has been increasing day by day. However, Taiwan is suitable for development solar energy owing to sufficient sunshine. With the government actively promoting photovoltaic system construction and expanding its development in recent years, it has become an important alternative energy in Taiwan. In order to investigate the maximum hosting capacity of distribution solar photovoltaic system, the IEEE 33 test feeder is selected for simulation analysis to investigate the hosting capacity in distribution. Then the research use OPENDSS, which is development from Electric Power Research Institute, analyzed the bus voltage stability in distribution system. After the real power inject from PV system, we can calculate power flow in OPENDSS. Under the limited conditions, it can adjust the PV inverter via MATLAB application to calculate the PV system hosting capacity. The thesis is also use Stochastic approach and inject different penetration through the Monte Carlo loop to explore the hosting capacity in the distribution feeder without violation. Finally, observing from the result, when the PV system connects to multiple buses simultaneously, the capacity can be larger than connect to the single bus. The data indicate that the reactive power compensate in the feeder. Finally, capacitor is installed the bus respectively, and observe the hosting capacity with different location of capacitor and adjusting the power factor of inverter.
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TING, CHU-HUAN, and 丁楚桓. "Hosting Capacity Analysis for Photovoltaic Systems on Distribution Feeders." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qwjm95.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
106
With the development of interface software, the network topology of distribution feeder can be generated with the system data of line segments and bus to support the impact analysis of renewable energy systems such as system voltage variation. To assist the distribution system operation for feeders with distributed generation ( DG ), the impact for the control of photovoltaic ( PV ) smart inverters and grid enhancement to mitigate the voltage violation is analyzed for the control strategy of DG systems to mitigate the impact of renewable energy integration. With the development of interactive query interface software, the network topology of distribution feeder can be generated with the system data of line segments and bus to support the impact analysis of renewable energy systems such as system voltage variation which is subject to the maximum wholesale power in a feeder, the reverse power of a main transformer and fault current. The results will show on the GLEE and Google Maps API with Green, Yellow and Red colors for different hosting capacities. The practical Taipower distribution feeders are selected for computer simulation to verify the effectiveness of the proposed analysis tool for maximum hosting capacity with high penetration of PV installation. The maximum hosting capacity analysis is also a good interactive query interface for utility distribution planners and PV owners.
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Al-Saadi, Hassan Ali Mohsin. "Probabilistic hosting capacity and risk analysis for distribution networks." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/118087.
Full textAbstract:
Hereby I present a PhD thesis by publications. Altogether, the thesis includes: a) two journal papers, b) three IEEE conference papers. The journals include IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics while the second has been submitted. The conference list includes World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC), Asian conference on energy, power and transportation electrification (ACEPT) and IEEE Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied in Power Systems (PMAPS). The PMAPS conference is the only event that exclusively discusses probability and statistic methods applied to power system analysis. The thesis presents several novel methods. The first novelty is the development of a new probabilistic model for estimating the solar radiation incident to residential roofs which is compatible with the Australian meteorological conditions. The second is the development of new probabilistic approach called “probabilistic hosting capacity” to estimate the hosting capacity of distribution networks. The third one is the utilization of sparse grid numerical approximation techniques in handling the uncertainty computations. The last contribution is the new assessment method for quantifying the risk of connecting a large number of correlated distributed generators (DGs) into the distribution networks. In glance, these contributions are highlighted in the following paragraphs. The development of the probabilistic method to estimate the solar irradiation is aimed to represent the uncertainty of produced power from residential solar panels. By utilizing the relation between clearness index and diffuse fraction, a probability density function (PDF) of produced power is derived from the total radiance quantity incident of a tilted area to the horizontal plane. Given the characteristics of the day time and the place, the uncertainty associated with power production by solar panels can be probabilistically estimated from the total solar irradiation of a tilted area. Two mathematical models are proposed: the first utilizes the HDKR (Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl) mathematical representation for total irradiance, while the second one involves the use of Hay-Davies mathematical representation. Without losing the scope of the work, only the first model is compared with real data obtain from a site in Adelaide. The second model is used for conducting the power flow calculations due to the low computational time is required to deliver results. The interest in the development of probabilistic hosting capacity comes as DGs in the distribution networks rely mainly on the renewable energy. Probabilistic hosting capacity is aimed to deliver a probabilistic estimate of the maximum amount of DGs that can be connected into the existing distribution network without jeopardizing the utility’s system operation and/or customers’ connected appliances. The approach is built up after defining the main uncertainties, resulted from the stochastic behaviours of the small-scale of wind turbines and solar panels as well as domestic loads. The impacts of these uncertainties on the operation of a distribution network are assessed by establishing a set of operational performance indices and the use of the probability of occurrence notion. Three types of hazardous impacts are defined (tolerable, critical and serious). The approach is time-dependent and includes network bi-directionality feature which complies with the fundamentals of automation approaches for active distribution networks. The third contribution is the use of sparse grid numerical techniques (SGTs) as an efficient tool to handle the uncertainty computation which is multi-dimensional problem. It replaces the use of classical numerical techniques based on tensor product grids which suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Additionally, the SGT in comparison with Monte Carlo Technique (MCT) is able to achieve improved efficiency in computation with acceptable accuracy. The last contribution is the development of a new risk analysis approach to quantify the effect of increasing levels of DG penetration on distribution networks. The proposed novel analysis utilises the following techniques and concepts: the Nataf transformation to represent spatial correlation of the DGs connected in the same distribution network; the consideration of likelihood (relative frequency of event occurrence) as well as severity (accumulative depth of event occurrence) of the performance indices in assessing the operation of distribution networks with the increase of DG connections. The Nataf transformation was used to ensure the rank correlation modelling among the non-Gaussian uncertainty representations in which the inter-dependences are modelled. The risk components, likelihood and severity, are visualized along with the increase of correlated DG connections. The purpose of this analysis is to provide an estimate of degree of risk in assessing the operational performance of a distribution network as whole, instead of the traditional methods that assess the network by parts, such as assessing individually a line or bus. The effectiveness of developed methods in this thesis is demonstrated by performing tests on two actual distribution networks: small and large. The small network consists of 11 buses with one substation transformer; while the existing large distribution network, situated in South Australia, consists of 59 (11/0.4 kV) feeder-transformers serving commercial, residential and industrial loads. The large network is segmented into different zones according to their likelihood of having DGs. The results are visualized, analysed and discussed for each proposed methods or approaches. All system modelling and algorithms are performed using MATLAB software and implemented on the distribution networks modelled in the industry accepted software OpenDSS, introduced by Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI).Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2018
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Ezzeddine, Kassem. "An Estimation Method for PV Hosting Capacity of Distribution Grids." Thesis, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-410007.
Full textAbstract:
The Swedish Energy Agency has a target to increase solar photovoltaics (PV) power production by up to 5-10% of the total electricity demand by the year 2040. The PV potential for the residential market is high and its contribution to the total installed PV capacity is expected to increase significantly. The technical requirements should be met to keep high reliability and good power quality at the customers, therefore, it is important for planning reasons to proactively find the maximum amount PV power that can be connected at each low-voltage network without violating the performance of the grid. This amount is known as the hosting capacity. A method for PV hosting capacity estimation by taking overvoltage and transformer overload as performance indices was developed in this thesis. The method does not require any knowledge about the topology of the network. The overload hosting capacity can be estimated for any combination of customers having PV power and for the overvoltage hosting, the minimum at each penetration level can be estimated. The method was implemented on four low-voltage networks located in a typical Vattenfall medium-voltage network and the comparison of the estimation results to a power flow simulation showed good correspondence. It was shown how the impact of PV power in adjacent secondary substations can be accounted for. Using SS-EN50160 voltage limits, the studied networks were able to handle 3-7 times the PV penetration level needed (8 kWp at 20% of the customers) to achieve the national goal in Sweden without grid investments.
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Chia-WeiHsieh and 謝家偉. "Existence Confirmation of Photovoltaic Generation Systems and Feeder Hosting Capacity Analysis." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ub93rd.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立成功大學
電機工程學系
103
The development on renewable sources and green technology is increasingly concerned. The customers are highly encouraged to install solar power generation and wind power equipment, anticipating reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and decreasing the amount of carbon emissions. However, because most of limited capacities of distributed generation (DG) equipment are privately owned, it has caused difficultly for utility maintenance personnel to be aware of such equipment operation and positions. It illuminates that if a detection technique can be thoroughly developed for equipment monitoring and management in distribution systems, then the operation and location of distributed generation will be more effectively controlled while the smart grid management will be benefited as well. When small DGs are connected to grid in a distribution system, although they would provide an efficient energy source for local loads, yet following the increased amount of installation ratio, the voltage profile, voltage variation, fault current and power quality are all undoubtedly affected. To cope with such a problem, a short-circuit ratio (SCR) method was often utilized to estimate the rate of voltage change caused by the distributed generation. Yet, it was observed that under the light load or a weak system, this method may not be accurate to meet the requirement. The development of an effective algorithm considering different operating scenarios thus becomes crucially important to maintain a distribution system of high-quality operation. In view of these demerits, the objective of this dissertation is aimed to the study of distribution system resources impact analysis and distributed system operation strategies. This dissertation starts from the development of a novel waveform analysis for photovoltaic (PV) inverter injection such that this generation equipment can be identified. It is then followed by a novel estimation index of distributed generation capacity proposed to improve the drawback of the conventional short-circuit ratio method. Through these proposed methods, the impact brought by the distributed generation can be better grasped and the amount and the connected capacity of equipment are more effectively comprehended. To verify the effectiveness of these approaches, the equivalent system and the practical ones have been extensively simulated. Test results indicate that the proposed method not only confirms the generation equipment at the point of common coupling, but also benefit the decision-making on the capacity of connected distributed generation. The outcome contributed by this dissertation is served as useful references for planning and operating engineers, anticipating enhancing the operation performance of grid-connected systems.
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Ning-Chung, Tang, and 唐寧蓴. "A Stochastic Approach for Determining PV Hosting Capacity in a Distribution Feeder." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92245681368538156536.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
104
The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), especially solar photovoltaics (PV), has been gaining place in the past decade, making solar the fastest growing renewable energy source. A high PV penetration can potentially lead to voltage issues, thermal stress, and system harmonics. Additionally, the variability in power generation due to PVs can affect system controls, resulting in capacitors switching and regulators tap changing frequently, and further deteriorate the equipment and increase the system losses. In other words, with adoption of solar energy rising, it is increasingly important for utilities to easily assess potential risks of PV systems. This calls for a study to determine the maximum installed capacity of PV; A condition for a given distribution feeder that can accommodate and without violating the nominal system operations is defined as the feeder’s PV hosting capacity. In this thesis, a stochastic approach is applied to determine the PV hosting capacity in a distribution feeder. The hosting capacity is determined with respect to the following five power quality criteria: overvoltage, voltage deviation, dynamic voltage drop, voltage unbalance, and reversing power flow. By applying a stochastic approach, a large number of potential PV deployment scenarios are simulated in a distribution feeder. While considering the unpredictability of future PV deployments, both in terms of size and location are the randomly generated factors. The voltage quality impacts of multiple simulations are quantified and statistically representative PV hosting capacities. In addition, smart inverter strategy is adopted to improve power quality and enhance PV hosting capacity. After studying these impacts, estimation of the PV hosting capacity is made which will not endanger feeder stability and safety. Furthermore, a visualization manner is used to present the maximum capacity for possible PV installations for distribution feeders. This thesis uses Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS, or simply, DSS) in conjunction with Matlab to estimate voltage quality on distribution system feeders. OpenDSS offers the advantage of fast power flow analysis and it is implemented as both a stand‐alone executable program and an in‐process COM server DLL designed to be driven from a variety of existing software platforms. When simulation is done, Matlab is used to collect the needed data by COM interface and arrange to plot the results in order to do the further analysis.
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TAI, YU-HSUAN, and 戴育玄. "Optimization-Based Stochastic Analysis Method for PV Hosting Capacity Assessment on Distribution Feeders." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k85gux.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
107
Driven by various energy policies and incentives, renewable energy has gradually increased its penetration in power systems among many countries, which can reduce the utilization of traditional fossil fuel power generation and promote the sustainable development of the environment. In recent years, solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become one of the mainstreams in many renewable energy types due to its development in technology and the significant reduction in installation costs. However, with the increasing integration of solar power into the distribution feeders, in order to avoid the impact and damage to the feeders caused by the addition of solar power generation, it is necessary and important task to evaluate the maximum allowed solar power installation capacity for the distribution feeders. Currently, stochastic analysis methods have been widely used in the analysis of PV hosting capacity of distribution feeders; however, the traditional stochastic analysis methods have a drawback that have too many scenarios, i.e. amounts of the PV deployments, needed to analyze in solution process. This drawback then leads to the tedious calculation time is required in analysis, and makes the performance less effective when deal with a large-scale system structure. In order to overcome this problem, this thesis proposes an optimization-based stochastic analysis method for PV hosting capacity assessment; meanwhile, the voltage sensitivity analysis is carried out by Particle Swarm Optimization to overcome the drawback in traditional stochastic analysis methods. The implementation of MATLAB and OpenDSS co-simulation is used to realize the proposed method and the performances are validated by the tests in distribution feeders of islanded 15-Bus, IEEE 37-Bus, and IEEE 30-Bus, respectively. Driven by various energy policies and incentives, renewable energy has gradually increased its penetration in power systems among many countries, which can reduce the utilization of traditional fossil fuel power generation and promote the sustainable development of the environment. In recent years, solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become one of the mainstreams in many renewable energy types due to its development in technology and the significant reduction in installation costs. However, with the increasing integration of solar power into the distribution feeders, in order to avoid the impact and damage to the feeders caused by the addition of solar power generation, it is necessary and important task to evaluate the maximum allowed solar power installation capacity for the distribution feeders. Currently, stochastic analysis methods have been widely used in the analysis of PV hosting capacity of distribution feeders; however, the traditional stochastic analysis methods have a drawback that have too many scenarios, i.e. amounts of the PV deployments, needed to analyze in solution process. This drawback then leads to the tedious calculation time is required in analysis, and makes the performance less effective when deal with a large-scale system structure. In order to overcome this problem, this thesis proposes an optimization-based stochastic analysis method for PV hosting capacity assessment; meanwhile, the voltage sensitivity analysis is carried out by Particle Swarm Optimization to overcome the drawback in traditional stochastic analysis methods. The implementation of MATLAB and OpenDSS co-simulation is used to realize the proposed method and the performances are validated by the tests in distribution feeders of islanded 15-Bus, IEEE 37-Bus, and IEEE 30-Bus, respectively.
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YANG, CHE-WEI, and 楊哲維. "Impact of Moving Cloud Shadows on PV Output and Hosting Capacity Assessment Using Stochastic Approach for Distribution Feeders." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4ubcq3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
107
This thesis presents a moving cloud shadows model to evaluate PVs’ impacts on voltage quality due to cloud shadows movement over high-penetration PVs in a distribution system. After cloud shadows simulation is done, the study uses stochastic approach to increase the PV hosting capacity of the system. The model built is incorporated with EPRI Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS or DSS) to estimate voltage fluctuations on distribution system feeders. After OpenDSS simulation is performed, the graphical user interface developed by Matlab Graphic User Interface (GUI) can be used to simulate moving cloud shadows. The thesis also compares simulation results with actual measured data to validate the usefulness of the proposed model. Another goal of the study is to increase the PV penetration of the system by applying Monte Carlo simulation to increase the PV hosting capacity, and assess the maximum capacity can be reached without violating the system operation constraints.
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Wong, Kai Cheung Peter. "Intelligent Distribution Voltage Control in The Presence of Intermittent Embedded Photo-Voltaic Generation." Thesis, 2017. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/34842/.
Full textAbstract:
Dwindling fossil fuel resources and the concern for greenhouse gas emissions resulting
from the burning of fossil fuels have led to significant development of renewable energy
in many countries. While renewable energy takes many forms, solar and wind resources
are being harvested in commercial scale in many parts of the world. Government
incentives such as Renewable Energy Certificates and Feed-in Tariffs have contributed
to the rapid uptake.
Australia, per capita of population, has topped the world in the penetration of residential
roof-top solar generation systems. With electricity consumers of only 10 million, there
are almost 1.5 million grid connected residential solar installations approaching
5,000MW of installed capacity in June 2016, and the number continues to grow. These
residential PV generations are embedded in the Low Voltage (LV) networks that were
traditionally designed to take one-way flow of electricity only. As the number of
embedded solar generators increases, customers begin to experience voltage quality
problems.