Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hot and arid climate

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hot and arid climate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Ojaghlou, Morteza, and Mehdi Khakzand. "Comparative Study of Form and Features of Courtyards in Terms of Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Two Contrasting Climates of Iran." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n2p112.

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Courtyards as a traditional strategy were used to create a suitable microclimate for dwellers, but in contemporary architecture, inadequate knowledge of form and features of courtyards makes them deficient. This study presents practical solutions reaching optimal form and features of courtyards based on the traditional architecture of two contrasting climates of Iran. The ENVI-met.4 model was used for simulating the area percentage, water and vegetation level in a very cold climate of Ardabil and Hot-arid climate of Yazd. The simulated atmospheric parameters were imported to the Rayman1.2 to calculate PET thermal index. As the first step, 10% of the total area was advised to be considered a courtyard area for Yazd hot-arid climate, and 60% of the total area was recommended in a very cold climate of Ardabil. Next, the ratio of the water area to the total area of courtyards was simulated and the results advice, 0% of the courtyard to be considered a water area of Ardabil and 10% of the courtyard of Yazd is an optimum choice in hot-arid climate. In the final step, 20% of courtyards recommended the best condition of tree coverage in both climates. By these guidelines, designers can create a more adaptive architecture to the local climate.
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Kherrour, Sofiane, Rida Zarrit, Mohamed Lebbi, et al. "Energy consumption estimation for a dome greenhouse under different climatic conditions in Algeria." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e11977. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-739.

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The ongoing work focuses on studying the dome greenhouse to maintain a suitable temperature for crop environments throughout their growth period by using renewable energy sources to increase the required heat or cool down in cases of extreme heat. To this end, we have studied the effect of the different climates that Algeria has on the amount of energy required by the dome greenhouse to maintain favorable temperatures for crops, utilizing the EnergyPlus simulation tool. The results reveal that the total annual energy delivered to the dome greenhouse reaches its highest value of 14,931.68 kWh in a humid subtropical climate (Tebessa), while its lowest value is 10,396.68 kWh in a hot semi-arid climate (South of Oran). In contrast, to maintain suitable temperatures for growing most crops, the cooling energy (both sensible and latent) provided to the greenhouse in the hot desert climate (Ghardaïa) reached a high percentage of 63.24% of the total annual energy supplied. Meanwhile, the humid subtropical climate has the highest total heating energy at 69.4%. Also, the total cooling energy and total heating energy in the cold semi-arid climate regions (Saida) and the cold desert climate regions (Mecheria) reached 37.35%, 62.65%, and 34.39%, 65.61%, respectively. These percentages are also quite close in both the Mediterranean climate with a hot summer (Algeria) and the hot semi-arid climate. This analysis will provide critical insights into effective greenhouse management strategies tailored to Algeria's diverse environmental contexts, ultimately promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
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An, Li, Haiyan Yan, and Xingyi Chen. "Study on wind environment of semi-open space in hot-arid and hot-humid climate zones in rural areas." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 04030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235604030.

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To explore the coupling effect of open space temperature and air velocity in hot-arid and hot-humid climate regions in rural China, 1690 valid data were obtained by long-term field tests and questionnaires were carried out in hot-arid and hot-humid regions. Results indicated that when the operative temperature is below 33.5 °C, the mean thermal sensation decreases with the increase of air velocity in the hot-humid region. When the operative temperature rose to greater than 33.5 °C, the mean thermal sensation could be significantly reduced only when the air velocity is over 1.0 m/s. However, increasing air velocity in hot-arid regions can significantly improve the thermal sensation. In addition, residents in hot-humid regions were more willing to increase airflow than those in hot-arid regions. These results support the theory of climate adaptation and can provide a reference for the design of semi-open space buildings in rural regions.
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Sahnoune, Sara, and Nassira Benhassine. "WINTER THERMAL COMFORT OF A TYPICAL COURTYARD GEOMETRY IN A SEMI-ARID CLIMATE." Journal of Green Building 18, no. 1 (2023): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.1.95.

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ABSTRACT The courtyard is an ancient outdoor design space surrounded by walls or buildings, acting as a microclimate modifier in hot-dry climates. This is related to its geometry, such as high proportions of height-to-width (H/W) and north-south (NS) orientation by providing shade and decreasing heat stress on hot summer days. However, its effect during winter still needs to be discussed, especially in hot summer and cold winter conditions (such as in semi-arid climates). This research studies the winter thermal comfort of a typical courtyard geometry suitable for hot summer conditions in a semi-arid climate. A literature review supports the identification of typical courtyard geometry addressed for hot summer conditions. Then, field measurements of the external surface temperature of courtyard interior orientations, microclimatic variables, and the Predicted Mean Votes (PMV) of occupants inside the courtyard were performed. The results indicate high correlations between PMV and courtyard interior orientations with the H/W ratio regarding cold stress. Thus, north-east and South-East orientations and H/W ratio less than (< 0.8) are recommended for better winter environmental conditions in semi-arid climates.
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Karanisa, Theodora, Alexandre Amato, Renee Richer, Sara Abdul Majid, Cynthia Skelhorn, and Sami Sayadi. "Agricultural Production in Qatar’s Hot Arid Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (2021): 4059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074059.

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Agriculture has played an essential role in the provision of food and has been a major factor in overall economic development for societies around the world for millennia. In the past, agriculture in hot, arid countries like Qatar faced many challenges, the primary one being a dearth of water for irrigation. Historically this severely limited Qatar’s economic development, which was based largely on resource exploitation, pearl fishing, and only more recently, on the exploitation of its oil and gas reserves which subsequently has led to Qatar’s great wealth. This paper gives an overview of the recent evolution of Qatar’s agricultural sector and investigates future trends that tackle the challenges of its hot arid climate and the limited availability of agricultural resources. Specifically, the review analyses Qatar’s potential to develop a national food security strategy based on a significant expansion of food production in the country. We review recent policy actions implemented to address challenges in the food supply chain caused by a 3.5-year blockade imposed by the adjacent Arab Gulf States, discussing the renewed interest in the potential that an enhanced agricultural sector must provide some aspects of food security and the implications for policymakers that would logically ensue.
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Rizayev, Bakhodir, Umarov Isroil, and Nuriddinov Jasurbek. "Temperature deformation calculation of reinforced concrete parts in hot and dry climates." BIO Web of Conferences 105 (2024): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410501026.

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This paper presents a study on the temperature deformations of reinforced concrete elements in Uzbekistan’s arid and hot climate. The calculation of axis length and curvature for long-term alternating heating and cooling is essential for concrete and reinforced concrete elements in these conditions. The study’s findings can help engineers and construction professionals accurately calculate temperature changes in reinforced concrete elements in arid and hot climates, minimizing the risk of damage and reducing maintenance costs.
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Rajput, Pramod, Maria Malvoni, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, O. S. Sastry, and Arunkumar Jayakumar. "Operational Performance and Degradation Influenced Life Cycle Environmental–Economic Metrics of mc-Si, a-Si and HIT Photovoltaic Arrays in Hot Semi-arid Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031075.

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Life cycle metrics evolution specific to the climate zone of photovoltaic (PV) operation would give detailed insights on the environmental and economic performance. At present, vast literature is available on the PV life cycle metrics where only the output energies ignoring the degradation rate (DR) influence. In this study, the environ-economic analysis of three PV technologies, namely, multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and hetero-junction with an intrinsic thin layer (HIT) have been carried out in identical environmental conditions. The energy performance parameters and the DR rate of three PV technologies are evaluated based on the monitored real time data from the installation site in hot semi-arid climates. The assessment demonstrates that the HIT PV module technology exhibits more suitable results compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV systems in hot semi-arid climatic conditions of India. Moreover, energy metrices which includes energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) of the HIT technologies are found to be 1.0, 24.93 and 0.15 years, respectively. HIT PV system has higher potential to mitigate the CO2 and carbon credit earned compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV system under hot semi-arid climate. However, the annualized uniform cost (UAC) for mc-Si (3.60 Rs/kWh) and a-Si (3.40 Rs/kWh) are more admissible in relation to the HIT (6.63 Rs/kWh) PV module type. We conclude that the approach of considering DR influenced life cycle metrics over the traditional approach can support to identify suitable locations for specific PV technology.
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Mofidi, S. Majid, and Mahsa M. Ghazi-Jahani. "Vernacular Daylighting for Hot-arid Climates: A Response to Climate Change." International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 3, no. 3 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v03i03/37126.

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Tuluxun, Nurimaimaiti, Saierjiang Halike, Hao Liu, Buerlan Yelaixi, and Kapulanbayi Ailaitijiang. "Climate Adaptation of Folk House Envelopes in Xinjiang Arid Region: Evaluation and Multi-Objective Optimization from Historical to Future Climates." Buildings 15, no. 8 (2025): 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081240.

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Under intensifying global warming and extreme climate events, the climate adaptability of folk houses in Xinjiang’s arid regions faces critical challenges. However, existing studies predominantly focus on traditional folk houses under current climate conditions, neglecting modern material hybrids and long-term performance under future warming scenarios. This study develops a data-driven framework to assess and enhance building envelope performance across historical-to-future climate conditions (2007–2021 TMY data, 2024 observations, and 2050/2080 SSP3–7.0 projections) using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method and NSGA-II algorithm. Analyzing rammed earth, brick–wood, and brick–concrete folk houses in Kashgar, Hotan, Kuqa, and Turpan, the optimization targets thermal discomfort hours (TDHs), heating energy consumption (HEC), and net present value (NPV). The results demonstrate optimized solutions achieve 30–60 year climate resilience, reducing HEC by 51.54–84.76% (43.02–125.78 kW·h/m2·a) compared to baseline buildings, TDH by 15–52.93% (301–1236 h) in arid Zone A and by 5.54–10.8% (208–352 h) in the extreme hot-arid Zone B (Turpan), and NPV values by CNY 31,000–85,000. Rammed earth constructions demonstrate superior performance in Zone A, while brick–concrete exhibits optimal extreme hot-arid adaptability, and brick–wood requires prioritized retrofitting. The findings advocate revising China’s design standards to address concurrent winter overcooling and summer overheating risks under future warming. This work establishes a climate-resilient optimization paradigm for arid-region folk houses, advancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort.
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H. HAFTOM, A. HAFTU, K. GOITOM, and H. MESERET. "Agroclimatic zonation of Tigray region of Ethiopia based on aridity index and traditional agro-climatic zones." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 2 (2021): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i2.229.

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The aim of this study was to identify the agroclimatic zones of Tigray region based on aridity index and traditional agroclimatic zone using 37-year (1981-2017) spatial climate data downloaded for Tigray region from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) for rainfall and from Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) data for temperature. Arc map 10.3 was used for mapping of all climatic variables and zonation of agro-climatic zones. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) was computed based on Hargreaves formula and the aridity index was computed. Besides, the digital elevation model was downloaded from ASTER data. The aridity map of Tigray divided into three index zones (0.03-0.2, 0.2–0.5 and 0.5–0.65) and five traditional agro-climate zones (<1500,1500-2000,2000- 2500, 2500-3000, >3000 m.a.s.l.) were overlaid, which divided entire region of Tigray into fifteen agroclimatic zones. Hot semi-arid, warm semi-arid, tepid semi-arid and hot arid were the dominant zones in the region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Aljawabra, Faisal. "Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces : the hot arid climate." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655719.

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The thermal environment in outdoor spaces can significantly influence users’ thermal perception and thus their use of these spaces. Improving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces will most likely encourage people to spend more time outdoors, with the potential to improve their health and wellbeing, as well as boosting social cohesion. As well as enhancing the environmental quality of cities it should also eventually improve the quality of life of its citizens. This thesis is one of the first attempts to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort and the effect of cultural differences in hot arid climates. Case studies were carefully selected in two different parts of the world (Marrakech in North Africa and Phoenix-Arizona in North America) to represent a variety of users in similar climatic context. Field surveys, carried out during winter and summer, included: structured interviews with a standard questionnaire; observations of the human activities; and microclimatic monitoring. The results revealed that the solely physiological approach is insufficient to assess the outdoor thermal comfort conditions in hot arid climates. Environmental variables such as air temperature and solar radiation, could have a great impact on the use of the outdoor spaces in the hot arid climate, and may determine the number of people and activities in them. The study also shows that participants who usually spend more time outdoors due to their life style, “outdoors individuals”, tend to stay longer in the studied sites compared with the “indoors individuals” who spend more time indoors. This is probably because the “outdoor individuals” have better experience of the outdoor conditions and respective thermal conditions. Experience has a strong link with expectations so that according to their past experience, people prepare themselves for the expected weather by taking adaptive measures. People from different cultures in the hot arid climate are likely to evaluate their thermal conditions differently, have diverse thermal comfort requirements, and use urban public spaces differently as well. Further work needs to be done to cover more geographical areas within the hot arid climate. Such an expansion may generalise the findings of this study or explain any particularity associated with the sites of the current study. More research is also needed to investigate he thermal requirements and use of outdoor spaces by different social groups by using robust classification methods. Emphasis should be on investigating the influence of thermal comfort on the use of outdoor public spaces by young and older people, and how that may affect their health and will being in such climates.
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Mahyari, Ali. "The wind catcher : a passive cooling device for hot arid climate." Phd thesis, Department of Architectural and Design Science, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6425.

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Ramadan, Mohamad Fahmy A. "Interactive urban form design of local climate scale in hot semi-arid zone." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15120/.

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Elnabawy, Mahgoub Mohamed Hussein Kamel Mohamed. "Assessment of thermal and visual micro-climate of a traditional commercial street in a hot arid climate." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3194.

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In the hot arid contexts, the impact of urban climate is often associated with negative effects on outdoor thermal comfort and an increase in the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the outdoor thermal performance of traditional commercial urban streets located in the hot arid context of Cairo in Egypt. A number of methods were used including field measurements and social surveys. Consequently, urban air flows, temperature and daylight simulations to assess existing and possible improvement scenarios to extend pedestrian thermal and visual comfort were tested. The field measurements were conducted in order to first assess the UHI intensity in the urban street, and to investigate the effectiveness of the traditional design solutions in ensuring comfortable outdoor conditions based on human-biometeorological assessment methods. Validation of results was carried out by comparing measured and simulated results of thermal conditions in the commercial spine ENVI-met is a three dimensional microclimatic model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and is designed to simulate surface-air interactions in urban environments. It was used to calculate the mean radiant temperature and obtaining the microclimatic maps with problematic areas concerning the pedestrian's thermal comfort for the existing urban configurations. Outdoor thermal comfort was assessed based on a thermal sensation survey and the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), with a comfort range of (24oC - 32oC). To improve outdoor thermal conditions at pedestrian level seven different shading scenarios addressing the form and the opening of shading devices were simulated using CFD Fluent, based on two dependant variables including air temperature distribution and wind velocity. The daylight analysis software (DIVA) was used to evaluate the solar access for the tested cases. The findings show that typology and the opening locations are one of the paramount factors in providing a temperature reduction in the urban scale. As the air temperature was reduced by (2.3oC) for the best case compared to the base leading to a lower PET for the best case recording 32.9oC against 35oC for the base case.
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Bakir, N. M. W. "Environmental house planning in hot arid countries." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376562.

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AL-JABER, KHALED J. "COURTYARD HOUSES: URBAN DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION IN HOT/HUMID AND HOT/ARID CLIMATES." The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555269.

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GLAIIM, MURTADHA KAREEM. "OPTIMAL BEE HIVE DESIGN FOR HOT ARID CLIMATES (THERMOREGULATION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188049.

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Effect of shading, ventilation, and a combination of these for cooling honey bee, Apis mellifera L., hives during summer months were studied under field conditions at Tucson, Arizona. Mean brood nest temperatures during day hours, 0800 to 2000 hrs., were significantly lower in shaded and ventilated colonies than those of all other treatments. Neither shading alone nor ventilation alone had a significant effect on brood nest temperatures compared with control treatment. Nectar and pollen carrier proportions were significantly larger in shaded colonies than those of unshaded colonies at 1400 hrs. Ventilation had insignificant effect on nectar carrier proportions in both locations, whereas it significantly decreased and increased pollen carrier proportions in shaded and unshaded colonies, respectively. Mean volumes of nectar, however, were not significantly different from each other in all treatments. Proportions of water carriers and water volumes were significantly smaller in shaded colonies without significant difference between means of ventilation and no ventilation than those of unshaded colonies with ventilation had significantly smaller means. All treatments were not significantly different from each other regarding mean numbers of departing bees at 0900, 1100, and 1400 hrs and mean sealed brook areas. Mean colony weight of control colonies differed insignificantly from those of all other treatments. In another study, empty bee hives made of pine wood, perlite concrete, and sun-dried adobe and subjected to different combinations of shading and painting were tested to determine the effect of these materials thermal properties in cooling and heating the hives during summer and winter, respectively. The walls of the wooden hive were 1.9 cm-thick while those of the other two hives were 5.0 cm-thick. Under all treatment conditions, the areas under the curves for inside air temperatures of the wooden hive were larger than those of the other two hives for a 10-hour period, from 0700 to 1700 hrs. The calculated "temperature areas" for the other two hives were very close to each other. Shading was more effective than white paint in reducing hive temperatures in summer. Hives painted black during winter had remarkably higher temperatures than white-painted hives.
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Chatterjee, Arunima. "Glass Dominated Institutional Buildings in Hot & Arid Climates." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190627.

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While the concept of global design has liberated the aesthetic genus of contemporary institutional architecture, it has brought with it a far greater set of problems in energy consumption. In order to build ‘intelligent’ buildings to counter these problems, we often design the problems and then engage into an expensive endeavour of finding possible solutions. This research aims to focus on the recent trends of building institutional geometries for the hot and dry climatic regions and analyse the case study of the east expansion of the College of Architecture in the University of Arizona, located in Tucson. The advent of mechanical cooling has encouraged the practice of building for any place disregarding the regional or climatalogical context. The ‘glass box’ is a common design solution for a day lit, aesthetically appealing post international style approach to commercial architecture. It is the view of the author that buildings born of such ideology has little empathy towards the macro and micro climate considerations. Using the case study of the new architectural expansion building is an attempt to analyze a glass dominated prototype in the desert. The research focuses on the integrity of such designs in terms of energy consumptions, thermal efficiency and comfort. Energy modelling of parametric retrofits suitable to the climate is conducted to study changes incurred from the building’s original state. The objective of this research is to investigate possibilities of globalised architectural solutions but still hold roots to climatological responses. Reference examples of similar structures built in the desert have been observed during the course of the research to benefit the parametric runs. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. LEED 2.2 Energy and Atmosphere credit runs has been a part of the project goal to gain a perspective from the USGBC LEED certification criteria to determine what can be achieved for optimal energy efficiency in this particular constitution. In particular, the study illustrates the functioning of the case study building in terms of energy consumption for space cooling. eQuest runs when compared to the utility data of similar sized buildings on campus shows an astonishing increase in the chilled water usage. Similarly, the per-square foot usage electricity for space cooling was found to be remarkably higher than the old architecture building. Energy usage pattern reflects a moderate decrease with optimization strategies on the building envelope. The results clearly show a great improvement in the building energy performance for space cooling with glazing changes and shading strategies.
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Young, Soo Kim. "Study of Thermal Comfort Determinants in the Urban Street Design in Hot and Arid Climate." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190235.

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Preliminary bioclimatic design principles that are related to thermal comfort level of the urban street environment in hot and arid climate region were searched in this research. As methods of investigation included: literature reviews, empirical studies and case studies. In hot and arid climate region, most of physically unpleasant conditions in the street environment are found during summer time. However, street design standards and typologies on the basis of mere dichotomy of access and movement don’t refl ect diversity of existing streets and their bioclimatic requirements to provide physical comfort within them. Thermal comfort was used as a criterion to evaluate the physical condition of the street environment in the research and determinants of thermal comfort inthe street environment were researched. The preliminary literaturereviews conclude that the refl ectivity and the emissivity of materials are two main determinants of thermal performance. Field research were conducted for the numerical comparison of the ambient and the surface temperature by surrounding materials in the street environment. Paseo del Prado in Madrid Spain and Univeristy boulevard in Tucson, Arizona, United States are the measured streets. It is found that there is clear diff erence in the ambient temperature by surrounding material. Simultaneously, critical role of shades was revealed to decrease both ambient and surface temperature in the street environment. The ambient temperature measured in the shade maintained 20.0 F lower than nonshaded environments. Further investigations on urban climatology show crucial relationship of the street geometry, e.g. street orientation and building height to street width ratio (H/W) with thermal comfort in the street environment. Street case studies provide supplementary solutions for the street design such as vegetations and shading devices. Material uses, geometry, vegetation and shading devices are organized as a preliminary design recommendations in conclusion.
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Imbarek, Mohamed Omran. "Premature surface cracking of bituminous pavements in hot arid climates." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361098.

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Books on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Rosenlund, Hans. Design for desert: An architect's approach to passive climatisation in hot and arid regions. Architecture and Development Studies, Lund University, 1995.

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Stefanakis, Alexandros, ed. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. Agricultural Engineering Service. and Associated Engineers (Rome Italy), eds. Standardized designs for grain stores in hot dry climates. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985.

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Walter, Shearer, and Sulṭān ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, eds. Natural energy and vernacular architecture: Principles and examples with reference to hot arid climates. Published for the United Nations University by the University of Chicago Press, 1986.

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Walter, Shearer, Sultān Abd al-rahmān, and United Nations University, eds. Natural energy and vernacular architecture: Principles and examples with reference to hot arid climates. Published for United Nations University by University of Chicago Press, 1986.

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Rosenlund, Hans. Design of energy efficient houses in a hot and arid climate: Including utilization of passive solar energy : parametric study of a typified residential house in the climate of Ghardaia, Algeria. Lund University, Dept. of Building Science, Lund Committee on Habitat and Development Studies, 1987.

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Michael, Evenari, Noy-Meir Imanuel, and Goodall D. W, eds. Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Elsevier, 1986.

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1904-, Evenari Michael, Noy-Meir Imanuel, and Goodall David W. 1914-, eds. Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Elsevier, 1985.

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Tavassoli, Mahmoud. Urban Structure in Hot Arid Environments. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39098-7.

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Harada, Chikako. A study of climate change in arid and semi-arid region. Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Sømme, Lauritz. "The Climate of Arid Environments." In Invertebrates in Hot and Cold Arid Environments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79583-1_1.

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Breckle, Siegmar-W., and M. Daud Rafiqpoor. "Part F: ZB III: Zonobiome of Hot Deserts or Subtropical Arid Climate." In Vegetation and Climate. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64036-4_7.

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Othman, Rosniza binti, and Shaimaa Samir Ashour. "Climate-Responsive Vernacular Mosque Design; Comparative Analysis Between Hot-Humid and Hot-Arid Regions." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8348-9_37.

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Chopdar, Ravi Kumar, Namrata Sengar, and Nimay Chandra Giri. "Agrivoltaic Systems for Enhancing Sustainability in Hot Arid and Semi-arid Climates." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0861-4_8.

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Tewari, J. C., Moola Ram, M. M. Roy, and Jagdish Chander Dagar. "Livelihood Improvements and Climate Change Adaptations Through Agroforestry in Hot Arid Environments." In Advances in Agroforestry. Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1662-9_6.

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Azarbayjani, Mona. "Seeking Contemporary Urban Comfort Through Vernacular Architectural Principles in Hot Arid Climate." In Sustainable Vernacular Architecture. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06185-2_5.

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Katima, Jamidu H. Y., Rwaichi Minja, Anne H. Outwater, et al. "Performance of Constructed Wetlands in a Hot Tropical Climate: The Case of Tanzania." In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2_9.

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Walter, Heinrich, and Siegmar-Walter Breckle. "Zonobiome of Hot Deserts (Zonobiome of Subtropical Arid Climates)." In Walter’s Vegetation of the Earth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56164-1_6.

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Nciizah, Tendai, Elinah Nciizah, Caroline Mubekaphi, and Adornis D. Nciizah. "Role of Small Grains in Adapting to Climate Change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_254.

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AbstractClimate change has become one of the most profound threats to smallholder agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Farmers in this sector are especially vulnerable to climate change due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, limited access to capital and technology among other challenges. While several potential adaptation options exist, many barriers hinder effective adoption of these practices, hence production in marginal areas remains very low. This chapter discusses crop adaptation through the adoption of small grains in Zvishavane rural, a semi-arid area in Zimbabwe. Small grains are conducive in hot areas; their drought-tolerant nature enables them to thrive in marginal areas making them an appropriate strategy in responding to climate change. However, several production and policy challenges associated with small grain production hinder their adoption by farmers. In view of this, this chapter discusses the potential of small grains as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe, and addresses potential challenges and opportunities for increased adoption and future research. The review showed that farmers in Zvishavane have perceived climate change due to noticeable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns in the past years. Despite small grain production being the best strategy due to drought and high temperature tolerance, an insignificant number of Zvishavane farmers is involved in small grain production. This is due to numerous barriers such as high labor demand associated with small grain production, the challenge posed by the quelea birds, food preferences, low markets, and low extension services and government support. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of small grains by developing improved varieties, adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, improved technical support, and access to markets among other interventions.
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van Dien, Frank. "Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Horticulture Wastewater Treatment Under a Hot Climate in Ethiopia." In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Yildirim, Mucahit. "SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PAST: THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS OF VERNACULAR HOUSE FLOORS, DIYARBAKIR, TURKIYE." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/6.2/s26.45.

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Increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions are among the objectives of sustainability. Sustainable design aims to conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, and obtain self-sufficiency by utilizing environmentally friendly materials. This study aims to research sustainable architecture from the perspective of vernacular houses. Designing buildings to suit the climate is an old tradition used in vernacular architecture. Historic buildings are characterized by low energy consumption, and sustainable societies must preserve the benefits of the past for future generations. This study examines the role of the thermal environment in earth-contact solutions in keeping the temperature sufficiently low in the summer in a hot and dry climate via ventilation, evaporative cooling, and earth cooling. Among the solutions utilized in sustainable architecture, ventilation plays a large role in response to arid climate conditions. The architectural design of the vernacular houses in Diyarbakir minimizes heat gain in the summer in different ways. Pools and water trickling down walls were used for evaporative cooling in low-humidity areas. The earth cooling technique is also very effective in dry climates. One of the most effective types of self-sufficient cooling in vernacular houses is ventilation on ground floors. Diyarbakir is located in southeastern Turkiye and has a hot arid climate populated with traditional houses. The study focused on the envelope design of the vernacular architecture and showed how it contributes to cooling via elevated ground floors. This study highlights the need for researchers to consider the energy efficiency benefits obtained in past solutions for use in future works in this area.
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Elnabawi, Mohamed H., Esmail Saber, and Ali Sedki. "Advancing Energy Efficiency in Residential Construction: Building Envelope Optimization in Hot-Arid Climates." In 2024 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/dasa63652.2024.10836245.

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Qureshi, O. A., Shoaib Ahmed Shah, Ansari Aadil Shahzad, Hasan Rafiq, Dalip Singh, and Edwin Rodriguez-Ubinas. "Energy Performance Standards of HVAC Systems in Hot Arid Climates: A Comparative Analysis of GCC and UAE Regulations." In 2024 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ispec59716.2024.10892450.

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Sedki, Ali. "Sustainable Decision-Making in Urban Design: Softscape Solutions for Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects in Hot-Arid Climates." In 2024 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/dasa63652.2024.10836491.

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Bose, Ditipriya, Sandeep Tiwari, Aman Gupta, and Birinchi Bora. "Reliability analysis of VRLA Batteries Using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Technique for hot and Semi-Arid Indian Climatic Condition." In 2024 IEEE Third International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpeices62430.2024.10719348.

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Mokhtar, Sarah, Christopher Leung, and Angelos Chronis. "Multi-Objective Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Façade in Hot Arid Climate." In 2017 Building Simulation Conference. IBPSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2017.555.

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Wang, Haoyu, Yun Deng, Min Chen, Youcai Tuo, Yanjing Yang, and Yunxiao Jia. "Research on River Temperature in Arid-hot Valley under Climate Change." In 40th IAHR World Congress - "Rivers � Connecting Mountains and Coasts". The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-90-833476-1-5_iahr40wc-p0886-cd.

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Camagni, Sara, and Joana Goncalves. "Enhancing Contemporary Envelope Design for Hot and Arid Climates: Integrating Vernacular Strategies for Window-to-Wall Ratios and Shading Devices." In Comfort at The Extremes 2023. CEPT University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62744/cate.45273.1121-406-414.

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In the context of various scenarios of global climate change and the imminent threats posed by escalating global temperatures, architects and urban planners must reflect on the lessons to be learned from the established model of vernacular architecture in arid climates. When closely examined and comprehended accurately, vernacular architecture offers a repository of readily applicable strategies that can be expanded upon and implemented in contemporary construction. This paper focuses on the benefits derived from incorporating height-to-width ratio (H/W) in urban settings, window-to-wall ratios and shading mechanisms inferred from vernacular architecture into envelope design for contemporary residential development. It employs the hot-arid climate of Cairo City, Egypt, as a reference context for this research proposed study. The paper elaborates on the methodologies and processes utilized to transform principles of vernacular strategies into quantifiable benchmark. This is accomplished through the integration of environmental performance simulations, including thermal and daylight conditions, which informed the exploration of potential architectural solutions. The outcome is a characterization of design elements inherent in vernacular architecture, leading to design recommendations for contemporary residential buildings in hot and arid climates, with emphasis on window-to-wall ratios and shading mechanisms.
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Alanezi, Abdullah, and Mohammad H. Naraghi. "Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Development for a Desert Climate." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86588.

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The present work develops design guidelines for a photovoltaic power plant to shave peak electricity demand in an arid climate, which cover approximately 1/3rd of earth land mass and a good portion of this climate is in the Middle East and North Africa. In a typical desert climate, such as the Arabian Peninsula a large portion of the electricity consumed is due to the use of air conditioning units during hot sunny days. In the present work the energy consumption pattern of a typical building in an arid area is studied. Additionally, overall regional grid power demand in Tabuk located in Northwest of Saudi Arabia is studied. Guidelines for development of solar plants (i.e., panel ordinations) are presented to shave off the peak demand. It is determined that for most desert climates the peak electricity demand is between 2:00–5:00PM during summers.
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Helal, Hesham A., and Rania F. Ismail. "Design Criteria for Designing Sustainable Commercial Buildings in Hot and Arid Climate." In 14th International Conference on Sustainable Green Construction and Nano-technology. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-pu8022.

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As climate change effect on our daily life is clear, and the awareness of greenhouse gases damages is increased, architects and many developers necessitate green and sustainable buildings design by focusing on energy efficiency, avoiding harmful materials, and taking care of indoor air quality to construct environmentally friend buildings. Also, adopting energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy applications in buildings design generally and particularly in commercial buildings will drop the produced amount of CO2 emissions, as well as operational emissions and embodied emissions are attributed to the building materials and energy required for construction.This research is proposing energy efficient commercial building design proposal as an approach to green architecture in Egypt. First, commercial buildings impact is studied, then choosing energy simulation tool to assess the solution as DesignBuilder software, the design of commercial building proposal respect the triple bottom line of sustainability, to introduce innovative, efficient and environmental building design respecting users’ needs and achieve high economic value, finally, after simulating the building model in DesignBuilder to reach the highest energy saving and ensure the thermal comfort for users, the design is evaluated by LEED criteria to measure the environmental impact of the building and indicate how this design is successful or not.Finally, this research focuses on proposing a design design cliteria and apply it on designing new commercial buildings to enhance the building performance and being environmentally integrated based on design design cliteria that represent the three major design principles and they are Nature, Culture and Art. Nature for respecting and integrating with the environment, Culture for respecting the location and user’s needs, Art for offering a unique architecture design leave strong mental image impression.
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Reports on the topic "Hot and arid climate"

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Beccali, Marco, Marina Bonomolo, Francesca Martorana, Ben Alex Baby, Marco Pellegrini, and Salvatore Vasta. Show Cases on System and Component Level & Adapted Components. IEA SHC Task 65, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task65-2024-0001.

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This document is the final report for joint activities A2, “Adapted components”, and B1, “Show cases on system and component level” of the IEA SHC Task 65, “Solar Cooling for the Sunbelt Regions. The first part of the report presents results from 32 investigated projects across 18 countries representing a range of 10 weather profiles such as the tropical wet and dry (Aw), hot desert (BWh), hot semi-arid (BSh), hot summer-Mediterranean (Csa), warmsummer Mediterranean (Csb), humid subtropic (Cfa), monsoon-influenced humid subtropical (Cwa), hot summer humid continental climate zones.
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Mutabazi, Khamaldin, and Gideon Boniface. Commercialisation Pathways and Climate Change: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.046.

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The semi-arid drylands of central Tanzania have been characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with high evapotranspiration. Up until now, farmers of these local dryland farming systems have been able to cope with these climate conditions. However, climate change has led to new weather patterns that overwhelm traditional dryland farming practices and re-shape farmers’ commercialisation pathways. This paper explored the pathways in which smallholder farmers in Singida region in Tanzania engage with markets and commercialise in the face of climate change. The paper also examined how farm-level decisions on commercial crops and the commercialisation pathways they are part of, affect current and future resilience to climate change. Climate resilient commercialisation of smallholder dryland agriculture remains the centrepiece of inclusive sustainable development.
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Condon, L. E., J. Ruiz, P. Antin, et al. Final Report: The Presidential Advisory Commission on the Future of Agriculture & Food Production in a Drying Climate. University of Arizona, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/10150.669555.

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Located in one of the most arid portions of the country, Arizona’s food production systems are increasingly threatened by drying climate, and there is growing concern that this trend poses an existential threat to food production in Arizona. In response to this urgent issue, UArizona President Dr. Robert C. Robbins created the Presidential Advisory Commission on the Future of Agriculture & Food Production in a Drying Climate. The Commission was tasked with assessing critical threats to agriculture and food production, identifying the most promising solutions, and determining how UArizona can best impact the future. This report reflects the Commission’s study and information gathering through listening sessions and surveys of community members across the University and the state of Arizona.
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Masada, Glenn, and Tess Moon. Analysis & Tools to Spur Increased Deployment of “Waste Heat” Rejection/Recycling Hybrid Ground-source Heat Pump Systems in Hot, Arid or Semiarid Climates Like Texas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1296929.

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Thomas, Lisa, Christopher Calvo, Jolie Gareis, Lisa Thomas, Christopher Calvo, and Jolie Gareis. Semi-arid plant communities of the Southern Colorado Plateau in relation to regional climate context and local topoedaphic conditions: Comparing species abundance patterns across a network of sites to identify climate-driven vulnerabilities and inform hypotheses about future composition shifts. National Park Service, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36967/2306569.

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With climate projections for increased warming and greater drought severity, the semi-arid grasslands, shrublands and pinyon-juniper woodlands occurring at lower elevations on the Colorado Plateau are likely to change in coming decades. Using shrub and herbaceous data from seven long-term study areas, I describe across-ecosite compositional gradients within the current regional climate context and compare spatial variability among assemblages. At the local scale, I model the relationship between composition and topoedaphic conditions. I use these results to develop hypotheses regarding the types of community change that may occur. From the across-ecosite ordination, I found high similarity among three of four grassland/shrubland assemblages, and low to moderate similarity among woodland assemblages. Beta diversity is significantly higher in two of the five assemblages, denoting spatially heterogenous composition patterns. Analysis of the relationship between the species abundance matrix and climate variables found that the three primary axes of variation accounted for 48.7% of total variation. Axis 1 separates grassland/shrubland assemblages from woodland assemblages, aligning with a gradient in annual precipitation. Axis 2, reflecting a gradient in perennial grass dominance, aligns with precipitation seasonality. Axis 3 aligns with seasonal temperature differences and Vapor Pressure Deficit. Because topoedaphic conditions mediate soil water availability in semi-arid ecosystems, understanding their relationship to local composition patterns is essential to predicting how these communities will respond to climate change. Within-ecosite compositional gradients aligned with one to five environmental variables per ecosite. Elevation correlated with compositional gradients in all ecosites, and edaphic variables correlated with compositional gradients in four ecosites. Compositional dominance also influences community stability. Dominance strength varied among ecosites, with abundance of the top two species ranging from 66% of total abundance for the strongest pattern to 35% for the weakest. From a functional group perspective, dominance was shared between perennial grass and shrub species for three woodland ecosites and one grassland/shrubland ecosite. Perennial grasses dominated in the other ecosites with several shrub species displaying moderate abundance. These results contribute to comparing vulnerabilities and sources of resilience across ecosites. By considering both the strength of dominance patterns and dominant species characteristics against the backdrop of projected climate impacts, I offer hypotheses concerning future assemblage stability and propose comparisons of community change trajectories between ecosite pairs. Such comparisons complement ongoing trend analyses and may provide earlier warning of changes in dominance strength or species rank shifts than would be apparent by comparing a single assemblage to itself through time.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, et al. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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Linker, Raphael, Murat Kacira, Avraham Arbel, Gene Giacomelli, and Chieri Kubota. Enhanced Climate Control of Semi-arid and Arid Greenhouses Equipped with Fogging Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593383.bard.

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The main objectives were (1) to develop, implement and validate control procedures that would make it possible to maintain year-round air temperature and humidity at levels suitable for crop cultivation in greenhouses operating in arid and semi-arid regions and (2) to investigate the influence of the operational flexibility of the fogging system on the performance of the system. With respect to the development of climate controllers, we developed a new control approach according to which ventilation is used to maintain the enthalpy of the greenhouse air and fogging is used to adjust the humidity ratio inside the greenhouse. This approach is suitable mostly for greenhouses equipped with mechanized ventilation, and in which the air exchange rate can be controlled with enough confidence. The development and initial validation of the controllers were performed in a small experimental greenhouses located at the Agricultural Research Organization and very good tracking were obtained for both air temperature and relative humidity (maximum mean deviations over a 10-min period with constant setpoints lower than 2.5oC and 5% relative humidity). The robust design approach used to develop the controllers made it possible to transfer successfully these controllers to a much larger semi-commercial greenhouse located in the much drier Arava region. After only minimal adjustments, which did not require lengthy dedicated experiments, satisfactory tracking of the temperature and humidity was achieved, with standard deviation of the tracking error lower than 1oC and 5% for temperature and relative humidity, respectively. These results should help promote the acceptance of modern techniques for designing greenhouse climate controllers, especially since given the large variety of greenhouse structures (shape, size, crop system), developing high performance site-specific controllers for each greenhouse is not feasible. In parallel to this work, a new cooling control strategy, which considers the contribution of humidification and cooling from the crop, was developed for greenhouses equipped with natural ventilation. Prior to the development of the cooling strategy itself, three evapotranspiration models were compared in terms of accuracy and reliability. The cooling strategy that has been developed controls the amount of fog introduced into the greenhouse as well as the percentage of vent openings based on the desired vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and enthalpy, respectively. Numerical simulations were used to compare the performance of the new strategy with a constant fogging rate strategy based on VPD, and on average, the new strategy saved 36% water and consumed 30% less electric energy. In addition, smaller air temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were achieved when using the new strategy. Finally, it was demonstrated that dynamically varying the fog rate and properly selecting the number of nozzles, yields additional water and electricity savings.
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Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.

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This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.
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Dixon, Jason. An Evaluation of Unsaturated Flow Models in an Arid Climate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/759261.

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Lutta, Alphayo, Carol Mungo, Anderson Kehbila, Elizabeth Sunguti, and Philip Osano. Climate change impacts, adaptation options and opportunities for investment in agro-pastoral value chains in arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.065.

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