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1
Wong, Po-chun Rosita. "A study of household domestic service : the impact of social changes on property management service in the private housing sector /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21028734.
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Gross, Isaac. "Essays on macroeconomics and household heterogeneity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67b69f93-f399-49f3-8e1c-b38b1b67bab1.
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The goal of this thesis is to explore how household heterogeneity propagates and amplifies macroeconomic shocks within the economy using both economic theory and empirical data. The assumption of a single "representative" household has been a mainstay of macroeconomic research over the past half-century. However recent work suggests that not only is there a considerable degree of heterogeneity among households, but that these differences have a significant impact on a range of macroeconomic issues such as the e?ectiveness of fiscal stimulus (Kaplan et al., 2014; Broda and Parker, 2014), monetary policy (Auclert, 2017; Kaplan et al., 2016), the housing market (Attanasio et al., 2012; Blundell et al., 2008; Guerrieri and Iacoviello, 2017; Ngai et al., 2016; Mian et al., 2013), consumption (Ahn et al., 2017a; Blundell and Preston, 1998; Campbell and Cocco, 2007; Engelhardt, 1996) and employment (Ravn and Sterk, 2016; McKay and Reis, 2016; Abo-Zaid, 2013a) among many others. This literature has highlighted how households respond differently to aggregate shocks or changes in policy and how simply aggregating or averaging across them can obscure important truths about the economy. However, relaxing this assumption poses several challenges. The first is choosing the degree and manner in which households di?er. While in reality households can differ along many dimensions, in practice it is only feasible to include a small number of these in any given model. Thus one must choose the most salient dimensions along which households differ and the structural reasons behind such differences. For example, when examining the dynamics behind the housing market is it important to model differences in income, wealth, age, tastes or composition? No single model will be able to incorporate all these differences and so it is incumbent on researchers to proritise and justify their choices. In this thesis I will show why household heterogeneity in the housing and labour markets is both empirically relevant and an important consideration when considering the problem of optimal policy. The second challenge is a computational one. While models can be structured such that differentiated households make identical decisions, in general these differences will cause choices, and thus outcomes, across households to diverge. This produces a non-degenerate distribution of households across their specific state variables. This raises the problem of how this potentially infinite-dimension distribution is incorporated within the model. Previous literature has developed a range of options for handling this problem including approximating the distribution with a small handful of moments (Krusell and Smith, 1998) and approximating it with projection and perturbation methods (Reiter, 2009). In this thesis I will outline two different methods for dealing with this computational problem. The first, set out in Chapter 1, shows how market clearing prices can be feasibly calculated by aggregating over the distribution of households. The second approach involves simulating the model with aggregate uncertainty using numerical derivatives based on impulse response functions. The first chapter of this thesis will examine how heterogeneity in wealth and income affects households' decision to purchase housing and the implications for their consumption of non-durable goods. It constructs an Aiyagari-Bewley-Huggett model in which households are subject to an idiosyncratic income shock and thus hold different amounts of liquid wealth and illiquid housing. I then evaluate how the anticipated changes in household debt associated with the leveraged purchase of housing affect the consumption of non-durable goods. I show that the differences in income and wealth lead to significant variance in marginal propensities to consume among households. I show that households that are saving for a house deposit can have negative marginal propensities to consume as they lower their consumption in anticipation of being credit constrained as the probability that they will buy a house increases. This result has important implications for the design of fiscal policy, as it shows that payments to first time home buyers, which was a common policy response to the Global Financial Crisis, can lead to falls in aggregate consumption rather than stimulating growth. The second and third chapters examine how the combination of heterogeneity in workers' wages and downward nominal wage rigidity affects the transmission and design of different aspects of monetary policy. In Chapter 2 I show that in this environment there is a trade-off between a higher rate of inflation which gives workers more flexibility when setting real wages, at the cost of greater price dispersion in the goods market. After outlining a numerical algorithm to solve the model I use micro-data on the distribution of workers' change in wages to calibrate the nominal wage rigidity. I show that downward nominal wage rigidities bend the Phillips curve constraining the inflation rate from falling in times of low demand. This indicates that an inflation rate that is only moderately below its target can mask large falls in the output gap. Finally, I find that the monetary policy rule can be implemented by placing a higher weight on wage inflation, relative to a symmetric nominal wage rigidity. In Chapter 3 I discuss how downwardly rigid wages can amplify or mitigate the welfare loss caused by the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates and how this varies with the parameterisation of the model. I find that the optimal rate of inflation is increased by the presence of both nominal interest rate and wage rigidities, when modeled either separately or in tandem, and is 3 per cent in the baseline calibration of the model.
3
Oh, Dong-Hoon. "housing budget share, housing expenditure, and housing affordability of U.S. urban households by housing tenure /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487928649986359.
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Wong, Po-chun Rosita, and 黃寶珍. "A study of household domestic service: the impact of social changes on property management service in the privatehousing sector." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968508.
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Kamara, DuEwa Akinwole. "Housing decisions of female-head households /." Connect to resource, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265725869.
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Kamara, DuEwa Aklnwole. "Housing decisions of female-head households." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1265725869.
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Williams, Carol. "Counter-urbanisation, housing and households in Cornwall." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/420.
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Over the last thirty years Cornwall has experienced a dramatic population expansion. Population growth has had effects in many areas, but particularly in housing. The increased demand for housing from those migrating into the area has inflated house prices, yet the Cornish economy is afflicted by low wage levels and high unemployment rates, creating a 'mortgage gap' for long term residents. This coupled with the decline in availability of both publicly and privately rented accommodation has resulted in what has been termed a housing 'crisis' (George 1987, Deacon et al. 1988, Lennon 1991, Williams 1993). It has been suggested that this 'crisis' has resulted in a 'two tier' housing system, recent inmigrants generally enjoying better housing chances than longer term residents of Cornwall (Williams, 1993). Furthermore, it has been suggested that much of Cornwall's housing problems remain 'hidden' having been absorbed into existing household structures. The research presented in this thesis aimed to assess the housing circumstances and chances of both recent in-migrant and long-term residents in order to discover if they do in fact differ. Whether or not housing need was being absorbed into existing household structures was also explored, as were the reasons why. It was found that the housing circumstances and chances of recent in-migrants are generally better than those of long-term residents and that this was as a result of the distinctly different economic characteristics of the groups. Housing need was also found to be to a large extent 'concealed'. This was mainly young adults who were unable to set up independent households as a result of a lack of affordable accommodation. The research suggests that families remain a source of support and assistance to their members in relation to housing, but that the type of support given varies according to occupational class and economic means which might serve to disadvantage long-term residents still further in the future.
8
Weikum, Gary Lester. "The housing consumption of empty nest households." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26624.
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The purposes of this study are to develop a demographic profile of empty nesters and describe their housing consumption; to determine the number of empty nesters who are occupying family housing; and provide a summary of the housing needs of empty nesters which cause them to occupy the type of housing which they do. This study is not intended to develop public policy to encourage empty nesters to move, rather, it attempts to answer some fundamental questions about the impact of empty nesters on the family housing supply in urban areas. A detailed examination of empty nester housing consumption in the Vancouver, C.M.A. Canada was conducted through analysis of 1981 Census Canada Public Use Sample Tapes. The findings indicate that empty nesters have a high propensity to live independently in owner-occupied family type single detached dwellings. Contrary to popular perception, condominiums have not attracted large numbers of empty nest couples. Empty nesters appear to retain their independent living arrangements and family type housing for as long as possible. Income, more than any other variable tested, influences the size of dwelling occupied by this group., and relatively low monthly housing costs caused by high equity situations may counteract any desire to economize space after the children have left the family home. This study was conducted as a result of the apparent lack of empirical data regarding empty nesters and the various assumptions that they were contributing to family housing shortage problems. It is important that researchers not pre-judge what is adequate housing for empty nesters. Rather, researchers should focus on the resources and needs of this group and attempt to supply appropriate housing from this direction rather than implement policies to get them out of their current housing units.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
9
Lavigne, Jean-François. "Housing without families : the housing situation of non-family households in Montreal." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61943.
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Tu, Yong. "Local housing submarket structure and regional household housing choice behaviour." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1995. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3603.
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As home ownership in the UK housing market has become mature, economic and econometric analyses of urban and regional owner-occupier housing markets have become a long-standing concern of housing economists. This thesis defines a nestedl ocal housing submarkets tructureT. he dynamic stock flow model with trade friction is revised and applied to analysing the local owner occupier housing submarket operational process. The short run and long run equilibrium and discquilibrium nature of a local owner occupier housing submarkct system are divulged. This model explores the submarket house price determinants and the role of housing submarket trade friction in submarket house price formation. The computer simulation reveals the relationship between the housing submarket structure and the system stability. The role of household housing choice behaviour in directing the system has been carefully demonstrated. On the premise of the utility maximisation approach, a behavioural model of regional household housing choice per housing submarket is set up. It is argued that the structure of the regional labour market determines household dwelling location choice. The influence of housing submarket marketability (defined as an inverse of the submarket trade friction) on household housing choice behaviour is considered. The family life cycle pattern of housing choice behaviour and the influence of household financial constraints on housing choice are also developed in the model. The empirical analysis is based on both Stated and Revealed preference information in order to overcome the dwelling supply constraint. The data is derived from the Lothian Region owner occupier housing market. The empirical results are compared with those of the existing housing choice models. The policy implications which follow from this thesis are then discussed in the light of the findings
11
Kizildag, Yelda. "Housing Management Models And Household Behaviour." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/652/index.pdf.
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A significantly large stock of housing has been realised In Turkey during the past five decades, building the cities almost entirely anew. This has shifted the central concern from production, design and ownership issues in the housing sector to that of housing management. The major problem in housing for the coming decades is not how to maintain the growth of the stock further, but how to efficiently use and improve the existing assets.
Currently, no central or local authority is responsible for the management, running or control at any scale, but only the residents and property owners responsibilities exist at the individual plot scale. There is evidence of greater efficiency however, for the need of housing management at supra-plot scales. The hypothesis of the study in this context is that no part of the stock is without problems in terms of management. This is empirically investigated by two complementary analyses based on two distinct surveys.
The first analysis demonstrated that the role of tenure and income on expenditures on housing, especially expenditures for repairs and maintenance are dominant. A three-fold difference is observed between tenants and owner-occupiers, and 10 times between households of highest and lowest incomes. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance is 1.9 times greater in the apartment stock and 1.2 times more in the ‘
gecekondu&
#8217
dwellings than in individual &
#8216
houses&
#8217
. Lowest levels of expenditures are observed in oldest part of the stock, in less developed neighbourhoods, and in stock with lowest rental values. According to the results of the second analysis, organisational tendencies of household groups varying in their characteristics are not sharply differentiated as in their expenditures. One most significant factor is tenure. Tenants are observed to have a weaker sense of dedication and identity in the dwellings they occupy and in neighbourhoods they live. Current management problem issues could then be identified as: low-income households, tenant households, stock with low rental values, aged stock and undeveloped neighbourhoods. Some of the most significant policy tools for tackling these problems are credit opportunities to be made available to households for repairs and maintenance in such problem areas, subsidies in terms of tax deductions, material incentives, technical support and public investments in degraded localities to boost economic activities which are eventually to initiate private investments.
12
Gathergood, John. "Household financial behaviour and housing wealth." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491011.
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This thesis examines the impact of house price movements on household financial behaviour using UK individual household-level panel data and microeconometric methods. Three principal essays examine the impact of changes in house prices on i) household saving activity, ii) household indebtedness and iii) transition into self-employment.
13
Albert, Steven P. "Supportive Community Housing: Addressing the Emergence of Non-Traditional Households." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1112140212.
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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on April 26, 2007). Keywords: supportive community housing; housing for non-traditional families; non-traditional households; multi-family housing; housing design; housing Includes bibliographical references.
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Hofmann, Gregory Thomas. "Near-elderly single-person households in core housing need : linking housing support to the severity of housing need." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42005.
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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), the federal
agency responsible for addressing the housing needs of low and
moderate-income Canadians, considers those who are unable to
secure physically adequate and uncrowded accommodation without
spending more than 30% of their gross income to be in core
housing need. This thesis analyzes single-person renter
households determined to be in core housing need. Whereas the
elderly (65 years and older) among core housing need singles
are relatively well supported through CMHC's social housing
programs, non-elderly core need singles generally do not receive
support. Using an analytical framework that focusses on the
severity of housing need, and by comparing the socio-economic
profiles of selected age groups within this core housing need
category, the study has demonstrated the existence of severe
housing need, as defined by CMHC, among non-elderly core need
singles and has established that the near-elderly (aged 50-64)
are in the greatest need among all core need singles and are,
therefore, in greater need compared to the elderly.
In view of a data base upon which the allocation of
assistance to at least those in the greatest need among
non-elderly core need singles can be justified, it is argued that
CMHC as well as other government agencies and housing support
groups must acknowledge such evidence, consider a re-evaluation
of priorities and take appropriate action to the extent possible
in light of current fiscal restraint . Several suggestions are put
forward to this end.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
15
Seslen, Tracey Nicole 1977. "Housing price dynamics and household mobility decisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17629.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2003.Includes bibliographical references.
The first chapter attempts to shed light on the role of housing price dynamics in mobility decisions, asking whether households respond to prices in a forward- or backward-looking manner, and the extent to which high leverage constrains moving behavior. On a broader level, the study tests whether price dynamics dominate non-market shocks as a force governing household mobility, given the importance of housing as an investment good and saving device. Using a 13 year sample from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I find that households are largely backward-looking in both their mobility and consumption decisions, and that non-market shocks play a significant role. Households show little or no response to equity constraints, and do not appear to time the market, despite significant forecastability in housing prices. These conclusions lend support to the notion of prices leading trading volume, but do not support the theoretical work of Stein (1995), which attributes mobility behavior to changes in equity constraints brought about by changes in housing prices. The second chapter uses data from the Retirement History Survey to measure the impact of property tax abatement programs on elderly homeownership decisions. Analysis using a competing risks framework, in which the decision to trade down is treated separately from the decision to end homeownership completely, shows striking differences in the impact of property taxes on each type of failure: for the elderly who choose to trade down, property taxes have a positive effect on the hazard of moving. Alternatively, property taxes have little impact on the tenure decision. Incorporating individual heterogeneity to correct for sample bias, to capture mover-stayer effects, and to account for correlation between property taxes and omitted variables, has little effect on the results. From an "ex post" perspective, the results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that property tax abatement programs have a small impact at best, and may be leading to undesirable redistributional outcomes. The final chapter employs data from the neighborhood clusters sample of the 1989 American Housing Survey and the wealth supplement of the 1989 Panel Study of Income Dynamics to study to distribution of wealth within US residential neighborhoods. Calculations using the Bourguignon decomposable inequality index show that wealth is more unequally distributed than income, and income more than housing wealth, at all levels of aggregation--neighborhoods, metropolitan areas, census regions, and the entire US.
by Tracey Nicole Seslen.
Ph.D.
16
Wong, Ho-yin Ada. "Home for non-conventional households." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25952900.
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Ha, Sau-mei Winnie. "A study on the impact of domestic household services (DHS) to housing managers in private housing sector /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35819674.
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Morris, Marcia E., and Marcia E. Morris. "Contemporary housing alternatives for changing lifestyles and non-traditional households." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625851.
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He, Zhechun. "The role of housing in household decision making." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20351/.
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This thesis studies the role of housing in household decision making from both the theoretical and empirical point of view. Chapter 2 uses the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) from 1997-2008 and studies the impact of local authority district house prices on labour supply of couples via a bivariate probit model. The two-equation system not only enhances efficiency of estimation but also makes the estimation of marginal effect of house prices on the marginal, joint and conditional probability of the couple's labour supply possible while a univariate model only gives information on marginal probability of individual's labour supply. We find gender and age differences in labour participation when house price changes. Chapter 3 is motivated by the theory that different preferences and circumstances (cash-on-hand) generate alternative portfolio regimes that reflect different degrees of proximity to borrowing constraints. It fits a multivariate Gaussian mixture model via a censored data expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm on data from Wealth and Asset Survey (WAS) to classify the four solution regimes implied by the theory. Based on these classification results, Chapter 4 estimates the marginal propensity to consume out of wealth (MPC) for heterogeneous older homeowners by minimising the difference between model predicted consumption and imputed consumption from the data for older homeowners. The results suggest a stimulus is most effective for the borrowing constrained, low net-worth households since their consumption is more sensitive to a wealth shock. Chapter 5 analyses a life cycle model with three financial assets (one is mortgage debt) and housing with borrowing constraints and uncertain asset return and labour income. We find conditions on general preferences and constraint parameters for the solutions in a period to involve different sets of binding constraints. We derive closed form solutions and simulate life time paths for different realisations of uncertainty with specialised preferences.
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Worth, Thomas F. II. "Housing assistance and the creation of household wealth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123592.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-55).
This thesis aims to develop the framework of a housing program designed to help current recipients of rental subsidies begin to build household wealth through homeownership. Its core beneficiaries are households in Boston and Cambridge earning between 60% and 80% of the area median income. It also proposes an extended program to help households earning between 80% and 135% AMI purchase a home, since they also face significant burdens from housing costs in the current market and are underserved by existing housing programs. The proposal does not aim to solve the overall housing crisis, nor to replace existing programs, but rather to act as a supplement to current programs. The first chapter examines the history of housing policy, and from that review draws six principles of effective housing programs which are used to guide the new proposal. The second chapter examines the needs of renters, home buyers, and property developers in order to identify basic criteria which a new program must meet. The third chapter evaluates individual potential elements of a new program with respect to the principles and criteria identified within the earlier chapters. Finally, the framework of the proposal for a new housing program is laid out.
by Thomas F. Worth, II.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
S.M.inRealEstateDevelopment Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate
21
Zhang, Yuanjie. "Essays on Household Behavior in the Housing Market." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306784730.
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Chung, Kim-wah. "The problems on public housing allocation in Hong Kong : the small households issue and its implications /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12318334.
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Wong, Grace Khie Mie. "Household housing decision-making processes and choice within the public housing system in Singapore." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361698.
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Leonard, K. Mark. "Low-Income Households' Perceived Obstacles and Reactions in Obtaining Affordable Housing." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5894.
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Low-income affordable housing remains an issue for the town on Martha's Vineyard where this study was conducted, in which an estimated 54% of low-/moderate-income households spend more than 50% of monthly income on housing. Using Schneider and Ingram's work regarding the social construction of target populations as the foundation, the purpose of this qualitative research was to assess how the perceived social standing and political power contributed to determining the benefits and burdens allocated to the town's low-income households. Data for this study consisted of 14 individual semistructured interviews with members of low-income households who were seeking or in affordable housing. The research concentrated on the obstacles and reactions the low-income households experienced in the quest for affordable housing. Data were coded and analyzed using a value coding procedure followed by thematic analysis. Three themes emerged from the research: a perception by the participants of not being valued in the community and a lack of attention by town leadership to their affordable housing struggles; a self-reliance to find affordable housing; and coping strategies by renting bedrooms with shared kitchen and living areas or resorting to a 9-month lease and being displaced during the summer tourist season. The research illuminated the low-income community's housing experiences and perceptions, thereby helping town leaders to form housing policy and make fiscal decisions. The implications for positive social change include recommendations to town leadership to examine incentivizing homeowners to offer affordable rentals, investigating congregate housing solutions, and developing multifamily affordable housing for the town's low-income households.
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Odetunde, Joshua Omoniyi. "Engaging the Nonprofits in Louisville Housing Market for Low-Income Households." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1653.
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Nonprofit organizations often work in partnership with government agencies to empower low income people in the housing market through government subsidized mortgage loans. In spite of this assistance, homelessness and substandard housing is pervasive among low income households because this population primarily relies on the rental housing market, leaving a gap in practice and knowledge related to how nonprofits provide assistance to the overwhelming majority of low income consumers in need of housing. The purpose of this case study was to use social justice theory to explore how the nonprofit sector, as an economic force, provides assistance to and empowers low income consumers in acquiring federally subsidized housing in the Louisville housing market. Data were collected from documents from nonprofit housing organizations and 5 interviews with directors of nonprofit organizations whose principal mission is to assist low income people acquire housing. Data were inductively coded and organized around key themes and ideas. Key findings of this study indicated that these 5 leaders perceived a certain degree of empowerment among low income individuals; they also perceived that rental subsidies and public housing were viewed by consumers as entitlements. However, the organizations' housing units were not being managed as landed capital asset that could be occupied on various negotiable lease terms, as in the housing market, for empowering low income people to ensure social justice. These findings suggest that positive social change may be encouraged if nonprofit housing organizations engage in social entrepreneurial leaseholds to complement the public policy and empower low-income households.
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Mills, Sophie Odile Marie-France. "Housing the household : gender and empowerment in South Africa." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2295/.
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Based on in-depth interviews carried out with men and women in both male and female-headed households in the townships of Khayelitsha and Philippi in Cape Town, South Africa, the thesis examines the impact of housing finance and participation in housing projects on intra-household gender relations. The importance of the projects to the low-income, mainly female Xhosa participants is explored, not only as a means of delivering physical shelter with resulting improvement in quality of life, but also as an empowering process. In particular the impact of an external factor on power relations between men and women in male-headed households is explored, through changes in decision-making abilities and control over household resources. Following on from these shifts, and echoing wider societal changes in South Africa and beyond, the notion of a 'crisis in masculinity' is explored. The role of emotions in decision-making is highlighted, particularly in response to models and theories which exclude the emotional context of household power relations. Key findings include the degree to which empowering women outside the household does not necessarily result in a similar shift in status within the household; and the extent to which men consider their traditional authority and position as household heads undermined by their perception of growing 'women's rights'. Women living within female-headed households also present a strong case for the increasing breakdown of the traditional nuclear household, through their representation of marriage and partnership with men as not only emotionally but also economically unstable. The destabilisation of marriage is generally regarded as more problematic by men, who experience a loss of power when these fail, than by women who reported a preference for female headship. Issues raised during the fieldwork illustrate the need for an exploration of the meaning of terms such as household, headship, decision-making and empowerment, particularly where these are used in models of the household.
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Sobukwe-Whyte, Akyere Andiswa. "The effect of housing micro-finance on household welfare." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25516.
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The affordable housing crisis in South Africa has created a need for better quality and efficient housing alternatives. The aim of this research is to identify how housing microfinance contributes towards improved living conditions and welfare of low-income households through a case study analysis. Data was collected from employees and beneficiaries of Ikhayalami's loan finance programme using observations, pictures and semi structured individual interviews. Data was analysed for content with the aim of interpreting emerging trends and concepts. The findings reveal a significant positive effect via an increase in community status and housing conditions. If afforded sufficient infrastructure and support – housing microfinance has the potential to grow in scale and move developmental objectives forward.
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Chung, Kim-wah, and 鍾劍華. "The problems on public housing allocation in Hong Kong: the small households issue and its implications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974405.
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Huong, Lan Hoang Thi. "A study on housing preference of young households using stated-preference approach." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50036.
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The isssue of housing preference has been widely researched in housing literature, because it provides valuable information for the planning and development of housing for various residential groups with different needs. In Vietnam, the issue has not received proper attention from scholars and developers though the local housing market is going through a phase of rapid development and transformation. This thesis examines housing preference of young household in the capital city Hanoi with focus on condominiums in new urban areas, due to strong demand of the residential group for the specific type of housing. The thesis employed a stated-preference approach with application of direct measurement and conjoint analysis methods to answer research question. A total of 92 responses were collected by mean of questionnaires delivered to customers who visited two real-estate agents in Hanoi. Analysis of the empirical data shows that, households are most concerned about developers’ commitments and basic quality of the housing units.They appreciate child-friendly qualities of the living environment, as well as child-friendly facilities and services. The analysis also reveals that price is the most influential attribute to households’ preference, followed by location and floor area. Of the households, majority prefer living close to city centers in order to have good access to jobs, schools, health-care and recreational services; while a small portion choose to live further from city center to get better living conditions, larger space, and lower price. The preferences are then discussed in connection to current conditions of Hanoi urban areas in order to give implications for urban planning policies and new housing projects.
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Al-Najadah, Ali Saleh. "The impact of oil-related pollution on housing satisfaction of Kuwaiti households." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-144756/.
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Baillie, Sheila. "Housing- and neighborhood-related stress of female heads of single-parent households." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53616.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of housing- and neighborhood-related deficits and stress in female heads of single-parent households. The main objectives were to determine: (1) if a correlation existed between the characteristics of the housing and neighborhood occupied by single-parent households and the number of deficits they reported; (2) if a correlation existed between the number of housing and neighborhood deficits and the amount of stress reported; and (3) what specific housing and neighborhood deficits were significantly associated with stress.
A proportionate sample was drawn systematically from the 1983 school census data of Roanoke County and the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia. A self administered questionnaire was developed, pretested, and mailed to 1000 mothers of elementary school aged children and 162 usable responses were obtained. The Langner 22-item Index of Mental Illness was used to measure stress. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, linear regression, and multiple regression with controls for the effect of extraneous variables on stress.
Significant differences were found between the number of deficits reported and several characteristics of the respondents’ housing, including the type of dwelling, length of tenancy, method of housing payment, and dwelling satisfaction. A significant positive relationship was also found between the number of housing- and neighborhood-related deficits and the stress level of the respondents.
Twelve of the 48 possible housing deficits were significantly related to stress (p < .01). These included inadequate size of rooms, inadequate space for family activities, entertaining, or children’s activities in the kitchen, no separate bedroom for the parent, lack of freedom to make changes in the Interior of the dwelling, inadequate Indoor storage, hard—to clean materials on the floors and in the bathroom, bedrooms not large enough for needed furnishings, no assigned parking space, and lack of privacy for family members.
Four of the 21 possible neighborhood deficits were significantly related to stress (p < .01). These included inadequate police surveillance, lack of social acceptance of the single-parent lifestyle, and neighborhoods which were not clean or were not pleasant and attractive looking.Ph. D.
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Ha, Sau-mei Winnie, and 哈秀美. "A study on the impact of domestic household services (DHS) to housing managers in private housing sector." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35819674.
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Han-Suck, Song. "Risk management of the housing market : with a focus on low income households." Licentiate thesis, KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-398.
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Green, Adrian Gareth. "Houses and households in County Durham and Newcastle c.1570-1730." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1600/.
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The north east of England witnessed dramatic economic and social change during this period. This study utilises documentary and archaeological sources to investigate the ways in which houses were built and lived in between the late sixteenth and early eighteenth century. Chapter One, `Introduction', addresses the issues associated with architectural change in this period and explains the evidence employed to analyse the social and economic context of housing and relationship of architectural to social change. Chapter Two, `Regionality', defines a region centred on County Durham including Newcastle as the regional capital. Chapter Three: Households in the Hearth Tax 1660-1680, analyses the social stratigraphy of housing mid-way through the study period. Chapter Four: House Survival, establishes the proportion of surviving , houses and questions previous assumptions involved in the analysis of housing change from standing buildings. Chapter Five: Rebuilding Houses, demonstrates the chronology of rebuilding by separate social groups and the ways in which the internal arrangement and external appearance of houses altered between c. 1570 and 1730. Chapter Six: Housing through the Life Cycle, outlines the typical changes in housing through the life cycle, focusing particularly on the relationship between marriage and rebuilding. Chapter Seven: Houses in the eighteenth century Property Market, shows the significance of the commercial exchange of houses from newspaper property advertisements. Chapter Eight: Durham and Newcastle Houses, analyses architectural change and the social topography and turnover in occupancy of housing in the urban centres of the north-east region. Chapter Nine: The Building Process, investigates the mechanisms for architectural change and evaluates the relationship between regional variation and social identity in houses. Chapter Ten: Conclusions, appraises the role of material culture in social process in houses in one corner of early modem England.
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Sikota, Zikhona. "No meaningful participation without effective representation: the case of the Niall Mellon Housing Project in Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4979.
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Magister Artium - MAAccess to adequate housing is one of the most debated issues in democratic South Africa. The government continues to battle with existing backlogs in the provision of housing and a seemingly increasing demand. At the same time, urban populations take to the streets to register their anger and frustration at the slow progress of service delivery as a whole, including housing and other basic services. Clearly this is an important issue in the country, one that has inspired great public debate and further engagement between the state and the people. Notably, this dissatisfaction endures despite the fact that South Africa’s post-apartheid government discourse on state-society relations has centred on greater participation, especially at local government level, as reflected in the commitment to participatory democracy in the South African constitution. Despite this, in general government housing policy has focused on ensuring the delivery of houses to the people rather than the participatory processes in the provision of housing. The 1994 Housing White Paper took an ‘incremental’ or ‘progressive’ approach to housing, which is a developer driven approach that limits the participation of ordinary citizens in the provision of housing, despite the government’s commitment to enabling participation. The introduction of the People’s Housing Process (PHP) in 1998 (later revised and became the Enhanced People’s Housing Process) was a breakthrough in government’s efforts for the involvement of communities in the housing process. However, even this initiative was criticised for its lack of any meaningful participation, as the contribution of individual residents and communities was limited to the implementation process, while the policy decisions were still in government hands. The revision of this policy and the broadening of the housing policy through Breaking New Ground were meant to encourage community ownership of housing provision and empower them beyond the limitations of the PHP. Notably, the meaning of participation encoded in housing programmes, particularly those such as the PHP, is taken for granted. It is assumed that participation will occur in a straight forward process. However, as this demonstrates, effective participatory processes necessitate particular forms of representation for beneficiaries. Designing an effective participatory mechanism thus requires paying attention to new practices of representation as well as new practices of participation. In the participatory housing processes in particular such representation is essential as the direct participation of communities in decision making might not be feasible at some points in the process, hence, community residents need people that will communicate and make decisions on their behalf in engaging with government. The South African literature on state-society relations is largely silent on the relationship between representation and participatory processes, thus there is limited analysis on local level leaders that become part of these participatory processes. This is the gap that this study explores in relation to housing through a case-study of the role of local community leaders in a People’s Housing Process housing project in Imizamo Yethu, Hout Bay. It aims to understand the significance of the representative role played by local leaders who are not part of the formal democratic system of representation in development participatory processes. In exploring the Niall Mellon Housing Project as a case study, the research illustrates three main points: first, local leaders played a crucial role in the housing project. They initiated and implemented the programme and contributed to the overall success of the project. Indeed it is sensible to assume that organised and legitimate local leaders are essential to development projects as they are able to provide an effective link between government and the community. Second, since these local leaders are not part of the established democratic system of representation, their status is vulnerable to contestation. Local leaders lack the formal authority that usually occurs in representation modes that require explicit authorisation or those formalised as part of the state system of representation. Their position can easily be challenged and their legitimacy questioned. Third, development projects such as the one under investigation also create these kinds of legitimacy crisis. This is due to the competition for scarce government resources introduced by the development projects. Thus, those who feel excluded from the project may retaliate and question the actions of the local leaders. Hence, even though community leaders are useful in this participatory process, the state of their position is vulnerable and their legitimacy can be undermined by the very process that needs their participation.
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Cho, Im-Gon. "Local government fiscal impacts on wages, housing values, and household migration." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1271855326.
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Bottazzi, Renata. "Essays on household labour market participation, housing and wealth accumulation decisions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445326/.
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The chapters of this thesis analyse elements of households' consumption, labour supply and saving decisions within the life cycle framework. The focus is on three main issues arising in this context. The first considers modelling both a durable good (housing) and labour supply choices together with life cycle choices over consumption and sav ings. The importance of modelling these features together comes from the existence of explicit earnings-related borrowing constraints when taking out a mortgage. Empiri cal evidence is provided for the UK and the modelling exercise, although not aimed to reproduce the evidence of a single country, is calibrated to the UK. The second issue concerns incorporating expectations into the model. Two ap proaches axe followed in the different chapters. One approach infers expectations from past realisations. The alternative approach uses expectations elicited in survey inter views. The third issue relates to whether individuals save enough for their retirement. This question is addressed by using expectations on retirement outcomes, elicited directly in accordance with the approach mentioned above, and collected for a representative sample of the Italian working population. Data of interest to our exercise is for the years before and after a series of major pension reforms.
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Baird, Jennifer A. "Housing and households at Dura-Europos : a study in identity on Rome's eastern frontier." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432935.
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Shawki, Hoda Sherif. "Gender-related differences in housing preferences a qualitative approach /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195154886.
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Sun, Wei. "Three Essays on the Economic Decisions Faced by Elderly Households." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1187.
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Thesis advisor: Alicia H. MunnellThis dissertation contains three essays. Each considers an economic decision faced by elderly households. The cost of nursing home care represents a substantial financial risk for older households. Yet, only 10 percent purchase long-term care insurance (LTCI), with many relying on Medicaid. The first essay estimates a structural model of the LTCI purchase decision using Health and Retirement Study data. Estimates indicate that this population has a modest preference for higher quality care and thus Medicaid crowds out LTCI. In addition, housing wealth provides self-insurance against the cost of nursing home care, so that individuals who are "house-rich cash-poor" are less likely to purchase LTCI. I also evaluate public policies designed to stimulate the take-up of LTCI and reduce Medicaid spending. I find that a comprehensive 20 percent subsidy would increase take-up by 160 percent, but the resulting Medicaid savings would amount to only 22 percent of the subsidy cost. A targeted subsidy would be more likely to break even, but would have only a small effect on coverage. Full enforcement of Medicaid estate recovery programs would reduce Medicaid expenditure by 31 percent, but would have insignificant effect on LTCI coverage. The second essay investigates the impact of house prices fluctuations on the non-durable goods consumption decision of older households. House prices in the United States fluctuate over time with significant regional variation. Thus, understanding how these price movements affect households' consumption has important policy implications. Existing studies focus mostly on the working population, leaving the effect of older households, who could be either the largest beneficiaries or victims of house price fluctuations, unexamined. Using Health and Retirement Study data, I show that house price fluctuations significantly affect non-durable goods consumption of older households. Estimates indicate that both the wealth effect and a relaxed borrowing constraint increase consumption when house prices appreciate. In addition, I find that only unexpected changes in house prices lead to changes in consumption of non-credit constrained households, which is consistent with economic theory predictions. Finally, I provide evidence that older households usually fund the additional consumption by increasing mortgage debt, rather than by drawing down financial assets. The third essay evaluates the value of the additional longevity insurance acquired by delaying claiming social security benefit. Individuals can claim Social Security at any age from 62 to 70, although most claim at 62 or soon thereafter. Those who delay claiming receive increases that are approximately actuarially fair. I show that expected present value calculations substantially understate both the optimal claim age and the losses resulting from early claiming because they ignore the value of the additional longevity insurance acquired as a result of delay. Using numerical optimization techniques, I illustrate that for plausible preference parameters, the optimal age for non-liquidity constrained single individuals and married men to claim benefit is between 67 and 70. I calculate that Social Security Equivalent Income, the amount by which benefits payable at suboptimal ages must be increased so that a household is indifferent between claiming at those ages and the optimal combination of ages, can be as high as 19 percent
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Eliasson, Sandra. "Connections between household adn street : Social, calm, safe and intimate - Tool housing." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-72674.
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Watanabe, Mariko, and 渡邊眞理子. "The impact of the public housing policy on household behaviour in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221865.
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Cham, Lansana Juldeh. "Household intervention and residential satisfaction in low-income housing in Kissy, Freetown." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349808/.
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My involvement with low-income housing development in Freetown particularly in the Kissy area between 1983 and 1988 sparked my interest in the evolving problem of housing deterioration in most parts of the city. The dominant theme of almost universal relevance, i.e. housing improvement, had impressed itself upon me as a result. I therefore felt that a comprehensive study of the problem need to be carried out. If one permits his hopes to condition his speculations, one may conclude that housing improvement among low-income households will improve the quality of life for the majority of the inhabitants of the city who are in the low-income groups. It is this fundamental aspiration that propelled me to undertake this study with the hope that improvements made by low-income households themselves will be a potent factor in housing improvement that eventually leads to a greater satisfaction. If this study succeeds in casting a stronger light on the importance of housing improvement by low-income households, and if it also inspires greater attention to this problem in government policies and in aid programmes, it will have more than served its purpose. The present study therefore, focuses on issues related to household intervention in low-income housing in Kissy and its relationship with residential satisfaction, and the residents attitudes and perceptions of their housing and how these may influence their values as regards their intervention in their housing in an attempt to improve its quality. The central question the research seeks to answer is: "is there any relationship between intervention of households and the satisfaction they derive from their housing? If so, which factors are involved?". The study also distinguishes between three types of household intervention: active, passive and balanced household intervention. The factors we believe may influence household intervention are: available resources, housing management control, residential attachment, previous housing experience, preferred housing, and their demographic characteristics i.e. household density, household size, household income; age, education and occupation of the head of household, and their residential status. To achieve these objectives hypotheses were derived based on the above factors. Statistical analysis which include Pearsonian correlations, Chi-square tests and analysis of variance were performed on data gathered in a survey conducted in Kissy between November 1990 and March 1991. The results indicate that residential satisfaction was positively associated with household intervention. This was more so for owner occupiers than renter. The former also carried out more interventions in their housing than the latter. Residential attachment, housing management control, household size, and household income were the factors found to be significantly associated with household intervention. It is hoped that findings based on the assumptions and limitations of the study will be satisfactory for use in Public policy making, programme planning and implementation, and will also provide useful information to those involved in the design and improvement of housing for low-income families in Kissy.
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Schreckengost, Renee. "Energy-efficient housing alternatives: a predictive model of factors affecting household perceptions." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71258.
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The major purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact of household socio-economic factors, dwelling characteristics, energy conservation behavior, and energy attitude on the perceptions of energy-efficient housing alternatives. Perceptions of passive solar, active solar, earth- sheltered, and retrofitted housing were examined.
Data used were from the Southern Regional Research Project, S-141, "Housing for Low and Moderate Income Families." Responses from 1804 households living in seven southern states were analyzed. A conceptual model was proposed to test the hypothesized relationships which were examined by path analysis.
Perceptions of energy-efficient housing alternatives were found to be a function of selected household and dwelling characteristics, energy attitude; household economic factors, and household conservation behavior. Age and education of the respondent, family size, housing-income ratio, utility-income ratio, energy attitude, and size of the dwelling unit were found to have direct and indirect effects on perceptions of energy-efficient housing alternatives. Energy conservation behavior made a significant direct impact with behavioral energy conservation changes having the most profound influence.
Conservation behavior was influenced by selected household and dwelling characteristics, energy attitude, and household economic factors. Significant effects were found between conservation efforts and age, size, and condition of the housing unit, age and education of respondent, family size, and energy attitude.
Household economic factors were directly affected by selected household and dwelling characteristics. Age and education of respondent and age and condition of dwelling had significant effects on the proportion of monthly income spent for housing and utilities.Ph. D.
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Restrepo, R. Jannette. "Female-headed households and their homes : the case of Medellin, Colombia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0033/MQ64119.pdf.
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Kakkar, Gaurav. "Assessment of U.S. manufactured system built wooden homes as an affordable housing alternative for low income households in developing countries." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79670.
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Millions of people around the developing world struggle to obtain safe, decent and affordable housing. The United States of America has substantially improved the residential construction sector by engineering new materials and developing efficient systems in wood construction.
The goal of this research was to assess the potential of introducing system built wood construction system manufactured in the United States in urban social housing markets of developing countries. Peru, Ecuador and Colombia were three countries chosen for this study. Stakeholders in social housing in these three countries were interviewed to assess key aspects of traditional construction, current social housing deficits, perception of wood use in construction, and policies associated with social housing in selected markets. Findings indicate developing custom housing products for urban social housing programs can provide access to this untapped markets. Awareness about wood construction was very limited in the studied region. System built wood construction manufacturers in the U.S. were assessed to identify barriers and incentives for internationalization. Manufacturers in the U.S. also identify the need to expand their existing customer base. Findings of the survey conducted among the manufacturers identified various barriers to export. This research contributes to opening of new markets for exports of prefabricated wooden buildings in new geographical regions.Master of Science
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Watanabe, Mariko. "The impact of the public housing policy on household behaviour in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20577217.
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Ozturk, Erdogan. "Accounting for space in intrametropolitan household location choices." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054271160.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 134 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Elena G. Irwin, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Developmental Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-134).
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Rozani, Funeka Nozibele. "An exploratory study of indigenous knowledge systems of housing in the Xhosa households / F.N. Rozani." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1261.
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Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) refer to the complex set of knowledge and technologies
existing and developed around specific conditions of populations and communities indigenous to
a particular geographic area. Indigenous knowledge systems of housing therefore refer to the
complex set of knowledge and technologies regarding housing, held by populations and
communities in particular geographic areas. Xhosa indigenous knowledge systems of housing in
this study, refer to the set of knowledge and technologies regarding housing, held by the Xhosa
people of the Eastern Cape. Housing refers to the variety of processes through which habitable,
stable and sustainable public and private residential environments are created for viable
households and communities.
All the data regarding the Xhosa indigenous knowledge systems of housing is collected through
the use of various data gathering methods. The data gathering methods used are the following:
literature review; focus group interviews with rural current households and pen-urban households;
individual interviews with the rural elderly households and photographs of Xhosa indigenous
housing. The advantage of using multiple methods of gathering data is that it renders the study
trustworthy. The data that is collected explores the concept of place, through its various
constituents, which are the following: activities, conceptions and physical attributes.
The results drawn from this research indicate that the Xhosa men and women of Gqebenya and
Ezibeleni possess indigenous knowledge systems of housing. For example the results indicate
that the respondents shared common conceptions, performed universal activities and occupied
physical parameters that were common to all, depending on whether they were rural or peri-urban.
The conclusions of the study also point out to a limitation that the results from this study
cannot be generalised over all the Xhosa speaking people as the Xhosa are comprised of many
different but related factions. Since the main aim of this study was to document this knowledge
that has always been passed orally from generation to generation. it has therefore contributed to
the larger body of knowledge in that it has exposed undiscovered facts and principles of IKS of
housing. The documented Xhosa indigenous knowledge systems of housing in turn have the
potential of leading to other important research in housing and other related fields.Thesis (M. Consumer Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Scott, Junior Anthony Tyrone. "The role of microfinance for housing repair for low-income households in the United States." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17785.
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Ever since microfinance gained popularity in the United States in the early 1990s, American microfinance institutions (MFI) have been trying to figure out how microfinance fits in the American financial system. Initially, the U.S. bought into microcredit’s theory of change as a financially self-supporting vehicle to help the poor exit poverty (Where Credit is Due, 2015), however structural challenges in the U.S. economic system make microfinance difficult for scale, like that seen in developing countries. In 2012, for example, the U.S. microfinance industry served over 361,000 people with a total loan volume of $366 million, while in Brazil - a country of comparable population, for example - served over 3 million people with a volume of $2.5 billion (FIELD, 2012; Microfinance Information Exchange, 2016). When it comes to microfinance specifically for housing in the U.S., the sector is virtually non-existent. This is largely a result of the U.S. debt-heavy model, which discourages progressive housing construction in favor of requiring the client to buy the entire house upfront. Consequently, most research has discarded microfinance as a viable option for housing purchase in the U.S., resulting in a lack of analysis on using it for a more targeted market in home improvements and repairs. The key assumption this paper makes is that the housing microfinance (HMF) repair market might be more financially sustainable in the U.S. due to both the smaller dollar value, relative to home purchase, and the high and reoccurring need for repair that is unlike microloans to businesses. This paper maps the barriers to scaling the microfinance industry in the U.S., as it pertains to home maintenance and improvement for low-income households. It uses the American city of Baltimore as the context for analysis, due to the city’s high need for housing repair and large percentage of residents with limited access to finance. Analysis relies on qualitative interviewing of both lenders and borrowers, concluding that microlending for housing repairs can only be financially sustained with private and public partnership. What Baltimore demonstrates is that HMF, unlike microloans for businesses, is impacted by subsidized interest rates due to government and philanthropic priorities in housing, which prioritize affordability over financial sustainability. Further research is needed on extending microcredit to small landlords for rental properties, since the need and impact on the poor is greater.
Desde que as microfinanças ganharam popularidade nos Estados Unidos no início da década de 1990, as instituições de microfinanças americanas (MFI) têm tentado descobrir como as microfinanças se encaixam no sistema financeiro americano. Inicialmente, os EUA aderiram à teoria da mudança do microcrédito como um veículo financeiramente autossustentado para ajudar os pobres a sair da pobreza (Where Credit is Due, 2015), porém, os desafios estruturais dificultam a expansão, como os países em desenvolvimento. Em 2012, por exemplo, a indústria de microfinanças dos EUA serviu a mais de 361 mil pessoas, com um volume total de empréstimos de US$ 366 milhões, e no Brasil – por exemplo, um país de população comparável – atendeu mais de 3 milhões de pessoas com um volume de US$ 2,5 bilhões (FIELD, 2012; Microfinance Information Exchange, 2016). Quando se trata de microfinanças especificamente para habitação nos EUA, o setor é praticamente inexistente. Isso é em grande parte resultado do modelo de dívida pesada dos EUA, que desencoraja a construção progressiva de moradias em favor de exigir que o cliente compre a casa inteira antecipadamente. Consequentemente, a maioria das pesquisas descartou o microfinanciamento como uma opção viável para compra de moradia nos EUA, resultando em uma falta de análise sobre como usá-lo para um mercado mais direcionado em melhorias e reparos em casa. O pressuposto-chave deste artigo é que o mercado de reparo de microfinanças habitacionais (HMF) pode ser mais financeiramente sustentável nos Estados Unidos devido ao menor valor em dólar, em relação à compra de imóveis, e à alta e recorrente necessidade de reparo que é diferente dos microcréditos para empresas. Este artigo mapeia as barreiras à expansão da indústria de microfinanças nos EUA, uma vez que se refere especificamente à manutenção e melhoria de domicílios para famílias de baixa renda. A cidade americana de Baltimore é usada como o contexto para a análise devido à grande necessidade de reparo de moradia que a cidade possui, além da grande porcentagem dos residentes com acesso limitado ao financiamento. A análise baseia-se em entrevistas qualitativas de credores e mutuários para traçar um contexto de mercado diferenciado, concluindo que o microcrédito para reparos de moradias só pode ser sustentado financeiramente com a parceria privada e pública. São necessárias pesquisas adicionais para estender o microcrédito aos pequenos proprietários de imóveis alugados, uma vez que a necessidade e o impacto sobre os pobres são maiores.