Journal articles: 'Household arts'

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Yoder, Barbara L. "Instructional Resources: Mennonite Household Arts." Art Education 55, no. 6 (November 2002): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3193976.

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Spitze, Glenna, and Russell Ward. "Household Labor in Intergenerational Households." Journal of Marriage and the Family 57, no. 2 (May 1995): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353689.

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Thomas, Barbara P. "Household strategies for adaptation and change: participation in Kenyan rural women’s associations." Africa 58, no. 4 (October 1988): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160349.

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Opening ParagraphRecent literature on Third World households suggests that the household is a critical unit of analysis in decision-making and economic organisation for development (Smith, Wallerstein and Evers, 1984; Netting, Wilk and Arnould, 1984). Increasingly, this literature is addressing intra-household behaviour, the ways in which households relate to other institutions and the degree to which they are autonomous or embedded in more comprehensive social structures (Guyer and Peters, 1984; Folbre, 1985; Moock, 1986). Indeed, the household focus requires not only close examination of the household's internal dynamics, but also its external context. That context includes the physical setting, international as well as national political and economic structures, and the local political economic and social systems.

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Kimengsi, Jude, Mukong Kechia, Balgah Azibo, Jürgen Pretzsch, and Jude Kwei. "Households’ Assets Dynamics and Ecotourism Choices in the Western Highlands of Cameroon." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071844.

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Ecotourism is increasingly accepted as a suitable alternative for sustaining rural livelihoods. In spite of this trend, quantitative assessments of relationships between household assets and ecotourism choices, and the policy implications thereof, currently account for only a negligible number of studies in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper contributes to this evidence gap by analyzing the extent to which households’ assets drive ecotourism choices on a representative sample of 200 households in Cameroon. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Human Development Index (HDI) were used to construct indices for ecotourism choices. The ordinary least square and logit models were also employed to estimate the effect of various household assets on ecotourism choices. A high preference was observed for the production and sale of arts and crafts items and the promotion of cultural heritage sites as key ecotourism choices. More women are found to participate in conservation education, as opposed to culture-related activities such as arts and crafts. Access to education and training were inversely related to cultural festival promotion. The results suggest the need to: (i) stem the overdependence on conservation sites for wood supply to the arts and crafts sector, (ii) enforce endogenous cultural institutional regulations, including those that increase female participation in guiding future ecotourism choices. This paper contributes to ecotourism development and conservation theory, with regards to unbundling household level predictors of ecotourism choices, and has implications on the design of policies to implement environmentally less-demanding ecotourism activities.

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Changpetch, Pannapa. "Gambling Consumers in Thailand." Asian Social Science 13, no. 5 (April 19, 2017): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n5p136.

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This paper presents a study of household gambling consumption in Thailand in 2011. We investigate the nonlinear relationships between this behavior and household alcohol expenditure, household gambling expenditure, and demographic factors. We use Treenet to analyze datasets drawn from a socio-economic survey of 42,083 Thai households conducted in 2011. The results show that the five most significant variables in order of importance for predicting the likelihood of household gambling consumption are household income, household region, work status of the household head, religion of the household head, and age of the household head. In summary, the Treenet results suggest that the likelihood of gambling consumption was higher for households with an income of more than 25,000 Bahts per year, a location in the North, a Buddhist head of household, a head with active work status, a head between 35 and 55 years old, with household expenditure spent on alcohol consumed at home of more than 500 Bahts, with household expenditure spent on tobacco of more than 100 Bahts, and a head of household with less education.

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Mba, Peter Nwachukwu, Emmanuel O. Nwosu, and Anthony Orji. "Effects of Exposure to Risks on Household Vulnerability in Developing Countries: A New Evidence From Urban and Rural Areas of Nigeria." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402110022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002214.

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Exposure to risk may be seen as one of the many dimensions of poverty. Household exposure to risk consequent upon different types of shocks often leads to undesirable welfare outcomes. A shock can push an already income-poor household further into poverty or drive a non-poor household below the income poverty line. Risk appears to be one of the major challenges many households face in developing economies especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, these issues have become central in the policy agenda not only in these countries but also in the international multilateral institutions. This study examines the exposure to risks in urban and rural areas and its effect on household vulnerability to poverty in Nigeria. The study applied the framework that computes vulnerability as expected poverty on the Nigeria General Household Survey for 2015 and the cross-sectional data and three-stage feasible generalized least squares analysis were employed. Findings show that exposure to risks such as job loss, business failure, harvest failure, livestock death, dwelling demolition, increase and decrease in input and output prices, and other similar risks significantly drive households into poverty but differ across households in rural and urban areas, both in characteristics and regions. These findings suggest that social safety nets should be designed to take care of not only the current poor households but also the non-poor households who are likely to be vulnerable in the future.

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Elman, Cheryl. "Turn-of-the-Century Dependence and Interdependence: Roles of Teens in Family Economies of the Aged." Journal of Family History 18, no. 1 (January 1993): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909301800105.

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This study adopts a household economy framework of analysis and links county, household, and individual level 1910 Census data to explore the extra-household activities of teens living in household economies of the aged. Findings are that the household presence of elder household heads or nonnuclear elders (coresident kin of household heads) had significant but different impacts on teens. Older household heads participated less in paid employment and responsibility for economic support generally fell on male teens in the household. Teens were less likely to attend school. In contrast, the presence of nonnuclear elders in households increased the odds of teen members being in school. Nonnuclear elders, as a group, showed need across several dimensions: economic, health, and social support, yet their intrahousehold contributions appear to have allowed teens to pursue schooling.

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Gilbertson, Greta, and Douglas T. Gurak. "Household Transitions in the Migrations of Dominicans and Colombians to New York." International Migration Review 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600102.

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Using life history survey data, we examined the correlates of change in the composition of Dominican and Colombian immigrant co-residential households at three points in time—prior to migration, just after migration and at the time of the survey. We found that there is considerable heterogeneity in the patterns of household transitions, although the majority of both Dominican and Colombian households at the time of the survey were nuclear family households. Dominican women tended to have made transitions into single-parent households by the time of the survey. Background and migration characteristics influence the pattern of household transitions, but fail to explain the ethnic and gender differences.

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Lindström, Dag. "Families and Households, Tenants and Lodgers: Cohabitation in an Early Modern Swedish Town, Linköping 1750–1800." Journal of Family History 45, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199019873339.

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This article explores household sizes, household structures, and patterns of cohabitation in a Swedish town (Linköping) during the second half of the eighteenth century. The analyses reveal discrepancies between different sources, tax records, and census records, indicating that it was sometimes difficult also for contemporary authorities to establish the exact number of households and to which household each individual belonged. However, this study can establish a long-term decline in household sizes. Furthermore, increasing complexities in terms of household structures and cohabitation patterns can be established.

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Jarman, Mark, and James McConkey. "Memory's Household." Hudson Review 47, no. 2 (1994): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3852292.

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Roy, J. "Polis and Oikos in Classical Athens." Greece and Rome 46, no. 1 (April 1999): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500026036.

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This paper is intended to discuss the household in which Classical Athenians typically lived, and the interest in it shown by the polis. Aristotle saw the household – in his vocabulary the oikos, or sometimes the oikia – as the basic social unit of the polis. He defines the primary relationships within the household as: master and slave, husband and wife, father and child. Clearly for Aristotle the household was paradeigmatically made up of the nuclear family together with whatever slaves the family owned. Modern scholars, while often differing about the roles of the members of the household, have generally accepted that the polis, and in particular Classical Athens, was indeed made up of a number of such households. The slave's role in the household, though important, was obviously different from the roles of the members of the nuclear family, and slaves will be left out of account in this paper.

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Djurdjev, Branislav, Tamara Lukic, and Milan Cvetanovic. "Household Composition and the Well–Being of Rural Serbia in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Family History 37, no. 1 (October 11, 2011): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199011422886.

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This article uses the population census of 1863 in order to compare relations between household size and household structure (according to Cambridge group typology), on one side, and the amount of household property per capita and household monthly income per capita, on the other. In terms of household size, a clear bimodal curve is visible in case of both: a steady decline to household size of five to seven members and undisturbed increase after that level up to eleven members. In terms of household structure, the amount of household property per capita generally declines from smaller to larger household structure, but the household monthly income per capita is similar among household classes. The old-age security strategy of peasants is the main driving force behind the paradox that majority of households are located within the poorest composition. Throughout his or her lifetime, an individual passes through several classes, and with the passage of time his or her well-being changes.

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Okyere, Charles Yaw, Evita Hanie Pangaribowo, and Nicolas Gerber. "Household Water Quality Testing and Information: Identifying Impacts on Health Outcomes and Sanitation- and Hygiene-Related Risk-Mitigating Behaviors." Evaluation Review 43, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 370–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x19885204.

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Background: In 2014, a group of 512 households in multipurpose water systems and also relying on unimproved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in the Greater Accra region of Ghana were randomly selected to participate in water quality self-testing and also receipt of information in the form of handouts on how to improve water quality. Objectives and Research Design: Using a cluster-randomized controlled design, we study the health, sanitation, and hygiene behavior impacts of the household water quality testing and information experiment. Subjects: The study has three arms: (1) adult household members, (2) schoolgoing children, and (3) control group. Measures: The study measures the effects on handwashing with soap, cleanliness of households, and prevalence of diarrhea and self-reported fever. We also address impacts on child health and nutrition outcomes, particularly diarrhea and anthropometric outcomes. Results: We show that there is high household willingness to participate in this intervention on water quality self-testing. About 7 months after households took part in the intervention, the study finds little impacts on health outcomes and on sanitation- and hygiene-related risk-mitigating behaviors, regardless of the intervention group, either schoolchildren or adult household members. Impacts (direction and extent) are rather homogeneous for most of the outcomes across treatment groups. Conclusions: The study discusses the implications of the findings and also offers several explanations for the lack of transmission of impacts from the household water quality testing and information intervention on health outcomes and on sanitation and hygiene behaviors.

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Briody, Elizabeth K. "Patterns of Household Immigration into South Texas." International Migration Review 21, no. 1 (March 1987): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100102.

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Relatively little is known about household immigration to the U.S. and in particular, the cultural and work-related aspects of the transition faced by households. Results from this article suggest that immigration often leads to downward social mobility with respect to legal status of household members, type of employment, and property ownership. Of particular note is the transformation of the household from a single to a multiple worker unit, in response to agricultural labor demands and growing employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector. These factors are influential in the modification of the traditional ideology concerning the division of labor by sex and age. This article introduces a hypothesis for explaining the increase and permanency of household immigration.

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Chapman, H. Perry. "Jan Steen's Household Revisited." Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 20, no. 2/3 (1990): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3780742.

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Garland, Andrew. "Cicero's Familia Urbana." Greece and Rome 39, no. 2 (October 1992): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500024141.

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The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Cicero had a relatively small number of slaves in his urban household, reflecting his modest wealth compared to that of some Romans. The argument follows three lines. Firstly, there were relatively few job titles among the slaves of Cicero compared, for example, to those of the household of Augustus' wife Livia. This reflects Livia's relative prosperity, for the wealthier the household the more specialists it could support. The converse also follows: Cicero had fewer slaves with job titles, reflecting the smaller size of his household. Secondly, even those slaves in the household of Cicero who appear to be specialists because they had job titles were not really so since the tasks they were given were not as narrowly defined as their specific job titles suggest. Thirdly, other evidence from Cicero's correspondence and elsewhere suggests that Cicero's household was relatively small compared to other elite households of the Late Republic and Early Imperial period.

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Hagstrum, Melissa. "Household Production in Chaco Canyon Society." American Antiquity 66, no. 1 (January 2001): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694317.

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The household is the most basic and flexible component of human social organization. It is through the household that we can understand the Chaco phenomenon from the point of view of agriculture and craft production. Households strive for autonomy and self-sufficiency and they spread themselves thin to meet basic subsistence requirements. As a result, scheduling of agricultural and craft activities is critical to the success of the household. Craft technologies must be complementary with agricultural activities; for example, pottery may be made during the heat of the day when agricultural tasks are at a lull. The concept of intersecting technologies suggests that technical knowledge, resources, and labor may be shared among crafts and other activities. Chacoan households probably specialized in the production of different crafts including pottery, jewelry, basketry, and other woven goods. Within the context of the Chaco regional system the mobilization of labor would have been through obligatory work assignments that complemented domestic autonomy in agricultural production and, as a result, would have been organized seasonally.

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Salo, Matt T. "Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys:Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys." American Anthropologist 101, no. 3 (September 1999): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.3.699.

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Delay, Cara. "Holy Water and a Twig." Journal of Family History 43, no. 3 (April 4, 2018): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018763831.

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This article examines Irish Catholic households from 1850 to 1950, arguing that the material culture of the household was overseen by women—grandmothers, sisters, daughters, and particularly mothers. By creating holy households demarcated by a devotional material culture, Irish Catholic women asserted their religious authority within the home and the family. These women established themselves as managers and overseers of household religion and also as the family’s primary protectors, consumers, and money managers.

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Zoëga, Guðný, and Douglas Bolender. "An archeology of moments: Christian conversion and practice in a medieval household cemetery." Journal of Social Archaeology 17, no. 1 (February 2017): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605316673927.

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The Christian conversion of Iceland in A.D. 1000 was accompanied by distinct changes in religious practice and ritual places. In the following century, household cemeteries were established at many farms. Examining the early Christian household cemetery at Seyla in northern Iceland, we explore how the establishment, usage, and closure of these cemeteries provide an opportunity to examine how the new religion was realized in Icelandic society. At the same time Seyla represents cemetery management at a household level, which provides rarely witnessed household level social actions. The individual moments discussed can be used to enlighten the agency of family as well as its realization of the social and religious changes of the 11th century. Here, we argue that the isolation and discussion of these specific archeological moments at Seyla add to our understanding of the experiences and actions of early Christian households during a time of religious transformation.

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Reese, Kelsey M., Donna M. Glowacki, and Timothy A. Kohler. "Dynamic Communities on the Mesa Verde Cuesta." American Antiquity 84, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 728–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.74.

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This article systematically and quantitatively characterizes interaction dynamics and community formation based on changes in spatial patterns of contemporaneous households. We develop and apply a geospatial routine to measure changing extents of household interaction and community formation from AD 600 to 1280 on the Mesa Verde cuesta in southwestern Colorado. Results suggest that household spatial organization was shaped simultaneously by the maintenance of regular social interaction that sustained communities and the need for physical space among households. Between AD 600 and 1200, households balanced these factors by forming an increased number of dispersed communities in response to population growth and variable environmental stressors. However, as population rebounded after the megadrought of the mid-1100s, communities became increasingly compact, disrupting a long-standing equilibrium between household interaction and subsistence space within each community. The vulnerabilities created by this change in community spatial organization were compounded by a cooler climate, drought, violence, and changes in political and ritual organization in the mid-1200s, which ultimately culminated in the complete depopulation of the Mesa Verde cuesta by the end of the thirteenth century.

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Sheets, Payson D., Harriet F. Beaubien, Marilyn Beaudry, Andrea Gerstle, Brian McKee, C. Dan Miller, Hartmut Spetzler, and David B. Tucker. "Household Archaeology at Cerén, El Salvador." Ancient Mesoamerica 1, no. 1 (1990): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000092.

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AbstractIn the summer of 1989, major discoveries were made at the site of Joya de Cerén, El Salvador, where sudden depositions of volcanic ash in a.d. 600 resulted in unusually favorable conditions of preservation. The theoretical framework for the research is household archaeology, the study of prehistoric household groups. Household archaeology, as applied to Cerén can take advantage of the extraordinary preservation to study households in terms of their key activities of (a) production, including food, implements, vessels, and structures; (b) “pooling,” including storage, distribution, maintenance, and curation activities; (c) transmission of knowledge and material goods including access to resources; (d) reproduction in both the biological and sociocultural senses; and (e) co-residence/membership in the functioning residential group. One of the major finds was a possible codex or Precolumbian manuscript.

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Pavlović, Mila, Aleksandar Radivojević, Ivan Filipović, and Milan Milovanović. "Changes in the Household Structure during the Period 1961–2011 in Serbia." Journal of Family History 43, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199017746448.

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Serbia and the entire Southeastern Europe was affected by considerable demographic, political, and socioeconomic changes in the second half of the twentieth century. The changes in the population were shown as an insufficient birthrate as well as an intense emigration. Apart from these, certain drastic changes in the household structure occurred. This article examines the total changes in the household number on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, with the municipality of Sokobanja as a prominent example. Other aims of the research are the analysis of the household composition and economic characteristics of the households.

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Berger, Lawrence M., Theresa Heintze, Wendy B. Naidich, and Marcia K. Meyers. "Subsidized Housing and Household Hardship Among Low-Income Single-Mother Households." Journal of Marriage and Family 70, no. 4 (October 23, 2008): 934–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00537.x.

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Robertson, Elizabeth. "Arts of Possession: The Middle English Household Imaginary. D. Vance Smith." Speculum 80, no. 4 (October 2005): 1366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400002190.

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Goldie, Matthew. "D. Vance Smith, Arts of Possession: The Middle English Household Imaginary." Yearbook of Langland Studies 18 (January 2004): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.yls.2.302618.

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Woon, Yuen-fong. "Circulatory Mobility in Post-Mao China: Temporary Migrants in Kaiping County, Pearl River Delta Region." International Migration Review 27, no. 3 (September 1993): 578–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700305.

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Since the 1980s, it has been possible for the Chinese peasant household to diversify its economic base by making use of its social networks to place members in a distant community as migrant workers. Through a microstudy of 50 such migrants in Kaiping County in the Pearl River Delta region, this article illustrates the interplay between macro, meso, and micro factors in the causes and processes of circulatory mobility in post-Mao China. It is found that Hong Kong's search for cheap labor, the PRC's household registration system, and Kaiping's strong localism provide the context in which migrants and their households have to adjust. The particular behavior pattern of these migrants also bears the stamp of their rational household decision-making processes as well as their feelings of moral obligation toward their kin in their community of origin.

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Dyrvik, Ståle. "Farmers at Sea: A Study of Fishermen in North Norway, 1801-1920." Journal of Family History 18, no. 4 (September 1993): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909301800404.

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This investigation encompasses three coastal communities in North Norway. They are all associated to varying degrees with the cod fisheries in the Lofoten Islands, and comparisons among them reveal how this fishing created, various types of household organization. However, difficulties arise because it is not the fisherman, but rather the fisherman-farmer that is typical in the region. Concealed in this combination of livelihoods is a life-cycle pattern: youths participated very actively in fishing, adults less so and the elderly hardly at all. The households of the traditional full-time fishermen were small and simple in structure. The households of fishermen-farmers were larger and more complex. The organization of labor in the fisheries cut across household boundaries. Only during the final decade of the period investigated are full-time fishermen distinguishable to any significant degree in the three local communities. At the same time differences in household structure begin to rapidly level out.

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Adams, Alayne M., Jindra Cekan, and Rainer Sauerborn. "Towards a conceptual framework of household coping: reflections from rural West Africa." Africa 68, no. 2 (April 1998): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161281.

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The study and application of household coping have largely been confined to the problems of famine and food insecurity. Based on field insights from West Africa, this paper argues that understanding how households cope and allocate resources in times of crisis is of immense value to a broad array of development interventions. It also introduces a conceptual framework that evaluates household coping in exogenous and endogenous contexts. The application of this framework may provide a more informed approach to development intervention design, implementation and targeting that is sensitive to the differential needs and experiences of rural households and communities.

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Chae, Sophia, and Jennifer E. Glick. "Educational Selectivity of Migrants and Current School Enrollment of Children Left behind: Analyses in Three African Countries." International Migration Review 53, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 736–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318772261.

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Migration of household members is often undertaken to improve the well-being of individuals remaining in the household. Despite this, research has demonstrated inconsistent associations between migration and children’s well-being across sending areas and types of migration. To understand the degree to which different types of migration and migrants are associated with schooling, we analyze comparable data across three African countries differing in prevalence, type, and selectivity of migration. Results suggest that recent migration is differentially associated with left-behind children’s school enrollment across settings. When analyses are restricted to migrant-sending households, however, migrant selectivity is positively associated with school enrollment.

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Muthwa, Sibongile. "Female household headship and household survival in Soweto[1]." Journal of Gender Studies 3, no. 2 (July 1994): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.1994.9960564.

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Banda, Yolani, Martin C. Simuunza, and Chisoni Mumba. "Relationship Between Household Livestock Keeping and Nutritional Status of Under-5 Children in Rural Parts of the Eastern Province of Zambia." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016672504.

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A case-control study was conducted to determine the relationship between household livestock keeping and malnutrition levels of under-5 children. A questionnaire was used to capture data on the hypothesized risk factors. Fisher’s Exact test was used to determine associations between categorical variables and binary logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of malnutrition among under-5 children. A total of 145 households were sampled using a stratified random sampling method. About 72.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [63.9%, 81.0%]) of households in the study area kept livestock and the overall level of malnutrition was 34.5% (CI = [21.3%, 47.7%]). Livestock keeping among households that were cases was 31.4% (95% CI = [22.5%, 40.3%]) and slightly lower than those from households that were controls at 68.6% (95% CI = [57.9%, 59.3%]) although this was not statistically significant ( p = .243). Crop farming alone was also found not to be significantly associated with malnutrition of under-5 children at household level ( p = .447). However, mixed farming (growing crops and keeping livestock) at household level was found to be significantly associated with malnutrition levels of the under-5 children ( p = .008). The level of mixed farming among the cases, 31.6% (95% CI = [17.7%, 45.5%]), was lower than those among the controls, which was 68.3% (95% CI = [59.1%, 77.5%]). There was no association between livestock keeping and malnutrition in both the cases and control groups. However, mixed farming (crop farming and keeping livestock) was associated with a significant reduction in malnutrition among under-5 children.

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Brewis, M. "Household Gods, The British and their Possessions." Journal of Design History 20, no. 3 (September 22, 2007): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epm019.

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Semyonov, Moshe, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. "Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers." International Migration Review 39, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00255.x.

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The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior and economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina and Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether and to what extent earnings and remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; and whether and to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households and Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men and women are likely to take different jobs and to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration and that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, and sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas and that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities and to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequality in the global economy has significant consequences for economic inequality among households in the local economy. The findings and their meaning are evaluated and discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration.

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Dányi, Dezsö. "Villein Households of the Palóc Population, 1836–1843." Journal of Family History 19, no. 4 (September 1994): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900405.

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The structure of villein households and families of thirteen villages is analyzed with the help of relatively reliable data, which contain information for the period 1836–1843. The Palóc population forms a distinct ethno-cultural group, located approximately 50–120 kilometers northeast of Budapest in a separate region. In creating a typology of villein households, we took into consideration the real household structure. The Laslett categories were not used. In the thirteen villages, the proportion of nuclear families was very low (22 percent) until the mid-nineteenth century and joint families, involving direct and collateral relatives, were extremely important. The proportion of strangers, servants and unrelated individuals living in the family was insignificant. The size and structure of households and families was significantly determined by the age of household or family head. These structures were supposedly the result of the indivisibility of villein land, as well as other traditional factors.

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Sponsler, Claire. "Arts of Possession: The Middle English Household Imaginary by D. Vance Smith." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 27, no. 1 (2005): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2005.0029.

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Panter-Brick, Catherine, and Mark Eggerman. "Household Responses to Food Shortages in Western Nepal." Human Organization 56, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.56.2.v2n1m73468h7t614.

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Food shortages occur periodically and predictably in over- populated areas of the foothills of the Himalaya, leading to extensive outmigration and to indebtedness of farmers. A survey of four administrative areas and in-depth interviews of 120 households (a sample of diverse caste and ethnic groups, stratified by land area) was undertaken in two districts of western Nepal to document the severity of shortfall in local agricultural production and the range of household coping strategies. The duration of food shortages averaged 5 months of the year, but ranged enormously across households, with 4% of sample families being entirely landless. Out-migration, wage labor, petty trade, high-interest loans, and land mortgage were well-established coping strategies, beneficial for some families in generating income and the possibility for investment, but for others leading to progressively greater debt, economic marginalisation and impoverishment. This study highlights the importance of encouraging diversified strategies for subsistence farmers to ensure cash revenue, much of which is derived from debt and emigration, and reviews the geographical and socioeconomic factors influencing both constraints on household subsistence and responses to seasonal food deficits.

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Ready, Elspeth. "Who, Being Loved, is Poor?: Poverty, Marriage, and Changing Family Structures in the Canadian Arctic." Human Organization 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-77.2.122.

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In Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik, household composition has changed drastically over the past half-century. Although the cooperative division of labor between married couples was a cornerstone of the traditional Inuit economy, a large proportion of households in Kangiqsujuaq today are headed by single women with dependents. Examination of factors associated with marriage at the individual level and of patterns of wage labor participation within households shows that economic cooperation between married or common-law partners is associated with considerable advantages in the mixed cash/subsistence economy, particularly for households where both partners have steady, well-paying jobs. Married households have lower rates of food insecurity and are more invested in traditional harvesting and sharing than the households of unmarried individuals. Despite these benefits, there are significant challenges to forming successful households based on economic cooperation between men and women. The lower economic status of married households with only one primary wage earner, particularly in terms of per capita income, suggests that a domestic partnership may not provide any economic benefit if a prospective spouse or common-law partner is unemployed. In the current context of high unemployment in Kangiqsujuaq, this tradeoff may help explain the high prevalence of unmarried household heads and has important consequences for cultural transmission and mental health in Inuit communities.

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Kornrich, Sabino, and Allison Roberts. "Household Income, Women's Earnings, and Spending on Household Services, 1980–2010." Journal of Marriage and Family 80, no. 1 (November 13, 2017): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12450.

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Pfister, Ulrich. "The Protoindustrial Household Economy: Toward a Formal Analysis." Journal of Family History 17, no. 2 (April 1992): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700206.

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Several recent studies on the household structure and the demographic evolution of protoindustrial communities in early modern Europe contradict important tenets of protoindustry theory as it has emerged from the writings of Braun, Mendels, Medick, and Levine. The present study develops a conceptual framework of the protoindustrial household economy based on a simple model of the decision-making process by which rural households allocate their labor to agricultural and protoindustrial activities. Its application to the class-specific location of protoindustrial activities, to the demographic corollaries of protoindustrialization, to age- and gender-specific work roles as well as to patterns and strategies of life cycles suggests its capacity to interpret in a coherent fashion a wide variety of seemingly contradictory empirical evidence.

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Hengstermann, Mayarí, Anaité Díaz-Artiga, Roberto Otzóy-Sucúc, Ana Laura Maria Ruiz-Aguilar, Lisa M. Thompson, Vigneswari Aravindalochanan, Kalpana Balakrishnan, et al. "Developing Visual Messages to Support Liquefied Petroleum Gas Use in Intervention Homes in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial in Rural Guatemala." Health Education & Behavior 48, no. 5 (March 18, 2021): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198121996280.

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Background Household air pollution adversely affects human health and the environment, yet more than 40% of the world still depends on solid cooking fuels. The House Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial is assessing the health effects of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and 18-month supply of free fuel in 3,200 households in rural Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Aims We conducted formative research in Guatemala to create visual messages that support the sustained, exclusive use of LPG in HAPIN intervention households. Method We conducted ethnographic research, including direct observation ( n = 36), in-depth ( n = 18), and semistructured ( n = 6) interviews, and 24 focus group discussions ( n = 96) to understand participants’ experience with LPG. Sixty participants were selected from a pilot study of LPG stove and 2-months of free fuel to assess the acceptability and use of LPG. Emergent themes were used to create visual messages based on observations and interviews in 40 households; messages were tested and revised in focus group discussions with 20 households. Results We identified 50 codes related to household air pollution and stoves; these were reduced into 24 themes relevant to LPG stoves, prioritizing 12 for calendars. Messages addressed fear and reluctance to use LPG; preference of wood stoves for cooking traditional foods; sustainability and accessibility of fuel; association between health outcomes and household air pollution; and the need for inspirational and aspirational messages. Discussion We created a flip chart and calendar illustrating themes to promote exclusive LPG use in HAPIN intervention households.

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Hampshire, Kate. "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso." Africa 76, no. 3 (August 2006): 402–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2006.0044.

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AbstractMigration patterns among the Fulani of Burkina Faso have changed over recent decades from predominant transhumance, involving whole families, to seasonal rural-to-urban labour migration of young men. This article uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to examine the relationships between the new forms of migration and domestic organization. Specifically, it asks the following questions: (1) How do households accommodate the temporary loss of productive members? (2) Does the out-migration lead to new forms of domestic organization, and to changing roles and power relations within sending households? Various forms of flexibility in domestic organization are identified, which serve to maintain viable economic units in the face of the temporary absence of substantial numbers of young men. These include: flexibility in the processes of household division; rapid, temporary restructuring of domestic units; and drawing on extra-household support networks. One consequence of this flexibility is that intra-household gender divisions of labour and power have remained largely unchanged in the face of seasonal labour migration. The extent to which this will remain the case if migration becomes more widespread is uncertain.

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Whitmore, Thomas M., and Barbara J. Williams. "Famine Vulnerability in the Contact-Era Basin of Mexico." Ancient Mesoamerica 9, no. 1 (1998): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001863.

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AbstractThis study simulates vulnerability to famine and food poverty among peasant households in the Basin of Mexico two decades after the Conquest. Using demographic and cadastral data recorded in the Códice de Santa María Asunción (Tepetlaoztoc), vulnerability is assessed by comparing household and patio-group (household compound) food production to consumption needs at the same scales, Modeling of food production of the principal subsistence crops (maize, beans, and maguey) uses the soil types noted for each field in the Asuncion document and a production model that accounts for soil-productivity differences. Both typical and poor years are modeled. Household and patio-group food needs are based on the codex data for each individual in the community. The study reveals that 60% of the population was at risk of famine in a poor year and that up to 16% would have suffered food poverty in a typical year. Nevertheless, even in a poor year, 40% of the population would have had adequate-or-better nutrition. Thus, this analysis supports contrasting views of early Contact-period nutrition. Because of the unequal distribution of food-production resources in Nahua society, some commoner households were usually adequately fed, while others normally suffered chronic undernutrition. Patio groups represent a possible response to this situation, as analysis by patio group indicated reduced vulnerability to food poverty. Land per capita ratios appear to be the best explanation of the differences in food poverty and famine risk among the households or patio groups.

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Dale, Angela, Maria Evandrou, and Sara Arber. "The Household Structure of the Elderly Population in Britain." Ageing and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1987): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00012289.

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ABSTRACTThis paper uses nationally representative data from the General Household Survey for 1980 to investigate the household structure of the elderly in Britain. Household structure is analysed in terms of its relationship to the marital status, age, gender and physical disability of the elderly person. 79% of the elderly either live alone or with their spouse only. As many as 95% of all the elderly in non-institutional accommodation retain their own households – of the rest, the majority move to live with married children, most usually daughters.

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Baliyan, Kavita. "Unequal Sharing of Domestic Work: A Time Use Study of Farm Households in Western Uttar Pradesh." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 24, no. 3 (October 2017): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521517716805.

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The article examines the issue of unpaid work and sharing of work between male and female family members in cultivating households on the basis of a field survey of 240 farm households in two districts in the agriculturally developed western region of Uttar Pradesh. The study reveals that women’s total workload was much higher than that of men. The pattern of work and time use have hardly changed. The burden of domestic work and care basically falls on women of the household. The participation of men in these activities is nominal. Women’s contribution to farm activities is significant, and further, they do most of the work in animal husbandry. Consequently, they have much less time for leisure and sleep. Our study highlights the permanence of traditional intra-household gender disparities in the distribution of work within the household. These values are transferred to the next generation as young girls are expected to help their mothers in carrying out domestic duties and care work, while boys have no such obligation.

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Kintz, Ellen R. "CONSIDERING THE TIES THAT BIND: Kinship, marriage, household, and territory among the Maya." Ancient Mesoamerica 15, no. 1 (January 2004): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536104151110.

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The meaning of ancient Maya social organization continues to engender heated debate. Hierarchy and heterarchy are suggested as organizational principles that reflect the variability characteristic of the Maya households past and present. The presence or absence of lineage in the core area or hinterland reflects the social dimension of Maya social organization and small and larger households are tied to the larger political structure. Detailed archaeological data have documented extreme economic variability in Maya household patterns and relationships associated with these. Scholars argue that structures contain rich symbolic statements and reflect Maya ideological structure. Discussion of Maya household patterns moves beyond a monolithic understanding of social organization in the past and the present, including extreme variation in kinship and marriage patterns, associated economic structure, power, and symbolic representations that bind the society and tie individuals to higher structural levels.

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De Lucia, Kristin, and Lisa Overholtzer. "EVERYDAY ACTION AND THE RISE AND DECLINE OF ANCIENT POLITIES: HOUSEHOLD STRATEGY AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN POSTCLASSIC XALTOCAN, MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 25, no. 2 (2014): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536114000327.

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AbstractHousehold archaeology conducted at the site of Xaltocan, an important regional center in the northern Basin of Mexico, illustrates how the everyday actions of ordinary people contribute to the rise and decline of ancient polities. Through a study of long-term change and variation from multiple household contexts, this article reconstructs how the economic and political activities of ordinary households were central to the construction and reproduction of political institutions, social structures, and regional systems of exchange from the period of Xaltocan's founding arounda.d.900 through its conquest ina.d.1395. Along with the other contributors to this volume we emphasize that households are not simply influenced by broader processes of change and development in a trickle-down fashion, but rather that micro- and macro-structures are mutually constituted, with household decisions and actions having both intended and unintended consequences at the macroscale.

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Huang, Xiaobing, Meng Chen, Xiaolian Liu, and Isaac Kofi Mensah. "Social Interaction and Entrepreneurial Intention: An Empirical Investigation for China." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211030612.

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This article investigates the impact of social interactions on household entrepreneurial behavior using the data of the China Family Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2015. The results show that social interaction has a positive influence on household entrepreneurship. More social interactions are associated with a higher likelihood of participating in both business and agricultural entrepreneurship. Moreover, the positive effect of social interaction on entrepreneurship increases with the relaxation of financial constraints faced by households. Finally, entrepreneurship is more motivated by social interaction for women than men. The results obtained in the benchmark are testified to be reliable after addressing the potential endogeneity of social interactions and using a different regression method.

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Postles, David. "Brewing and the Peasant Economy: Some Manors in Late Medieval Devon." Rural History 3, no. 2 (October 1992): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679330000306x.

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Brewing was an important part of the medieval peasant economy. There are different views, however, about the nature and position of those who brewed. It has been suggested that brewing was an integral part of the household economy, that is, at the fully developed stage of the household and family, whilst others have connected brewing with the early stages of the life-cycle of individuals, before household formation. Either as part of the household economy or before household formation, brewing may have supplemented income from agrarian activity, whether from the direct holding of land, or from wages for work on the land. Brewing may also have been a feature of the sexual division of labour within the household. Moreover, it has been proposed that brewing was more important for the household economy of cottagers and lesser landholders than for the tenants of standard holdings, who, perhaps, needed to supplement their income less than the smaller landholders. When related to the life-cycle of individuals, however, brewing may have been undertaken more consistently by those who would later acquire land and would then divest themselves of brewing as a major part of their income, although Chayanov believed brewing to relate more widely to the developmental cycle of all peasant households. His perception was that brewing would have been necessary at that stage of household development where there were many mouths to feed and many hands to perform the labour, whereas, when the siblings left the household, the supplementary income from brewing would no longer be required. There are thus a number of issues involved in the question of who, in the main, brewed, and at what stage of their life-cycle they did so.

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Dahlin, Bruce H., and William J. Litzinger. "Old Bottle, New Wine: The Function of Chultuns in the Maya Lowlands." American Antiquity 51, no. 4 (October 1986): 721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280861.

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Prior research on the function of shoe-shaped chultuns found in the southern Yucatan peninsula has focused on their use for household level storage of dry foodstuffs. We found that inter- and intra-site distribution patterns of chultuns do not support the household storage hypothesis. At Tikal only 20-25% of the households had chultuns, and most of these households had two or more chultuns. We believe the distributional data suggest that chultuns were associated with a cottage-level industry in the context of a vending economy. Because the internal environment of chultuns appears favorable for conducting fermentations, we propose that they were used as places to process, and for limited periods to store, fermented foods such as alcoholic beverages and pickled fruits. The greatest demand for chultun products was apparently centered around large urban sites in northeastern Peten and northern Belize where frequent civic/religious festivals encouraged a small to moderate market potential.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Household arts'

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